The Common Redpoll is one of a few cold-weather finch species in North America. This finch is about 5 inches long with a plump body, notched tail, and thick bill. Males and females are streaked brown and tan above, and both have a red forehead and black throat. The male’s breast is washed with pink, while the female’s is off-white. Despite its name, the Common Redpoll is common only in the northernmost parts of North America and Eurasia. In North America, this species breeds in Alaska and high arctic Canada, and winters in southern Canada and the northern tier of the United States. In Eurasia, this species breeds in Scandinavia and Russia, wintering south to central Europe and China. Although among the most common species of songbird on its breeding grounds, quite a few birdwatchers never venture far enough north to see it. Common Redpolls inhabit open areas of tundra, sparse evergreen forest, and scrub. They mainly eat seeds, but will also catch insects when available in summer. In some years, large numbers of Redpolls will move south into the U.S. during winter as a response to an insufficient seed crop. They are most active during the day. These finches are best observed foraging for food, when they may be found feeding high in trees, atop small bushes, or on the ground. Redpolls are acrobatic while feeding, often perching precariously on the ends of branches and hanging down to reach seeds or cones.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Acanthis flammea. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Acanthis flammea. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Acanthis_flammea_BNA;Acanthis_flammea_EBI;Acanthis_flammea_XEN;Acanthis_flammea_IBC;Acanthis_flammea_PET Accipiter_cooperii_TEXT Accipiter_cooperii http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Accipiter cooperiiThe Cooper’s Hawk is often confused with its slightly smaller relative, the Sharp-shinned Hawk. Both species are blue-gray above and streaked rusty-red below with long tails, yellow legs, and small, hooked beaks. However, the Cooper’s Hawk has a rounded tail (Sharp-shinned Hawks have a squared-off tail), and is slightly larger at 14-20 inches long. Like most species of raptors, females are larger than males. Although Cooper’s Hawks may be found all year long across the majority of the United States, individual populations undertake short distance seasonal migrations. In winter, Canadian populations move south into the U.S. and southern populations move south to the Gulf coast, southern Florida, and the desert southwest. In its range, the Cooper’s Hawk is one of the most numerous and adaptable raptors. While usually found in forest habitats, this species has expanded into human-altered landscapes and now frequents towns and suburbs as well. The Cooper’s Hawk is a ‘bird hawk’ capable of hunting birds (on the ground, in trees, or in flight) from the air, and this species frequently enters yards to take small songbirds from feeders. With the aid of binoculars, Cooper’s Hawks may be seen perched in trees while scanning for prey. However, they are often more easily seen in the air while moving between perches or while actively hunting. As this species hunts by sight, it is only active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Accipiter cooperii. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Accipiter cooperii. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Accipiter_cooperii_BNA;Accipiter_cooperii_EBI;Accipiter_cooperii_XEN;Accipiter_cooperii_IBC Accipiter_gentilis_TEXT Accipiter_gentilis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Accipiter gentilisAlthough closely related to the common Sharp-shinned and Cooper’s Hawks, the Northern Goshawk is encountered far less frequently. This is North America’s largest ‘bird hawk’ at 20-26 inches in length, and may be distinguished by its more familiar relatives by its larger size, grey-streaked breast, and dark cheek patch. Like most species of raptors, females are larger than males. The Northern Goshawk breeds in the Canadian sub-arctic, the northern tier of the United States, and at higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains south to central Mexico. This species may be found in its breeding range all year long, although some individuals move south into the mid-Atlantic, Ohio River valley, and Great Plains in winter. This species also inhabits northern Eurasia south the Mediterranean, Central Asia, and China. Northern Goshawks inhabit dense evergreen or mixed evergreen and deciduous forests. Like all ‘bird hawks,’ this species is equipped with the long tail and short, broad wings needed to hunt birds (on the ground, in trees, or in flight) from the air. Unlike most bird hawks, however, this species also takes Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus) in addition to avian prey. Large numbers of Northern Goshawks may wander far south of their normal range during winter in years when hare and grouse populations are low. With the aid of binoculars, Northern Goshawks may be seen perched in trees while scanning for prey. However, they are often more easily seen in the air while moving between perches or while actively hunting. As this species hunts by sight, it is only active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Accipiter gentilis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Accipiter gentilis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Accipiter_gentilis_BNA;Accipiter_gentilis_EBI;Accipiter_gentilis_XEN;Accipiter_gentilis_IBC;Accipiter_gentilis_PET Accipiter_striatus_TEXT Accipiter_striatus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Accipiter striatusThe Sharp-shinned Hawk is often confused with its slightly larger relative, the Cooper’s Hawk. Both species are blue-gray above and streaked rusty-red below with long tails, yellow legs, and small, hooked beaks. However, the Sharp-shinned Hawk has a squared-off tail (Cooper’s Hawks have rounded tails), and is slightly smaller at 10-14 inches long. The Sharp-shinned Hawk displays the greatest difference in size between males and females (called sexual dimorphism) of any raptor in North America, with females weighing almost twice as much as males. The Sharp-shinned Hawk is also a more local breeder than the Cooper’s Hawk. While that species breeds across the United States and southern Canada, the Sharp-shinned Hawk’s main breeding range is restricted to the Canadian sub-arctic and higher elevation areas of the Appalachians and Rockies. This species migrates south in winter, when it may be found more widely across the U.S. In its range, the Sharp-shinned Hawk is among the most adaptable raptors. While usually found in forest habitats, this species has expanded into human-altered landscapes and now frequents towns and suburbs as well. The Sharp-shinned Hawk, like all ‘bird hawks,’ is capable of hunting birds (on the ground, in trees, or in flight) from the air. This species frequently enters yards to take small songbirds from feeders. With the aid of binoculars, Sharp-shinned Hawks may be seen perched in trees while scanning for prey. However, they are often more easily seen in the air while moving between perches or while actively hunting. As this species hunts by sight, it is only active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Accipiter striatus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Accipiter striatus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Accipiter_striatus_BNA;Accipiter_striatus_EBI;Accipiter_striatus_XEN;Accipiter_striatus_IBC;Accipiter_striatus_PET Actitis_macularius_TEXT Actitis_macularius http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Actitis maculariusNamed for the dark-spotted breast of breeding individuals, the Spotted Sandpiper in summer is also characterized by its medium-length yellow bill, olive back, and black eye-stripes. In winter, the Spotted Sandpiper loses its spots, leaving behind a plain white breast. This is a medium-sized (7 ½ inches) sandpiper with a plump body and small head characteristic of shorebirds. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons. One of the most widely-distributed sandpiper species in North America, Spotted Sandpipers breed from northern Canada and Alaska down to northern California, New Mexico, Missouri, and Virginia. In winter, this species migrates south to southern California, the desert southwest and coastal regions of the southeast. Some populations winter as far south as Central America and the Caribbean. The Spotted Sandpiper’s wide distribution is influenced by its ability to inhabit numerous types of shoreline habitats, including streams, ponds, and waterlogged grasslands. Spotted Sandpipers prefer freshwater habitats during the summer breeding season. In winter, they may also be found near saltwater, particularly on mudflats and lagoons. Spotted Sandpipers are most easily observed foraging along the water’s edge. They may be seen bobbing up and down as they probe the mud for small insect larvae and crustaceans, which make up the majority of their diet. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Actitis macularius. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Actitis macularius. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Actitis_macularius_BNA;Actitis_macularius_EBI;Actitis_macularius_XEN;Actitis_macularius_IBC;Actitis_macularius_PET Aegolius_acadicus_TEXT Aegolius_acadicus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Aegolius acadicusAt just 8 inches in length, the Northern Saw-whet Owl is one of the smallest owl species in North America. Like most owls, this species possesses short legs, rounded wings, large yellow eyes, and a disk-shaped face. Apart from its small size, it may best be identified by its coloration, which is brown spotted with white above and white streaked with brown below and on the face. The Northern Saw-whet Owl breeds primarily in Southern Canada and the northern tier of the United States. Breeding populations also exist at higher elevations in the western U.S. and in the Blue Ridge and Great Smoky Mountains in the southeast. During winter, this species expands its range southward and into lower elevations, including the coastal southeast, the Great Plains, and the southwest. The Northern Saw-whet Owl inhabits forests across the northern part of the continent, and each geographic region in which this species may be found has forests with a different mix of trees. Regardless of the exact species present, this owl prefers forests that are composed either entirely of evergreen trees or of a mix of evergreen and deciduous tree species. In winter, individuals which move outside the species’ breeding range are less tied to a particular habitat type, relocating as new sources of prey become available. Like most owls, the Northern Saw-whet Owl hunts small mammals, including mice, shrews, and voles. This owl uses its excellent hearing to locate prey on the ground in order to fly down and capture it with its talons. Also, like most owls, this species hunts almost exclusively at night, making it difficult to observe. Northern Saw-whet Owls are most visible roosting high in trees during the day or while producing toot-like calls at dusk.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Aegolius acadicus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Aegolius acadicus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Aegolius_acadicus_BNA;Aegolius_acadicus_EBI;Aegolius_acadicus_XEN;Aegolius_acadicus_IBC;Aegolius_acadicus_PET Agelaius_phoeniceus_TEXT Agelaius_phoeniceus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Agelaius phoeniceusA small (7-9 ½ inches) blackbird, the male Red-winged Blackbird is most easily identified by its small size, black body, and red-and-yellow “shoulder” patches visible as part of the male’s display. Female Red-winged Blackbirds are streaked brown overall with faint tan eye-stripes. Males are unmistakable when their bright patches are visible, and no other female blackbird in North America is so heavily streaked. The Red-winged Blackbird breeds primarily from Alaska and northwestern Canada south to northern Central America. In winter, northerly-breeding populations migrate south to the southern U.S. Populations breeding further south are generally non-migratory. Red-winged Blackbirds breed in wetland habitats, including freshwater and saltwater marshes, damp grasslands, and flooded fields where rice is grown. Birds that migrate utilize similar habitats in the winter as in summer. Red-winged Blackbirds primarily eat insects during the summer, switching to a diet composed of seeds and grains in the winter. In appropriate habitat, Red-winged Blackbirds are most easily seen while foraging for food on the stalks and leaves of marsh grasses. During the breeding season, males may be observed displaying their “shoulder” patches from prominent perches in the grass while singing this species’ buzzing “konk-la-ree” song. Red-winged Blackbirds are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Agelaius phoeniceus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Agelaius phoeniceus. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Agelaius_phoeniceus_EBI;Agelaius_phoeniceus_XEN;Agelaius_phoeniceus_IBC Aix_sponsa_TEXT Aix_sponsa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Aix sponsaThe male Wood Duck in breeding plumage is arguably the most colorful duck in North America. Adorned with an iridescent-green head and crest, red bill, rust-colored breast and buff flanks, it is unmistakable anywhere on the continent. However, this is not always the case. Non-breeding males lose their bright colors and become drab brown-gray, resembling female and juvenile Wood Ducks. This is a medium-sized duck species (17-20 inches) which is slightly smaller than the more familiar Mallard. This species breeds across much of North America, especially in the east. In the west, the Wood Duck breeds more locally, but may be encountered on the Pacific coast of California and in the northwest. Many Wood Ducks in the east are permanent residents, but populations breeding in Canada migrate short distances south into the U.S. In the west, Wood Ducks are more migratory, moving into the southern plains and parts of the southwest in winter. This species may be found at all times of the year on wetlands, lakes, and streams. Wood Ducks nest in tree cavities (often old Pileated Woodpecker nest holes), and pairs of this species must breed in wetlands near forests to ensure availability of nest sites. The Wood Duck eats a wide variety of foods, including insects, seeds, fruits, and aquatic plant matter. Wood Ducks are often found floating on the water’s surface, occasionally dabbling (submerging their head and chest while their legs and tail stick out of the water) to find food. These ducks are also capable of taking off directly from the water. They may also be found on land, where they may be observed walking, or in the air, where they may be observed making swift and direct flights through the tree canopy. Wood Ducks are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Aix sponsa. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Aix sponsa. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Aix_sponsa_BNA;Aix_sponsa_EBI;Aix_sponsa_XEN;Aix_sponsa_IBC;Aix_sponsa_PET Ammodramus_caudacutus_TEXT Ammodramus_caudacutus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Ammodramus caudacutusThe Saltmarsh Sparrow is a relatively recent addition to field guides to the birds of North America. This species, formerly known as the Sharp-tailed Sparrow, was recently split into two new species: today’s Saltmarsh Sparrow and Nelson’s Sparrow (Ammodramus nelsoni). This is a medium-sized (5 1/2 inches) sparrow species characterized by a gray back and white breast streaked with black, tail-feathers with jagged edges, and golden face with gray cheek-patch. The Saltmarsh Sparrow is made up of two subspecies, one of which breeds from the Canadian Maritime Provinces south to New England and the other of which breeds in the Mid-Atlantic region south to the Chesapeake Bay. The Mid-Atlantic subspecies lives in this region all year, but individuals of both subspecies migrate further south along the coast in winter, where they may be found from North Carolina to Florida. As its name might suggest, this sparrow inhabits the outer fringes of salt marshes, where it eats insects and larvae off the blades and stalks of marsh grasses. This species has an unusually short breeding cycle, progressing from egg-laying to fledging in less than 28 days. This fast-paced cycle allows chicks to be reared between spring (or ‘highest of the high’) tides, which flood this species’ breeding sites approximately once a month. Saltmarsh Sparrows are most easily observed foraging near the tops of marsh grasses. They may also be seen flying short distances above the grass between feeding areas. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Ammodramus caudacutus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Ammodramus caudacutus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Ammodramus_caudacutus_BNA;Ammodramus_caudacutus_EBI;Ammodramus_caudacutus_XEN;Ammodramus_caudacutus_IBC;Ammodramus_caudacutus_PET Ammodramus_henslowii_TEXT Ammodramus_henslowii http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Ammodramus henslowiiDue in part to its cryptic coloration, Henslow’s Sparrow is more often heard than seen. Buff-colored overall and streaked with black on the back, breast, and face, this bird is well-equipped to blend into its surroundings. This is one of our smaller sparrows, at around 5 inches long. Henslow’s Sparrow primarily breeds in the eastern Great Plains, lower Great Lakes states, and in western Pennsylvania and New York. Isolated breeding areas can be found on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and in eastern North Carolina. In winter, Henslow’s Sparrows migrate south to the Gulf coast and the coastal southeast from southern North Carolina to Florida. This species previously bred in the northeast, but no longer breeds there due to habitat degradation. Henslow’s Sparrow breeds in tall, dense grasslands with a thick layer of dead grass and leaves on the ground. This sparrow forages for grasshoppers and beetles on the ground beneath tall grass. Populations breeding in the northeast bred in salt marshes. Like many grassland-dwelling bird species, Henslow’s Sparrow is best identified by ear, specifically by listening for its simple “tse-zlik” song. Due to its feeding habits and coloration, Henslow’s Sparrows are difficult to see while at rest, and may be most easily seen while on short flights above the grass.
Threat Status: Near Threatened
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Ammodramus henslowii. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Ammodramus henslowii. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Ammodramus_henslowii_BNA;Ammodramus_henslowii_EBI;Ammodramus_henslowii_XEN;Ammodramus_henslowii_IBC;Ammodramus_henslowii_PET Ammodramus_savannarum_TEXT Ammodramus_savannarum http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Ammodramus savannarumA small (4 ½ inches) sparrow named for its insect-like song, the Grasshopper Sparrow is easy to overlook. Mostly buff-brown streaked with brown above and cream below, this sparrow may be identified from its large head, small body, and pale eye-stripes. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons, while the juvenile has a streaked breast. The Grasshopper Sparrow breeds across a large portion of the eastern United States and the Great Plains from the Canada border well into the Deep South. There are also isolated breeding areas in the mountain west and along the coast of California. Despite its wide distribution, however, the Grasshopper Sparrow is an uncommon breeder throughout most of its breeding range due to specific habitat requirements. Grasshopper Sparrows migrate south for the winter, where they may be found along the Gulf coast, the coastal southeast, and along the U.S. -Mexico border. The Grasshopper Sparrow inhabits grassland habitats in its breeding and winter ranges. This species prefers grasslands that are drier and more open, with less ground-covering grass litter, than those inhabited by Henslow’s Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii). In summer, Grasshopper Sparrows eat insects (coincidentally, grasshoppers make up a significant portion of their diet), while in winter, they primarily eat seeds. Grasshopper Sparrows forage on the ground. Like many grassland-dwelling bird species, the Grasshopper Sparrow is best identified by ear, specifically by listening for its insect-like song. Due to its feeding habits and cryptic coloration, Grasshopper Sparrows are difficult to see while at rest, and may be most easily seen while on short flights above the grass.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Ammodramus savannarum. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Ammodramus savannarum. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Ammodramus_savannarum_BNA;Ammodramus_savannarum_EBI;Ammodramus_savannarum_XEN;Ammodramus_savannarum_IBC;Ammodramus_savannarum_PET Anas_acuta_TEXT Anas_acuta http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Anas acutaA large (26-30 inches) duck, the male Northern Pintail is most easily identified by its gray back and flanks, white neck, dark brown head, and long, pin-like tail. Female Northern Pintails are mottled tan overall and, relative to the male, have shorter tails and bills. Males are almost unmistakable in their range and habitat, while females may be distinguished from other tan female ducks by their longer necks. The Northern Pintail inhabits much of the Northern Hemisphere. In the New World, this species breeds in Alaska, Canada, and the northern United States, wintering from western Canada and the southern half of the United States south to Central American and the West Indies. In the Old World, this specie breeds from Iceland and Scandinavia east to Siberia, wintering in Europe, North and East Africa, South Asia, and several islands in the western Pacific Ocean. Northern Pintails breed in shallow marshes, ponds, and lakes, primarily those surrounded by prairie or tundra. During the winter, this species may be found in freshwater or saltwater wetland habitats, including lakes, marshes, and estuaries. Northern Pintails eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including seeds, aquatic plants, insects, and other small invertebrates. Northern Pintails may be seen swimming on small to medium-sized bodies of water, where they may be observed foraging for food. This species may also be observed taking off straight up from the water or undertaking straight, swift flights on migration or between breeding or foraging grounds. Northern Pintails are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Anas acuta. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Anas acuta. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Anas_acuta_EBI;Anas_acuta_XEN;Anas_acuta_IBC Anas_americana_TEXT Anas_americana http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Anas americanaKnown by duck hunters as the “Baldpate,” the American Widgeon may be readily identified by the large white forehead patch which gives this species its nickname. A medium-sized (18-23 inches) species of duck, the male American Widgeon is also characterized by a large green head patch, brown sides, and large white wing patches visible in flight. The female is less ornate, being mostly brown overall with less white on the wings. American Widgeons breed primarily from west-central Alaska east to the Hudson Bay, and from just south of the tundra in Canada south to the upper Great Plains. Recently, this species has expanded eastward, and smaller breeding areas may be encountered along the Great Lakes, around the St. Lawrence River, and in the Maritime Provinces in eastern Canada. This species migrates south for the winter, where it may be found along the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf coasts of the U.S., in the southern Plains, and points south. The American Widgeon breeds in shallow wetlands throughout its breeding range. Preferring freshwater in summer, this species is less constrained in winter, when it may be found on rivers and lakes or in saltwater estuaries and bays. American Widgeons feed primarily on aquatic plants and grasses in winter, but they may also consume insects and other small invertebrates during the breeding season. American Widgeons may be seen either on land or in the water, where they may be observed foraging for food. This species may also be observed taking off straight up from the water or undertaking straight, swift flights on migration or between breeding or foraging grounds. American Widgeons are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Anas americana. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Anas americana. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Anas_americana_BNA;Anas_americana_EBI;Anas_americana_XEN;Anas_americana_IBC;Anas_americana_PET Anas_clypeata_TEXT Anas_clypeata http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Anas clypeataNamed for its large, shovel-shaped bill, the Northern Shoveler is a medium-sized (17-20 inches) duck better known to duck hunters as the “spoonbill.” While the male Northern Shoveler’s green head may cause some to confuse it with the more ubiquitous Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), a positive identification may be made by looking for chestnut flanks and a white breast, a pattern which is opposite that of the male Mallard. The drab-brown females of both species are also easily confused, but the female Northern Shoveler retains the species’ characteristic bill shape and smaller size. Northern Shovelers occur across the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds primarily from west-central Alaska east to the Hudson Bay, and from just south of the tundra in Canada south to the upper Great Plains. Recently, this species has expanded eastward, and smaller breeding areas may be encountered along the Great Lakes, around the St. Lawrence River, and in the Maritime Provinces in eastern Canada. This species migrates south for the winter, where it may be found along the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf coasts of the U.S., in the interior in the southern half of the country, and points south. In Eurasia, this species breeds in northern Europe and Russia, wintering south to sub-Saharan Africa, India, and the Philippines. The Northern Shoveler breeds in shallow wetlands (and, increasingly, on sewage-treatment ponds) throughout its breeding range. Preferring freshwater in summer, this species is less constrained in winter, when it may be found in freshwater or saltwater marshes. Northern Shovelers feed primarily on small invertebrates and seeds. Northern Shovelers rarely forage on land, and are most easily seen on the water using their bills to strain the water for food. This species may also be observed undertaking straight, swift flights on migration or between breeding or foraging grounds. Northern Shovelers are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Anas clypeata. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Anas clypeata. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Anas_clypeata_BNA;Anas_clypeata_EBI;Anas_clypeata_XEN;Anas_clypeata_IBC;Anas_clypeata_PET Anas_crecca_TEXT Anas_crecca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Anas creccaOne of the smallest ducks in North America at only 14 inches in length, the Green-winged Teal is second only to the Mallard in number of individuals taken by North American duck hunters. Aside from the large green wing patch which gives this species its name, the male Green-winged Teal is characterized by a reddish-brown head, green head patch, gray-brown back, speckled-brown breast and yellow under-tail patches. Females are drab-brown overall with a smaller green wing patch, but may be recognized as teals by their small size. Green-winged Teals are found across the Northern Hemisphere. The North American subspecies (A. crecca carolinensis) breeds from Alaska to eastern Canada and south to the northern tier of the United States. In winter, Green-winged Teals migrate south, and may be found along the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf coasts of the U.S., in the interior in the southern half of the country, and points south. The Eurasian subspecies, (A. crecca crecca) breeds across northern Eurasia, wintering south to North Africa, India, and China. In summer, the Green-winged Teal breeds primarily on ponds in open wooded parkland, but may also breed on bodies of water near prairies or in river deltas. This species may be found more generally in shallow wetlands throughout its winter range. Green-winged Teals consume grasses, aquatic plants, insects, larvae, and crustaceans. Green-winged Teals may be seen either on land or in the water, where they may be observed foraging for food. This species may also be observed undertaking straight, swift flights on migration or between breeding or foraging grounds. Green-winged Teals are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Anas crecca. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Anas crecca. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Anas_crecca_BNA;Anas_crecca_EBI;Anas_crecca_XEN;Anas_crecca_IBC;Anas_crecca_PET Anas_discors_TEXT Anas_discors http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Anas discorsLike all teals, the Blue-winged Teal is smaller than most ducks (15-16 inches). The male is easily identified by the large, crescent-shaped white patches on the sides of its head and by its specked breast and sides. Like many male ducks, the male Blue-winged Teal takes on an ‘eclipse’ plumage in fall and early winter that is drab-brown overall and resembles the plumage of female and juvenile Blue-winged Teals. Both sexes have large blue patches on the wings. Blue-winged Teals breed across the United States and Canada, although somewhat further south than many related duck species. In summer, this species may be found from southern Alaska across to southeastern Canada south to the Mid-Atlantic region, the Ohio River Valley, the southern Great Plains, and in the mountain west. Blue-winged Teals also migrate further south than most North American ducks, wintering along the southern Atlantic and Pacific, and Gulf coasts, in Florida, in Texas, and south into Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. In summer, Blue-winged Teals breed in small ponds with plentiful insects, larvae, mollusks, and crustaceans, all of which feature highly in this duck’s diet during the breeding season. In winter, this species may be found on mudflats and in fresh and brackish marshes. In the tropics, Blue-winged Teals may also be found in saltwater wetlands dominated by mangroves. Blue-winged Teals may be seen either on land or in the water, where they may be observed foraging for food. This species may also be observed undertaking straight, swift flights on migration or between breeding or foraging grounds. Blue-winged Teals are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Anas discors. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Anas discors. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Anas_discors_BNA;Anas_discors_EBI;Anas_discors_XEN;Anas_discors_IBC;Anas_discors_PET Anas_penelope_TEXT Anas_penelope http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Anas penelopeThe Eurasian Widgeon is the Old World counterpart to the American Widgeon (Anas americana). The male of this species may be separated from the male American Widgeon by its buff crown, reddish-brown head, pink breast and grey body. The female Eurasian Widgeon is more similar in appearance to the female American Widgeon, but has a slight reddish cast to the head. The Eurasian Widgeon is slightly smaller than the American Widgeon at 18-20 inches long. The Eurasian Widgeon breeds across northern Eurasia. In winter, this species may be found from Europe south to Southeast Asia, India, and North Africa. The Eurasian Widgeon is also a rare visitor to coastal North America in winter. On its breeding grounds in the Old World, the Eurasian Widgeon inhabits freshwater marshes and slow-moving rivers. In winter, this species becomes more amenable to saltwater, and may be found on sheltered bays and lagoons. Like the American Widgeon, Eurasian Widgeons feed primarily on aquatic plants and grasses in winter, but they may also consume insects and other small invertebrates during the breeding season. Eurasian Widgeons may be seen either on land or in the water, where they may be observed foraging for food. Winter visitors to North America are often found in small numbers mixed in with larger flocks of American Widgeons. Eurasian Widgeons are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Anas penelope. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Anas penelope. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Anas_penelope_XEN;Anas_penelope_IBC;Anas_penelope_PET Anas_platyrhynchos_TEXT Anas_platyrhynchos http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Anas platyrhynchosThe Mallard is the most recognizable species of waterfowl, often being the only species of duck present in ponds and small streams near cities and towns. This large duck is about 20 to 24 inches long with an oval-shaped body and short tail. Males are splotchy brown and tan with a green head and yellow bill, while females are speckled brown and tan with a dull brown bill. Both sexes have orange legs and a blue diamond on the wings. The Mallard is common across North America and Eurasia. This species may be found from the Arctic Circle south to the tropics. While some Mallard populations migrate between separate breeding and wintering grounds, many populations living in human-altered environments are non-migratory. Mallards are usually found in and around rivers, streams, lakes, or ponds. They eat a variety of foods, including insects, snails, and grains. Mallards are often present in large numbers where ducks are fed by humans. Mallards are often found floating on the water’s surface, occasionally dabbling (submerging their head and chest while their legs and tail stick out of the water) to find food. These ducks are also capable of taking off directly from the water. They may also be found on land, where they may be observed walking, or in the air, where they may be observed making swift and direct flights between bodies of water. They are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Anas platyrhynchos. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Anas platyrhynchos. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Anas_platyrhynchos_BNA;Anas_platyrhynchos_EBI;Anas_platyrhynchos_XEN;Anas_platyrhynchos_IBC;Anas_platyrhynchos_PET Anas_rubripes_TEXT Anas_rubripes http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Anas rubripesAt close range, the American Black Duck may be identified by its dark color, dull-yellow bill, and white under-wing patches. However, due to its large size (20-25 inches) and familiar oval-shaped body, the American Black Duck is often mistaken at a distance for the more ubiquitous Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Separating American Black Ducks from the Mallards has become increasingly difficult as Mallards have begun to interbreed with this species, producing hybrids with characteristics intermediate to those of the two parent species. Male and female pure-bred American Black Ducks are similar to one another in all seasons. The American Black Duck breeds across northeastern North America from the eastern edge of the Great Plains east to the Atlantic coast and from the Hudson Bay south to the Mid-Atlantic region. Northern populations migrate south in winter, when they may be found in the southeast and along the Ohio River Valley. Populations in the northeastern United States and in the Mid-Atlantic region migrate short distances (if at all), and this species may be found all year in these areas. American Black Ducks breed along lakes, streams, and in freshwater and saltwater marshes. Similar habitats are utilized by this species in winter. Most hybrids occur where appropriate habitats for American Black Ducks overlap with those of Mallards, especially in more built-up areas. Like the Mallard, this species is a generalist feeder, eating grasses and aquatic plants, seeds, grains, insects, mollusks, crustaceans, and fish. American Black Ducks are often found floating on the water’s surface, occasionally dabbling (submerging their head and chest while their legs and tail stick out of the water) to find food. These ducks are also capable of taking off directly from the water. They may also be found on land, where they may be observed walking, or in the air, where they may be observed making swift and direct flights between bodies of water. Small numbers of American Black Ducks may be looked for among larger flocks of Mallards. This species is most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Anas rubripes. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Anas rubripes. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Anas_rubripes_BNA;Anas_rubripes_EBI;Anas_rubripes_XEN;Anas_rubripes_IBC;Anas_rubripes_PET Anas_strepera_TEXT Anas_strepera http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Anas streperaWhile many ducks in North America are adorned with bright blues, greens, or reds, the Gadwall’s coloration is far more subdued. The male is gray overall with a tan head and gray bill, while the female is brownish overall with a dull yellow bill. Besides their medium size (19-23 inches) and nondescript plumage, Gadwalls may be identified in flight by a small white patch on the trailing edge of their wings. Gadwalls are found widely across the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, Gadwalls breed primarily in the northern Great Plains. Smaller breeding areas can be found in the Rocky Mountains, in Alaska, in coastal California, and along the Great Lakes. Many Gadwall populations in the Rockies are non-migratory, but the majority of Gadwalls migrate south for the winter, when they may be found along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the southeast, the southern Plains, the Pacific coast from northern California north to Washington, and in southern portions of the Great Lakes. In Eurasia, Gadwalls breed in northern and central Europe, wintering from central Europe south to North Africa. In summer, the Gadwall breeds primarily in wetlands surrounded by grasslands or prairie. In winter, Gadwalls frequent small ponds as well as freshwater and saltwater marshes. Gadwalls feed on aquatic plants, seeds, and invertebrates in the water column. Gadwalls may be seen either on land or in the water, where they may be observed foraging for food. This species may also be observed taking off straight up from the water or undertaking straight, swift flights on migration or between breeding or foraging grounds. Gadwalls are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Anas strepera. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Anas strepera. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Anas_strepera_BNA;Anas_strepera_EBI;Anas_strepera_XEN;Anas_strepera_IBC;Anas_strepera_PET Anthus_rubescens_TEXT Anthus_rubescens http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Anthus rubescensOnce considered to be the same species as the Old World Water Pipit (Anthus spinoletta), the American Pipit is a sparrow-sized (6-7 inches) slender songbird of nondescript appearance. In summer, the American Pipit is gray-brown above with a tan breast streaked with brown. During the winter, the tan on the breast becomes lighter and the streaking more distinct. Other characteristics of the American Pipit include a white eye-stripes and slender bill. The American Pipit breeds primarily in Alaska and the high arctic regions of Canada. Smaller breeding populations occur in Greenland, Newfoundland, and at high elevations in the Rocky Mountains south to New Mexico and Arizona. American Pipits primarily winter along the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf coasts of the United States. They also winter in the interior southeast, in the southwest, and in Mexico. In summer, the American Pipit breeds on arctic or alpine tundra. These habitats are characterized by low temperatures, lack of tree cover, rocky terrain, and the presence of snow and ice for most of the year. In winter, this species inhabits various kinds of flat, open habitat including beaches, mud flats, marshes, and fields. The diet of the American Pipit consists primarily of seeds, but insects are also eaten when available. American Pipits may be best observed while foraging on the ground, where they may be seen walking or running in pursuit of insect prey. This species may also be seen in flight, where it may be identified by its long wings and undulating flight path. The American Pipit is most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Anthus rubescens. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Anthus rubescens. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Anthus_rubescens_BNA;Anthus_rubescens_EBI;Anthus_rubescens_XEN;Anthus_rubescens_IBC;Anthus_rubescens_PET Aquila_chrysaetos_TEXT Aquila_chrysaetos http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Aquila chrysaetosAn extremely large (30-40 inches) raptor, the Golden Eagle is much larger than the largest North American hawk and is only marginally smaller than the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). With its dark brown body, dull yellow legs, and yellow bill, the Golden Eagle may be difficult to separate at a distance from an immature Bald Eagle, which has these same field marks and lacks the white head and tail of adults. With a good view, however, it is possible to identify a Golden Eagle by looking for a golden wash to the back of its neck. Male and female Golden Eagles are similar to one another in all seasons, although females are slightly larger. The Golden Eagle may be found across the northern hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds primarily in the mountain west from Alaska to central Mexico. In winter, Golden Eagles breeding in Canada and Alaska move south, while those in the Rocky Mountains move to lower altitudes. Golden Eagles were formerly more numerous in eastern North America, but have retracted their range westward in response to increasing pressure from humans. Small numbers of Golden Eagles breed in eastern Canada and winter locally in the northeastern U.S. and Mid-Atlantic region. In Eurasia, the Golden Eagle inhabits much of northern Eurasia, with isolated populations further south, especially at higher latitudes in southern Europe, Asia Minor, and the Himalayas. In summer, the Golden Eagle breeds in a variety of habitats, including tundra, grasslands, and coniferous forests. Winter habitats are similar to breeding habitats, but may also include wetlands. Golden Eagles primarily hunt small mammals, including rabbits, hares, and squirrels, and marmots, but may scavenge carrion when available. Golden Eagles may be most easily observed soaring on long, broad wings held flat (as opposed to vultures, which soar with their wings in a “v” shape). Individuals may also be observed perching in trees or other prominent locations, and adults may be seen entering nests to feed chicks. Golden Eagles are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Aquila chrysaetos. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Aquila chrysaetos. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Aquila_chrysaetos_BNA;Aquila_chrysaetos_EBI;Aquila_chrysaetos_XEN;Aquila_chrysaetos_IBC;Aquila_chrysaetos_PET Archilochus_colubris_TEXT Archilochus_colubris http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Archilochus colubrisThe only breeding hummingbird in eastern North America, the Ruby-throated Hummingbird is more often mistaken for an insect than for another species of bird. The smallest bird encountered in its breeding range (3-3 ¼ inches), the Ruby-throated Hummingbird may be identified by its small size, green back and forehead, long bill, and off-white breast. Males have a striking red throat (called a "gorget") and forked tail, while the female lacks this adornment and has a rounded tail. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird breeds across most of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. In winter, many Ruby-throated Hummingbirds migrate across the Gulf of Mexico to winter in southern Mexico and Central America, while others spend the winter in south Florida and the Florida Keys. Small numbers of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds winter further north along both coasts of Florida into the Gulf States and the Carolinas. During the summer, Ruby-throated Hummingbirds breed in deciduous forest, woodland edges, and around human developments. This species winters in tropical forests. Ruby-throated Hummingbirds eat small insects and drink nectar from tubular flowers, and will often enter gardens and yards to feed from hummingbird feeders. It is a major pollinator in its breeding range. Ruby-throated Hummingbirds may most often be observed feeding from flowers and hummingbird feeders, where they may either hover or perch while feeding. It is also possible to observe Ruby-throated Hummingbirds defending feeders or productive patches of flowers, when they may engage in acrobatic mid-air dogfights with other hummingbirds. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Archilochus colubris. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Archilochus colubris. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Archilochus_colubris_BNA;Archilochus_colubris_EBI;Archilochus_colubris_XEN;Archilochus_colubris_IBC;Archilochus_colubris_PET Ardea_alba_TEXT Ardea_alba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Ardea albaWith its long, white breeding plumes, orange-yellow bill, and green facial skin, the Great Egret at the height of the breeding season is stunning to behold. Even at other times of the year, when it loses its plumes and its face and bill return to their typical dull yellow, this large, white wader is difficult to overlook. Male and female Great Egrets are similar (38 inches) at all times of the year. The Great Egret is widely distributed across warmer parts of the globe. In North America, the Great Egret breeds primarily in the southeastern United States, with smaller pockets of breeding territory in the Great Plains, the northeast, and in the west. Most of the Great Egrets in the southeast are permanent residents, but those in cooler climates migrate south for the winter, where they may be found along the coast of California, in the southwest, and in Texas. This species also breeds in Eurasia from southern Europe east to east Asia, wintering in North Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Populations also exist in South America, Australia and New Zealand. Great Egrets live in and around small bodies of water. In summer, Great Egrets nest in colonies, called ‘rookeries,’ in trees surrounding lakes and ponds. This species utilizes similar habitats during the winter. Great Egrets mainly eat fish, but may also take crustaceans and small vertebrates (such as frogs, lizards, and mice) when the opportunity arises. Great Egrets may be best observed wading in shallow water, where they may be seen plunging their bills into the water to catch fish. It is also possible to see Great Egrets at their rookeries, especially when they return to roost at sunset, or while flying with their feet extended and their necks pulled in. Great Egrets are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Ardea alba. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Ardea alba. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Ardea_alba_BNA;Ardea_alba_EBI;Ardea_alba_XEN;Ardea_alba_IBC;Ardea_alba_PET Ardea_herodias_TEXT Ardea_herodias http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Ardea herodiasThe largest heron in North America north of Mexico, the Great Blue Heron is, for the most part, an easy bird to identify. At 42-52 inches, its gray-blue back, buff neck, yellow bill, white face, and long, black facial plumes help to distinguish it from most other waders in its range. The all-white Caribbean subspecies, which enters our area in south Florida, may be distinguished from the similarly-colored Great Egret by its yellow legs and feet. Male and female Great Blue Herons are similar at all times of the year. The Great Blue Heron breeds across the majority of the United States and southern Canada. Great Blue Herons that breed in southern Canada and the northern Great Plains migrate south for the winter, when they may be found in Central America and the Caribbean. Populations living in most of the U.S. are non-migratory. This species is absent from the desert southwest and from high elevations of the Rocky Mountains. Great Blue Herons live in and around small bodies of water. In summer, Great Blue Herons nest in colonies, called ‘rookeries,’ surrounding lakes and ponds. They may nest either in trees, in bushes, or on the ground. This species utilizes similar habitats during the winter. Great Blue Herons mainly eat fish, but may also take crustaceans and small vertebrates (such as frogs, lizards, and mice) when the opportunity arises. Great Blue Herons may be best observed wading in shallow water, where they may be seen plunging their bills into the water to catch fish. It is also possible to see Great Blue Herons at their rookeries, especially when they return to roost at sunset, or while flying with their feet extended and their necks pulled in. Great Blue Herons are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Ardea herodias. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Ardea herodias. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Ardea_herodias_BNA;Ardea_herodias_EBI;Ardea_herodias_XEN;Ardea_herodias_IBC;Ardea_herodias_PET Arenaria_interpres_TEXT Arenaria_interpres http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Arenaria interpresA medium-sized (8-10 inches) plover, the Ruddy Turnstone in summer is most easily identified by its orange back and legs, pale breast, white head with black patches on the face and throat. In winter, this species becomes dull brown above and white below. Birds in summer plumage are unmistakable, while winter birds may be separated from other dull shorebirds by this species’ short, upturned bill. Male and female Ruddy Turnstones are similar to one another in all seasons. The Ruddy Turnstone occurs throughout much of the world. In the New World, this species breeds in the high arctic of Canada, Alaska, and Greenland, wintering along the coasts of the Americas from mid-latitude North America south to southern South America. In the Old World, this species breeds along the edge of the Arctic Ocean, wintering from Europe south to South Africa and from South Asia south to Australasia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Ruddy Turnstones breed in wet areas on the arctic tundra. In winter, this species may be found along the coast on sandy or rocky beaches. Ruddy Turnstones primarily eat small insects during the summer months, switching to crustaceans and small fish during the winter. Due to this species’ remote breeding grounds, most birdwatchers are only familiar with Ruddy Turnstones during the winter. At that time, this species is most easily seen while walking or running along the shoreline, turning over stones while foraging for food (a behavior which gave this species its name). Ruddy Turnstones are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Arenaria interpres. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Arenaria interpres. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Arenaria_interpres_EBI;Arenaria_interpres_XEN;Arenaria_interpres_IBC Asio_flammeus_TEXT Asio_flammeus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Asio flammeusThe small tufts of feathers on its forehead give the Short-eared Owl its name. Like all birds, however, the Short-eared Owl’s real ears are small openings hidden underneath the feathers on the sides of its head. This species possesses the short legs, rounded wings, large yellow eyes, and disk-shaped face characteristic of owls. The Short-eared Owl may also be identified by its size (15 inches), streaked brown-and-tan body, and off-white face. Males and females are similar at all seasons. The Short-eared Owl occurs across much of the world, being absent only from polar regions, isolated oceanic islands, and Australia. In North America, the Short-eared Owl breeds across Canada, Alaska, and the northern tier of the United States. Populations breeding in colder regions migrate south for the winter, while warmer parts of the Short-eared Owl’s breeding range host this species all year. In winter, Short-eared Owls may be found across much of the United States and south to central Mexico. Short-eared Owls breed primarily in open, treeless habitats such as tundra, grassland, and prairie. This species also frequents open habitats in winter, when it may be found in fields and marshes. Typical for an owl, the Short-eared Owl eats small mammals, such as mice, voles, and shrews, and may be found in greater numbers where prey is plentiful. The Short-eared Owl is an adept night hunter, using its excellent hearing to locate prey on the ground in order to fly down and capture it with its talons. However, like some other owls, this species frequently hunts during the day as well. This fact, combined with the Short-eared Owl’s preference for open habitat, makes this a comparatively easy owl species to observe.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Asio flammeus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Asio flammeus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Asio_flammeus_BNA;Asio_flammeus_EBI;Asio_flammeus_XEN;Asio_flammeus_IBC;Asio_flammeus_PET Asio_otus_TEXT Asio_otus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Asio otusThe long tufts of feathers on its forehead give the Long-eared Owl its name. Like all birds, however, the Long-eared Owl’s real ears are small openings hidden underneath the feathers on the sides of its head. This species possesses the short legs, rounded wings, large yellow eyes, and disk-shaped face characteristic of owls. Aside from its long ‘ears,’ this medium-sized (15 inches) owl may also be identified by its streaked body and buff-colored face. Males are generally slightly paler than females. The Long-eared Owl is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds primarily across southern Canada and the northern tier of the United States. Smaller populations occur in the Rocky Mountains, along the coast of California, and at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. The Long-eared Owl occurs year-round in its breeding range, but individuals may disperse long distances during winter in search of food, wandering as far as the southern United States and central Mexico. In the Old World, this species breeds from Northern Europe across to Japan, wintering south to North Africa and South Asia. Other non-migratory populations occur in highland climates in Africa and on islands south of this species’ main range. The Long-eared Owl breeds in open evergreen or deciduous forests. Individuals remaining on breeding grounds during winter utilize the same habitats as in summer; individuals wandering south utilize forest habitats in those areas. Typical for an owl, the Long-eared Owl eats small mammals, such as mice, voles, and shrews, and may be found in greater numbers where prey is plentiful. The Long-eared Owl uses its excellent hearing to locate prey on the ground in order to fly down and capture it with its talons. Also, like most owls, this species hunts almost exclusively at night, making it difficult to observe. Long-eared Owls are most visible roosting high in trees during the day, especially in winter, when this species may form large communal roosts.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Asio otus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Asio otus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Asio_otus_BNA;Asio_otus_EBI;Asio_otus_XEN;Asio_otus_IBC;Asio_otus_PET Aythya_affinis_TEXT Aythya_affinis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Aythya affinisWhen floating far out on the water, it can be difficult to separate the Lesser Scaup (16 1/2 inches) from its relative, the Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) (18 inches). Males of both species are medium-sized ducks with dark heads and chests, light backs and flanks, and dark tails. A closer look reveals that the Lesser Scaup has a peaked, purple-tinged head and light gray flanks (as opposed to the Greater Scaup, which has a flat-topped, green-tinged head and white flanks). The females of both species (both dark brown) are also difficult to separate, although the female Lesser Scaup tends to be slightly darker brown than the female of the other species. Both species also have blue bills, earning them the nickname “bluebill” with duck hunters. The Lesser Scaup breeds across much of western Canada and Alaska, with smaller breeding populations in the northern Great Plains, in northern portions of the Rocky Mountains, and in the Great Lakes region. Most Lesser Scaups migrate south in winter, when they may be found along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S., in the Ohio River Valley, in the interior south and southwest, and south to Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. Lesser Scaup are also known to winter in Hawaii. Lesser Scaups breed on fresh or slightly brackish wetlands with marsh grasses. In winter, they may be found in large numbers on large lakes, bays, and reservoirs. Although they may be found in saltwater in winter, Lesser Scaup are somewhat less likely to be seen on the open ocean than the Greater Scaup. This species’ diet primarily consists of invertebrates, such as crustaceans, mollusks, and insects when available. One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Lesser Scaups may be observed submerging themselves to feed on invertebrates in the water or on the bottom. In winter, they may also be observed in flocks of many hundreds or thousands of birds on large bodies of water. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Aythya affinis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Aythya affinis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Aythya_affinis_BNA;Aythya_affinis_EBI;Aythya_affinis_XEN;Aythya_affinis_IBC;Aythya_affinis_PET;Aythya_affinis_SIB Aythya_americana_TEXT Aythya_americana http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Aythya americanaIronically, the Redhead is not the only duck in North America with a red head. In many parts of its range, this species occurs side by side with another redheaded duck, the Canvasback (Aythya valisineria), and a couple field marks must be noted in order to distinguish the two. The Redhead is slightly smaller (19-20 inches), has a shorter bill, and is darker on the back and flanks. Males have a red head and grey body, while females are mostly dark brown. The Redhead breeds primarily in the northern Great Plains, with smaller breeding populations in the southern Plains, the Rockies, and Alaska. Although some western areas see Redheads all year, most Redhead populations migrate south to the southern two-thirds of the United States and into Mexico in winter. Despite this vast winter range, much higher concentrations of wintering Redheads may be found along the coast than in the interior. Redheads breed in freshwater wetlands. In winter, this species primarily inhabits coastal areas with plentiful seagrasses. Redheads predominantly eat aquatic plants in summer; in winter, their diet includes seagrasses and mollusks. One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Redheads may be observed submerging themselves to feed on submerged plant matter. In winter, they may also be observed in large flocks on coastal bays and lagoons. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Aythya americana. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Aythya americana. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Aythya_americana_BNA;Aythya_americana_EBI;Aythya_americana_XEN;Aythya_americana_IBC;Aythya_americana_PET Aythya_collaris_TEXT Aythya_collaris http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Aythya collarisA small black-and-white diving duck, the male Ring-necked Duck may most readily be distinguished from the closely-related scaups by its size (15-18 inches), black back, and the unique white bill stripe dividing the bill’s gray base from its black tip. In flight, it may also be identified by its gray (not white, as is the case with the scaups) wing stripes. Female Ring-necked Ducks are similar to female scaups, but are slightly lighter brown and have more pronounced eye rings. The Ring-necked Duck breeds in a broad swath across southern Canada and the northern tier of the United States from the Maritime Provinces to the Yukon. Most Ring-necked Ducks migrate south for the winter, when they may be found across the southern two-thirds of the United States, Mexico, and the West Indies. In the past century, this species had expanded its breeding range westward into Alaska and eastward into the Great Lakes region. During the summer, the Ring-necked Duck breeds on shallow, freshwater marshes. In winter, this species is more flexible in its habitat preferences, but prefers shallow bodies of freshwater such as ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. The diet of the Ring-necked Duck consists of aquatic vegetation (such as seeds and tubers) as well as small invertebrates (such as insects and larvae). One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Ring-necked Ducks may be observed submerging themselves to feed on aquatic plant matter or insects. In winter, they may also be observed in small flocks on shallow ponds and lakes. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Aythya collaris. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Aythya collaris. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Aythya_collaris_BNA;Aythya_collaris_EBI;Aythya_collaris_XEN;Aythya_collaris_IBC;Aythya_collaris_PET Aythya_marila_TEXT Aythya_marila http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Aythya marilaWhen floating far out on the water, it can be difficult to separate the Greater Scaup (18 inches) from its relative, the Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) (16 1/2 inches). Males of both species are medium-sized ducks with dark heads and chests, light backs and flanks, and dark tails. A closer look reveals that the Greater Scaup has a flat-topped, green-tinged head and white flanks (as opposed to the Lesser Scaup, which has a peaked, purple-tinged head and light gray flanks). The females of both species (both dark brown) are also difficult to separate, although the female Greater Scaup tends to be slightly lighter brown than the female of the other species. Both species also have blue bills, earning them the nickname “bluebill” with duck hunters. The Greater Scaup is found across much of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, the Greater Scaup primarily breeds in western Alaska, in northeastern Canada, and along the Hudson Bay. Greater Scaups migrate south in winter, when they may be found along the Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja California, on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Florida, on the northern Gulf coast, and in the Great Lakes. The Greater Scaup is more of a coastal bird than the Lesser Scaup in winter, but may be found inland on migration. In the Old World, this species breeds in Iceland, Scandinavia, and Russia, wintering south along the coast to the Mediterranean Sea, the Persian Gulf, and coastal China. Greater Scaups breed on freshwater wetlands with marsh grasses. In winter, they may be found in large numbers in offshore waters and in large bays. Although they may also be found in saltwater in winter, Lesser Scaup are somewhat less likely to be seen on the open ocean than Greater Scaup. This species’ diet primarily consists of invertebrates, such as crustaceans, mollusks, and insects when available. One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Greater Scaups may be observed submerging themselves to feed on invertebrates in the water or on the bottom. In winter, they may also be observed in flocks of many hundreds or thousands of birds offshore. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Aythya marila. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Aythya marila. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Aythya_marila_BNA;Aythya_marila_EBI;Aythya_marila_XEN;Aythya_marila_IBC;Aythya_marila_PET;Aythya_marila_SIB Aythya_valisineria_TEXT Aythya_valisineria http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Aythya valisineriaAlthough this duck’s rufous-red is one of its most striking field marks, the male Canvasback is not the only duck in North America with this pattern of coloration. In many parts of its range, this species occurs side by side with the closely-related Redhead (Aythya americana), and a couple field marks must be noted in order to distinguish the two. The Canvasback is slightly larger (20-24 inches), has a longer bill, and is much lighter on the back and flanks. Males have a red head and white body (resembling a sheet of blank canvas from a distance), while females are mostly light grayish-brown. The Canvasback breeds primarily in the northern Great Plains, the northern Rockies, western Canada, and Alaska. Most Canvasback populations migrate south in winter to the southern two-thirds of the United States and into Mexico. In its wintering range, this species is more common inland than the Redhead. Canvasbacks breed in lakes, ponds, marshes and bays. In winter, this species utilizes similar habitats as it does during the breeding season. In summer, Canvasbacks eat both aquatic plants and animals, such as small insects and mollusks; in winter, they feed primarily on plant matter, particularly the wild celery plant (Vallisneria americana) from which this species derives its scientific name. One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Redheads may be observed submerging themselves to feed on aquatic plant matter. In winter, they may also be observed in large flocks on coastal bays and lagoons. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Aythya valisineria. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Aythya valisineria. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Aythya_valisineria_BNA;Aythya_valisineria_EBI;Aythya_valisineria_XEN;Aythya_valisineria_IBC;Aythya_valisineria_PET Baeolophus_bicolor_TEXT Baeolophus_bicolor http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Baeolophus bicolorA familiar songbird at bird feeders across the eastern U.S., the Tufted Titmouse is easily identified in most of its range by its sparrow-sized (6 inches) light grey body, chestnut flanks, and striking gray crest. In central Texas, this species is replaced by (and overlaps with) the Black-crested Titmouse (Baeolophus atricristatus), which has a dark crest and darker body. Males and females are similar at all seasons. The Tufted Titmouse is a common resident in the eastern United States, absent only from northernmost New England and Maine, northern Michigan and Wisconsin, and southernmost Florida. Historically this species had a more southern distribution; in the last century, increased numbers of bird feeders have helped the Tufted Titmouse expand its range northward. This species is a permanent resident across its range. Tufted Titmice are generally found in deciduous woodland habitats. More recently, they have also adapted to life in suburban and light urban settings, especially in areas with high concentrations of bird feeders. The Tufted Titmouse’s diet consists primarily of seeds, but Titmice will also take insects when available. Titmice are most easily observed while visiting bird feeders; in fact, many yards in this species’ range are visited by Titmice every day. In wilder areas, this species may be looked for in the forest canopy, often associating with Chickadees. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Baeolophus bicolor. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Baeolophus bicolor. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Baeolophus_bicolor_BNA;Baeolophus_bicolor_EBI;Baeolophus_bicolor_XEN;Baeolophus_bicolor_IBC;Baeolophus_bicolor_PET Bartramia_longicauda_TEXT Bartramia_longicauda http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Bartramia longicaudaAppropriately patterned for its habitat, the Upland Sandpiper may be identified by its plump, mottled gray-brown body and large size (11 ½ inches). Other characteristics of this species include large black eyes, long yellow bill, and long legs. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons. The Upland Sandpiper breeds primarily across a large portion of the northern Great Plains. Outside of this core range, smaller breeding areas occur in Alaska, the Great Lakes region, and in the northeastern United States. In fall, this species leaves North America entirely to winter in southern South America. Unusually for a shorebird, the Upland Sandpiper tends to stay away from the coast, living instead in interior grasslands. On its breeding grounds, this species prefers dry grassland with moderate vegetation and ground cover. This species utilizes the same type of habitat on its winter range in South America. Upland Sandpipers primarily subsist on insects and larvae, with smaller quantities of plant matter taken at any season. The Upland Sandpiper may best be seen foraging for food in low vegetation. This species builds its nest in patches of taller vegetation, and are thus difficult to observe nesting. Upland Sandpipers are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Bartramia longicauda. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Bartramia longicauda. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Bartramia_longicauda_BNA;Bartramia_longicauda_EBI;Bartramia_longicauda_XEN;Bartramia_longicauda_IBC;Bartramia_longicauda_PET Bombycilla_cedrorum_TEXT Bombycilla_cedrorum http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Bombycilla cedrorumThe smaller of the two North American waxwings, the Cedar Waxwing (7 1/4 inches) is also brighter and more colorful than its northern relative, the Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus). This species may be identified by its light brown body and crest, yellow flanks, black face mask, and red waxy-tipped feathers on the wings. Male and female Cedar Waxwings are similar at all seasons. The Cedar Waxwing breeds across Northern Canada and the northern half of the U.S. This species migrates southward in winter, when it may be found in across the United States, Mexico, and Central America. Cedar Waxwings tend to be highly nomadic during winter, moving in flocks in search of food. Thus, while this species may be found all year in north-central portions of the United States, waxwings wintering in these areas are not necessarily the same birds that bred there the summer before, and are more likely birds from further north. Cedar Waxwings breed in woodland interspersed with clearings with small fruit-bearing shrubs. Waxwings primarily consume fruits and berries, and this habitat type supports this species’ oddly specific dietary requirements. In winter, waxwings may be found wherever berries, particularly those of cedars, are plentiful. Often, Cedar Waxwings are most easily observed foraging in trees and shrubs. Depending on the location of fruit on the tree, these birds may be high in the canopy, low to the ground, or anywhere in between. Cedar Waxwings may also be observed undertaking short, straight flights between trees or longer flights between feeding areas or on migration. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Bombycilla cedrorum. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Bombycilla cedrorum. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Bombycilla_cedrorum_BNA;Bombycilla_cedrorum_EBI;Bombycilla_cedrorum_XEN;Bombycilla_cedrorum_IBC;Bombycilla_cedrorum_PET;Bombycilla_cedrorum_SIB Bonasa_umbellus_TEXT Bonasa_umbellus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Bonasa umbellusWell-adapted to living on the forest floor, the Ruffed Grouse is mottled brown-and-gray on the back and barred brown-and-gray below. This species may also be identified by its large size (16-19 inches), black-banded tail, and the ruffled head and feathers on its neck and head. Two color morphs occur, a northern morph with a gray tail and a southern morph with a rusty-red tail. Female Ruffed Grouse are slightly smaller than males, and have smaller quantities of ruffled feathers. The core range of the Ruffled Grouse is centered on southern Canada, extending north to the Arctic Circle in Alaska and south along higher elevations of the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains as far as North Carolina and Utah, respectively. Several conservation programs have led to the reintroduction of this species into isolated locations in the southern portion of its range, where it was once more common. The Ruffed Grouse is a permanent resident across its range. Ruffed Grouse inhabit cool evergreen and mixed evergreen and deciduous forests. Plant matter, including seeds, buds, leaves, and berries, make up a large proportion of this species’ diet. However during the warmer months (and particularly during breeding), insects are consumed when available as a source of protein for chicks and adults alike. Ruffed Grouse may be observed while foraging for food on the forest floor or while roosting in trees at dawn or dusk. During the early part of the breeding season, males may be heard making loud drumming noises with their wings as part of their mating and territorial display. This species is primarily active during the day, but males may drum on clear nights after dark or in the morning before dawn.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Bonasa umbellus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Bonasa umbellus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Bonasa_umbellus_BNA;Bonasa_umbellus_EBI;Bonasa_umbellus_XEN;Bonasa_umbellus_IBC;Bonasa_umbellus_PET Botaurus_lentiginosus_TEXT Botaurus_lentiginosus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Botaurus lentiginosusAlthough not particularly small (around 23 inches), the American Bittern’s mottled brown plumage and short, thick build provide it with excellent camouflage in its heavily vegetated habitat. This heron may be best identified by its coloration, short yellow legs, white throat, and black neck stripes. Male and female American Bitterns are similar to one another in all seasons. The American Bittern breeds widely across the northern United States and the southern half of Canada. In winter, American Bitterns migrate to coastal areas of the United States south to Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. This species may be found all year along the Pacific coast as well as in the Mid-Atlantic Region. American Bitterns breed primarily in shallow, heavily-vegetated freshwater wetlands. In winter, this species utilizes many of the same habitat types as in summer, but some bitterns wintering close to the coast may be found in brackish water. American Bitterns primarily eat animal matter, both invertebrates (mainly insects) and vertebrates (including fish, amphibians, and small mammals). Due to its short stature and the nature of its habitat, American Bitterns are difficult to observe while feeding or standing still. Bitterns may be more visible in the air, undertaking short flights above the top of the marsh grass. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Botaurus lentiginosus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Botaurus lentiginosus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Botaurus_lentiginosus_BNA;Botaurus_lentiginosus_EBI;Botaurus_lentiginosus_XEN;Botaurus_lentiginosus_IBC;Botaurus_lentiginosus_PET Branta_bernicla_TEXT Branta_bernicla http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Branta berniclaMuch smaller (22-26 inches) than most Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), the Brant’s gray back also makes it much darker than its larger relative. Whereas Canada Geese have a large white “chinstrap,” the Brant has a much smaller white patch on its black neck. This species may also be identified by its black chest, white breast, and light gray flanks. The Brant is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species’ breeding range is restricted to coastal areas in northern Alaska, Greenland, and arctic Canada. Most Brant breeding in North America winter along the Pacific coast of the United States or in the Mid-Atlantic region, while those that breed in northeastern Canada and Greenland winter in Europe. In the Old World, Brant breed in Siberia and winter to Western Europe and East Asia. In summer, Brant breed near salt marshes, in river deltas, or on small islands near shore. During the winter, this species inhabits estuaries, mudflats, and protected bays. Brant primarily eat mosses and small non-woody plants on their breeding grounds; during the winter, this species subsists almost exclusively on eelgrass, a type of submerged seagrass. Due to the inaccessibility of their breeding grounds, most birdwatchers never observe Brant during the summer months. They are much more accessible in winter and during migration, when they may be found singly or in flocks on large coastal bodies of water. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Branta bernicla. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Branta bernicla. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Branta_bernicla_BNA;Branta_bernicla_EBI;Branta_bernicla_XEN;Branta_bernicla_IBC;Branta_bernicla_PET Branta_canadensis_TEXT Branta_canadensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Branta canadensisThe Canada Goose is the goose species most familiar to people living across much of North America, often occurring in large numbers in lakes and parks near cities and towns. This large goose may be anywhere from 30 to 43 inches long with a large body and short tail. Canada Geese may be identified by their brown backs, pale bellies, black necks, and large white “chinstrap.” Male and female Canada Geese are similar to one another in all seasons. The Canada Goose breeds widely across North America. Migratory breeding populations breed across Canada and winter in the northern half of the United States, while many populations living in human-altered environments are non-migratory. The Canada Goose has also been introduced in Britain, Ireland, and portions of western continental Europe. Wild-type Canada Geese breed in lakes and freshwater marshes, wintering in similar habitats. Non-migratory Canada Geese are habitat generalists, living in ponds and lakes as well as human-altered environments (including golf courses, city parks, and reservoirs). This species subsists primarily on plant matter, including aquatic vegetation and terrestrial grasses. Canada Geese are often present in large numbers where ducks and other waterfowl are fed by humans. Canada Geese may be best observed foraging for food; both on land, where they may be seen walking on the shore or on grass further inland; or in the water, where they may be seen submerging their upper bodies to seek out aquatic vegetation. They may also be observed in the in large “V”-shaped flocks flying on migration or between bodies of water. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Branta canadensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Branta canadensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Branta_canadensis_BNA;Branta_canadensis_EBI;Branta_canadensis_XEN;Branta_canadensis_IBC;Branta_canadensis_PET Bubo_virginianus_TEXT Bubo_virginianus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Bubo virginianusA large (18-25 inches) owl, the Great Horned Owl is most easily identified by its brown body, flat disk-shaped face with large yellow eyes, and large brown “ear” tufts. This species may be distinguished from the similarly-sized Barred Owl (Strix varia) by that species’ lack of ear tufts and brown eyes. Male and female Great Horned Owls are similar to one another at all seasons. The Great Horned Owl is the most widely distributed owl species in the Americas. This species occurs from Alaska and northern Canada south to Central America, and South American populations occur from Venezuela south to southern Argentina and Chile. All populations of Barred Owl are non-migratory. Great Horned Owls may be found in a number of woodland habitat types across this species’ wide range, from cold evergreen woodland in the far north and south to humid tropical forest near the equator. Within these habitats, Great Horned Owls prefer open areas along woodland edges, frequently venturing outside the forest into nearby fields and meadows to hunt. Great Horned Owls eat small animals, including rodents, rabbits and hares, and small to medium-sized birds. Great Horned Owls use their excellent hearing to locate prey on the ground in order to fly down and capture it with its talons. Also, like most owls, this species hunts primarily at night, making it difficult to observe. Great Horned Owls are most visible roosting high in trees during the day, and may best be located while producing this species’ characteristic hooting calls between dawn and dusk.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Bubo virginianus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Bubo virginianus. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Bubo_virginianus_EBI;Bubo_virginianus_XEN;Bubo_virginianus_IBC Bucephala_albeola_TEXT Bucephala_albeola http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Bucephala albeolaA small, teal-sized duck (13-15 inches), the male Bufflehead may be most easily identified by the large white patch on the back of its head. Other distinguishing characteristics include its iridescent green head, white body, and patchy black-and-white wings visible in flight. The female Bufflehead is dull brown above with a white belly, light brown flanks, and a smaller white patch behind the eye. Duck hunters refer to this species as the “butterball” in reference to the male’s large white head patch. The Bufflehead breeds primarily in west-central Canada, in central Alaska, and at higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains. Small numbers of Buffleheads breed elsewhere in western North America, extending east to the Great Lakes. This species migrates south for the winter, when it may be found unevenly distributed across the southern half of North America. Buffleheads are found locally in the interior of their winter range, but are more common along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts north to Nova Scotia and Alaska, respectively. In summer, Buffleheads breed on ponds and lakes near forests. Buffleheads are particularly attracted to forests inhabited by the Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus) because this species builds its nest in old Flicker nest cavities. In winter, Buffleheads may be found on sheltered saltwater bays and estuaries or, inland, on large lakes or rivers. This species primarily eats small animals, such as crustaceans, mollusks, and insects when available. One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Buffleheads may be observed submerging themselves to feed in the water or on the bottom. In winter, they may also be observed in small flocks on large, slow-moving bodies of water. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Bucephala albeola. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Bucephala albeola. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Bucephala_albeola_BNA;Bucephala_albeola_EBI;Bucephala_albeola_XEN;Bucephala_albeola_IBC;Bucephala_albeola_PET Bucephala_clangula_TEXT Bucephala_clangula http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Bucephala clangulaAlthough the Common Goldeneye’s bright yellow eyes give this species its name, this field mark is only visible at close range. At a distance, male Common Goldeneyes may be identified by their size (20 inches), green head, white body, patchy black-and-white wings, and, most notably, their white cheek patch. Female Common Goldeneyes have brown heads, grayish-brown bodies, and white necks. Duck hunters often refer to this duck as the “whistler” in reference to the sound its wings make in flight. The Common Goldeneye is found across the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds across Canada, Alaska, and extreme northern portions of the lower 48. In winter, Goldeneyes migrate to coastal Canada as well as south into the United States and northern Mexico. In the Old World, this species breeds locally in northern Europe, Scandinavia and Russia, wintering south along the coast to the Mediterranean Sea and coastal China. In summer, the Common Goldeneye breeds in freshwater wetlands near forests with tree cavities in which to nest. During the winter, Common Goldeneyes are found primarily in sheltered saltwater estuaries and bays, with smaller concentrations wintering inland on ice-free lakes and rivers. The Common Goldeneye’s diet consists primarily of insects during the summer, eating mollusks, crustaceans, and fish during the winter. One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Common Goldeneyes may be observed submerging themselves to feed in the water or on the bottom. In winter, they may also be observed in small flocks on large, slow-moving bodies of water. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Bucephala clangula. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Bucephala clangula. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Bucephala_clangula_BNA;Bucephala_clangula_EBI;Bucephala_clangula_XEN;Bucephala_clangula_IBC;Bucephala_clangula_PET Buteo_jamaicensis_TEXT Buteo_jamaicensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Buteo jamaicensisA large (19-25 inches) hawk, the Red-tailed Hawk is most easily identified by its dark brown back, pale underparts, and rusty-red tail visible from above or below. In some parts of this species’ range, exceptionally light or dark subspecies occur, having more or less pigment in the back, breast, and tail than the nominative subspecies. Male and female Red-tailed Hawks are similarly-plumaged in all seasons; however, like most species of raptors, females are larger than males. The Red-tailed Hawk breeds from Alaska and northern Canada south through the United States, the West Indies, Mexico, and parts of Central America. In winter, northerly-breeding populations migrate south to the southern half of the U.S. Southerly-breeding populations migrate short distances, if at all. Red-tailed Hawks are birds of semi-open country. This species inhabits open woodland, shrubby fields, and even urban areas where food is plentiful. Red-tailed Hawks primarily eat small mammals, including lemmings, mice, and voles, but may eat small birds and reptiles when the opportunity presents itself. Red-tailed Hawks are most easily seen soaring over open habitat while scanning the ground for prey, dropping down to capture it with their talons. With the aid of binoculars, it may also be possible to see individual Red-tailed Hawks perching in trees or tall posts near their hunting grounds. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Buteo jamaicensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Buteo jamaicensis. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Buteo_jamaicensis_EBI;Buteo_jamaicensis_XEN;Buteo_jamaicensis_IBC Buteo_lagopus_TEXT Buteo_lagopus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Buteo lagopusA large (19-24 inches), dark bird, the Rough-legged Hawk may be best identified by its grayish-brown back, light face, and by the black band on the end of its broad, white tail. Seen from above, this hawk may also be identified by dark belly, black-tipped wings, and dark “wrist” patches. A dark morph also exists that is darker brown above and on the wings but retains this species’ basic color pattern. Like most species of raptors, females are larger than males. The Rough-legged Hawk is found across the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds in western Alaska and northern Canada east to Labrador. Rough-legged Hawks migrate south for the winter, when they may be found in southern Canada, Newfoundland, and in the United States south to New Mexico in the west and Virginia in the east. In the Old World, this species breeds in Scandinavia and arctic Russia, wintering south to Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and East Asia. Rough-legged Hawks are birds of open country. In summer, this species breeds on tundra and on rocky sections of the arctic coastline. In winter, this species inhabits open grassland, fields, deserts, and marshes. Rough-legged Hawks eat small mammals, including lemmings, mice, and voles. Rough-legged Hawks soar over open habitat while scanning the ground for prey, dropping down to capture it with their talons. Due to this species’ habitat requirements and hunting technique, it may be easiest to observe Rough-legged Hawks in the air. In winter, may also be seen roosting at dusk in trees near feeding grounds. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Buteo lagopus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Buteo lagopus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Buteo_lagopus_BNA;Buteo_lagopus_EBI;Buteo_lagopus_XEN;Buteo_lagopus_IBC;Buteo_lagopus_PET Buteo_lineatus_TEXT Buteo_lineatus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Buteo lineatusA relatively large (17-24 inches) hawk, the Red-shouldered Hawk takes its name from the large rust-colored shoulder patches visible from above or while perching. This species may also be identified by its brown back, barred white-and-black wings, and broad black tail banded with white. A pale form, with washed-out plumage on the chest, back, and head, occurs in south Florida. Like most species of raptors, females are larger than males. The Red-shouldered Hawk primarily breeds in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, withdrawing from northern portions of its range and expanding south into northern Mexico in winter. Unusually for a North American hawk, the Red-shouldered Hawk has another population, separated from the main population by thousands of miles, that is a permanent resident along the Pacific coast of California. Eastern Red-Shouldered Hawks inhabit mature forests with deciduous or mixed deciduous and evergreen trees. Western populations also inhabit these habitat types, but are also likely to be found in human-altered environments near woods. Red-shouldered Hawks primarily eat small vertebrates, including small mammals, amphibians, and occasionally small songbirds and doves. Red-shouldered Hawks may be most easily observed while hunting, when they drop down from high perches to capture terrestrial prey with their talons. This species may also be observed perching, although this hawk’s coloration and the dense vegetation of its preferred habitat help to provide camouflage. Red-shouldered Hawks are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Buteo lineatus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Buteo lineatus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Buteo_lineatus_BNA;Buteo_lineatus_EBI;Buteo_lineatus_XEN;Buteo_lineatus_IBC;Buteo_lineatus_PET Buteo_platypterus_TEXT Buteo_platypterus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Buteo platypterusSomewhat smaller than the Red-tailed Hawk, the Broad-winged Hawk (15 inches) may be identified by its solid brown back, rust-colored legs and belly, and barred white-and-black tail. A rarer dark morph also exists which is mostly dark brown overall except on the tail, which is similar to that of the light morph. Like most species of raptors, females are larger than males. The Broad-winged Hawk breeds across the eastern United States and southern Canada, absent as a breeding bird only from southern Florida and the western Gulf Coast. This species migrates south for the winter, when it may be found in Florida south of Miami and from southern Mexico south to South America. Non-migratory populations exist in the West Indies. Broad-winged Hawks breed in mature forests with deciduous or mixed deciduous and evergreen trees. During the winter, this species inhabits humid tropical forests. Broad-winged Hawks primarily eat small vertebrates, such as amphibians, small mammals, and small birds, but they may also eat large insects when available. Broad-winged Hawks are most easily observed on migration, particularly in south Texas, where they sometimes form flocks numbering in the thousands. It is also possible to observe Broad-winged Hawks dropping down from perches to capture prey or, with the aid of binoculars, roosting in trees. This species is most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Buteo platypterus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Buteo platypterus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Buteo_platypterus_BNA;Buteo_platypterus_EBI;Buteo_platypterus_XEN;Buteo_platypterus_IBC;Buteo_platypterus_PET;Buteo_platypterus_SIB Butorides_virescens_TEXT Butorides_virescens http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Butorides virescensSmaller and thinner than the American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), the Green Heron (18 inches) is named for its back and wings, which are a dull greenish color in good light but may appear much darker when this heron is hidden well in vegetation. The Green Heron may also be identified by its dark brown neck, white throat, black bill, and black crest. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons. The Green Heron is found widely across North and South America. In North America, this species breeds across the eastern United States and southern Canada, as well as on the Pacific coast of the U.S. In winter, Green Herons withdraw from the interior and from northern parts of their breeding range, and may be found along the coasts south from California and South Carolina as well as in Mexico and Central America. Coastal populations in the southern U.S. are non-migratory, as are most populations in the tropics. Green Herons breed in a variety of wetland habitats, both freshwater and saltwater, with tall vegetation for cover. In winter, Green Herons utilize similar types of habitats as in summer. Green Herons breeding or wintering in tropical environments also inhabit mangrove habitats. This species primarily eats small fish and amphibians. Due to the Green Heron’s small size and shy nature, individuals standing still in tall vegetation are often difficult to observe. Green Herons are easier to see while walking along the edge of the water, plunging their bills into the water to catch prey, or when flying away from the observer upon being spooked. This species is primarily active during the day, but may also hunt at night to avoid being spotted by its prey.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Butorides virescens. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Butorides virescens. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Butorides_virescens_BNA;Butorides_virescens_EBI;Butorides_virescens_XEN;Butorides_virescens_IBC;Butorides_virescens_PET;Butorides_virescens_SIB Calcarius_lapponicus_TEXT Calcarius_lapponicus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Calcarius lapponicusA sparrow-sized (6 ½ inches) songbird, the Lapland Longspur is among the most striking birds in much of its range. Breeding males may be identified by their black face and bib, yellowish-orange bill, reddish-brown collar, white eye-stripe, and white tail-edges. Females have similarly-patterned plumage but are duller and more streaked. Both sexes are much duller in their winter plumages than they are in summer. The Lapland Longspur is found widely across the Northern Hemisphere, and is the only longspur to occur outside of North America. In North America, this species breeds across the high arctic from Alaska east to Greenland and south to the Hudson Bay. In winter, Lapland Longspurs may be found in the greatest numbers on the Great Plains south of the Canadian border, with smaller numbers in the northeast and along the Pacific coast. In the Old World, this species breeds in Scandinavia and Russia, wintering as far south as Britain, Central Asia, and East Asia. Lapland Longspurs breed on tundra, particularly in areas that are wet or well vegetated. In winter, this species inhabits a number of open habitat types, including grasslands, fields, and lakeshores. Lapland Longspurs primarily eat seeds, but may eat insects and other invertebrates when available, especially during the breeding season. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see Lapland Longspurs during the summer. In winter, this species may be observed in large flocks foraging for food on grasslands or fields. Longspurs may be seen walking or running on the ground as well as in the air flying between feeding areas. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Calcarius lapponicus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Calcarius lapponicus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Calcarius_lapponicus_BNA;Calcarius_lapponicus_EBI;Calcarius_lapponicus_XEN;Calcarius_lapponicus_IBC;Calcarius_lapponicus_PET Calidris_alba_TEXT Calidris_alba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Calidris albaWhile many North Americans know this small (7-8 inches) sandpiper as a plain, gray bird of the winter shoreline, the Sanderling has a summer plumage that is much more striking. During the breeding season, the Sanderling is rusty-red speckled with brown above with a bold white eye-stripe, black bill, black legs, and black wing edges. In winter, this species sheds its summer colors and becomes gray above with a white breast and throat. Male and female Sanderlings are similar in summer and winter plumages. The Sanderling breeds across the high arctic and winters on every continent except Antarctica. In North America, this species breeds primarily on islands in far northern Canada. Sanderlings that breed in Canada migrate south in winter, when they may be found along the coasts of the Americas from central Canada to southern South America. In the Old World, this species breeds in northern Siberia, wintering as far south as the Mediterranean Sea, West Africa, South Asia, Australasia, and Oceania. In summer, Sanderlings breed on relatively dry, open tundra. During the winter, this species primarily inhabits shorelines of sandy beaches. The diet of the Sanderling is comprised mostly of small aquatic invertebrates such as crustaceans and mollusks, although insects may also be eaten when available. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see Sanderlings during the summer. In winter, this species may be observed in groups probing the sand for food with their bills and running to avoid incoming waves. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Calidris alba. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Calidris alba. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Calidris_alba_BNA;Calidris_alba_EBI;Calidris_alba_XEN;Calidris_alba_IBC;Calidris_alba_PET Calidris_alpina_TEXT Calidris_alpina http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Calidris alpinaWhile many North Americans know this medium-sized (8-9 inches) sandpiper as a plain, gray bird of the winter shoreline, the Dunlin has a summer plumage which is much more striking. During the breeding season, this sandpiper is rusty-red speckled with brown above with a white eye-stripe, long black bill, black legs, and black breast patch. In winter, this species sheds its summer colors and becomes gray above with a white breast and gray throat. Male and female Dunlins are similar in summer and winter plumages. The Dunlin breeds across arctic and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds primarily along northwestern portions of the Hudson Bay, with smaller populations breeding in Alaska and the islands in the Canadian arctic. Most Dunlin breeding in North America winter along both coasts of the continent south to central Mexico. In the Old World, this species breeds across northern Russia, Northern Europe, and Iceland, wintering as far south as the Mediterranean Sea, West Africa, South Asia, and the Oceania. In summer, Dunlins breed on relatively wet, boggy tundra. During the winter, this species primarily inhabits shorelines of sandy beaches, although some birds winter on agricultural land in California’s Central Valley. The diet of the Dunlin is comprised mostly of small aquatic invertebrates such as crustaceans and mollusks, although insects may also be eaten when available. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see the Dunlin during the summer. In winter, this species may be observed in groups probing the sand for food with their bills and running to avoid incoming waves. Dunlins are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Calidris alpina. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Calidris alpina. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Calidris_alpina_BNA;Calidris_alpina_EBI;Calidris_alpina_XEN;Calidris_alpina_IBC;Calidris_alpina_PET Calidris_bairdii_TEXT Calidris_bairdii http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Calidris bairdiiAlthough this small (7-7 ½ inches) shorebird undertakes a remarkable long-distance migration each year, Baird’s Sandpiper is somewhat less remarkable in terms of physical appearance. Dull gray-brown above with a medium-length bill, black legs, and faint eye-stripe, Baird’s Sandpiper is easily confused with many similar-looking species of sandpiper that occur in its range and on migration. With the help of a high-powered field scope, this species may be identified by its long wings and lack of a white rump patch. In winter, this species’ plumage becomes less distinct, adding another layer of confusion to its identification. Male and female Baird’s Sandpipers are similar at all seasons. Baird’s Sandpiper breeds primarily in northern Alaska and on islands in arctic Canada. This species undertakes a fast-paced migration in which it traverses the entire continent of North America in the space of a few weeks. Baird’s Sandpiper winters in central and southern South America. In the breeding season, Baird’s Sandpiper inhabits relatively dry stretches of tundra. On migration, this species may be found for short periods of time in various kinds of freshwater wetlands. During the winter, this species inhabits damp fields and grasslands. Insects make up a large portion of the diet of Baird’s Sandpiper, which picks them off the ground, but small crustaceans may also be consumed. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see Baird’s Sandpiper during the summer. Similarly, many North American birdwatchers never travel far enough south to see this species during the winter. Most sightings in temperate regions of North America take place during the spring and fall, when this species may be seen in small numbers near water. Baird’s Sandpiper is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Calidris bairdii. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Calidris bairdii. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Calidris_bairdii_BNA;Calidris_bairdii_EBI;Calidris_bairdii_XEN;Calidris_bairdii_IBC;Calidris_bairdii_PET Calidris_fuscicollis_TEXT Calidris_fuscicollis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Calidris fuscicollisAlthough this small (7-8 inches) shorebird undertakes a remarkable long-distance migration each year, the White-rumped Sandpiper is somewhat less remarkable in terms of physical appearance. Dull gray-brown above with a medium-length bill, dark legs, and white eye-stripe, the White-rumped Sandpiper is easily confused with many similar-looking species of sandpiper that occur in its range and on migration. With the help of a high-powered field scope, this species may be identified by its long wings and conspicuous white rump patch. In winter, this species’ plumage becomes less distinct, adding another layer of confusion to its identification. Male and female White-rumped Sandpipers are similar at all seasons. The White-rumped Sandpiper breeds primarily in northern Alaska and on islands in arctic Canada. This species undertakes a fast-paced migration in which it traverses the entire continent of North America in the space of a month. The White-rumped Sandpiper winters in central and southern South America. In the breeding season, the White-rumped Sandpiper inhabits relatively wet, well-vegetated stretches of tundra. On migration, this species may be found for short periods of time in various kinds of wetlands. During the winter, this species inhabits a variety of freshwater and saltwater habitats including lagoons, estuaries, and marshes, although it tends to avoid fast-moving water and sandy beaches. The White-rumped Sandpiper mainly eats small invertebrates such as insects and mollusks. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see the White-rumped Sandpiper during the summer. Similarly, many North American birdwatchers never travel far enough south to see this species during the winter. Most sightings in temperate regions of North America take place during the spring and fall, when this species may be seen in small numbers near water. The White-rumped Sandpiper is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Calidris fuscicollis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Calidris fuscicollis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Calidris_fuscicollis_BNA;Calidris_fuscicollis_EBI;Calidris_fuscicollis_XEN;Calidris_fuscicollis_IBC;Calidris_fuscicollis_PET Calidris_himantopus_TEXT Calidris_himantopus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Calidris himantopusNamed for its long, thin legs, the Stilt Sandpiper (8 1/2 inches) appears to most North American birders as a grayish wader with a white breast, light gray neck, and long white eye-stripes. However, this species’ breeding plumage gives it a brown-scalloped breast and rusty-red cheek patch. In all plumages, the Stilt Sandpiper may be separated from other related species by its tall stature. Males and females are similar at all seasons. The Stilt Sandpiper winters locally along the arctic coast of North America from the Hudson Bay to northern Alaska. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering primarily in south-central South America. However, smaller wintering populations exist further north, including in central Mexico, along the western Gulf coast, and locally in Florida and South Carolina. The Stilt Sandpiper breeds on wet tundra. On migration and during the winter, this species may be found along the edges of ponds and in shallow coastal lagoons and mudflats. Stilt Sandpipers primarily consume small invertebrates, particularly insects and larvae. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see the Stilt Sandpiper during the summer. On migration or during the winter, this species may be seen probing the mud for food with its bill while wading in shallow water. The Stilt Sandpiper is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Calidris himantopus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Calidris himantopus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Calidris_himantopus_BNA;Calidris_himantopus_EBI;Calidris_himantopus_XEN;Calidris_himantopus_IBC;Calidris_himantopus_PET;Calidris_himantopus_SIB Calidris_melanotos_TEXT Calidris_melanotos http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Calidris melanotosA medium-sized wader (8-9 inches), the Pectoral Sandpiper is mottled gray-brown above and on the head with a white breast, yellow legs, and dull white eye-stripes. This species is most easily separated from other similar sandpipers by its streaky upper breast, which contrasts greatly with its pale white belly below. During the breeding season, the breasts of male Pectoral Sandpipers puff out, giving these birds a ruffled appearance. Winter plumage is similar to that of the summer months, but is darker and duller overall. Males and females are similarly colored, but males are larger. The Pectoral Sandpiper breeds in the high arctic of North America and Asia, being found from the Hudson Bay east along the coast into central Siberia. This species is a long-distance migrant, with almost all birds wintering in southern South America. On migration, Pectoral Sandpipers may be found across North America. Pectoral Sandpipers primarily breed on wet tundra. In winter, this species inhabits wet grasslands and marshes, almost always in fresh water. On migration, Pectoral Sandpipers may also be found in salt marshes near tall grasses. This species primarily eats insects and larvae, but may also take small snails, crustaceans, and fish. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see the Pectoral Sandpiper during the summer. Similarly, many North American birdwatchers never travel far enough south to see this species during the winter. Pectoral Sandpipers are most likely to be observed in North America on migration, where it may be observed along the shore probing the mud for food with its bill. This species is most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Calidris melanotos. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Calidris melanotos. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Calidris_melanotos_BNA;Calidris_melanotos_EBI;Calidris_melanotos_XEN;Calidris_melanotos_IBC;Calidris_melanotos_PET Calidris_minutilla_TEXT Calidris_minutilla http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Calidris minutillaOne of the smallest sandpipers in the Americas, the Least Sandpiper may be identified by its small size (5-6 ½ inches), short wings, and yellow legs. In summer, this species is mottled brown above with a white belly, streaked breast and throat, and pale white eye-stripes. In winter, the Least Sandpiper becomes darker and duller than in summer. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons. The Least Sandpiper has one of the southernmost breeding ranges of all North American sandpipers. This species breeds from the high arctic south to Nova Scotia and British Columbia and from Alaska east to Newfoundland. The Least Sandpiper is also one of the most widespread winter sandpipers in North America, wintering along the coast from Oregon and New Jersey south to Central America and the West Indies. This species also winters in northern South America. Least Sandpipers breed in a variety of freshwater habitats, particularly in bogs. During the winter, this species may be found in freshwater and saltwater along beaches, lagoons, estuaries, and other wet habitats near bodies of water. Least Sandpipers feed primarily on small mud-dwelling invertebrates. Least Sandpipers are most easily observed along the water’s edge, probing the mud for food with their bills. They may also be seen in small flocks flying above the surf, frequently mingling with other species of waders. This species is most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Calidris minutilla. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Calidris minutilla. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Calidris_minutilla_BNA;Calidris_minutilla_EBI;Calidris_minutilla_XEN;Calidris_minutilla_IBC;Calidris_minutilla_PET Calidris_pusilla_TEXT Calidris_pusilla http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Calidris pusillaA small (5 ½ -6 ½ inches) sandpiper, the Semipalmated Sandpiper may be identified by its size), short wings, and dark legs. In summer, this species is mottled brown above with a white belly, streaked breast and throat, and pale white eye-stripes. In winter, this species becomes darker and duller than in summer. Male and female Semipalmated Sandpipers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Semipalmated Sandpiper breeds in high arctic Siberia, Alaska, and Canada south to the Hudson Bay. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering from Central America and the West Indies south to southern South America. On migration, this species may be seen in the eastern United States and Canada, both in the interior and along the coast. Semipalmated Sandpipers primarily breed on wet tundra. This species may be found in wet grasslands and marshes while on migration, occurring in these habitats (as well as mangroves) during the winter. This species primarily eats insects and larvae, but may also take small snails, crustaceans, and fish. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see the Semipalmated Sandpiper during the summer. This species is more likely to be seen in winter and on migration, where it may be observed along the shore probing the mud for food with its bill. Semipalmated Sandpipers are primarily active during the day.
Threat Status: Near Threatened
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Calidris pusilla. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Calidris pusilla. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Calidris_pusilla_EBI;Calidris_pusilla_XEN;Calidris_pusilla_IBC Caprimulgus_carolinensis_TEXT Caprimulgus_carolinensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Caprimulgus carolinensisNamed for its onomatopoeic nighttime song, the Chuck-will’s Widow is far more likely to be heard than seen. This nightjar is mottled brown overall with a white throat and large eyes. If seen, the Chuck-will’s-widow may be separated from other nightjars by its large size (12 inches) and indistinct white tail patches. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons. The Chuck-will’s-widow breeds in the eastern and southern United States from Long Island south to Florida and from the Mid-Atlantic west to central Oklahoma. In winter, this species may be found in south Florida, Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. The Chuck-will’s-widow is mostly absent from the higher elevations of the Appalachian Mountains. In summer, the Chuck-will’s-widow breeds in deciduous or mixed deciduous and evergreen woodland, where they nest on the ground and roost pressed close to low branches. In winter, this species may be found in tropical forests and scrub habitats. The Chuck-will’s-widow mainly eats flying insects, but has been observed catching and swallowing small birds whole while on migration. Due to its coloration and densely vegetated habitat, the Chuck-will’s-widow is difficult to see during the day. Often, birdwatchers discover Chuck-will’s-widows on their nests by almost tripping over them while walking through the woods. Chuck-will’s-widows are more easily observed feeding at dusk, when they may be seen scooping up insects in their beaks while flying low to the ground near woodland edges. This species is primarily active at dusk or dawn, but may also forage in the afternoon or late at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Caprimulgus carolinensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Caprimulgus carolinensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Caprimulgus_carolinensis_BNA;Caprimulgus_carolinensis_EBI;Caprimulgus_carolinensis_XEN;Caprimulgus_carolinensis_IBC;Caprimulgus_carolinensis_PET Caprimulgus_vociferus_TEXT Caprimulgus_vociferus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Caprimulgus vociferusNamed for its onomatopoeic nighttime song, the Eastern Whip-poor-will is far more likely to be heard than seen. This nightjar is mottled brown overall with a white throat and large eyes. If seen, the Eastern Whip-poor-will may be separated from other nightjars by its size (9 ½ inches) and striking white tail patches. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons. The Eastern Whip-poor-will breeds in the northeastern United States and southern Canada, from Nova Scotia south to Georgia and from the Mid-Atlantic west to central Nebraska and Saskatchewan. In winter, this species may be found along the coast from South Carolina to Texas, as well as in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. A group of Whip-poor-wills breeding in Arizona and New Mexico and wintering in central Mexico was recently discovered to be a separate species, the Western Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus arizonae). In summer, the Eastern Whip-poor-will breeds in deciduous or mixed deciduous and evergreen woodland, where they nest on the ground and roost pressed close to low branches. In winter, this species may be in similar habitats as in summer as well as in tropical forests and scrub habitats. The Eastern Whip-poor-will mainly eats flying insects. Due to its coloration and densely vegetated habitat, the Eastern Whip-poor-will is difficult to see during the day. Often, birdwatchers discover Eastern Whip-poor-wills on their nests by almost tripping over them while walking through the woods. Eastern Whip-poor-wills are more easily observed feeding at dusk, when they may be seen flying after insects and scooping them up with their beaks. This species is primarily active at dusk or dawn, but may also forage in the afternoon or late at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Caprimulgus vociferus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Caprimulgus vociferus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Caprimulgus_vociferus_BNA;Caprimulgus_vociferus_EBI;Caprimulgus_vociferus_XEN;Caprimulgus_vociferus_IBC;Caprimulgus_vociferus_PET Cardellina_canadensis_TEXT Cardellina_canadensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Cardellina canadensisA small (5-5 ¾ inches) wood warbler, the Canada Warbler is most easily identified by its bright yellow breast, blue-gray back, and black streaky “necklace.” Other field marks include large black eyes with yellow eye-rings, a thin black bill, and orange legs. Female Canada Warblers are duller gray above with less well-defined necklaces than males. Appropriately enough, the Canada Warbler’s breeding range is centered on southern Canada from Nova Scotia west to British Columbia. Smaller numbers breed in the northeastern United States and at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains south to Georgia. The Canada Warbler is a long-distance migrant, wintering in northern South America. In summer, the Canada Warbler breeds in a variety of deciduous and mixed deciduous and evergreen forest types. In winter, this species inhabits tropical mountain forests. On migration, Canada Warblers may be found in shrubs along woodland edges as well as in thickets along rivers and streams. This species eats small invertebrates, primarily insects and spiders. Despite its bright colors, the Canada Warbler is often difficult to observe due to its small size and preference for habitats with thick vegetation. With the aid of binoculars, Canada Warblers may be seen high in the forest canopy or deep in the undergrowth gleaning insects from branches. The Canada Warbler is most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Cardellina canadensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Cardellina canadensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Cardellina_canadensis_BNA;Cardellina_canadensis_EBI;Cardellina_canadensis_XEN;Cardellina_canadensis_IBC;Cardellina_canadensis_PET Cardellina_pusilla_TEXT Cardellina_pusilla http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Cardellina pusillaA small (4 ¾ inches) wood warbler, Wilson’s Warbler is most easily identified by its black cap and yellow throat and breast. Other field marks include an olive-green back, thin black bill, and orange legs. The female Wilson’s Warbler is duller yellow-green and lacks the male’s black cap. Wilson’s Warbler breeds across a large portion of central Canada and Alaska. Smaller breeding populations occur south of the Canadian border in Maine, along the Pacific coast, and at higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains. Most Wilson’s Warblers winter in Mexico and Central America, but a small number spend the winter in south Texas and along the Gulf Coast of eastern Texas and Louisiana. In summer, Wilson’s Warbler breeds in overgrown thickets, clearings, and other semi-open habitats near woodland. During the winter, this species inhabits tropical forests as well as overgrown fields and scrubland. On migration, Wilson’s Warbler may be found in a variety of habitat types similar to those used for breeding. This species primarily eats insects and spiders, but occasionally also eats fruit. Despite its bright colors, Wilson’s Warbler is often difficult to observe due to its small size and preference for habitats with thick vegetation. With the aid of binoculars, Wilson’s Warblers may be seen deep in the undergrowth gleaning insects from branches. Wilson’s Warbler is most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Cardellina pusilla. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Cardellina pusilla. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Cardellina_pusilla_BNA;Cardellina_pusilla_EBI;Cardellina_pusilla_XEN;Cardellina_pusilla_IBC;Cardellina_pusilla_PET Haemorhous_purpureus_TEXT Haemorhous_purpureus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Haemorhous purpureusOne of the more striking birds in its range, the male Purple Finch (5 3/4 inches) is most readily identified by its purplish-red head, breast, and rump. Other field marks include a large bill, dark legs, and notched tail. The female Purple Finch is much less colorful, with a brown back and a brown-streaked breast. The Purple Finch breeds across southern Canada, the northeastern U.S., and the west coast of North America from British Columbia south to central California. In winter, this species withdraws from northern parts of its range, and may be found widely across the eastern U.S. and in southern California. In areas where Purple Finches occur all year, local breeders are displaced in winter by more northerly-breeding birds. In summer, the Purple Finch breeds primarily in evergreen forests. During the winter, this species may also be found in deciduous and mixed deciduous and evergreen forests as well as in thickets and hedges. Purple Finches primarily eat seeds and other plant matter, but may also eat insects when available. Like many finches, the Purple Finch frequently visits bird feeders. In wilder areas, this species may be observed feeding on seeds or buds on the ends of tree branches. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Carpodacus purpureus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Carpodacus purpureus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Haemorhous_purpureus_BNA;Haemorhous_purpureus_EBI;Haemorhous_purpureus_XEN;Haemorhous_purpureus_IBC;Haemorhous_purpureus_PET;Haemorhous_purpureus_SIB Cathartes_aura_TEXT Cathartes_aura http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Cathartes auraA large (26-32 inches) dark raptor, the Turkey Vulture is most easily identified by its dark brown body, featherless red head, and huge wingspan. This species may be separated from the related Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) by that species’ smaller size, gray head, and shorter tail. Male and female Turkey Vultures are similar to one another in all seasons. The Turkey Vulture breeds across much of the United States (patchily distributed in the Great Plains) and southern Canada south to southern South America. Populations breeding on northern and interior portions of this range migrate south to the southern half of the U.S. for the winter. Populations breeding in the southeastern U.S., California, and the tropics are generally non-migratory. Turkey Vultures typically breed and roost in dense woodland while feeding in more open habitats, such as grasslands, meadows, and fields. In some areas, Turkey Vultures also utilize man-made structures, such as abandoned buildings and utility poles. This species feeds almost exclusively on carrion, rarely killing prey itself. Due to this species’ need to scavenge for food, Turkey Vultures are most easily observed soaring high above the ground in search of carrion. Scientists have discovered that this species possesses a more developed sense of smell than the Black Vulture, and that Black Vultures often wait for Turkey Vultures to find food before driving them off and taking the carcass for themselves. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Cathartes aura. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Cathartes aura. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Cathartes_aura_EBI;Cathartes_aura_XEN;Cathartes_aura_IBC Catharus_fuscescens_TEXT Catharus_fuscescens http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Catharus fuscescensPaler and less heavily-streaked than the other thrushes breeding in North America, the Veery (6 ½ - 7 ½ inches) is most easily identified by its tawny-colored back and head. Other field marks include pink legs, white breast, and dark eye lacking any noticeable eye-ring. Male and female Veerys are similar to one another in all seasons. The Veery breeds across southern Canada and the northern U.S. Smaller populations occur at higher elevations in the Rockies and the Appalachians south to New Mexico and Georgia, respectively. This species is a long-distance migrant, breeding in southeastern Brazil. In summer, Veerys breed in wet deciduous forests. On migration, this species may be found in the undergrowth of various kinds of forests across North America. Little is known about the Veery’s habitat preferences in winter due to the relative inaccessibility of its winter range, but all records for this species at that time of year come from dense tropical forests. Veerys eat fruits, berries, and insects during the breeding season; fruits are presumed to make up a large part of this species’ diet on winter grounds. The vast majority of North American birders, including many scientists, never see the Veery in its winter range. This species is much easier to observe in summer and on migration, although it is more often heard than seen due to its preference for habitats with thick vegetation. Veerys may be observed foraging food while hopping along the forest floor or through the branches of trees. Males may be located by listening for their unique, onomatopoeic song. The Veery is most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Catharus fuscescens. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Catharus fuscescens. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Catharus_fuscescens_BNA;Catharus_fuscescens_EBI;Catharus_fuscescens_XEN;Catharus_fuscescens_IBC;Catharus_fuscescens_PET Catharus_guttatus_TEXT Catharus_guttatus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Catharus guttatusSmall and brownish like several other species of North American thrush, the Hermit Thrush (7 inches) is most easily separated from its relatives by its reddish tail. Other field marks include a black-spotted breast, pink legs, and dark eyes with thin white eye-rings. Male and female Hermit Thrushes are alike in all seasons. The Hermit Thrush breeds widely across southern Canada, Alaska, and the northern United States. This species also breeds at higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains south to Arizona and New Mexico as well as in the Appalachian Mountains south to North Carolina. The Hermit Thrush is the only small New World thrush to winter in North America, spending the winter months along the coast from Washington to California, in southern Arizona, and from the southeastern U.S. south to Mexico and Central America. Hermit Thrushes breed in numerous types of forest habitats, whether deciduous, evergreen, or a mixture of both. Populations wintering in the U.S. utilize similar habitat types as in summer, and those wintering in the tropics tend to be found at higher altitudes where the prevailing climate is similar to areas further north. Hermit Thrushes eat mainly insects during the summer, and add fruits and berries to their diet during the winter when insects are scarce. At all seasons, Hermit Thrushes may be observed foraging food while hopping along the forest floor or through the branches of trees. However, in deciduous woodlands, the Hermit Thrush is often most easily seen in winter, when the trees are bare. This species is most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Catharus guttatus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Catharus guttatus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Catharus_guttatus_BNA;Catharus_guttatus_EBI;Catharus_guttatus_XEN;Catharus_guttatus_IBC;Catharus_guttatus_PET Catharus_minimus_TEXT Catharus_minimus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Catharus minimusThe grayest of the North American thrushes, the Gray-cheeked Thrush (7 inches) is most easily separated from a similar species, Swainson’s Thrush, by its grayer cheeks and fainter eye-rings. Other field marks include a spotted breast, pink legs, and a medium-length bill. Male and female Gray-cheeked Thrushes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Gray-cheeked Thrush breeds in Siberia, Alaska, and across a wide swath of central and southern Canada. This species spends the winter in northern South America. During spring and fall, Gray-cheeked Thrushes migrate across much of the eastern United States, Mexico, and Central America. In summer, Gray-cheeked Thrushes breed in high-latitude evergreen forests and on shrubby tundra. During the winter, this species inhabits wet tropical forests. On migration, Gray-cheeked Thrush may be found in a variety of habitats with dense undergrowth available for foraging and cover. Many North American birders never travel far south enough to see the Gray-cheeked Thrush on its breeding grounds. This species is much easier to observe during the winter and on migration, although it is more often heard than seen due to its preference for habitats with thick vegetation. Gray-cheeked Thrushes may be observed foraging food while hopping along the forest floor or through the branches of trees. This species is most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, it migrates mainly at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Catharus minimus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Catharus minimus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Catharus_minimus_BNA;Catharus_minimus_EBI;Catharus_minimus_XEN;Catharus_minimus_IBC;Catharus_minimus_PET Catharus_ustulatus_TEXT Catharus_ustulatus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Catharus ustulatusGrayer overall than most of its North American relatives, Swainson’s Thrush (7 inches) is most easily separated from a similar species, the Gray-cheeked Thrush, by its buff-brown cheeks and conspicuous eye-rings. Other field marks include a spotted breast, pink legs, and a medium-length bill. Male and female Swainson’s Thrushes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Swainson’s Thrush breeds in Alaska and across a wide swath of central and southern Canada. Smaller numbers are found south of the Canadian border, particularly along the Pacific coast and at higher elevations in the Appalachians and the Rocky Mountains. Swainson’s Thrush winters in southern Mexico and Central America south to Argentina. In summer, Swainson’s Thrush breeds primarily in evergreen forests dominated by spruce and fir trees. During the winter, this species inhabits wet tropical forests. On migration, Swainson’s Thrush may be found in a variety of habitats with dense undergrowth available for foraging and cover. Many North American birders never travel far south enough to see Swainson’s Thrush in winter. This species is much easier to observe in summer and on migration, although it is more often heard than seen due to its preference for habitats with thick vegetation. Swainson’s Thrush may be observed foraging food while hopping along the forest floor or through the branches of trees. Swainson’s Thrush is most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Catharus ustulatus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Catharus ustulatus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Catharus_ustulatus_BNA;Catharus_ustulatus_EBI;Catharus_ustulatus_XEN;Catharus_ustulatus_IBC;Catharus_ustulatus_PET Certhia_americana_TEXT Certhia_americana http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Certhia americanaA small (5 inches), strangely-shaped tree-dwelling bird, the Brown Creeper is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, short legs, and long, curved bill. Other field marks include a brown tail, white breast, and white eye-stripes. Male and female Brown Creepers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Brown Creeper breeds in the northeastern U.S. and southern Canada, along the west coast from Alaska to California, and at higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains. This species also breeds in the mountains of central Mexico and locally south to Nicaragua. In winter, this species withdraws from more northern portions of its breeding range, and may be found more widely across the southern U.S. and on the Great Plains. Brown Creepers breed primarily in old-growth evergreen forests, but may also breed in deciduous forests at the southern limits of their range. In winter, this species may be found more frequently in deciduous forests and forests with younger trees. Brown creepers primarily eat bark-dwelling insects, with small amounts of seeds eaten during the winter when insects are scarce. The feeding behavior of the Brown Creeper is unique among birds in North America. Brown Creepers are most frequently observed “creeping” up the sides of large trees, probing the deeply-furrowed bark with their bills to extract insect prey. After reaching the top of the main trunk, Brown Creepers will fly to the base of another nearby tree and start again. With the aid of binoculars, it may also be possible to identify Brown Creeper nests wedged behind peeling pieces of bark. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Certhia americana. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Certhia americana. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Certhia_americana_BNA;Certhia_americana_EBI;Certhia_americana_XEN;Certhia_americana_IBC;Certhia_americana_PET Charadrius_semipalmatus_TEXT Charadrius_semipalmatus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Charadrius semipalmatusThe stereotypical winter plover in many coastal regions of the southern United States, the Semipalmated Plover is most easily identified by its small size (6 ½ to 7 ½ inches), yellow eye-ring, and thin bill. In summer, this species has a broad black collar, black-tipped orange bill, black face mask, and white forehead. In winter, this species loses much of the black on its upper body and becomes duller brown overall. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons. The Semipalmated Plover breeds across northern Canada and Alaska. This species migrates south in winter, when it may be found on the coast of California and in the coastal southeastern U.S. Semipalmated Plovers also winter in Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies. Semipalmated Plovers breed on rocky or gravelly beaches, as well on dry tundra further inland. On migration or in winter, this species may be found on sandy beaches, mudflats, riverbanks, and in salt marshes. The Semipalmated Sandpiper primarily eats insects, insect larvae, and other small invertebrates. Semipalmated Plovers are most easily observed along the water’s edge, probing the mud for food with their bills. They may also be seen in small flocks flying above the surf, frequently mingling with other species of waders. This species is most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Charadrius semipalmatus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Charadrius semipalmatus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Charadrius_semipalmatus_BNA;Charadrius_semipalmatus_EBI;Charadrius_semipalmatus_XEN;Charadrius_semipalmatus_IBC;Charadrius_semipalmatus_PET Charadrius_vociferus_TEXT Charadrius_vociferus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Charadrius vociferusResembling a much larger Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus), the Killdeer is most easily identified by its size (9-11 inches), brown back, two black breast bands, and orange-brown rump. Other field marks include its gray-green legs, black bill, and red eye ring. Male and female Killdeers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Killdeer breeds across the United States and southern Canada. Birds breeding in coastal areas and in the interior south are non-migratory, while birds breeding further north migrate south to Central America in winter. Other non-migratory populations occur in Mexico, Peru, and the West Indies. Less associated with water than most of its relatives, the Killdeer inhabits a number of open habitat types, including grasslands, mudflats, and gravel deposits. Also utilizes numerous man-made environments, such as fields, golf courses, and airports. The Killdeer eats small invertebrates, primarily worms and insects, but may consume plant matter when prey is scarce. Killdeers may be most easily observed while foraging for food, when it may be seen probing the soil with their bills or running across the surface to catch prey. Nesting Killdeer may also be observed feigning broken wings to lure intruders away from the nest site. This species is mainly active during the day, but frequently feeds at night when insects are plentiful.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Charadrius vociferus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Charadrius vociferus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Charadrius_vociferus_BNA;Charadrius_vociferus_EBI;Charadrius_vociferus_XEN;Charadrius_vociferus_IBC;Charadrius_vociferus_PET Chen_caerulescens_TEXT Chen_caerulescens http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Chen caerulescensNamed for its snow-white body, the white-morph Snow Goose may also be identified by its size (25-38 inches), pink bill, and black wing-tips. The only other all-white goose in North America, Ross’s Goose, is much smaller and shorter-billed. This species comes in another color morph, also know the “Blue Goose,” which has the same white head and tail as the white-morph Snow Goose but has a dark gray body and gray wings. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons. The Snow Goose breeds locally on islands in arctic Canada, as well as in Alaska, Greenland, and Siberia. This species migrates south for the winter, when it may be found in the Mid-Atlantic region, along the Mississippi River, and more locally west to California and British Columbia. Other populations winter in Mexico along the Gulf of California, along the Gulf of Mexico south to Veracruz, and in the central Mexican highlands. Snow Geese breed in and around tundra lakes, ponds, and rivers. In winter, large numbers of Snow Geese congregate on freshwater or saltwater wetlands, including marshes, estuaries, and bays. Migrating Snow Geese may be found elsewhere in North America on wetlands similar to those used during the winter. This species primarily eats plant matter, including seeds, tubers, and roots, which it eats by grazing on exposed plant parts and excavating less-exposed material. Due to the relative inaccessibility of their breeding grounds, most birdwatchers never observe Snow Geese during the summer months. They are much more accessible in winter and during migration, when they may be found in large flocks on wetlands or in the air. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Chen caerulescens. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Chen caerulescens. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Chen_caerulescens_BNA;Chen_caerulescens_EBI;Chen_caerulescens_XEN;Chen_caerulescens_IBC;Chen_caerulescens_PET Chlidonias_niger_TEXT Chlidonias_niger http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Chlidonias nigerUnlike most species of terns, the Black Tern in breeding plumage has an all-black head and breast with gray wings and gray tail. The Black Tern (9-10 inches) may be separated from related White-winged Tern (Chlidonias leucopterus) by its darker wings and tail, black bill, and dark legs. In winter, the Black Tern loses most of its black plumage, becoming white-breasted and white-throated with a dark gray crown. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons. The Black Tern inhabits a large part of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds primarily in south-central Canada and the north-central United States, with small outlying breeding areas in California, the northeast, and the central Great Plains. Black Terns migrate south for the winter, when they may be found off both coasts of Central America and northern South America. Non-breeding Black Terns occur during summer months in this species’ winter range, as well as along the Gulf Coast of the U.S. In the Old World, this species breeds in northern Europe and Asia, wintering in West Africa. Black Terns breed in shallow, well-vegetated freshwater marshes. In winter, this species is primarily pelagic, being found in oceanic waters several miles offshore. On migration, Black Terns may be found on a variety of freshwater wetlands, including marshes, ponds, and rivers. This species mainly eats insects and fish, with fish comprising almost all of its diet in winter. Most North American birdwatchers see Black Terns in summer and on migration, when they are most easily observed while feeding. This species catches prey by flying low over water and swooping down to grab small fish and insects with their bills. Black Terns are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Chlidonias niger. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Chlidonias niger. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Chlidonias_niger_BNA;Chlidonias_niger_EBI;Chlidonias_niger_XEN;Chlidonias_niger_IBC;Chlidonias_niger_PET Chondestes_grammacus_TEXT Chondestes_grammacus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Chondestes grammacusWith its black-and-white striped head with chestnut cheek patches, the Lark Sparrow (5 ½-6 ½ inches) bears a greater resemblance to a longspur than to other North American sparrow species. This species can be further distinguished from its relatives and from the longspurs by its cone-shaped bill, dark chest spot, and large, rounded tail. Male and female Lark Sparrows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Lark Sparrow breeds primarily in the western United States east to the Great Plains. Most populations migrate south for the winter, when they may be found in Mexico, locally in the desert southwest, and in small numbers in southern Florida. Lark Sparrows in California and Texas are non-migratory. Formerly, this species bred east to the Atlantic seaboard, but has retracted its range as open land cleared for agriculture in the nineteenth century has become forested again. Lark Sparrows breed in open grassland and agricultural fields. In winter, this specie utilizes similar habitats as in summer. Lark Sparrows eat insects and seeds, with insects playing a larger dietary role in summer and seeds playing more of a role in winter. Due to its preference for open habitat, the Lark Sparrow may be easily seen foraging for insects and seeds on the ground beneath grass and scrub. During the breeding season, it may be possible to see male Lark Sparrows performing a strange mating ritual where they strut on the ground with their wings held low and tail held upright, superficially resembling a turkey. This species is most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Chondestes grammacus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Chondestes grammacus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Chondestes_grammacus_BNA;Chondestes_grammacus_EBI;Chondestes_grammacus_XEN;Chondestes_grammacus_IBC;Chondestes_grammacus_PET Chroicocephalus_philadelphia_TEXT Chroicocephalus_philadelphia http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Chroicocephalus philadelphiaSmaller than most gulls, Bonaparte’s Gull is most easily identified by its size (13 inches), thin black bill, and bright orange legs. In summer, this species has a black head, gray body, and light gray wings that, unlike those of the similarly-patterned Laughing Gull (Leucophaeus atricilla), have white leading edges and black tips. In winter, this species becomes white-headed except for a small black spot behind the eye. Male and female Bonaparte’s Gulls are similar to one another in all seasons. Bonaparte’s Gull breeds over a wide area of southern Alaska and Canada east to Quebec. However, despite its large breeding territory, this species nests only locally within its breeding range. In winter, Bonaparte’s Gulls migrate south to the southern Great Lakes and coastal areas of the U.S. south to central Mexico. In summer, Bonaparte’s Gulls breed along open edges of northern evergreen forests near water, being among the only gulls to nest in trees. In winter, this species may be found along large bodies of fresh or salt water, including on riverbanks, sandy beaches, and the open ocean. Bonaparte’s Gull eats small fish at all seasons, but this species also eats insects while further inland in summer. Due to the relative inaccessibility of this species’ breeding grounds, most birdwatchers only observe Bonaparte’s Gulls during winter, when they are relatively common along the coasts. At this time of year, this species is most easily observed plunging into the water to catch small fish. Bonaparte’s Gull is most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Chroicocephalus philadelphia. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Chroicocephalus philadelphia. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Chroicocephalus_philadelphia_BNA;Chroicocephalus_philadelphia_EBI;Chroicocephalus_philadelphia_XEN;Chroicocephalus_philadelphia_IBC;Chroicocephalus_philadelphia_PET Circus_cyaneus_TEXT Circus_cyaneus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Circus cyaneusIntermediate in appearance between the slim bird hawks (genus Accipiter) and thick-set buzzards (genus Buteo), the Northern Harrier is most easily identified by its size (17 ½ - 24 inches), long wings, long squared-off tail, and conspicuous white rump patch. Male Northern Harriers are light gray above and pale below, while females are solid brown above and streaked brown and tan below. Like most species of raptors, females are larger than males. The Northern Harrier is found widely across Eurasia (where it is known as the Hen Harrier) and North America. In the New World, this species breeds across Canada, Alaska, and the northern tier of the United States. In winter, Northern Harriers may be found from the southern Great Lakes and Pacific Northwest south to Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. In the Old World, this species breeds across northern Europe and Asia south to Portugal and northern China, wintering as far south as North Africa and South Asia. The Northern Harrier inhabits a variety of open habitats, including grassland, marshes, and agricultural fields. This species avoids built-up areas and forests. The diet of the Northern Harrier consists primarily of small mammals and songbirds. Due to this species’ preference for open habitat, Northern Harriers may be most easily observed flying low over the tops of tall grasses in search of prey. Less frequently, Northern Harriers may be seen soaring high over open areas, displaying their characteristic long tail and wings. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Circus cyaneus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Circus cyaneus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Circus_cyaneus_BNA;Circus_cyaneus_EBI;Circus_cyaneus_XEN;Circus_cyaneus_IBC;Circus_cyaneus_PET Cistothorus_palustris_TEXT Cistothorus_palustris http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Cistothorus palustrisSlightly smaller than the similarly-shaped Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), the Marsh Wren is most easily identified by its size (5 inches), white eye-stripes, and white-striped back. Other field marks include a curved bill, short tail, and short wings. Male and female Marsh Wrens are similar to one another in all seasons. The Marsh Wren has two distinct breeding populations, mainly differentiated by differences in song patterns. One breeds in the eastern U.S., south-central Canada, and along the Gulf Coast. The other breeds from the Pacific coast of the U.S. east to the western Plains. Most birds breeding in the northeastern U.S. and Canada migrate to coastal areas of the southeastern U.S. in winter, while some western birds winter in the desert southwest and in Mexico. Most western Marsh Wrens, as well as coastal-breeding birds in the east, are non-migratory. Appropriately, the Marsh Wren inhabits a variety of marshland and wet grassland habitats across North America. The majority of Marsh Wrens breed in freshwater marshes, but coastal birds inhabit brackish or saltwater marshes as well. This species eats a variety of insects found in the water, on the blades of marsh grasses, or in the air. Due to this species’ preference for heavily-vegetated marshland habitats, the Marsh Wren is often more easily heard than seen. Male Marsh Wrens may be seen singing while perched atop marsh vegetation. With the aid of binoculars, Marsh Wrens may be seen while partially hidden in the undergrowth, climbing stalks of grasses while foraging for food. Marsh Wrens may also be seen undertaking short flights above the grass. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Cistothorus palustris. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Cistothorus palustris. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Cistothorus_palustris_BNA;Cistothorus_palustris_EBI;Cistothorus_palustris_XEN;Cistothorus_palustris_IBC;Cistothorus_palustris_PET Cistothorus_platensis_TEXT Cistothorus_platensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Cistothorus platensisSmaller even than the Winter Wren (Troglodytes hiemalis), the Sedge Wren is most easily identified by its size (4-4 ½ inches), streaked head, and indistinct eye-stripes. Other field marks include a curved bill, short tail, and short wings. Male and female Sedge Wrens are similar to one another in all seasons. The Sedge Wren breeds across the northern Great Plains from central Canada south to Missouri and Illinois. Smaller numbers breed in the Great Lakes and east as far as New England. This species winters along the coast of the southeastern U.S. from Virginia to Texas, as well as into northern Mexico. Isolated non-migratory populations are found from southern Mexico south to southern Argentina. Sedge Wrens inhabit marshes and grasslands. In general, this species tends to live in drier parts of these habitats than the Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris), its close relative. Sedge Wrens mainly eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders. Due to this species’ preference for heavily-vegetated habitats, the Sedge Wren is often more easily heard than seen. Male Sedge Wrens may be seen singing while perched atop vegetation. With the aid of binoculars, Sedge Wrens may be seen while partially hidden in the undergrowth, climbing stalks of grasses while foraging for food. Sedge Wrens may also be seen undertaking short flights above the grass. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Cistothorus platensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Cistothorus platensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Cistothorus_platensis_BNA;Cistothorus_platensis_EBI;Cistothorus_platensis_XEN;Cistothorus_platensis_IBC;Cistothorus_platensis_PET Clangula_hyemalis_TEXT Clangula_hyemalis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Clangula hyemalisAlthough not quite as large or as white as the eiders (genus Somateria), the winter Long-tailed Duck (16 1/2 inches, females; 21 inches, males) is nonetheless one of the Northern Hemisphere’s paler species of sea ducks. During that part of the year, male Long-tailed Ducks have a white head and body with black wings, black tail, and black cheek patch, while females are pale gray-brown overall. In summer, however, both sexes of Long-tailed Duck become much darker, with the male loosing much of the white on its head and body. At all seasons, the Long-tailed Duck may be separated from other ducks in its range and habitat by its slim body, small head, and (in the male) long tail. The Long-tailed Duck inhabits large areas of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds from the Aleutian Islands in Alaska east to eastern Quebec and from the high Arctic south to the Hudson Bay. In winter, Long-tailed Ducks may be found along the Pacific coast from southern Alaska to Washington, in the southern part of the Hudson Bay, along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Virginia, and on the Great Lakes. In the Old World, this species breeds in Greenland, Iceland, Northern Europe, and Russia, wintering south to Britain and northern Japan. In summer, Long-tailed Ducks breed on small ponds in tundra wetlands. During winter and on migration, this species may be found in offshore waters and on large freshwater lakes. The diet of the Long-tailed Duck varies by season; in summer, this species eats insects, crustaceans, and plant matter, while fish and mollusks play a larger role in winter. Due to the relative inaccessibility of their breeding grounds, most birdwatchers never observe Long-tailed Ducks during the summer months. They are much more accessible in winter and during migration, when they may be observed in small flocks offshore with the help of a powerful spotting scope. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Clangula hyemalis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Clangula hyemalis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Clangula_hyemalis_BNA;Clangula_hyemalis_EBI;Clangula_hyemalis_XEN;Clangula_hyemalis_IBC;Clangula_hyemalis_PET;Clangula_hyemalis_SIB Coccothraustes_vespertinus_TEXT Coccothraustes_vespertinus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Coccothraustes vespertinusOne of North America’s larger finches, the Evening Grosbeak is most easily identified by its large size (8 inches), massive bill, and large white wing patches. Male Evening Grosbeaks are bright yellow on the lower body becoming duller yellow-brown towards the head, with striking yellow foreheads and eye-stripes. The female is similar but duller, having less yellow on the head and body. The Evening Grosbeak breeds across southern Canada and the northern tier of the United States. Smaller populations occur further south at higher elevations in the western U.S. and northern and central Mexico. Many Evening Grosbeaks spend the winter on their breeding grounds, but occasionally large numbers will migrate as far south as Texas and South Carolina in response to changes in food supply. Evening Grosbeaks inhabit cool forests containing both evergreen and deciduous trees. Birds that move south for the winter are normally found in similar habitats, but have also been recorded in more built-up areas where ornamental box elder trees are planted. Evening Grosbeaks eat fruits, berries, seeds, and insects when available. In their native habitat, Evening Grosbeaks may be most easily seen foraging for food in the tree canopy or on the ground. When this species occurs in built-up areas, individuals may also be seen visiting bird feeders. This species is most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Coccothraustes vespertinus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Coccothraustes vespertinus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Coccothraustes_vespertinus_BNA;Coccothraustes_vespertinus_EBI;Coccothraustes_vespertinus_XEN;Coccothraustes_vespertinus_IBC;Coccothraustes_vespertinus_PET Coccyzus_americanus_TEXT Coccyzus_americanus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Coccyzus americanusMore often heard than seen, the Yellow-billed Cuckoo (11-13 inches) is most easily separated from the similar Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythropthalmus) by its reddish-brown wing patches, white-and-black under-tail pattern, and the yellow on its bill. Other field marks include a long tail, thin body, and black legs. Male and female Yellow-billed Cuckoos are similar at all seasons. The Yellow-billed Cuckoo breeds across much of the eastern U.S. and southern Canada. Smaller numbers breed west of the Great Plains, in Mexico, and in the West Indies. All Yellow-billed Cuckoos spend the winter in South America. Yellow-billed Cuckoos breed in forests with plentiful undergrowth and clearings, particularly those near water. On migration, this species may be found in habitat similar to that inhabited during the summer months. Wintering Yellow-billed Cuckoos inhabit humid tropical forest. The diet of this species is composed primarily of large insects, including grasshoppers, cicadas, and caterpillars. Like many cuckoos, the Yellow-billed Cuckoo spends much of its time hidden in thick vegetation, where it is not easily seen. Lucky birdwatchers may observe this species slinking through the branches of tall trees while foraging for insect prey. Yellow-billed Cuckoos are primarily active during the day, but like many migratory birds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Coccyzus americanus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Coccyzus americanus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Coccyzus_americanus_BNA;Coccyzus_americanus_EBI;Coccyzus_americanus_XEN;Coccyzus_americanus_IBC;Coccyzus_americanus_PET Coccyzus_erythropthalmus_TEXT Coccyzus_erythropthalmus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Coccyzus erythropthalmusMore often heard than seen, the Black-billed Cuckoo (11-12 inches) is most easily separated from the similar Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) by its solid brown wings, plain under-tail pattern, and all-black bill. Other field marks include a long tail, thin body, and black legs. Male and female Black-billed Cuckoos are similar at all seasons. The Black-billed Cuckoo breeds across much of the northeastern U.S. and southern Canada. All Black-billed Cuckoos spend the winter in South America, although this species’ winter range is poorly known due to its highly secretive nature. Some Black-billed Cuckoos have been found in the western U.S. during the fall migration, likely resulting from navigational errors. Black-billed Cuckoos breed in forests with plentiful undergrowth and clearings, particularly those near water. On migration, this species may be found in habitat similar to that inhabited during the summer months. Wintering Black-billed Cuckoos inhabit humid tropical forest. The diet of this species is composed primarily of large insects, including grasshoppers, cicadas, and caterpillars. Like many cuckoos, the Black-billed Cuckoo spends much of its time hidden in thick vegetation, where it is not easily seen. Lucky birdwatchers may observe this species slinking through the branches of tall trees while foraging for insect prey. Black-billed Cuckoos are primarily active during the day, but like many migratory birds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Coccyzus erythropthalmus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Coccyzus erythropthalmus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Coccyzus_erythropthalmus_BNA;Coccyzus_erythropthalmus_EBI;Coccyzus_erythropthalmus_XEN;Coccyzus_erythropthalmus_IBC;Coccyzus_erythropthalmus_PET Colinus_virginianus_TEXT Colinus_virginianus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Colinus virginianusThe only native quail in much of its range, the Northern Bobwhite is most easily identified by its small size (8 ½ - 10 ½ inches), mottled brown body, small black bill, and short tail. Males have a white throat, white eye-stripe, and black cheek patch, while females have a more brownish head. The Northern Bobwhite inhabits a large part of the eastern United States and extreme southern Canada. Other populations occur in Mexico and the West Indies. This species is non-migratory in all parts of its range. Northern Bobwhites inhabit a variety of open habitats, including overgrown fields, forest clearings, grasslands, and scrub. Traditionally, forest fires helped create habitat for this species by removing thicker vegetation; today, human activity has a similar impact on habitat in certain areas. Northern Bobwhites mainly eat seeds and other plant material, but insects make up a higher proportion of this species’ diet in summer. Due to its preference for semi-open habitat types, Northern Bobwhites may be most easily observed foraging for food on the ground. When startled, this species may either run away or “explode” into the air and fly a short distance to safety. Northern Bobwhites are most active during the day.
Threat Status: Near Threatened
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Colinus virginianus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Colinus virginianus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Colinus_virginianus_BNA;Colinus_virginianus_EBI;Colinus_virginianus_XEN;Colinus_virginianus_IBC;Colinus_virginianus_PET Contopus_cooperi_TEXT Contopus_cooperi http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Contopus cooperiA medium-sized (7-8 inches) flycatcher, the Olive-sided Flycatcher is most easily identified by its dark gray back and head, dark chest patches, and white wing tufts. Other field marks include a black bill, black legs, and a shallowly-notched tail. Male and female Olive-sided Flycatchers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Olive-sided Flycatcher occurs widely across central Alaska, Canada, and the northern United States. Smaller numbers breed at higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains south to Baja California and in the Appalachian Mountains south to North Carolina. This species winters from southern Mexico south to Andean South America. In summer, Olive-sided Flycatchers breed in northern evergreen forests, particularly those dominated by spruce, hemlock, or pine trees. On migration, this species may be found in evergreen or deciduous forests elsewhere in North America. Olive-sided Flycatchers spend the winter in humid mountain forests. Like most flycatchers, this species primarily eats insects, which it catches while in flight. In northern forests in summer, the Olive-sided Flycatcher may be most easily observed flying out from high perches to capture insect prey. This species may also be observed on a high perch singing its characteristic ‘quick, THREE BEERS!’ song. Olive-sided Flycatchers are primarily active during the day.
Threat Status: Near Threatened
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Contopus cooperi. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Contopus cooperi. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Contopus_cooperi_BNA;Contopus_cooperi_EBI;Contopus_cooperi_XEN;Contopus_cooperi_IBC;Contopus_cooperi_PET Contopus_virens_TEXT Contopus_virens http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Contopus virensA sparrow-sized (6-6 ½ inches) flycatcher, the Eastern Wood-Pewee is most easily identified by its size, gray-green body, and white wing bars. Other field marks include a light breast, black legs, and shallowly-notched tail. Male and female Eastern Wood-Pewees are similar to one another in all seasons. The Eastern Wood-Pewee breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada. In summer this species may be found west to the Great Plains and south to northern Florida. All Eastern Wood-Pewees migrate south in winter, when they may be found in northern South America. Eastern Wood-Pewees breed in a variety of forest habitats, including forests with deciduous trees, evergreen trees, or a mix of both. This species may be found in more open habitats during migration, and spends the winter along the edges of humid tropical forests. Like most flycatchers, the Eastern Wood-Pewee primarily eats insects, which it catches while in flight. In eastern forests in summer, the Eastern Wood-Pewee may be most easily observed flying out from high perches to capture insect prey. This species may also be observed on a high perch singing its characteristic ‘pee-a-wee’ song. Eastern Wood-Pewees are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Contopus virens. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Contopus virens. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Contopus_virens_BNA;Contopus_virens_EBI;Contopus_virens_XEN;Contopus_virens_IBC;Contopus_virens_PET Conuropsis_carolinensis_TEXT Conuropsis_carolinensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Conuropsis carolinensisThe only native parrot in its range, the Carolina Parakeet (12-14 inches) was a striking bird with a bright green body, yellow head, red forehead, and long tail. Recently, populations of escaped parakeets (particularly the Monk Parakeet, Myiopsitta monachus) have become established in areas formerly inhabited by the Carolina Parakeet, and might perhaps have complicated the identification of this species had it survived to the present. In its lifetime, however, the Carolina Parakeet was unmistakable. Males and females are believed to have been similar. Historically, the Carolina Parakeet inhabited large areas of the southeastern United States west to the Great Plains and north to the Mid-Atlantic Region. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the range of the Carolina Parakeet contracted rapidly, eventually confining this species to central Florida. Logging of habitat, persecution of this species as a crop pest, and infectious avian diseases have all been suggested as possible reasons for the Carolina Parakeet’s decline, but the true cause is yet unknown. The last confirmed sighting of this species was in central Florida in the early 1920s, with unsubstantiated reports continuing for another decade. Carolina Parakeets utilized a variety of habitat types. Much of this species’ habitat was swampland and other wet woodland, where nesting took place in cavities in large, mature trees. Carolina Parakeets also visited more open habitat, such as forest clearings and fields. This species primarily ate seeds and fruits, and was often shot by farmers in retaliation for entering orchards to feed on fruit crops. Although relatively few studies of Carolina Parakeet behavior took place before this species’ extinction, it is known that Carolina Parakeets congregated in large groups while nesting and feeding. Carolina Parakeets were observed by early naturalists climbing along branches in search of food and flying in large flocks between feeding areas. This species was primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Conuropsis carolinensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Conuropsis carolinensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Conuropsis_carolinensis_BNA;Conuropsis_carolinensis_PET Coragyps_atratus_TEXT Coragyps_atratus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Coragyps atratusSharing much of its range with the larger Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura), the Black Vulture (23-27 inches) is most easily separated from the former by its featherless black head, short tail, and distinctive white “wrist” patches visible on the wings from below. Other field marks include a black body, black legs, and long wings. Male and female Black Vultures are similar to one another in all seasons. The Black Vulture inhabits much of the southeastern United States north to Pennsylvania and west to central Texas, with an isolated population in southern Arizona. This species also occurs from Mexico south to southern South America. Although Black Vultures are generally non-migratory, some birds move south from northern portions of this species’ range during harsh winters. Black Vultures typically breed and roost in dense woodland while feeding in more open habitats, such as grasslands, meadows, and fields. In some areas, Black Vultures also utilize man-made structures, such as abandoned buildings and utility poles. This species feeds almost exclusively on carrion, rarely killing prey itself. Due to this species’ need to scavenge for food, Black Vultures are most easily observed soaring high above the ground in search of carrion. Scientists have discovered that this species lacks the sophisticated sense of smell possessed by the Turkey Vulture, and that Black Vultures often wait for Turkey Vultures to find food before driving them off and taking the carcass for themselves. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Coragyps atratus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Coragyps atratus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Coragyps_atratus_BNA;Coragyps_atratus_EBI;Coragyps_atratus_XEN;Coragyps_atratus_IBC;Coragyps_atratus_PET Corvus_brachyrhynchos_TEXT Corvus_brachyrhynchos http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Corvus brachyrhynchosOnly slightly larger (17-21 inches) than the similar-looking Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus), the American Crow is most easily separated from its relative by its call, which is deeper and less nasal than that of the Fish Crow. Other field marks include a glossy purple-black body, thick bill, and slightly rounded tail. The American Crow occurs widely across the United States and southern Canada, absent only from the desert southwest, south Texas and northwestern Washington (where it is replaced by the Northwestern Crow, Corvus caurinus). Many American Crows breeding in Canada move south into the U.S. during the winter. However, more southerly populations are mostly non-migratory. American Crows tend to avoid wide expanses of open country such as desert, grassland, and tundra. Otherwise, American Crows are extremely adaptable birds, and are found in many habitats across North America, including forest, orchards, fields, suburbs, and even inner cities. Likewise, this species eats a variety of plant and animal foods, including fruits, seeds, small mammals, carrion, and garbage. Like most members of the crow family, the American Crow is extremely sociable. American Crows gather together in family groups to feed, roost, and defend territory. They will even mob larger predatory birds intruding on their territory, swooping down and calling loudly until the predator leaves the area. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Corvus brachyrhynchos. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Corvus brachyrhynchos. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Corvus_brachyrhynchos_BNA;Corvus_brachyrhynchos_EBI;Corvus_brachyrhynchos_XEN;Corvus_brachyrhynchos_IBC;Corvus_brachyrhynchos_PET Coturnicops_noveboracensis_TEXT Coturnicops_noveboracensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Coturnicops noveboracensisA small (7 inches) chicken-like bird, the Yellow Rail is most easily identified by its small size, mottled-brown body, and short tail. Other field marks include a thin bill, yellow legs, and brown eyes. Male and female Yellow Rails are similar to one another in all seasons. The Yellow Rail breeds extremely locally over a wide area of south-central Canada and the northern United States. These birds migrate south for the winter, when they may be found along the coast of the southeastern United States from North Carolina to Texas. An isolated population may exist in central Mexico, but has not been sighted there since 1964. Yellow Rails breed in shallow freshwater marshes, particularly those where sedges are common. In winter, this species is found in coastal freshwater and saltwater marshes where Spartina marsh grasses grow. Yellow Rails mainly eat aquatic snails and insects, and may also take seeds when available. Like most rails, the Yellow Rail is extremely secretive and difficult to observe. This species tends to hide in clumps of tall marsh grasses when startled, more rarely flying short distances close to the top of the vegetation. This species is active both during the day and at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Coturnicops noveboracensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Coturnicops noveboracensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Coturnicops_noveboracensis_BNA;Coturnicops_noveboracensis_EBI;Coturnicops_noveboracensis_XEN;Coturnicops_noveboracensis_IBC;Coturnicops_noveboracensis_PET Cygnus_columbianus_TEXT Cygnus_columbianus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Cygnus columbianusSomewhat smaller (53 inches) and slimmer than the Mute Swan (Cygnus olor), the Tundra Swan is most easily identified by its size, black bill, and long straight neck. Other field marks include an all-white body, black legs, and short tail. Male and female Tundra Swans are alike at all seasons. Tundra Swans inhabit a large portion of the Northern Hemisphere. The North American subspecies breeds in coastal Alaska and northwestern Canada southeast to the Hudson Bay. Swans breeding in the western part of this range spend the winter along the Pacific coast of the United States and in the mountain west; swans breeding further east winter along the Atlantic coast from New Jersey to South Carolina. In the Old World, this species breeds in northern Siberia, wintering south to Western Europe and northern China. In summer, Tundra Swans breed in coastal lakes and ponds on the arctic tundra. During the winter, this species may be found in a variety of wetland habitats, including estuaries, lakes, and rivers. Tundra Swans primarily eat plant material, including aquatic grasses, seeds, and tubers. Due to the relative inaccessibility of this species’ breeding grounds, most birdwatchers never observe Tundra Swans during the summer months. In winter, they may be most easily observed while foraging for food, when they may be seen walking on the shore or on grass further inland. They also feed on the water, where they may be seen submerging their upper bodies to seek out aquatic vegetation. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Cygnus columbianus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Cygnus columbianus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Cygnus_columbianus_BNA;Cygnus_columbianus_EBI;Cygnus_columbianus_XEN;Cygnus_columbianus_IBC;Cygnus_columbianus_PET Dolichonyx_oryzivorus_TEXT Dolichonyx_oryzivorus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Dolichonyx oryzivorusA strangely-patterned sparrow-sized (6-8 inches) bird, the male Bobolink in summer plumage is most easily identified by its black head and breast, buff-brown nape, light-gray rump patch, and large white wing bars. In its winter plumage, the male Bobolink loses much of striking coloration, becoming mottled brown above and tan below with a brown-striped head. Female Bobolinks resemble winter males. The Bobolink breeds across a large part of southern Canada and the northern United States. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering in southern South America. Migrating Bobolinks pass southward along the coast of the southeastern U.S. before continuing south to South America via Jamaica. In summer, Bobolinks breed in grasslands, prairie, and, more recently, agricultural fields. During the winter, this species utilizes habitats similar to those inhabited during the summer in the pampas region of South America. Bobolinks primarily eat seeds, grains, and insects. Most North American birdwatchers never visit the Bobolink’s winter range in South America. However, this species is relatively easy to observe during the summer months as it forages for food on the ground below tall grasses or on the grass stalks themselves. Bobolinks are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Dolichonyx_oryzivorus_BNA;Dolichonyx_oryzivorus_EBI;Dolichonyx_oryzivorus_XEN;Dolichonyx_oryzivorus_IBC;Dolichonyx_oryzivorus_PET Ectopistes_migratorius_TEXT Ectopistes_migratorius http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Ectopistes migratoriusLarger and more brightly-colored than the related Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), the Passenger Pigeon would have been easily identified by its size (14-16 inches), long wings, and long, pointed tail. The male Passenger Pigeon had an olive-gray back, rusty breast, slate-blue head, and iridescent neck. Female Passenger Pigeons were similar to males, but were somewhat duller and browner. Before the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Passenger Pigeon was the most numerous species of bird in North America, if not the world. Between 3 and 5 billion Passenger Pigeons once inhabited the eastern United States and southern Canada. During the breeding season, massive flocks of Passenger Pigeons gathered to breed at a handful of locations in New England, the Mid-Atlantic region, the Ohio River valley, and the lower Great Lakes. Passenger Pigeon flocks rarely returned to the same breeding location more than once every several years as their breeding success was tied to long-term cycles of food abundance in that region. After the breeding season, Passenger Pigeon flocks wandered widely across eastern North America, arriving wherever food was abundant. Flocks sometimes strayed as far afield as arctic Canada, central Mexico, and Cuba. Passenger Pigeon flocks required large areas of old-growth deciduous forest in which to nest and feed. This species often did significant damage to the places it visited: Early naturalists recorded Passenger Pigeon flocks uprooting trees with their massive weight and smothering plants in the undergrowth with a layer of droppings several inches thick. Passenger Pigeon flocks ate massive quantities of seeds and tree nuts, including acorns, chestnuts, and beechnuts. Early naturalists observed flocks of Passenger Pigeons hundreds of miles long and several miles wide travelling from one feeding site to another. However, as European Americans moved west during the nineteenth century, humans began to exploit Passenger Pigeons and their habitat. Professional “pigeoners” shot countless Passenger Pigeons each year while loggers removed an ever-increasing amount of the old-growth forest this species needed to survive. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, Passenger Pigeon populations crashed, and the species never recovered. The last wild Passenger Pigeon was shot in 1900, and the species became extinct when the last captive Passenger Pigeon, a female named Martha, died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Ectopistes migratorius. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Ectopistes migratorius. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Ectopistes_migratorius_BNA;Ectopistes_migratorius_PET Egretta_caerulea_TEXT Egretta_caerulea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Egretta caeruleaA medium-sized (24 inches) wader, the Little Blue Heron is most easily identified by its size, blue body, purplish neck, and gray bill tipped with black. Other field marks include dull yellow-green legs, dark eyes, and (unlike most herons) a lack of ornamental breeding plumes during the breeding season. Immature birds are all white, but may be separated from other white herons and egrets by their yellow legs and gray bill. Male and female Little Blue Herons are similar to one another in all seasons. The Little Blue Heron breeds in the southeastern United States and along the Atlantic Coast of the U.S. north to Maine. Birds breeding in the interior spend the winter from southern California south to Panama. Coastal populations south of New Jersey, as well as those in the West Indies, are non-migratory. Little Blue Herons breed in colonies along shallow bodies of water, including marshes, lakes, and estuaries. Nests are usually built in the branches of trees above the water. Wintering birds generally utilize similar habitats as in summer. Little Blue Herons primarily eat small fish. Little Blue Herons may be best observed wading in shallow water, where they may be seen plunging their bills into the water to catch fish. It is also possible to see Little Blue Herons at their rookeries, especially when they return to roost at sunset, or while flying with their feet extended and their necks pulled in. Little Blue Herons are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Egretta caerulea. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Egretta caerulea. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Egretta_caerulea_BNA;Egretta_caerulea_EBI;Egretta_caerulea_XEN;Egretta_caerulea_IBC;Egretta_caerulea_PET Egretta_thula_TEXT Egretta_thula http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Egretta thulaSmaller (20-27 inches) than North America’s other light-colored herons and egrets, the Snowy Egret is most easily identified by its black bill, black legs, yellow feet, and regal breeding plumes. Other field marks include an all-white body, short tail, and small yellow skin patch on the face. Male and female Snowy Egrets are similar to one another in all seasons. The Snowy Egret breeds along the east coast of the United States north to Maine and locally in the interior southeast and west. Coastal birds are non-migratory, while interior birds migrate to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, the Pacific coast of California and in the interior from northern Mexico south to Panama. Other non-migratory populations occur along both coasts of Mexico and Central America as well as in the West Indies. Snowy Egrets live in and around small bodies of water. In summer, Snowy Egrets nest in colonies, called ‘rookeries,’ in trees surrounding lakes and ponds. This species utilizes similar habitats during the winter. Snowy Egrets mainly eat fish, but may also take crustaceans and small vertebrates (such as frogs, lizards, and mice) when the opportunity arises. Snowy Egrets may be best observed wading in shallow water, where they may be seen plunging their bills into the water to catch fish. It is also possible to see Snowy Egrets at their rookeries, especially when they return to roost at sunset, or while flying with their feet extended and their necks pulled in. Snowy Egrets are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Egretta thula. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Egretta thula. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Egretta_thula_BNA;Egretta_thula_EBI;Egretta_thula_XEN;Egretta_thula_IBC;Egretta_thula_PET Egretta_tricolor_TEXT Egretta_tricolor http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Egretta tricolorA medium-sized (26 inches) wader, the Tricolored Heron is most easily identified by its contrasting white belly and slate-gray body. Other field marks include a rusty-brown neck, white rump, and long dark bill. Male and female Tricolored Herons are similar to one another in all seasons. The Tricolored Heron breeds along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from Texas to southern Maine, and breeds further inland in Florida. In winter, this species withdraws from the northern part of its range, and may be found in the southern part of its east coast range, along the coast of Southern California, and inland in Mexico and Central America. Non-migratory populations also exist along the coast of Central and South America. Tricolored Herons breed in a number of wetland habitat types, including freshwater and saltwater marshes, coastal lagoons, and estuaries. This species may also be found in Mangrove wetlands in parts of its range where this habitat occurs, particularly in winter. Tricolored Herons mainly eat fish, but may also take crustaceans and small vertebrates (such as frogs, lizards, and mice) when the opportunity arises. Tricolored Herons may be best observed wading in shallow water, where they may be seen plunging their bills into the water to catch fish. It is also possible to see Tricolored Herons returning to trees to roost at sunset, or while flying with their feet extended and their necks pulled in. Tricolored Herons are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Egretta tricolor. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Egretta tricolor. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Egretta_tricolor_BNA;Egretta_tricolor_EBI;Egretta_tricolor_XEN;Egretta_tricolor_IBC;Egretta_tricolor_PET Empidonax_alnorum_TEXT Empidonax_alnorum http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Empidonax alnorumA small (5 ½ inches) flycatcher resembling several related species in the genus Empidonax, the Alder Flycatcher may best be separated from its relatives not by appearance, but by its ‘fee-bee-o’ song. Physical field marks include a grayish-brown body, white eye ring, pale breast, thin bill, and white wing bars. Male and female Alder Flycatchers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Alder Flycatcher breeds across much of Canada, Alaska, and northern portions of the United States. Smaller populations occur south of this species main range at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Alder Flycatchers are believed to spend the winter in northern South America, but verifying this species’ winter range is difficult due to its similarity to other related species and the fact that this species does not sing its characteristic song in winter. Alder Flycatchers breed in wetlands dominated by low shrubs and other small woody plants, particularly those in the Alder family. In winter and on migration, Alder Flycatchers may be found in a number of open habitats with low vegetation, although much less is known about this species’ biology outside of the breeding season. Alder Flycatchers primarily eat insects. In northern wetlands in summer, Alder Flycatchers are most easily seen while catching insects in flight. Learning this species’ song is crucial to separating it from its relatives, however, and silent birds are frequently impossible to identify. Alder Flycatchers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Empidonax alnorum. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Empidonax alnorum. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Empidonax_alnorum_BNA;Empidonax_alnorum_EBI;Empidonax_alnorum_XEN;Empidonax_alnorum_IBC;Empidonax_alnorum_PET Empidonax_flaviventris_TEXT Empidonax_flaviventris http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Empidonax flaviventrisA small (5 ½ inches) flycatcher resembling several related species in the genus Empidonax, the Yellow-bellied Flycatcher may best be separated from its relatives not by appearance, but by its ‘chu-wee’ song. Physical field marks include a yellow-green body, white eye ring, pale breast, thin bill, and white wing bars. Male and female Yellow-bellied Flycatchers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher breeds across much of Canada, Alaska, and northern portions of the United States. Smaller populations occur south of this species main range at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Yellow-bellied Flycatchers spend the winter in Central America, although identifying this species’ in its winter range is difficult due to its similarity to other related species. In summer, Yellow-bellied Flycatchers breed in northern evergreen forests, particularly those dominated by spruce trees. On migration, this species may be found in deciduous forests across North America. In winter, Yellow-bellied Flycatchers are found in dense tropical forests as well as highland pine forests in the northern part of its winter range. This species primarily eats small insects, particularly midges and gnats. In northern forests in summer, Yellow-bellied Flycatchers are most likely to be seen darting through the canopy while catching insects in flight. Even when active, however, the Yellow-bellied Flycatcher is a difficult bird to observe. Learning this species’ song is crucial to separating it from its relatives, and silent birds are frequently impossible to identify. Yellow-bellied Flycatchers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Empidonax flaviventris. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Empidonax flaviventris. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Empidonax_flaviventris_BNA;Empidonax_flaviventris_EBI;Empidonax_flaviventris_XEN;Empidonax_flaviventris_IBC;Empidonax_flaviventris_PET Empidonax_minimus_TEXT Empidonax_minimus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Empidonax minimusAn extremely small (5 ¼ inches) flycatcher resembling several related species in the genus Empidonax, the Least Flycatcher may best be separated from its relatives not by appearance, but by its ‘che-BEK’ song. Physical field marks include a green-gray body, white eye ring, pale breast, thin bill, and white wing bars. Male and female Least Flycatchers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Least Flycatcher breeds across much of Canada and northern portions of the United States. Smaller populations occur south of this species main range at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Least Flycatchers spend the winter in south Florida, Mexico, and Central America, although identifying this species’ in much of its winter range is difficult due to its similarity to other related species. Least Flycatchers breed in open forests with deciduous trees or a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. This species may be found in similar habitats on migration. In its winter range, the Least Flycatcher inhabits topical forest edges and thickets. This species primarily eats insects. In northern forests in summer, Least Flycatchers are most likely to be seen darting through the canopy while gleaning insects from leaves or while catching prey in mid-air. Even when active, however, the Least Flycatcher is a difficult bird to identify. Learning this species’ song is crucial to separating it from its relatives, and silent birds are frequently impossible to identify in areas with multiple Empidonax species. Least Flycatchers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Empidonax minimus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Empidonax minimus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Empidonax_minimus_BNA;Empidonax_minimus_EBI;Empidonax_minimus_XEN;Empidonax_minimus_IBC;Empidonax_minimus_PET Empidonax_virescens_TEXT Empidonax_virescens http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Empidonax virescensA small (5 ½ inches) flycatcher resembling several related species in the genus Empidonax, the Acadian Flycatcher may best be separated from its relatives not by appearance, but by its ‘pit-see!’ song. Physical field marks include a green-gray body, white eye ring, pale breast, thin bill, and white wing bars. Male and female Acadian Flycatchers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Acadian Flycatcher is a more southerly breeder than most of its relatives, being found in summer in extreme southern Canada and across much of the eastern United States from New York south to Florida and west to Texas. Least Flycatchers spend the winter in Central and South America, although identifying this species’ in much of its winter range is difficult due to its similarity to other related species. Acadian Flycatchers breed in mature deciduous forests and, in parts of the southeastern U.S., in swamp forests dominated by bald cypress. On migration, this species enters younger, more open woodland and forest edges. In winter, Acadian Flycatchers inhabit humid tropical forests. This species primarily eats insects. In northern forests in summer, Acadian Flycatchers are most likely to be seen perching in the forest canopy while gleaning insects from leaves. Even when active, however, the Acadian Flycatcher is a difficult bird to identify. Learning this species’ song is crucial to separating it from its relatives, and silent birds are frequently impossible to identify in areas with multiple Empidonax species. Acadian Flycatchers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Empidonax virescens. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Empidonax virescens. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Empidonax_virescens_BNA;Empidonax_virescens_EBI;Empidonax_virescens_XEN;Empidonax_virescens_IBC;Empidonax_virescens_PET Eremophila_alpestris_TEXT Eremophila_alpestris http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Eremophila alpestrisA striking bird somewhat larger than a sparrow (7-8 inches), the Horned Lark is most easily identified by its black face patches and breast stripe, yellow throat and forehead, and black “horn-shaped” feather tufts on its head. Other field marks include a brown body, pale breast, and black underside to the tail. Male and female Horned Larks are similar to one another in all seasons, although females have slightly duller plumage. The Horned Lark inhabits a large portion of Eurasia (where it is known as the Shore Lark) and North America. In the New World, the Horned Lark breeds from Alaska and arctic Canada south to central Mexico, although this species is conspicuously absent from interior portions of Canada, the Pacific Northwest, and some coastal areas of the eastern United States. During winter, Horned Larks withdraw from northern portions of their breeding range, wintering further south in Canada and the U.S. An isolated population exists in the Andes Mountains of Columbia. In the Old World, this species breeds in northern Scandinavia and Russia as well as at higher elevations in Central Europe and West and Central Asia. Northern populations migrate south to mid-latitudes in Eurasia, whereas southern populations are non-migratory. An isolated population exists in Morocco. Horned Larks breed in open, sparsely vegetated habitats, including agricultural fields, prairie, grassland, desert, and tundra. Similar habitats are occupied on migration and in winter. This species primarily eats seeds, but may eat insects when they are available, particularly in the warmer months and during migration. Due to this species’ preference for open habitat, Horned Larks may be most easily seen foraging for food on bare or sparsely-vegetated ground. During the winter, this species may form large flocks that wander widely in search of food. Horned Larks are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Eremophila alpestris. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Eremophila alpestris. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Eremophila_alpestris_BNA;Eremophila_alpestris_EBI;Eremophila_alpestris_XEN;Eremophila_alpestris_IBC;Eremophila_alpestris_PET Euphagus_carolinus_TEXT Euphagus_carolinus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Euphagus carolinusA small (9 inches) blackbird, the male Rusty Blackbird in breeding plumage is most easily identified by its small size, black body with greenish gloss, and pale eye. Breeding females are similar but duller, with a slate-gray body. Winter males are rusty brown with a pale eye-stripes and grayish-brown wings, while winter females are similar to winter males but are paler brown. The Rusty Blackbird breeds primarily in Alaska and central Canada. Extremely small numbers breed south of the border in the United States, primarily in Minnesota, Michigan, upstate New York, and northern New England. In winter, this species may be found in the eastern U.S. from Massachusetts to central Florida and west to Nebraska. In summer, Rusty Blackbirds breed in bogs and wet evergreen forests. In winter, this species may be found in swamps and wet southern forests. Rusty Blackbirds primarily eat insects in summer, switching to seeds and pine nuts in winter. Due to the relative inaccessibility of this species’ breeding grounds, most birdwatchers never see the Rusty Blackbird during the summer. In winter, when Rusty Blackbirds are more visible, they may be seen foraging for food in large flocks over swamps and wet woodland. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Euphagus carolinus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Euphagus carolinus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Euphagus_carolinus_BNA;Euphagus_carolinus_EBI;Euphagus_carolinus_XEN;Euphagus_carolinus_IBC;Euphagus_carolinus_PET Falco_columbarius_TEXT Falco_columbarius http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Falco columbariusA medium-sized (10-13 ½ inches) falcon, the Merlin is most easily identified by its size, brown-streaked breast, and black tail bands. Other field marks include dark “moustaches” on the face, dark eyes, and yellow legs. Male Merlins have slate-gray backs, while females are larger and have dark brown backs. The Merlin is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, three distinct populations of Merlin occur: a darker-plumaged subspecies inhabiting the Pacific Northwest, a paler-plumaged subspecies inhabiting the northern Great Plains, and an intermediate subspecies breeding primarily in Alaska and Canada. The first two subspecies are mostly non-migratory, while the third subspecies migrates south to the western United States, the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the eastern U.S., and south into the tropics as far as northern South America. In the Old World, this species breeds from Iceland across to Siberia, wintering as far south as North Africa and tropical Asia. Merlins breed in open areas, including forest edges, tundra, coasts, and islands. This species utilizes similar habitats in winter as in summer, but may also enter urban areas if prey is available. Merlins primarily eat small birds, which they capture either from the ground or in the air. Due to this species’ preference for open habitat, Merlins may be most easily seen perching in prominent locations or while flying in pursuit of prey. Merlins may also hunt small shorebirds, flying close to the ground in order to surprise its prey. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Falco columbarius. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Falco columbarius. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Falco_columbarius_BNA;Falco_columbarius_EBI;Falco_columbarius_XEN;Falco_columbarius_IBC;Falco_columbarius_PET Falco_peregrinus_TEXT Falco_peregrinus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Falco peregrinusMuch larger (15-20 inches) than the Merlin, the Peregrine Falcon is most easily identified by its slate-gray back, brown-barred breast, and thick black “moustache” stripe. Other field marks include yellow eye-rings, a white throat, and yellow legs. Like most species of raptors, females are larger than males. The Peregrine Falcon inhabits every continent except Antarctica, and elsewhere are only absent from the interiors of tropical forests and large deserts. In North America, this species has a patchy breeding distribution from arctic Canada and Greenland south to central Mexico. In winter, this species is found along the Pacific coast of Alaska and Canada, extreme southeastern Canada, and south through much of the U.S., Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. In the Old World, this species is absent only from extremely dry, cold, and remote areas such as the Sahara desert, Central Asia, Iceland, and New Zealand. Peregrine Falcons breed in a number of habitats across North America. These habitats have in common prominent cliffs or ledges for nesting as well as open areas for hunting. Peregrine Falcons are known to breed on tundra, coast, and mountains, and have recently begun nesting on ledges of tall buildings in urban areas. Outside of the breeding season, this species also prefers open areas with prominent perches to aid in hunting. Peregrine Falcons primarily eat small to medium-sized birds, and will also hunt small mammals, including bats. Due to this species’ preference for open habitat, Peregrine Falcons may be most easily seen perched prominently, perhaps in a tall tree or on a cliff face, while watching for prey. This species may also be observed hunting, when it may be seen pursuing and capturing prey with its talons. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Falco peregrinus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Falco peregrinus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Falco_peregrinus_BNA;Falco_peregrinus_EBI;Falco_peregrinus_XEN;Falco_peregrinus_IBC;Falco_peregrinus_PET Falco_sparverius_TEXT Falco_sparverius http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Falco sparveriusThe smallest falcon in North America (9-12 inches), the American Kestrel is most easily identified by its small size, rufous-brown tail, and rufous-brown back with dark horizontal bars. Other field marks include a white throat, white cheeks, and a slate-blue head with a rufous crown. Male American Kestrels have slate-blue wings, while females are larger and have rufous wings. The American Kestrel breeds across a wide portion of North America from Alaska and Canada to central Mexico. In winter, American Kestrels withdraw from northern portions of their range, wintering from the north-central United States south to Panama. Many American Kestrels in southern portions of this species’ breeding range are non-migratory, as are other populations in Central America, the West Indies, and South America. American Kestrels inhabit a number of open habitats, including grasslands, fields, meadows, and urban areas, that provide cavities for nesting as well as open areas for hunting. This species utilizes similar habitat types in winter as in summer, although nesting cavities are not necessary in that season. American Kestrels eat a variety of small animals, including insects, small birds, and rodents. Due to this species’ preference for open habitat, American Kestrels may be most easily seen perched prominently, perhaps in a tree or on a utility pole, while watching for prey. This species may also be observed hunting, when it may be seen pursuing and capturing prey with its talons. American Kestrels are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Falco sparverius. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Falco sparverius. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Falco_sparverius_BNA;Falco_sparverius_EBI;Falco_sparverius_XEN;Falco_sparverius_IBC;Falco_sparverius_PET Fulica_americana_TEXT Fulica_americana http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Fulica americanaA familiar duck-like waterbird, the American Coot (13-16 inches) is most easily identified by its dark gray body, white bill, and red frontal “shield” on forehead. Other field marks include red eyes, yellow legs with lobed feet, and a white patch underneath the tail. Male and female American Coots are similar to one another in all seasons. The American Coot breeds widely in the northern and western United States and southern Canada, as well as locally further south and east. Many northern birds migrate south for the winter, when they may be found widely in the southeastern U.S., in the desert southwest, and along the coasts of Mexico and Central America. Birds breeding in the southern part of this species’ range, as well as populations in central Mexico and in the West Indies, are non-migratory. American Coots breed in relatively deep, well-vegetated freshwater wetlands. Wintering birds may occur on freshwater marshes, and may also venture into brackish or salt water lagoons, bays, and estuaries. This species primarily eats aquatic plant material. American Coots may be observed feeding by picking plant matter off of the surface or by submerging their heads to feed on underwater plants. This species may also be observed walking on the shore or running along the surface of the water while attempting to become airborne. American Coots are primarily active during the day; however, this species does migrate at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Fulica americana. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Fulica americana. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Fulica_americana_BNA;Fulica_americana_EBI;Fulica_americana_XEN;Fulica_americana_IBC;Fulica_americana_PET Gallinago_delicata_TEXT Gallinago_delicata http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Gallinago delicataA medium-sized (11 inches) wader, Wilson’s Snipe is most easily identified by its mottled-brown back, long bill, and orange tail patches. Other field marks include a pale belly, black facial stripes, and dull green legs. Male and female Wilson’s Snipes are similar to one another in all seasons. Wilson’s Snipe breeds widely across Alaska, Canada, and the northern tier of the United States. Birds breeding in the Pacific Northwest, in the interior western U. S, and along the Great Lakes are non-migratory. Other populations migrate south for the winter, where they may be found from the south-central U.S. south into Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Wilson’s Snipes breed in freshwater marshes, swamps, and bogs with areas of marsh grasses for cover. This species utilizes similar habitats in winter as in summer. Wilson’s Snipes mainly eat insects and other small invertebrates. Wilson’s Snipes may be observed using their long bills to probe the mud for food. When flushed from a clump of marsh grasses, Wilson’s Snipes will explode into the air, flying in a zigzag pattern until it has reached safety. This species is active both during the day and at night, when it may feed.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Gallinago delicata. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Gallinago delicata. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Gallinago_delicata_BNA;Gallinago_delicata_EBI;Gallinago_delicata_XEN;Gallinago_delicata_IBC;Gallinago_delicata_PET Gallinula_galeata_TEXT Gallinula_galeata http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Gallinula galeataSlightly smaller than the American Coot (Fulica americana), the Common Gallinule (14 inches) is most easily identified by its brown back, dark gray breast, and red “shield” on forehead. Other field marks include a yellow-tipped red bill, dull green legs, and white flanks. Male and female Common Gallinules are similar to one another in all seasons. The Common Gallinule breeds in scattered locations throughout the eastern United States and southern Canada, with smaller numbers breeding in the western U.S. In winter, birds breeding in the northeast migrate south and to the coast. Most western birds, as well as those breeding along the coast of the southeastern U.S. and populations breeding further south in Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies, are non-migratory. Common Gallinules breed in relatively deep freshwater or brackish marshes. This species utilizes similar habitat types in winter as in summer. Common Gallinules primarily eat seeds and other plant matter, but may also eat snails and other plant matter, especially during the warmer months. Common Gallinules may be observed feeding by picking seeds off of the surface or by submerging their heads to feed on underwater plants. This species may also be observed walking on the shore or running along the surface of the water while attempting to become airborne. Common Gallinules are primarily active during the day; however, this species does migrate at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Gallinula galeata. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Gallinula galeata. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Gallinula_galeata_BNA;Gallinula_galeata_EBI;Gallinula_galeata_XEN;Gallinula_galeata_IBC;Gallinula_galeata_PET;Gallinula galeata_SIB Gavia_immer_TEXT Gavia_immer http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Gavia immerA large (28-36 inches) loon, the Common Loon in summer is most easily identified by its black head and bill, black-and-white “crosshatched” back, and conspicuous white breast patch visible immediately above the waterline. Winter Common Loons are dark above and pale on the breast, throat, and head, appearing slightly darker than the related Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata). Male and female Common Loons are similar to one another in all seasons. The Common Loon inhabits parts of Eurasia (where it is known as the Great Northern Diver) and North America. In the New World, this species breeds across Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and the northern tier of the United States. Red-throated Loons breeding in North America spend the winter along the Pacific coast from southern Alaska south to central Mexico, along the Atlantic Coast from Nova Scotia to Florida, along the Gulf coast from Florida to eastern Mexico, and at a few locations in the interior southeast. In the Old World, this species breeds in Iceland, wintering along the coasts of Northern Europe. In summer, Common Loons breed in large lakes either on the tundra or in evergreen forests. During the winter, Common Loons are found along the coast in near-shore waters and on large bays and reservoirs. On migration, this species may be found on large bodies of freshwater in the interior. Common Loons primarily eat small fish, which they catch by diving. In appropriate habitats in summer, Common Loons may be seen nesting on small islands in lakes or directly on the lake shore. At this time of the year, birdwatchers may hear this species’ haunting “yodeling” calls on calm nights. During the winter, Common Loons are most easily observed out at sea through binoculars or spotting scopes, and may be seen floating low in the water, diving below the surface in pursuit of prey, or flying awkwardly close to the tops of the waves. This species is primarily active during the day, but calls at night during the breeding season.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Gavia immer. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Gavia immer. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Gavia_immer_EBI;Gavia_immer_XEN;Gavia_immer_IBC Gavia_stellata_TEXT Gavia_stellata http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Gavia stellataSomewhat smaller (25 inches) and paler than the Common Loon (Gavia immer), the Red-throated Loon in summer is most easily identified by its gray head, dark bill, dark back, and conspicuous red throat patch. Winter Red-throated Loons are dark above and pale on the breast, throat, and head, slightly more so than winter Common Loons. Male and female Red-throated Loons are similar to one another in all seasons. The Red-throated Loon inhabits a large portion of Eurasia (where it is known as the Red-throated Diver) and North America. In the New World, this species breeds along the coasts of Canada and Alaska. Red-throated Loons breeding in North America spend the winter along the Pacific coast from southern Alaska south to Baja California and along the Atlantic Coast from Nova Scotia to northern Florida. In the Old World, this species breeds in Greenland, Iceland, northwestern Britain and Ireland, Scandinavia, and northern Russia, wintering south to the Mediterranean Sea and southern China. In summer, Red-throated Loons breed in lakes and ponds either on the tundra or in evergreen forests. During the winter, Red-throated Loons are found along the coast in near-shore waters and on large bays. On migration, this species may be found on large bodies of freshwater in the interior. Red-throated Loons primarily eat small fish, which they catch by diving. Due to the relative inaccessibility of their breeding grounds, most birdwatchers are more familiar with Red-throated Loons during the winter. At this time of year, Red-throated Loons are most easily observed out at sea through binoculars or spotting scopes, and may be seen floating low in the water, diving below the surface in pursuit of prey, or flying awkwardly close to the tops of the waves. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Gavia stellata. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Gavia stellata. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Gavia_stellata_BNA;Gavia_stellata_EBI;Gavia_stellata_XEN;Gavia_stellata_IBC;Gavia_stellata_PET Gelochelidon_nilotica_TEXT Gelochelidon_nilotica http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Gelochelidon niloticaA medium-sized (14 inches) tern, the Gull-billed Tern in summer is most easily identified by its pale wings, solid black cap, and thick black bill. In winter, this species loses most of its black cap, becoming light gray on the head with black eye-stripes. Male and female Gull-billed Terns are similar to one another in all seasons. The Gull-billed Tern inhabits every continent except Antarctica. In North America, this species breeds along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. south of New York, along the Gulf coast, and in southern California. Populations breeding in the Gulf are non-migratory, while those on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts winter in Florida, on the Gulf coast, and in the tropics as far south as Argentina. Gull-billed Terns primarily breed in dunes, on sandy barrier islands, or in coastal marshes. Similar habitats are utilized during the winter, although this species may also be found further inland in flooded fields at that time of year. Gull-billed Terns primarily eat small aquatic animals, including insects, small fish, and crustaceans. Gull-billed Terns may be observed flying above beaches and near-shore waters while catching prey. This species catches insects in the air, but does not dive into the water to catch fish (unlike many other terns), preferring to skim the surface or catch fish while standing in shallow water. Gull-billed Terns are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Gelochelidon nilotica. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Gelochelidon nilotica. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Gelochelidon_nilotica_BNA;Gelochelidon_nilotica_EBI;Gelochelidon_nilotica_XEN;Gelochelidon_nilotica_IBC;Gelochelidon_nilotica_PET Geothlypis_formosa_TEXT Geothlypis_formosa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Geothlypis formosaA medium-sized (5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the Kentucky Warbler is most easily identified by its olive-green back, yellow breast and throat, black eye-stripes, and yellow eye-rings. Other field marks include a short tail, pale legs, and thin bill. Male and female Kentucky Warblers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Kentucky Warbler breeds in the eastern and southeastern United States from New York south to northern Florida and west to Oklahoma. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering from central Mexico south to northern South America. Despite this species’ small size, Kentucky Warblers cross the Gulf of Mexico twice a year while on migration, and are occasionally reported resting on ships in the Gulf. Kentucky Warblers breed in thick deciduous forests with large amounts of undergrowth, particularly those near water. In winter, this species inhabits humid tropical forests with similar quantities of undergrowth to those forests used during the summer. Kentucky Warblers eat small invertebrates, including beetles, caterpillars, and spiders. Due to this species’ preference for heavily vegetated habitats, Kentucky Warblers are much more easily heard than seen. Birdwatchers may listen for this species’ “churry-churry-churry-churry” song, or may attempt to observe it foraging for insects deep in the undergrowth. Kentucky Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Geothlypis formosa. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Geothlypis formosa. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Geothlypis_formosa_BNA;Geothlypis_formosa_EBI;Geothlypis_formosa_XEN;Geothlypis_formosa_IBC;Geothlypis_formosa_PET Geothlypis_philadelphia_TEXT Geothlypis_philadelphia http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Geothlypis philadelphiaA medium-sized (5-5 ¾ inches) wood warbler, the male Mourning Warbler is most easily identified by its olive-green back, yellow belly, gray head, and black upper breast patch. Female Mourning Warblers are similar to males, but are somewhat duller and lack the black on the breast. This species is most easily confused with the Connecticut Warbler (Oporornis agilis), which may be distinguished by its white eye-ring and gray upper breast in both sexes. The Mourning Warbler breeds across a wide portion of southern Canada and the northeastern United States. Isolated breeding populations occur further south at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. The Mourning Warbler is a long-distance migrant, wintering from Central America to northern South America. Mourning Warblers breed in open portions of mixed deciduous and evergreen northern forests, including clearings, forest edges, and portions of forest recently disturbed by logging or forest fires. In winter, this species inhabits wet thickets and undergrowth along the edges of open tropical forests. Mourning Warblers primarily eat insects in summer, but add fruits and berries to their diets during the winter. Due to this species’ preference for habitats with large amounts of undergrowth, Mourning Warblers are often more easily heard than seen. Birdwatchers may listen for this species’ “chirry, chirry, chorry, chorry” song, or may attempt to observe it foraging for insects deep in the undergrowth. Mourning Warblers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Geothlypis philadelphia. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Geothlypis philadelphia. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Geothlypis_philadelphia_BNA;Geothlypis_philadelphia_EBI;Geothlypis_philadelphia_XEN;Geothlypis_philadelphia_IBC;Geothlypis_philadelphia_PET Helmitheros_vermivorum_TEXT Helmitheros_vermivorum http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Helmitheros vermivorumA medium-sized (5-5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the Worm-eating Warbler is most easily identified by its dull olive back, dull yellow underparts, and conspicuous black head stripes. In some respects, this species resembles the Northern Waterthrush (Parkesia noveboracensis), which may be distinguished by its darker brown back, brown head stripes, and streaked breast. Male and female Worm-eating Warblers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Worm-eating Warbler breeds in the eastern United States from Massachusetts south to Louisiana and west to Missouri. Although its breeding range covers a wide area, this species breeds only locally within this range where appropriate habitat exists. In winter, Worm-eating Warblers migrate south to southern Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Worm-eating Warblers breed in large areas of unbroken deciduous forest with extensive shrubby undergrowth. In winter, this species primarily inhabits humid tropical forests. Ironically, Worm-eating Warblers rarely eat worms, preferring to eat caterpillars and other small insects. In appropriate habitat, Worm-eating Warblers are most easily observed while foraging for food. This species hops through vegetation close to the forest floor, jumping down to catch prey hidden in dead leaves on the ground. Worm-eating Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Helmitheros vermivorum. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Helmitheros vermivorum. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Helmitheros_vermivorum_BNA;Helmitheros_vermivorum_EBI;Helmitheros_vermivorum_XEN;Helmitheros_vermivorum_IBC;Helmitheros_vermivorum_PET Hydroprogne_caspia_TEXT Hydroprogne_caspia http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Hydroprogne caspiaA large (19-23 inches) tern, the Caspian Tern in summer is most easily identified by its gray-tipped wings, black cap, and large orange bill. In winter, the black in this species’ cap is replaced by mottled gray. Male and female Caspian Terns are similar to one another in all seasons. The Caspian Tern inhabits every continent except Antarctica. In North America, this species breeds locally in central Canada, the Great Lakes, along the Gulf coast of the United States, and along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. and Canada. In winter, Caspian Terns may be found in southern California, along the coast of the southeastern U.S., and further south into Mexico and Central America. In the Old World, this species breeds in Eurasia from Eastern Europe east to China, along the coasts of Africa and South Asia, and in Australasia, wintering widely in the tropics. Caspian Terns breed in a variety of habitats, including marshes, estuaries, barrier islands, bays, and lakes, and may be found either in freshwater or in saltwater. In winter, this species utilizes similar habitat types as in summer. Caspian Terns primarily eat fish and small crustaceans. Caspian Terns may be most easily seen standing or walking along the shore or on the beach, where their large size and bright orange bill are most apparent. With the aid of binoculars, it may also be possible to observe this species feeding by diving headfirst into the water. Caspian Terns are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Hydroprogne caspia. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Hydroprogne caspia. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Hydroprogne_caspia_BNA;Hydroprogne_caspia_EBI;Hydroprogne_caspia_XEN;Hydroprogne_caspia_IBC;Hydroprogne_caspia_PET Hylocichla_mustelina_TEXT Hylocichla_mustelina http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Hylocichla mustelinaA medium-sized (8 inches) thrush, the Wood Thrush is most easily identified by its brown back, rusty-red head, and heavily spotted breast. Other field marks include pinkish legs, short tail, and thick, slightly curved bill. Male and female Wood Thrushes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Wood Thrush breeds across the eastern United States and southern Canada from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south to northern Florida and west to North Dakota. In winter, this species migrates south to southern Mexico and Central America. Like many bird species wintering in the American tropics, the Wood Thrush crosses the Gulf of Mexico twice a year while on migration. Wood Thrushes primarily breed in deciduous forests with a tall canopy and open forest floor. In winter, this species inhabits humid tropical forests. Wood Thrushes mainly eat insects and other invertebrates during the breeding season, but may also eat fruits and berries during the winter. In appropriate habitat, it may be possible to see Wood Thrushes hopping along the forest floor while foraging for insect prey. More often, however, Wood Thrushes are identified by their song, an unmistakable series of flute-like notes repeated with numerous embellishments and alterations. Wood Thrushes are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
Threat Status: Near Threatened
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Hylocichla mustelina. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Hylocichla mustelina. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Hylocichla_mustelina_BNA;Hylocichla_mustelina_EBI;Hylocichla_mustelina_XEN;Hylocichla_mustelina_IBC;Hylocichla_mustelina_PET Icteria_virens_TEXT Icteria_virens http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Icteria virensA large (7 inches), strangely-shaped wood warbler, the Yellow-breasted Chat is most easily identified by its large size, olive-green back, yellow breast and throat, and white eye-ring. Other field marks include a long tail, thick bill, and black legs. Male and female Yellow-breasted Chats are similar to one another in all seasons. The Yellow-breasted Chat breeds in the east-central United States and southern Canada from southern Ontario south to northern Florida and west to Texas. This species also breeds more locally in the western United States and Canada, particularly in Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and Utah. In winter, most Yellow-breasted Chats migrate south to the southern half of Mexico and Central America, although a small number winters in the southern U.S. Yellow-breasted Chats breed along the edges of deciduous or evergreen forests in areas with thickets or low shrubs. During the winter, this species inhabits similar areas along the edges of tropical forests. Yellow-breasted Chats primarily eat insects and other invertebrates, but may also eat fruits and berries when available, particularly during the winter. Due to this species’ preference for habitat with shrubs and other low vegetation, Yellow-breasted Chats are more often heard than seen. Birdwatchers may listen for this species’ song, a strange jumble of whistling notes interspersed with harsher calls, or may look for it moving through the vegetation while foraging for insect prey. Yellow-breasted Chats are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Icteria virens. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Icteria virens. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Icteria_virens_BNA;Icteria_virens_EBI;Icteria_virens_XEN;Icteria_virens_IBC;Icteria_virens_PET Icterus_spurius_TEXT Icterus_spurius http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Icterus spuriusSmaller (6-7 inches) and darker than the Northern Oriole (Icterus galbula), the male Orchard Oriole is most easily identified by its black upper body, dark orange-brown underparts, and thin white wing bars. The female Orchard Oriole is mostly yellow-green overall with grayish wings with white wing bars. Immature Orchard Orioles resemble females, but young male birds have a solid black throat. The Orchard Oriole breeds widely across the eastern United States and southern Canada from Manitoba and New York south to central Florida and Texas. Smaller numbers breed in central Mexico and along the Mexican Gulf coast. In winter, Orchard Orioles migrate south to southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Orchard Orioles breed in open deciduous forest, usually near water. During the winter, this species inhabits similar kinds of habitat around humid tropical forests. Orchard Orioles primarily eat insects and other invertebrates, adding fruit to their diets when available, particularly in winter. In appropriate habitat, Orchard Orioles may be observed foraging for insects in the branches of trees, often in the tree canopy but sometimes quite close to the ground. This species occasionally visits oriole nectar feeders or hummingbird feeders. Orchard Orioles are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Icterus spurius. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Icterus spurius. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Icterus_spurius_BNA;Icterus_spurius_EBI;Icterus_spurius_XEN;Icterus_spurius_IBC;Icterus_spurius_PET Junco_hyemalis_TEXT Junco_hyemalis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Junco hyemalisA medium-sized (5 ½ - 6 ¾ inches) bunting, the Dark-eyed Junco comprises several geographic races possessing different patterns of plumage coloration. The eastern “Slate-colored Junco” is slate gray above and white below. The northwestern “Oregon Junco” is black on the head and breast with a chestnut back, gray wings, and white belly. The southern Rocky Mountains “Gray-headed Junco” is light gray on the head, breast, and tail with a chestnut back. The western Plains “White-winged Junco” is similar to the eastern race, but has strong white wing bars. Another race, the northern Rocky Mountains “Pink-sided Junco” is similar to the northwestern race, but is lighter gray on the head, wings, and tail. These races interbreed where their ranges overlap, producing hybrid birds with intermediate plumage. All races of this “snowbird” have in common a pale bill, dark eyes, and white feathers on the outer tail. Female Juncos are similar to males in the same race, but are usually paler and duller. The Dark-eyed Junco breeds across much of Alaska, Canada, and the northern United States, extending southwards at higher elevations to northern Georgia in the east and to Texas in the west. Dark-eyed Juncos are present all year in southern portions of this species’ breeding range, but birds breeding in these areas are displaced southward by more northern birds during winter, when this species may be found across southern Canada, the U.S., and northern Mexico. Dark-eyed Juncos breed in a variety of habitats across this species’ extensive breeding range, all of which have in common cool summer temperatures and some form of forest cover. During the winter, this species inhabits forest edges and other semi-open habitats, and will often enter urban or suburban areas where food is plentiful. Dark-eyed Juncos eat a variety of seeds and other plant material, but will also eat insects when available. In appropriate habitat, Dark-eyed Juncos may be most easily seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of trees. In winter, this species may be seen foraging as part of large flocks containing multiple species of sparrows and buntings. Dark-eyed Juncos are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Junco hyemalis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Junco hyemalis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Junco_hyemalis_BNA;Junco_hyemalis_EBI;Junco_hyemalis_XEN;Junco_hyemalis_IBC;Junco_hyemalis_PET Lanius_excubitor_TEXT Lanius_excubitor http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Lanius excubitorA medium-sized (9-10 inches) shrike, the Northern Shrike is most easily identified by its gray body, dark wings, and large hooked bill. Other field marks include a black tail with white edges, a black eye-stripe, and white “wrists” visible on the underside of the wings. Male and female Northern Shrikes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Northern Shrike inhabits a large portion of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds across Alaska and north-central Canada. Typically, this species winters further south along the coast of Alaska, in southern Canada, and in the northern United States. However, depending on the severity of the winter, Northern Shrikes may winter as far north as the Arctic Circle or as far south as central New Mexico and the Mid-Atlantic region. In the Old World, this species breeds widely from the arctic south to sub-Saharan Africa and India, with northern populations migratory and southern populations permanent residents. Northern Shrikes breed in open northern forests near the edge of the tundra. During the winter, this species is found in a greater variety of open habitats, including grasslands, wetlands, deserts, and agricultural fields. Northern Shrikes eat a variety of small animals, including insects, small mammals, and birds. Due to the relative inaccessibility of this species’ breeding grounds, most North American birdwatchers only observe Northern Shrikes during the winter. At this time of year, Northern Shrikes are most easily observed perching in prominent areas, such as on bare branches, while watching for prey. This species impales its prey on thorns or barbed wire, and birdwatchers who stumble across one of these “larders” would likely find a Northern Shrike nearby. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Lanius excubitor. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Lanius excubitor. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Lanius_excubitor_BNA;Lanius_excubitor_EBI;Lanius_excubitor_XEN;Lanius_excubitor_IBC;Lanius_excubitor_PET Lanius_ludovicianus_TEXT Lanius_ludovicianus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Lanius ludovicianusA medium-sized (9 inches) shrike, the Loggerhead Shrike is most easily identified by its gray body, dark wings, and large hooked bill. Other field marks include a black tail with white edges, a black eye-stripe, and white “wrists” visible on the underside of the wings. This species may be separated from the Northern Shrike (Lanius excubitor) by the latter species’ faintly barred breast and from the Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) by that species’ large white wing patches. Male and female Loggerhead Shrikes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Loggerhead Shrike breeds across the southern and southwestern United States as well as the Great Plains and locally in the Great Lakes region. Breeding populations also exist at higher elevations in northern and central Mexico. Northern Loggerhead Shrike populations are migratory, moving south in winter as far as Mexico. Loggerhead Shrikes inhabit a variety of open habitats, including grasslands, agricultural fields, and deserts. This species utilizes similar habitats in winter as in summer, especially those populations which are non-migratory. Loggerhead Shrikes eat a variety of small animals, including insects, small mammals, and birds. Loggerhead Shrikes are most easily observed perching in prominent areas, such as on bare branches, while watching for prey. This species impales its prey on thorns or barbed wire, and birdwatchers who stumble across one of these “larders” would likely find a Loggerhead Shrike nearby. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Lanius ludovicianus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Lanius ludovicianus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Lanius_ludovicianus_BNA;Lanius_ludovicianus_EBI;Lanius_ludovicianus_XEN;Lanius_ludovicianus_IBC;Lanius_ludovicianus_PET Larus_argentatus_TEXT Larus_argentatus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Larus argentatusA large (23-26 inches) seagull, the Herring Gull is most easily identified by its black-tipped wings, pale yellow eye, pink legs, and yellow bill with red spot on the lower half. Winter and immature gulls of many species are notoriously difficult to identify as these birds may be splotched or streaked with brown on the head and breast. Male and female Herring Gulls are similar to one another in all seasons. The Herring Gull inhabits a wide portion of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds across Alaska, Canada, the Northern United States, and the Mid-Atlantic region. Populations breeding in southern Alaska, the Great Lakes, and the Mid-Atlantic region are non-migratory, while those breeding in the interior migrate south to the Pacific coast from southern Alaska south to central Mexico, along the coast and in the interior in the southeastern U.S., in eastern Mexico, in Central America, and in the West Indies. In Eurasia, the Herring Gull breeds in northern Europe and Asia, wintering south to North Africa and South Asia. Herring Gulls breed on rocky or sandy islands and beaches by lakes, in marshes, and along the coast. Similar habitats are utilized in winter as in summer. Herring Gulls eat a variety of foods, including crustaceans, fish, carrion, garbage, and, occasionally, other birds. Herring Gulls are most easily seen foraging for food along sandy beaches. In many areas, this is one of the most common “seagulls,” and may be seen foraging for refuse and carrion on the beach, flying over the water and plunging in to catch fish, or floating on the water’s surface while catching fish with its bill. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Larus argentatus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Larus argentatus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Larus_argentatus_BNA;Larus_argentatus_EBI;Larus_argentatus_XEN;Larus_argentatus_IBC;Larus_argentatus_PET Larus_delawarensis_TEXT Larus_delawarensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Larus delawarensisA medium-sized (19 inches) seagull, the Ring-billed Gull is most easily identified by its pale orange eye, yellow legs, and conspicuous black ring on its yellow bill. Winter and immature gulls of many species are notoriously difficult to identify as these birds may be splotched or streaked with brown on the head and breast. Male and female Ring-billed Gulls are similar to one another in all seasons. The Ring-billed Gull breeds across a large part of southern Canada and the northern United States. Most populations of this species are migratory, wintering along the coasts from British Columbia south to central Mexico in the west, from New England south to Florida in the east, in parts of the interior southeast, and around Great Salt Lake in Utah. Ring-billed Gulls occur throughout the year in parts of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes. Ring-billed Gulls primarily breed on small sparsely-vegetated islands in northern lakes. In winter, this species is often present along sandy beaches, but may also be found inland on reservoirs or around garbage dumps. Ring-billed Gulls eat a variety of foods, including crustaceans, fish, carrion, garbage, and, occasionally, other birds. Ring-billed Gulls are most easily seen foraging for food along sandy beaches. In many coastal areas, this is one of the most common winter “seagulls,” and may be seen foraging for refuse and carrion on the beach, flying over the water and plunging in to catch fish, or floating on the water’s surface while catching fish with its bill. Ring-billed Gulls are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Larus delawarensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Larus delawarensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Larus_delawarensis_BNA;Larus_delawarensis_EBI;Larus_delawarensis_XEN;Larus_delawarensis_IBC;Larus_delawarensis_PET Leucophaeus_atricilla_TEXT Leucophaeus_atricilla http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Leucophaeus atricillaA medium-sized (16-17 inches) seagull, the Laughing Gull in summer is most easily identified by its dark gray wings with black tips, black head, dark orange legs, and red bill. In winter, this species loses much of the color on its head and bill, becoming dark-billed with a gray smudge on its crown. Young birds are brownish-gray overall, and are often confused with young gulls of other species. Male and female Laughing Gulls are similar to one another in all seasons. The Laughing Gull breeds along the entire Atlantic coast of the United States, along the Gulf coast from Florida to Texas, and in the West Indies. Populations breeding in the northeast are migratory, wintering further south along the coast of the U.S. or in Mexico, Central America, and South America. Populations breeding in warmer areas are generally non-migratory. Laughing Gulls breed on rocky or sandy islands and beaches by lakes, in marshes, and along the coast. Birds breeding in the tropics may nest on mangrove islands. In general, this species utilizes similar kinds of habitats in winter as in summer. Laughing Gulls eat a variety of foods, including crustaceans, fish, carrion, garbage, and, more rarely, bird eggs. Laughing Gulls are most easily seen foraging for food along sandy beaches. In many coastal areas, this is one of the most common “seagulls,” and may be seen foraging for refuse and carrion on the beach, flying over the water and plunging in to catch fish, or floating on the water’s surface while catching fish with its bill. Laughing Gulls are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Leucophaeus atricilla. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Leucophaeus atricilla. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Leucophaeus_atricilla_BNA;Leucophaeus_atricilla_EBI;Leucophaeus_atricilla_XEN;Leucophaeus_atricilla_IBC;Leucophaeus_atricilla_PET Limnodromus_griseus_TEXT Limnodromus_griseus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Limnodromus griseusA medium-sized (10 ½ - 12 inches) sandpiper, the Short-billed Dowitcher in summer is most easily identified by its mottled gray back, rufous neck, and long bill (although somewhat shorter than the bill of the related Long-billed Dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus). In winter, this species becomes mottled gray above and solid gray below. Field marks visible at any time of year include a conspicuous dark eye-stripe, green legs, and pale belly. Male and female Short-billed Dowitchers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Short-billed Dowitcher breeds in three main populations: the first along the coast of southern Alaska and nearby areas of Canada, the second in the plains of western Canada, and the third along the Hudson Bay east to Quebec. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering along the coasts from California and the Mid-Atlantic south to northern South America. This species primarily migrates up and down the coasts, and populations that nest in the interior turn inland only after they have reached New England or southern Canada. Short-billed Dowitchers breed in swampy areas of northern forests, often near the tree line at the edge of the tundra. This species is heavily associated with saltwater during the winter, being found on mud flats in salt marshes, coastal lagoons, and shallow mangrove wetlands in the tropics. Short-billed Dowitchers primarily eat small invertebrates, with insects being preferred in summer and small saltwater aquatic animals being preferred in winter. Due to the relative inaccessibility of this species’ breeding grounds, most birdwatchers never observe Short-billed Dowitchers during the summer months. In winter, when this species is more common near populated areas, Short-billed Dowitchers are most easily seen standing on mudflats while probing for food in the mud with their bills. This species is primarily active during the day, but may migrate at night as well as during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Limnodromus griseus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Limnodromus griseus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Limnodromus_griseus_BNA;Limnodromus_griseus_EBI;Limnodromus_griseus_XEN;Limnodromus_griseus_IBC;Limnodromus_griseus_PET Lophodytes_cucullatus_TEXT Lophodytes_cucullatus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Lophodytes cucullatusA medium-sized (16-19 inches) duck, the male Hooded Merganser is most easily identified by its black head and body, rufous flanks, thin bill, and conspicuous white crest. Females are duller brownish-gray overall with a smaller brown crest. At a distance, the male of this species may be confused with the male Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola), which may be distinguished by its greenish head and white body. Duck hunters often call mergansers “saw-bills” in reference to their long, thin, serrated bills. The Hooded Merganser breeds across a large part of the eastern United States and southern Canada south to the Gulf coast and west to the edge of the Great Plains. Another breeding population exists in the Pacific Northwest. In winter, this species migrates away from northern and higher-altitude areas, and may be found along the Pacific coast from Alaska to California, in the eastern and southeastern U.S., and at scattered locations in the western U.S. Hooded Mergansers breed in lakes and ponds surrounded by woodland. Like a couple other smaller species of ducks, this species nests in tree cavities, often those left over from woodpecker nest sites. In winter, Hooded Mergansers may be found in freshwater or saltwater on rivers, marshes, estuaries, and bays. This species primarily eats small aquatic animals such as crustaceans, fish, and insects. One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Hooded Mergansers may be observed submerging themselves to feed in the water or on the bottom. In winter, they may also be observed in small flocks on slow-moving bodies of water. Like other mergansers, the Hooded Merganser undertakes swift, straight flights between bodies of water or on migration. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Lophodytes cucullatus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Lophodytes cucullatus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Lophodytes_cucullatus_BNA;Lophodytes_cucullatus_EBI;Lophodytes_cucullatus_XEN;Lophodytes_cucullatus_IBC;Lophodytes_cucullatus_PET Loxia_curvirostra_TEXT Loxia_curvirostra http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Loxia curvirostraA medium-sized (5 ¼ -6 ½ inches) finch, the Red Crossbill is most easily identified by its black wings, short black tail, and oddly-shaped bill. Males’ bodies may be bright red, yellow, or a mixture of both, although the cause of this variation in color is more related to the timing of the individual’s yearly molt than to heredity. Female Red Crossbills are streaky brownish-yellow on the back, head, and face. The Red Crossbill inhabits a large area of the Northern Hemisphere. In the New World, this species breeds across southern Alaska, southern Canada and the northern United States. This species’ range extends south at higher elevations as far as North Carolina in the east and southern Arizona in the west. Other populations occur in the mountains of Mexico and Central America south to Nicaragua. In the Old World, this species breeds across northern portions of Eurasia, with isolated populations at higher elevations as far south as North Africa, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Red Crossbills wander widely during winter, and in some years northern populations may move south in large numbers as far as the southeastern U.S. and southern Europe. Red Crossbills inhabit evergreen forests with trees that produce cones. This species almost exclusively eats seeds taken from these cones, and its strangely-shaped bill is specially adapted to cracking open cones to extract seeds. This species eats seeds from a number of kinds of evergreen trees, including pines, spruces, firs, and hemlocks. In fact, different populations of Red Crossbills often prefer one evergreen tree family over the others, having bills particularly suited to cracking cones produced by that kind of tree. In suitable habitat, Red Crossbills may be observed feeding on cone seeds while perched on branches or hanging upside-down from the cone. In more built-up areas, this species may also visit bird feeders in the company of other finch species. Red Crossbills are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Loxia curvirostra. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Loxia curvirostra. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Loxia_curvirostra_BNA;Loxia_curvirostra_EBI;Loxia_curvirostra_XEN;Loxia_curvirostra_IBC;Loxia_curvirostra_PET Loxia_leucoptera_TEXT Loxia_leucoptera http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Loxia leucopteraA medium-sized (6-6 ¾ inches) finch, the White-winged Crossbill is most easily identified by its black wings with white wing bars, short black tail, and oddly-shaped bill. Males’ bodies are pinkish-red, while female Red Crossbills are streaky brownish-yellow on the back, head, and face. This species is most easily distinguished from the related Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) by its white wing bars and larger size. The White-winged Crossbill inhabits a large area of the Northern Hemisphere. In the New World, this species breeds across Alaska, Canada and the northern United States. This species’ range extends south at higher elevations in the western U.S. as far south as New Mexico. In the Old World, this species breeds across Siberia. White-winged Crossbills may wander widely during winter, and in some years northern populations may move south in large numbers as far as the central U.S. and Western Europe. White-winged Crossbills inhabit evergreen forests with trees that produce cones. This species almost exclusively eats seeds taken from these cones, and its strangely-shaped bill is specially adapted to cracking open cones to extract seeds. White-winged Crossbills eat seeds from a number of evergreen species, although they prefer spruce and larch cones. In suitable habitat, White-winged Crossbills may be observed feeding on cone seeds while perched on branches or hanging upside-down from the cone. When moving from tree to tree, this species undertakes short, undulating flights through the canopy. White-winged Crossbills are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Loxia leucoptera. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Loxia leucoptera. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Loxia_leucoptera_BNA;Loxia_leucoptera_EBI;Loxia_leucoptera_XEN;Loxia_leucoptera_IBC;Loxia_leucoptera_PET Megascops_asio_TEXT Megascops_asio http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Megascops asioA small (7-10 inches) owl, the Eastern Screech-Owl is most easily identified by its size, streaked breast, and ear-like feather tufts. This species has two color morphs, one with gray plumage and the other with rusty-red plumage. Male and female Eastern Screech-Owls are similar to one another in all seasons. The Eastern Screech Owl inhabits much of the eastern United States and southern Canada west to the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains. This species also occurs in northern Mexico south to the Tropic of Cancer. Eastern Screech-Owls are non-migratory in all parts of their range. Eastern Screech-Owls inhabit a variety of deciduous, evergreen, or mixed woodland habitats. This species may also be found in more built-up areas, and can sometimes be found in large urban parks. Eastern Screech-Owls eat a variety of small animals, such as insects, songbirds, and rodents. Like most owls, the Eastern Screech-Owl hunts almost exclusively at night, making it difficult to observe. This owl may be more visible when it is active at dusk or just before sunrise, and birds roosting in trees may be seen during the day with the aid of binoculars. As its name suggests, the Eastern Screech-Owl produces a high-pitched hooting call which may be used to identify this species at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Megascops asio. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Megascops asio. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Megascops_asio_BNA;Megascops_asio_EBI;Megascops_asio_XEN;Megascops_asio_IBC;Megascops_asio_PET Melanerpes_carolinus_TEXT Melanerpes_carolinus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Melanerpes carolinusA medium-sized (9-10 ½ inches) woodpecker, the Red-bellied Woodpecker is most easily identified by its black-and-white striped back, pale flanks, and pale buff-brown face. Ironically, this woodpecker has very little red on its belly, being visibly red on its head alone. Male Red-bellied Woodpeckers have a red forehead, crown, and neck, whereas females only have red on the neck. This species may be distinguished from the Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), another woodpecker with black, white, and red plumage, by that species’ entirely red head and face. The Red-bellied Woodpecker inhabits much of the eastern United States and southern Canada north to the Great Lakes and west to the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains. Generally, this species is non-migratory in most parts of its range. However, northern Red-headed Woodpeckers may move short distances south in harsh winters when temperatures and food supplies become too low. Red-headed Woodpeckers inhabit a variety of deciduous, evergreen, or mixed woodland habitats. This species may also be found in more built-up areas, and can sometimes be found in suburban backyards and large urban parks. Red-headed Woodpeckers primarily eat seeds, nuts, and insects, although this species tends to dig into bark less than most other woodpecker species, preferring to take insects from the surface. In appropriate habitat, this species may be seen climbing trees and branches head-first while foraging for food. When moving from tree to tree, this species undertakes short, undulating flights through the canopy. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Melanerpes carolinus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Melanerpes carolinus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Melanerpes_carolinus_BNA;Melanerpes_carolinus_EBI;Melanerpes_carolinus_XEN;Melanerpes_carolinus_IBC;Melanerpes_carolinus_PET Melanerpes_erythrocephalus_TEXT Melanerpes_erythrocephalus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Melanerpes erythrocephalusA medium-sized (8 ½ - 9 ½ inches) woodpecker, the Red-headed Woodpecker is most easily identified by its solid black upperparts, white wing patches, white belly, and all-red head. Among woodpeckers in its range, this is the only species with a completely red head, although several, particularly the Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), have smaller amounts of red on the head. Unlike most woodpeckers, male and female Red-headed Woodpeckers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Red-headed Woodpecker is widely distributed as a breeding bird across the eastern United States and southern Canada. Northern populations move south in winter, vacating the upper Great Plains, northern Great Lakes, and most of New England while moving into southern Louisiana and Texas. This species is absent from higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains, coastal portions of the Mid-Atlantic region, and south Florida. Red-headed Woodpeckers inhabit a variety of deciduous woodland habitats, shifting to more open habitats on the Great Plains. This species is found less frequently in urban and suburban environments than its relatives due to its preference for large dead branches or snags for feeding. Red-headed Woodpeckers eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including insects, berries, nuts, and seeds. In appropriate habitat, this species may be seen climbing trees and branches head-first while foraging for food. When moving from tree to tree, this species undertakes short, undulating flights through the canopy. Unlike other species of woodpecker, Red-headed Woodpeckers often catch insects in the air while in flight. This species is primarily active during the day.
Threat Status: Near Threatened
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Melanerpes_erythrocephalus_BNA;Melanerpes_erythrocephalus_EBI;Melanerpes_erythrocephalus_XEN;Melanerpes_erythrocephalus_IBC;Melanerpes_erythrocephalus_PET Melanitta_fusca_TEXT Melanitta_fusca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Melanitta fuscaA medium-sized duck (21 inches), the male White-winged Scoter is most easily identified by its black body, white wing patches, and white eye-stripes. The female is dark brown rather than black, but retains this species’ characteristic white wing patches. Duck hunters often refer to scoters as “coots,” although their resemblance to “real” coots is limited to their shared dark body pattern and is entirely superficial. The White-winged Scoter inhabits a large part of the Northern Hemisphere. In the New World, this species breeds in western Canada and Alaska, wintering along the Pacific coast from Alaska south to Baja California, on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland south to northern Florida, and along the Gulf coast from Florida to Texas. In the Old World (where it is known as the Velvet Scoter), this species breeds in northern Europe and Siberia, wintering along the coast of Western Europe and East Asia. White-winged Scoters breed in ponds and lakes in northern forest near the tree line at the edge of the tundra. In winter, this species may be found in saltwater estuaries, bays, and near-shore waters along the coast. White-winged Scoters primarily eat bottom-dwelling mollusks and crustaceans, but also eat fish and, in summer, insects as well. Due to the relative inaccessibility of this species’ breeding grounds, most birdwatchers are more familiar with White-winged Scoters during the winter. At this time of year, White-winged Scoters are most easily observed out at sea through binoculars or spotting scopes, and may be seen floating in large flocks on the water, diving below the surface in pursuit of prey, or flying in lines over the tops of the waves. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Melanitta fusca. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Melanitta fusca. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Melanitta_fusca_BNA;Melanitta_fusca_EBI;Melanitta_fusca_XEN;Melanitta_fusca_IBC;Melanitta_fusca_PET Melanitta_perspicillata_TEXT Melanitta_perspicillata http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Melanitta perspicillataA medium-sized duck (19 inches), the male Surf Scoter is most easily identified by its all-black body, orange-and-white bill, and white patches on the neck and forehead. The female is dark brown rather than black, and lacks the males’ white patches and bright bill. Duck hunters often refer to scoters as “coots,” although their resemblance to “real” coots is limited to their shared dark body pattern and is entirely superficial. The Surf Scoter breeds locally in Alaska, western Canada, and along the eastern shore of the Hudson Bay. Small numbers may breed elsewhere in Canada, but these areas are vast and difficult to explore, even in the warmer months. In winter, this species may be found along the Pacific coast from Alaska south to Baja California, on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland south to Florida, and along the Gulf coast from Florida to east Texas. Surf Scoters breed in ponds and lakes in northern forest near the tree line at the edge of the tundra. In winter, this species may be found in saltwater estuaries, bays, and near-shore waters along the coast. Surf Scoters primarily eat bottom-dwelling mollusks and crustaceans, but also eat fish and, in summer, insects as well. Due to the relative inaccessibility of this species’ breeding grounds, most birdwatchers are more familiar with Surf Scoters during the winter. At this time of year, Surf Scoters are most easily observed out at sea through binoculars or spotting scopes, and may be seen floating in large flocks on the water, diving below the surface in pursuit of prey, or flying in lines over the tops of the waves. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Melanitta perspicillata. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Melanitta perspicillata. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Melanitta_perspicillata_BNA;Melanitta_perspicillata_EBI;Melanitta_perspicillata_XEN;Melanitta_perspicillata_IBC;Melanitta_perspicillata_PET Meleagris_gallopavo_TEXT Meleagris_gallopavo http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Meleagris gallopavoAn extremely large (36-48 inches) game bird, the Wild Turkey is most easily identified by its large size, bald bluish head, and iridescent black or brown body feathers. Male Wild Turkeys have large fan-like tails and red wattles on the neck, whereas females are much smaller and plainer. This species is nearly unmistakable among North America birds, although certain varieties of Domestic Turkey resemble their wild ancestors. The Wild Turkey is native to much of the eastern United States, southern Canada, and Mexico. However, its range has been in constant flux over the past 500 years as populations have locally been hunted to extinction or, conversely, introduced into new areas for sport shooting. Due to both factors, Wild Turkeys are absent from portions of the Atlantic Seaboard and upper Midwest but may be found locally in parts of the western U.S. where they did not occur before Europeans arrived in the New World. The Wild Turkey is the only native North American bird to be domesticated, and Domestic Turkeys are farmed around the world. Wild Turkeys inhabit a wide array of habitats, including deciduous woodland, dry scrub, and grassland. While this species is rarely found in urban or suburban areas, Wild Turkeys will visit agricultural fields and pastures. In fact, the ancestors of the Domestic Turkey likely became associated with humans through visiting maize fields in Mexico. This species primarily eats seeds, nuts, leaves, and insects. In forests, clearings, and more open habitats, it may be possible to observe Wild Turkeys standing or walking, singly or in small groups, while foraging for food. The male’s call, a series of “gobble” sounds, is familiar and identifying. Wild Turkeys are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Meleagris gallopavo. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Meleagris gallopavo. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Meleagris_gallopavo_BNA;Meleagris_gallopavo_EBI;Meleagris_gallopavo_XEN;Meleagris_gallopavo_IBC;Meleagris_gallopavo_PET Melospiza_georgiana_TEXT Melospiza_georgiana http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Melospiza georgianaA medium-sized (5-5 ¾ inches) bunting, the Swamp Sparrow is most easily identified by mottled-brown back, gray breast, white throat, and reddish-brown cap. Other field marks include dull pink legs, a squared-off tail, and a gray, conical bill. Male and female Swamp Sparrows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Swamp Sparrow breeds across a wide area of southern Canada and the northern United States. In winter, this species vacates much of the northern part of its breeding range, wintering in the southeastern U.S., along the Pacific coast from Vancouver Island to southern California, in the desert southwest, and in northern Mexico. Swamp Sparrows are present all year in portions of the Mid-Atlantic and Midwest, but birds which breed here are displaced south in winter by more northerly-breeding populations. As might be expected, Swamp Sparrows breed in a variety of freshwater wetland habitats, including swamps. This species utilizes similar kinds of wet habitats during the winter. Swamp Sparrows primarily eat insects in summer, but switch to seeds, berries, and fruits in winter when insects may be unavailable. In appropriate habitat, Swamp Sparrows may most easily be seen foraging for food along the water’s edge. There, individuals may be seen picking food off of the mud or, unusually for a songbird, will wade in the water to find prey. Males may also be observed singing this species’ trilling song from prominent perches. Swamp Sparrows are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Melospiza georgiana. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Melospiza georgiana. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Melospiza_georgiana_BNA;Melospiza_georgiana_EBI;Melospiza_georgiana_XEN;Melospiza_georgiana_IBC;Melospiza_georgiana_PET Melospiza_lincolnii_TEXT Melospiza_lincolnii http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Melospiza lincolniiA medium-sized (5 ½ inches) bunting, Lincoln’s Sparrow is most easily identified by streaked brown back, gray breast, white throat, and reddish-brown cap. This species may be separated from the highly similar Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) by its buff flanks streaked with brown. Male and female Lincoln’s Sparrows are similar to one another in all seasons. Lincoln’s Sparrow breeds across much of Alaska, Canada, and the northern tier of the United States, extending southward at higher elevations in the western U.S. as far as Arizona. In winter, this species migrates south to the Pacific coast of the U.S., the desert southwest, portions of the central U.S. from Texas to Alabama, and south into Mexico and Central America. On migration, Lincoln’s Sparrows may be found elsewhere in North America, including in the northeast, southeast, and Midwest. Lincoln’s Sparrows breed in wet northern forests, primarily in and around bogs. In winter, this species may be found in dry deserts, grasslands, and tropical forests. Lincoln’s Sparrows primarily eat insects in summer, but switch to seeds, berries, and fruits in winter when insects may be unavailable. Lincoln’s Sparrows may be most easily seen walking or hopping on the ground while foraging for food. This species takes short, straight flights between areas of vegetation cover, ordinarily staying close to the tops of bushes or grasses. This species is primarily active during the day.Threat Status: Least Concern
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Melospiza lincolnii. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Melospiza lincolnii. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Melospiza_lincolnii_BNA;Melospiza_lincolnii_EBI;Melospiza_lincolnii_XEN;Melospiza_lincolnii_IBC;Melospiza_lincolnii_PET Mergus_merganser_TEXT Mergus_merganser http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Mergus merganserA large (22-27 inches) duck, the male Common Merganser is most easily identified by its green head, pale body, and thin red bill. The female Common Merganser is gray above and pale below with a rusty head and crest. In flight and at a distance, both sexes may be distinguished from the related Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator) by the former species’ larger size and paler overall body pattern. Duck hunters often call mergansers “saw-bills” in reference to their long, thin, serrated bills. The Common Merganser has a wide distribution across the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds across southern Alaska, Canada, and the northern United States. Smaller populations occur further south at higher elevations, particularly in the western U.S., where this species breeds locally south to Arizona and New Mexico. In winter, all populations migrate south, and may be found in coastal Alaska and Canada, in much of the U.S. outside of the southeast and northern Great Plains, and in northern Mexico. In the Old World, this species breeds across northern Europe, Scandinavia, and Russia, wintering south to North Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. As this species generally nests in tree cavities, Common Mergansers primarily breed on small bodies of water surrounded by woodland. In winter, this species may be found on large bodies of freshwater, including lakes, rivers, bays, and freshwater portions of large estuaries. Common Mergansers eat small animals, primarily fish and aquatic invertebrates. As this species is one of several “diving ducks,” Common Mergansers may be observed submerging themselves to feed in the water or on the bottom. In winter, they may also be observed in small flocks on large bodies of water. Like other mergansers, the Common Merganser undertakes swift, straight flights between bodies of water or on migration. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Mergus merganser. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Mergus merganser. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Mergus_merganser_BNA;Mergus_merganser_EBI;Mergus_merganser_XEN;Mergus_merganser_IBC;Mergus_merganser_PET Mniotilta_varia_TEXT Mniotilta_varia http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Mniotilta variaA medium-sized (4 ½ - 5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the Black-and-white Warbler is most easily identified by its black-and-white striped body, streaked flanks, and thin black bill. Males have black and white stripes on the crown and throat, whereas the female is only striped on the crown and is paler on the throat and below. Both sexes have dark tails, dark legs, and conspicuous black- and-white wing bars. The Black-and-white Warbler breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada, absent only from parts of the southeast and Midwest. In winter, this species may be found along the coast of the southeastern U.S. from North Carolina to Florida, and along the coast of Texas. South of the U.S., this species is a winter visitor to central and southern Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and parts of northern South America. Black-and-white Warblers breed in a variety of deciduous or mixed deciduous and evergreen forest habitats, with a preference for mature forests. In winter, this species occurs in numerous kinds of habitats ranging from scrubland to moist tropical forests. Black-and-white Warblers eat small invertebrates, primarily insects (including caterpillars) and spiders. Unusually for a wood warbler, the Black-and-white Warbler feeds by picking prey out of crevices in bark while climbing up the sides of tree trunks and large branches. As this interesting behavior recalls that of a nuthatch or creeper, birdwatchers who believe they’ve caught a momentary glimpse of either may want to consider taking a closer look: they may well have seen a Black-and-white Warbler instead. This species is primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Mniotilta varia. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Mniotilta varia. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Mniotilta_varia_BNA;Mniotilta_varia_EBI;Mniotilta_varia_XEN;Mniotilta_varia_IBC;Mniotilta_varia_PET Mycteria_americana_TEXT Mycteria_americana http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Mycteria americanaA large (34-47 inches) wader, the Wood Stork is most easily identified by its white body, black wing edges, and large bald head. In flight, this species is easily separated from cranes by its short neck, from egrets by its ability to hold its neck extended in flight (as opposed to folding it back on its body), and from ibises by its extremely long legs. In fact, with its bald head and soaring flight, this species is more easily mistaken for a vulture than for any wader. Male and female Wood Storks are similar to one another in all seasons. The Wood Stork primarily breeds in the American tropics from southern Mexico and the Caribbean south to tropical portions of South America. In North America, this species is a local breeder and uncommon winter resident from south Florida north to coastal South Carolina. Non-breeding and post-breeding birds may wander widely during late summer, when they may turn up as far north as the Mid-Atlantic region and New England. Wood Storks breed in freshwater and brackish wetlands surrounded by trees, which this species uses to nest and roost colonially. In the non-breeding season, this species may be found in a number of wetland habitats ranging in size from large expanses of marshland to small ponds and canals. Wood Storks primarily eat small fish, but may also eat small quantities of insects and other small animals when available. Wood Storks may be best observed wading in shallow water, where they may be seen plunging their bills into the water to catch fish. It is also possible to see Wood Storks at their nest trees, especially when they return to roost at sunset, or while soaring singly or in small groups high above marshland. Wood Storks are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Mycteria americana. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Mycteria americana. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Mycteria_americana_BNA;Mycteria_americana_EBI;Mycteria_americana_XEN;Mycteria_americana_IBC;Mycteria_americana_PET Myiarchus_crinitus_TEXT Myiarchus_crinitus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Myiarchus crinitusA medium-sized (8-9 inches) flycatcher, the Great Crested Flycatcher is most easily identified by its olive head and back, brownish tail, and bright yellow belly. Other field marks include a gray breast and throat, faint white wing bars, and a thick black bill. Male and female Great Crested Flycatchers are similar to one another at all seasons. The Great Crested Flycatcher breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada west to the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains. In winter, this species migrates south primarily to southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Small numbers spend the winter in southern Florida. Great Crested Flycatchers breed in a variety of open woodland habitat types. In winter, this species may be found in clearings and edges of humid tropical forests. Great Crested Flycatchers primarily eat insects, but may also eat fruits and berries at any time of the year. Great Crested Flycatchers may be observed flying out from perches to catch insects in the air or “hovering” near vegetation while picking insects off leaves and twigs. In the breeding season, males sing a loud “wheeeep!” song, although this is generally performed from perches hidden in the canopy. Great Crested Flycatchers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species often migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Myiarchus crinitus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Myiarchus crinitus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Myiarchus_crinitus_BNA;Myiarchus_crinitus_EBI;Myiarchus_crinitus_XEN;Myiarchus_crinitus_IBC;Myiarchus_crinitus_PET Nyctanassa_violacea_TEXT Nyctanassa_violacea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Nyctanassa violaceaA small (22-28 inches), thick-set heron, the Yellow-crowned Night-Heron is most easily identified by its gray body, black face with white cheek patch, and conspicuous yellow crown. Where their ranges overlap, this species may be distinguished from its relative, the Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), by the latter species’ pale face, pale breast, and, logically, by its black crown. Male and female Yellow-crowned Night-Herons are similar in all seasons. The Yellow-crowned Night Heron breeds in the eastern and southeastern United States south to Brazil. In winter, populations breeding in northern and interior portions of this species’ range migrate south to the coasts and the tropics. Coastal-breeding populations, as well as those breeding in the tropics, are non-migratory. Yellow-crowned Night-Herons inhabit a variety of wetland habitats, whether flowing or standing, large or small, and freshwater or saltwater. In tropical areas, this species may be found in mangrove wetlands and lagoons. Unlike the Black-crowned Night-Heron, the Yellow-crowned Night Heron specializes in eating crustaceans, especially crabs. Yellow-crowned Night-Herons may be best observed wading in shallow water, where they may be seen plunging their bills into the water to catch crabs. It is also possible to see Yellow-crowned Night Herons at their small nesting colonies, especially when they return to roost, or while flying with their feet extended and their necks pulled in. As its name suggests, this species hunts mainly from sunset to sunrise, although individuals may be seen during the morning and afternoon as well.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Nyctanassa violacea. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Nyctanassa violacea. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Nyctanassa_violacea_EBI;Nyctanassa_violacea_XEN;Nyctanassa_violacea_IBC Nycticorax_nycticorax_TEXT Nycticorax_nycticorax http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Nycticorax nycticoraxA small (23-28 inches), thick-set heron, the Black-crowned Night-Heron is most easily identified by its gray wings, black back and head, pale breast, and, in the breeding season, twin white head plumes. Where their ranges overlap, this species may be distinguished from its relative, the Yellow-crowned Night Heron (Nyctanassa violacea), by the latter species’ black face, gray breast, and, logically, by its yellow crown. Male and female Black-crowned Night-Herons are similar in all seasons. The Black-crowned Night Heron inhabits every continent except Australia and Antarctica. In the North America, this species breeds at lower elevations across much of the United States and southern Canada. Some populations in warmer areas are non-migratory, but others migrate south to the southern U.S., interior Mexico, and Central America. Elsewhere in the New World, other populations exist in the West Indies, coastal Mexico, southern Central America, and South America south to southern Argentina and Chile. In the Old World, this species inhabits warmer parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, with populations ranging from sedentary to fully migratory depending on climate and habitat. Black-crowned Night-Herons inhabit a variety of wetland habitats, whether flowing or standing, large or small, and freshwater or saltwater. In tropical areas, this species may be found in mangrove wetlands and lagoons. Black-crowned Night Herons primarily eat a number of plant and animal foods, including small fish, crustaceans, mollusks, reptiles, small mammals, and aquatic plant seeds and vegetation. Black-crowned Night-Herons may be best observed wading in shallow water, where they may be seen plunging their bills into the water to catch fish. It is also possible to see Black-crowned Night Herons at their nesting colonies, especially when they return to roost, or while flying with their feet extended and their necks pulled in. As its name suggests, this species hunts mainly from sunset to sunrise, although individuals may be seen during the morning and afternoon as well.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Nycticorax nycticorax. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Nycticorax nycticorax. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Nycticorax_nycticorax_BNA;Nycticorax_nycticorax_EBI;Nycticorax_nycticorax_XEN;Nycticorax_nycticorax_IBC;Nycticorax_nycticorax_PET Oceanites_oceanicus_TEXT Oceanites_oceanicus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Oceanites oceanicusA small, dark seabird, Wilson’s Storm-Petrel is most easily identified by its dark brown body, rounded wings, and conspicuous white rump patch. Other field marks include black legs, yellow-webbed feet, and a squared-off tail. Male and female Wilson’s Storm-Petrels are similar in all seasons. Wilson’s Storm-Petrel breeds on small islands off the coast of Antarctica. After the breeding season, this species wanders widely throughout the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere. This species also wanders into the Northern Hemisphere (where it is summer, not winter) in the Indian Ocean, western portions of the North Atlantic Ocean, and in parts of the North Pacific Ocean. Wilson’s Storm Petrels breed on isolated rocky cliffs and beaches in areas free of ice and snow. During the “winter,” this species is normally found in deep water many miles offshore. Wilson’s Storm-Petrels do not voluntarily come ashore outside of the breeding season, but may be blown into inshore waters or large inland bodies of water during hurricanes and other large storms. This species primarily eats plankton, krill, and small fish. Wilson’s Storm-Petrels are difficult birds to observe. Only a few birdwatchers, most of them professional ornithologists, travel to Antarctica to visit this species’ breeding grounds. In most of the world, birdwatchers seek out Wilson’s Storm-Petrels as part of oceangoing birding tours which sail out to where seabirds are common. From the deck of a boat, these birds are often seen foraging for food by skipping along the surface of the water, wings outstretched and feet hanging down, while dipping down to catch prey. More rarely, Wilson’s Storm-Petrels are seen from shore, always with the aid of high-magnification optics, during or after large storms. Wilson’s Storm-Petrels are only active at night during the breeding season, but become more active during the day at other times of the year.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Oceanites oceanicus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Oceanites oceanicus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Oceanites_oceanicus_EBI;Oceanites_oceanicus_XEN;Oceanites_oceanicus_IBC;Oceanites_oceanicus_HBW;Oceanites_oceanicus_PET Oporornis_agilis_TEXT Oporornis_agilis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Oporornis agilisA medium-sized (5 ¼ -6 inches) wood warbler, the male Connecticut Warbler is most easily identified by its olive back, yellow breast, gray head and throat, and conspicuous white eye-ring. The female is similar to the male, but is somewhat duller, particularly on the head and breast. This species may be distinguished from the similar-looking Mourning Warbler (Geothlypis philadelphia) by the fact that the latter species lacks an eye-ring and has (in the male) a large black neck patch. The Connecticut Warbler breeds in a limited area in south-central Canada and the north-central United States. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering in northern South America. Migrating Connecticut Warblers follow the Mississippi River north in spring, returning south along the Atlantic seaboard. Connecticut Warblers breed in a number of semi-open woodland habitats, including deciduous forests and bogs with spruce and tamarack trees. In winter, this species inhabits clearings and edges of humid tropical forests. Connecticut Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, such as insects and spiders, but may also eat fruits and berries. Due to this species’ preference for heavily vegetated habitats, Connecticut Warblers are much more easily heard than seen. Birdwatchers may listen for this species’ “chip-chup-ee” song, or may attempt to observe it foraging for insects deep in the undergrowth. Connecticut Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Oporornis agilis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Oporornis agilis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Oporornis_agilis_BNA;Oporornis_agilis_EBI;Oporornis_agilis_XEN;Oporornis_agilis_IBC;Oporornis_agilis_PET Oreothlypis_celata_TEXT Oreothlypis_celata http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Oreothlypis celataA small (4 ½ - 5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the Orange-crowned Warbler is most easily identified by its olive green back and wings, streaked yellow-green breast, and small orange spot on the top of its head. Other field marks include black legs, a thin black bill, and faint white eye-stripes. Male and female Orange-crowned Warblers are similar in all seasons. The Orange-crowned Warbler breeds across southern Alaska and central Canada. This species’ range extends south at higher elevations in the west as far as Arizona, Texas, and Baja California. This species migrates south in winter, when it may be found along the Pacific coast from Washington to California, in the southeastern U.S., and in Mexico south to northern portions of Central America. Orange-crowned Warblers breed in a variety of open woodland habitat types, ranging from edges of evergreen forests in Alaska to oak scrublands in California. In winter, this species utilizes similar kinds of open habitats as in summer, although populations wintering in the southern part of this species’ winter range visit humid tropical and subtropical forest edges. Orange-crowned Warblers primarily eat insects, but may also eat fruits and berries when available. Due to this species’ preference for heavily vegetated habitats, Orange-crowned Warblers are much more easily heard than seen. Birdwatchers may listen for this species’ song, a high-pitched warbling trill, or may attempt to observe it foraging for insects deep in the undergrowth. Orange-crowned Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Oreothlypis celata. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Oreothlypis celata. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Oreothlypis_celata_BNA;Oreothlypis_celata_EBI;Oreothlypis_celata_XEN;Oreothlypis_celata_IBC;Oreothlypis_celata_PET Oreothlypis_peregrina_TEXT Oreothlypis_peregrina http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Oreothlypis peregrinaA small (4 ¾ inches) wood warbler, the male Tennessee Warbler is most easily identified by its dull green wings and body, pale gray breast, and conspicuous white eye-stripes. The female is similar to the male, but is darker yellow below and on the head, with less visible eye-stripes. Both sexes are paler than the related Orange-crowned Warbler (Oreothlypis celata) and greener than the similar-looking but unrelated Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus). The Tennessee Warbler breeds across much of central and southern Canada, with small numbers breeding just south of the United States border in New England and the upper Midwest. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering in southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. On migration, Tennessee Warblers may be found elsewhere in the eastern U.S.; ironically, this is the only time when this species might actually be encountered in Tennessee. Tennessee Warblers breed in a variety of northern forest habitat types, primarily those containing willow, alder, spruce, and fir trees. In winter, this species occurs in semi-open portions of tropical forests. Tennessee Warblers eat small invertebrates, primarily insects (including caterpillars) and spiders, but may also eat fruits and nectar in winter when those foods are available. Due to this species’ preference for heavily vegetated habitats, Tennessee Warblers are much more easily heard than seen. Birdwatchers may listen for this species’ “ticka ticka ticka ticka, swit swit, chew-chew-chew-chew-chew” song, or may attempt to observe it foraging for insects deep in the undergrowth. Tennessee Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Oreothlypis peregrina. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Oreothlypis peregrina. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Oreothlypis_peregrina_BNA;Oreothlypis_peregrina_EBI;Oreothlypis_peregrina_XEN;Oreothlypis_peregrina_IBC;Oreothlypis_peregrina_PET Oreothlypis_ruficapilla_TEXT Oreothlypis_ruficapilla http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Oreothlypis ruficapillaA small (4 ¾ inches) wood warbler, the male Nashville Warbler is most easily identified by its dull green wings and body, bright yellow breast, gray face, and white eye-ring. The female is similar to the male, but is duller below and on the head. This species is most easily separated from the similar-looking Connecticut Warbler (Oporornis agilis) by the latter species’ dark gray throat present in both sexes. The Nashville Warbler breeds across much of southern Canada and the northeastern United States. Another population breeds in the west from southern British Columbia south to northern California (locally in the mountains to southern California and Nevada). In winter, the eastern population migrates south to Mexico, Central America, and coastal Texas, while the western population migrates to the coast of California. Nashville Warblers breed in a variety of open forest habitat types, ranging from spruce and tamarack forests in the north to oak and pine forests in California. In winter, this species occurs in semi-open portions of humid tropical forests. Nashville Warblers eat small invertebrates, primarily insects (including caterpillars) and spiders. Due to this species’ preference for heavily vegetated habitats, Nashville Warblers are much more easily heard than seen. Birdwatchers may listen for this species’ “seebit, sebit, sebit, sebit, titititititi” song, or may attempt to observe it foraging for insects in the forest canopy. Nashville Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Oreothlypis ruficapilla. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Oreothlypis ruficapilla. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Oreothlypis_ruficapilla_BNA;Oreothlypis_ruficapilla_EBI;Oreothlypis_ruficapilla_XEN;Oreothlypis_ruficapilla_IBC;Oreothlypis_ruficapilla_PET Oxyura_jamaicensis_TEXT Oxyura_jamaicensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Oxyura jamaicensisA small (15-16 inches), oddly-shaped duck, the male Ruddy Duck in summer is most easily identified by its chestnut-brown body, black cap, white cheeks, and blue bill. In winter, the male loses much of its color, becoming gray-brown above and mottled gray below with a gray bill while retaining its solid white cheeks. Females are similar to winter males, but have gray-brown cheeks. This species is one of several “stiff-tailed” ducks, all of which have short, stiff tails which are often held erect. The Ruddy Duck breeds widely in the western United States, southwestern Canada, and western Mexico. Smaller numbers breed further east in the Great Lakes region and along the St. Lawrence River. In winter, this species vacates northern portions of its range, and may be found at lower elevations across the U.S. and most of Mexico. Other non-migratory populations occur in Central America and in the West Indies, and an introduced population breeds in Britain. Ruddy Ducks breed in a variety of freshwater wetlands, primarily those surrounded by grassland or prairie. In the winter, this species may be found in freshwater wetlands as well as in brackish bays and estuaries. Ruddy Ducks primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and crustaceans. One of many species of ducks which dive while foraging for food, Ruddy Ducks may be observed submerging themselves to feed on invertebrates in the water or on the bottom. Although Ruddy Ducks are quite agile while in the water, this species is among the least terrestrial ducks in its range, being almost entirely incapable of walking on land. Ruddy Ducks are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Oxyura jamaicensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Oxyura jamaicensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Oxyura_jamaicensis_BNA;Oxyura_jamaicensis_EBI;Oxyura_jamaicensis_XEN;Oxyura_jamaicensis_IBC;Oxyura_jamaicensis_PET Parkesia_motacilla_TEXT Parkesia_motacilla http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Parkesia motacillaA large (6 inches) wood warbler, the Louisiana Waterthrush is most easily identified by its brown back and wings, whitish breast streaked with brown, and conspicuous white eye stripe. This species is physically similar to the related Northern Waterthrush (Parkesia noveboracensis), although that species is typically darker yellow and more streaked below and on the face. Male and female Louisiana Waterthrushes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Louisiana Waterthrush breeds across the eastern United States and southern Canada, being more or less absent from the southeastern coastal plain, upper New England, and parts of the Midwest. In winter, this species is found in the southern half of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Many birds fly across the Gulf of Mexico twice a year while on migration. Louisiana Waterthrushes breed in a variety of woodland habitats along the edges of streams and creeks. In winter, this species is found in similar streamside areas in humid tropical forests. Unusually for a warbler, Louisiana Waterthrushes primarily eat aquatic invertebrates, including insects and larvae. Along streams in appropriate habitat, Louisiana Waterthrushes may be seen walking on the shoreline or wading in shallow water while foraging for food. This species’ characteristic tail wagging behavior, in which the rear half of the body is flicked up and down almost constantly while the bird is in motion, is highly unusual among wood warblers. Louisiana Waterthrushes are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Parkesia motacilla. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Parkesia motacilla. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Parkesia_motacilla_BNA;Parkesia_motacilla_EBI;Parkesia_motacilla_XEN;Parkesia_motacilla_IBC;Parkesia_motacilla_PET Parkesia_noveboracensis_TEXT Parkesia_noveboracensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Parkesia noveboracensisA large (6 inches) wood warbler, the Northern Waterthrush is most easily identified by its brown back and wings, yellowish breast streaked with brown, and yellowish eye stripe. This species is physically similar to the related Louisiana Waterthrush (Parkesia motacilla), although that species is typically paler and less streaked below and on the face. Male and female Northern Waterthrushes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Northern Waterthrush breeds across Alaska, Canada, and the northern tier of the United States. In winter, this species is primarily found in the southern half of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Small numbers of Northern Waterthrushes winter in south Florida, mainly south of Miami. Northern Waterthrushes breed in a variety of cool woodland habitats along the edges of shallow bodies of water, including streams, ponds, and bogs. In winter, this species is found in wetland portions of humid tropical forests as well as in coastal mangrove forests. Unusually for a warbler, Northern Waterthrushes primarily eat aquatic invertebrates, including insects and larvae, although this species will also eat terrestrial insects, snails, and small crustaceans during the winter. Along bodies of water in appropriate habitat, Northern Waterthrushes may be seen walking on the shoreline or wading in shallow water while foraging for food. This species’ characteristic tail wagging behavior, in which the rear half of the body is flicked up and down almost constantly while the bird is in motion, is highly unusual among wood warblers. Northern Waterthrushes are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Parkesia noveboracensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Parkesia noveboracensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Parkesia_noveboracensis_BNA;Parkesia_noveboracensis_EBI;Parkesia_noveboracensis_XEN;Parkesia_noveboracensis_IBC;Parkesia_noveboracensis_PET Passer_domesticus_TEXT Passer_domesticus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Passer domesticusA medium-sized (6 inches) Old World sparrow, the male House Sparrow is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, gray belly and crown, black “bib,” white cheeks, and chestnut head patches. Females are mottled gray-brown overall with a faint pale eye stripe. This species may be confused with a several other brownish species of Old World sparrows, but is almost unmistakable in areas where it occurs alone. House Sparrows are unrelated to similarly-patterned New World “sparrows,” which are in the same family as the Old-World buntings. The House Sparrow is native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of West and South Asia. Today, this species inhabits almost every temperate and subtropical locality on earth as a result of introductions by humans. Notable releases include that of around one hundred birds in Brooklyn, NY in the early 1850s, after which began the House Sparrow’s colonization of the United States and southern Canada. Other non-native populations exist in southern South America, South Africa, Australasia, and on oceanic islands around the world. Some House Sparrows in Central Asia migrate short distances south during the winter, while native and non-native populations elsewhere are non-migratory. House Sparrows inhabit an extraordinary variety of habitats around the world, including subtropical forests, dry deserts, temperate forests, and grasslands. This species is particularly successful at utilizing human-altered environments, and is found in high concentrations in agricultural and urban areas where food and man-made nesting sites are plentiful. House Sparrows primarily eat seeds and grains, including important cereal crops, although this species will also eat insects during the summer. In temperate and subtropical parts of the world, the House Sparrow is often one of the most visible bird species, particularly in urban areas. House Sparrows may be observed foraging for food in fields, hedgerows, parks, and even on bare sidewalk. This species is a cavity nester, and, as its name suggests, is particularly attracted to nesting in the eaves of buildings. House Sparrows are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Passer domesticus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Passer domesticus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Passer_domesticus_BNA;Passer_domesticus_EBI;Passer_domesticus_XEN;Passer_domesticus_IBC;Passer_domesticus_PET Passerculus_sandwichensis_TEXT Passerculus_sandwichensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Passerculus sandwichensisA small (4 ½ -5 ¾ inches) bunting, the Savannah Sparrow is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, streaked breast and belly, and yellow eye-stripes. Numerous geographic races exist in this species’ wide range, some much paler or darker on the back and head than the typical race. Male and female Savannah Sparrows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Savannah Sparrow breeds across Alaska, Canada, and the northern half of the United States. In winter, most populations migrate south to the southern half of the United States, Mexico, and parts of Central America. Populations breeding in coastal California, Baja California, and central Mexico are non-migratory. Savannah Sparrows breed in open and semi-open habitats, including grassland, marshes, agricultural fields, and tundra. Similar habitat types are utilized in winter as in summer. Savannah Sparrows primarily eat insects in summer, switching over to seeds and grains during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Savannah Sparrows may be observed foraging for food on the ground below shrubs and grasses. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a whistling “tsit-tsit-tsit tseee-tsaaay,” in order to separate it from other drab grassland birds. Savannah Sparrows are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Passerculus sandwichensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Passerculus sandwichensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Passerculus_sandwichensis_BNA;Passerculus_sandwichensis_EBI;Passerculus_sandwichensis_XEN;Passerculus_sandwichensis_IBC;Passerculus_sandwichensis_PET Passerella_iliaca_TEXT Passerella_iliaca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Passerella iliacaA large (6 ¾ -7 ½ inches) bunting, the Fox Sparrow is most easily identified by its reddish-brown back, streaked breast, and gray face. Other field marks include a large conical bill, long tail, and white throat patch. Male and female Fox Sparrows are similar in all seasons. The Fox Sparrow breeds across Alaska and central Canada. In the west, this species’ range extends south at higher elevations into the United States as far south as southern California. In winter, this species migrates south to the Pacific coast from Washington south to Baja California, the eastern U.S., and parts of the desert southwest. Fox Sparrows breed in a variety of thick shrubby woodland habitats, particularly those with low willow, fir, and spruce bushes. During the winter, this species may be found in thickets in shrub lands and along woodland edges. Fox Sparrows primarily eat insects in summer, adding seeds and grains to their diets during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Fox Sparrows may be observed foraging for food on the ground below shrubs and small trees. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of whistles and trills that is softer and more fluid than that of the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia). Fox Sparrows are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Passerella iliaca. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Passerella iliaca. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Passerella_iliaca_BNA;Passerella_iliaca_EBI;Passerella_iliaca_XEN;Passerella_iliaca_IBC;Passerella_iliaca_PET Passerina_caerulea_TEXT Passerina_caerulea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Passerina caeruleaA large (6-7 ½ inches) bunting, the male Blue Grosbeak is most easily identified by its dark blue body, chestnut and tan wing stripes, and large conical bill. The female Blue Grosbeak is brown overall with dark wings and orange wing bars. This species is most easily distinguished from the related Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) by the latter species’ smaller size and paler plumage in both sexes. The Blue Grosbeak breeds across the southern half of the United States and northern Mexico. In winter, these populations migrate south to southern Mexico and the east coast of Central America. Blue Grosbeaks are present all year in the highlands of central Mexico and the west coast of Central America. Blue Grosbeaks breed in and around shrubby edges of deciduous and evergreen woodland. During the winter, this species may be found in overgrown fields and clearings in humid tropical forests. Blue Grosbeaks primarily eat insects and seeds. In appropriate habitat, Blue Grosbeaks may be seen foraging for food in shrubs and low tree branches. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of warbled notes recalling that of a finch. Blue Grosbeaks are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Passerina caerulea. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Passerina caerulea. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Passerina_caerulea_BNA;Passerina_caerulea_EBI;Passerina_caerulea_XEN;Passerina_caerulea_IBC;Passerina_caerulea_PET Passerina_cyanea_TEXT Passerina_cyanea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Passerina cyaneaA small (5 ½ inches) bunting, the male Indigo Bunting is most easily identified by its bright blue body, dark wings and tail, and small conical bill. The female Indigo Bunting is brownish gray on top and pale brown below. Male Indigo Buntings resemble females during their autumn molt, taking on brown feathers in place of the bright blue plumage they wore during the breeding season. The Indigo Bunting breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada south to central Florida and Texas. This species also breeds locally west of the plains as far as California and the southwest. In winter, Indigo Buntings may be found in south Florida, southern Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Indigo Buntings breed in forest edges and clearings of open deciduous woodlands. During the winter, this species may be found in tropical grassland and scrubland. Indigo Buntings primarily eat insects during the summer, adding seeds and berries to their diet in the winter. In appropriate habitat, Indigo Buntings may be seen foraging for food in shrubs and low tree branches. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of paired notes vaguely recalling that of a finch. Indigo Buntings are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Passerina cyanea. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Passerina cyanea. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Passerina_cyanea_BNA;Passerina_cyanea_EBI;Passerina_cyanea_XEN;Passerina_cyanea_IBC;Passerina_cyanea_PET Petrochelidon_pyrrhonota_TEXT Petrochelidon_pyrrhonota http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Petrochelidon pyrrhonotaA medium-sized (5-6 inches) swallow, the Cliff Swallow is most easily identified by its dark wings, pale breast, and buff-brown rump. Other field marks include a squared-off tail, pale forehead, and black throat patch. Male and female Cliff Swallows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Cliff Swallow breeds across Alaska, Canada, and much of the United States outside of the desert southwest and southeast. In winter, this species migrates south to southern South America. Small numbers are sometimes seen in late fall in southern California and the Gulf Coast, but this species does not normally spend the winter in these areas. As this species’ name suggests, Cliff Swallows typically breed in areas where cliff faces provided a suitable location for nesting sites. More recently, this species has adapted to building nests on man-made structures, such as overpasses and tall buildings, a fact which has allowed Cliff Swallows to expand their range east and south into areas where cliff faces are less common. During the winter, this species is found in open grasslands, fields, and marshes. Cliff Swallows exclusively eat flying insects. As is the case with most swallow species, it is possible to observe Cliff Swallows feeding on insects while in flight. Birdwatchers in this species’ breeding range may want to pay special attention to bridges or the eaves of buildings, as a careful search of these structures may reveal a nesting colony. Cliff Swallows are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Petrochelidon pyrrhonota. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Petrochelidon_pyrrhonota_BNA;Petrochelidon_pyrrhonota_EBI;Petrochelidon_pyrrhonota_XEN;Petrochelidon_pyrrhonota_IBC;Petrochelidon_pyrrhonota_PET Peucaea_aestivalis_TEXT Peucaea_aestivalis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Peucaea aestivalisA medium-sized (5 ¾ inches) bunting, Bachman’s Sparrow is most easily identified by its streaked brown back, buff-gray breast, and reddish-brown head stripe. Other field marks include pale orange legs, a rounded tail, and a gray conical bill. Male and female Bachman’s Sparrows are similar to one another at all seasons. Bachman’s Sparrow breeds locally in the southeastern United States from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf Coast and central Florida. This species was formerly more widespread, breeding as far north as Ohio and Illinois prior to the 1920s. Populations at the northern edge of this species’ range are suspected to be migratory to some degree, but this is difficult to prove as Bachman’s Sparrow is secretive and difficult to find throughout its range during the winter. Bachman’s Sparrows breed in pine forests interspersed with grassy or shrubby clearings. This species is known to utilize similar habitats in winter as in summer. Bachman’s Sparrows primarily eat seeds and insects. In appropriate habitat, Bachman’s Sparrows may be observed running or walking on the ground underneath grasses and shrubs while foraging for food. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of whistled and trilled notes. Bachman’s Sparrows are most active during the day.
Threat Status: Near Threatened
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Peucaea aestivalis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Peucaea aestivalis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Peucaea_aestivalis_BNA;Peucaea_aestivalis_EBI;Peucaea_aestivalis_XEN;Peucaea_aestivalis_IBC;Peucaea_aestivalis_PET Phalacrocorax_auritus_TEXT Phalacrocorax_auritus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Phalacrocorax auritusA large (33 inches) waterbird, the Double-crested Cormorant is most easily identified by its black body and wings, long hooked bill, and orange chin patch. This species may be separated from the related Great Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax carbo) by that species’ larger size and large white chin patch, from the related Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) by that species smaller size and small white chin patch, and from the similar-looking Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga) by that species’ longer neck and tail. Male and female Double-crested Cormorants are similar to one another in all seasons. The Double-crested Cormorant breeds in scattered locations along the Pacific coast of North America from Alaska to Baja California, along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Florida, in the northern Great Plains, and in the West Indies. Southern breeding populations tend to be non-migratory, while northern breeding populations migrate south to the coasts, the interior southeastern U.S., and Mexico. Small numbers may breed or winter outside this species’ main range where habitat is appropriate. Double-crested Cormorants inhabit a variety of freshwater and saltwater wetland habitats, including rivers, lakes, marshes, and flooded grasslands. This species nests in trees surrounding bodies of water, on small islands, or on abandoned man-made structures near water. Double-crested Cormorants primarily eat small fish. On large bodies of water across the continent, Double-crested Cormorants may be seen floating low in the water, occasionally diving underwater for long periods while pursuing prey. Like many cormorants, this species may also be seen perched on rocks or snags with its wings outstretched and feathers ruffled. This species lacks the oily feather coating used by other water birds to keep dry and maintain buoyancy, and it has been suggested that this behavior allows the birds to dry their wings. Double-crested Cormorants are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Phalacrocorax auritus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Phalacrocorax auritus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Phalacrocorax_auritus_BNA;Phalacrocorax_auritus_EBI;Phalacrocorax_auritus_XEN;Phalacrocorax_auritus_IBC;Phalacrocorax_auritus_PET Phalaropus_fulicarius_TEXT Phalaropus_fulicarius http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Phalaropus fulicariusA medium-sized (8-9 inches) wader, the male Red Phalarope in summer is most easily identified by its reddish-brown breast, mottled black-and-white upperparts, yellow bill and legs, and black head with white cheek patches. Summer females are similar but paler, especially on the breast and face. Winter birds of both sexes are light gray above and white below with conspicuous dark gray eye-stripes. This species is unmistakable in summer; in winter, it may be separated from the related Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus) and Wilson’s Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor) by its lighter body as well as its shorter bill and legs. The Red Phalarope breeds along all coasts of the Arctic Ocean in North America and Eurasia. In winter, this species is found far offshore, mostly in tropical waters in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. This species migrates over water, but a few birds winter in waters near the United States, mostly off the coast of Florida, California, and Louisiana. Red Phalaropes breed in marshy portions of coastal tundra. In winter, this species is exclusively marine, being found in deep water far from shore. This species primarily eats insects during the breeding season, switching to an entirely plankton-based diet during the winter. Due to this species’ remote breeding and wintering grounds, Red Phalaropes are seen by relatively few birdwatchers. In summer, this species may be seen walking in shallow water while picking food off of vegetation or the surface of the water. In winter, Red Phalaropes may be seen in large flocks, swimming gull-like while picking plankton off the water’s surface. This species has been known to wait for large baleen whales to locate plankton before helping themselves to leftovers. Red Phalaropes are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Phalaropus fulicarius. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Phalaropus fulicarius. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Phalaropus_fulicarius_BNA;Phalaropus_fulicarius_EBI;Phalaropus_fulicarius_XEN;Phalaropus_fulicarius_IBC;Phalaropus_fulicarius_PET Phalaropus_lobatus_TEXT Phalaropus_lobatus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Phalaropus lobatusA medium-sized (7-8 inches) wader, the male Red-necked Phalarope in summer is most easily identified by its gray back, pale breast, dark gray crown, and white chin with patchy rust-colored throat patch. Unusually for birds, the female Red Phalarope is somewhat more brightly colored than the male, having a solid black head, gray flanks, and a rusty throat. Winter birds of both sexes are dark gray above and white below with a black crown and conspicuous black eye-stripes. This species is unmistakable in summer; in winter, it may be separated from the related Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius) and Wilson’s Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor) by its darker body and wings. The Red-necked Phalarope breeds along arctic and sub-arctic coastlines across North America and Eurasia. In winter, this species is found far offshore, mostly in tropical waters in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Small numbers spend the winter in waters off the coast of Florida and California, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Salton Sea. Red-necked Phalaropes breed in marshy portions of coastal and inland tundra. In winter, this species is exclusively marine, being found in deep water far from shore. This species primarily eats insects during the breeding season, switching to an entirely plankton-based diet during the winter. Due to this species’ remote breeding and wintering grounds, Red-necked Phalaropes are seen by relatively few birdwatchers. In summer, this species may be seen walking in shallow water while picking food off of vegetation or the surface of the water. In winter, Red-necked Phalaropes may be seen in large flocks, swimming gull-like while picking plankton off the water’s surface. This species has been known to wait for large baleen whales to locate plankton before helping themselves to leftovers. Red-necked Phalaropes are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Phalaropus lobatus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Phalaropus lobatus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Phalaropus_lobatus_BNA;Phalaropus_lobatus_EBI;Phalaropus_lobatus_XEN;Phalaropus_lobatus_IBC;Phalaropus_lobatus_PET Phalaropus_tricolor_TEXT Phalaropus_tricolor http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Phalaropus tricolorA medium-sized (9 inches) wader, the male Wilson’s Phalarope in summer is most easily identified by its gray crown, black face, white throat, pale rust-red breast, and light gray wings with dark edges. The female Wilson’s Phalarope is similar but duller, especially on the back and face. Winter birds of both sexes are light gray above and pale below with a light gray head, and forehead and faint gray eye-stripes. This species is unmistakable in summer; in winter, it may be separated from the related Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius) and Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus) by its plainer wings as well as its longer bill and legs. Wilson’s Phalarope breeds primarily in the west-central United States and southwestern Canada, with smaller populations in the Great Lakes and further north and east in Canada. In winter, this species migrates south to southwestern South America, being most common from southern Peru to northern Argentina. This species’ temperate-zone breeding grounds, terrestrial wintering grounds, and exclusively New World distribution separate it from the other two phalarope species, which breed across the arctic and winter at sea. Wilson’s Phalaropes breed in a number of wetland habitat types, primarily in freshwater across most of its summer range but in brackish or salt-water marshes at a few coastal breeding sites. During the winter, this species primarily inhabits shallow saltwater lagoons. Wilson’s Phalaropes mainly eat aquatic invertebrates, especially small crustaceans. As this species’ breeding grounds are more accessible than those of the other two phalarope species, Wilson’s Phalaropes are comparatively easy to see during the summer. At that time of year, it is possible to observe individuals walking in shallow water while picking food out of the mud or from the surface of the water. On migration and during the winter, this species forms large flocks at a number of suitable saltwater lakes. Wilson’s Phalaropes are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Phalaropus tricolor. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Phalaropus tricolor. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Phalaropus_tricolor_BNA;Phalaropus_tricolor_EBI;Phalaropus_tricolor_XEN;Phalaropus_tricolor_IBC;Phalaropus_tricolor_PET Phasianus_colchicus_TEXT Phasianus_colchicus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Phasianus colchicusA large (30-36 inches) game bird, the male Ring-necked Pheasant is most easily identified by its mottled gold-brown body, long striped tail, iridescent head with red wattles, and conspicuous white neck ring. Feral populations are derived from several distinct captive stocks, and individual males in these populations may show variation in the size and color of the body, neck-ring, head, and wattles. Females are much smaller and plainer, being mottled brown overall. The Ring-necked Pheasant is native to portions of Central and East Asia. Being a popular game bird, this species has been introduced to a number of regions outside its native range. Introductions and releases of this species have taken place in Europe since antiquity, and have more recently been successful in temperate regions of North America and Australasia. Small populations may exist for short periods of time where this species is stocked for hunting, but these populations are often not self-sufficient and may vanish without continued releases. Ring-necked Pheasants are generally non-migratory. In their native range, Ring-necked Pheasants inhabit semi-open woodland and grassland habitats. Elsewhere, this species may be found in similar habitat types as well as in agricultural fields, pastures, and marshes. Ring-necked Pheasants primarily eat plant material, including seeds, grains, shoots, and berries, although this species may also eat insects when available. In appropriate habitat, Ring-necked Pheasants may be seen walking on the ground in fields and woodlands while foraging for food. When approached, this species may run for cover or attempt to fly short distances to safety on the ground or in trees. Ring-necked Pheasants are most active during the day, although males may begin calling slightly before sunrise.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Phasianus colchicus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Phasianus colchicus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Phasianus_colchicus_BNA;Phasianus_colchicus_EBI;Phasianus_colchicus_XEN;Phasianus_colchicus_IBC;Phasianus_colchicus_PET Pheucticus_ludovicianus_TEXT Pheucticus_ludovicianus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Pheucticus ludovicianusA medium-sized (7-8 ½ inches) songbird, the male Rose-breasted Grosbeak is most easily identified by its black head and body, white belly, and bright red breast patch. The female Rose-breasted Grosbeak is mottled brown above and streaked below with conspicuous white eye-stripes. Both sexes have large conical bills, dark legs, and squared-off tails. This species may be distinguished from the related Black-headed Grosbeak ( Pheucticus melanocephalus) by that species’ orange breast and from the similar-looking Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) by that species’ chestnut flanks, black breast, and rounded tail. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak breeds across the northeastern United States and southern Canada, north and west to British Columbia and south at higher elevations in the east to northern Georgia. In winter, this species migrates south to southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. On migration, this species may be found for short periods of time across the southeastern U.S. as far west as Texas. Rose-breasted Grosbeaks breed in a variety of woodland habitats, particularly in heavily-vegetated undergrowth near forest edges or clearings. In winter, this species may be found in similarly-structured habitats in tropical forests. Rose-breasted Grosbeaks eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including fruits, berries, and insects. In appropriate habitat, Rose-breasted Grosbeaks may be seen foraging for food in the branches of trees or shrubs and, less frequently, on the ground. This species also visits bird feeders when available, notably during migration, when individuals may frequent a particular backyard for a few days before moving on. Rose-breasted Grosbeaks are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Pheucticus ludovicianus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Pheucticus ludovicianus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Pheucticus_ludovicianus_BNA;Pheucticus_ludovicianus_EBI;Pheucticus_ludovicianus_XEN;Pheucticus_ludovicianus_IBC;Pheucticus_ludovicianus_PET Pipilo_erythrophthalmus_TEXT Pipilo_erythrophthalmus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Pipilo erythrophthalmusA medium-sized (7-8 ½ inches) songbird, the male Eastern Towhee is most easily identified by its black head and body, black breast, pale belly, and rufous flanks. Female Eastern Towhees are similar but paler, with the black replaced by brown. Most individuals have red eyes, although birds from Florida and Georgia tend to have white eyes instead. The Eastern Towhee breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada west to Nebraska and Saskatchewan. In winter, many northern birds move south to the southern part of this species’ range as well as east Texas, Oklahoma, and southern Louisiana, where this species does not breed. Southern birds generally migrate short distances, if at all. Eastern Towhees breed in a variety of woodland habitats, particularly in heavily-vegetated undergrowth near forest edges or clearings. This species utilizes similar habitats in summer as in winter. Eastern Towhees mainly eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including fruits, berries, and insects. In appropriate habitat, Eastern Towhees may be seen foraging for food on the ground or, less frequently, in the canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a trilled “drink-your-teeeeee” or “towhee towheeeee,” from which this species derives its name. Eastern Towhees are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Pipilo_erythrophthalmus_BNA;Pipilo_erythrophthalmus_EBI;Pipilo_erythrophthalmus_XEN;Pipilo_erythrophthalmus_IBC;Pipilo_erythrophthalmus_PET Piranga_olivacea_TEXT Piranga_olivacea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Piranga olivaceaA medium-sized (7 inches) songbird, the male Scarlet Tanager is most easily identified by its bright red body, black wings, and black tail. Female Scarlet Tanagers are green above and dull yellow below with dark wings. Males of this species may be separated from male Summer Tanagers (Piranga rubra) by that species’ red wings and tail and from male Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) by that species’ black face and conspicuous crest, while females may be separated from female Summer Tanagers by that species’ paler back and darker breast. The Scarlet Tanager breeds across much of the northeastern United States and southern Canada south to Alabama and west to Nebraska. In winter, this species migrates to Panama and northern South America. Migrating Scarlet Tanagers may be seen in areas of the southeastern U.S. where this species does not breed. Scarlet Tanagers breed in a number of mature forest types, preferring larger areas of unbroken forest to smaller, more fragmented habitats. In winter, this species is found in a variety of dense humid tropical forests. Scarlet Tanagers primarily eat insects and spiders during the breeding season, but may eat fruits, berries, and earthworms at other times of the year or when insects are scarce. In appropriate habitat, Scarlet Tanagers may be seen foraging for insects on leaves and branches in the tree canopy, in undergrowth, or, more rarely, directly on the ground. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of whistled notes recalling that of the American Robin. Scarlet Tanagers are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Piranga olivacea. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Piranga olivacea. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Piranga_olivacea_BNA;Piranga_olivacea_EBI;Piranga_olivacea_XEN;Piranga_olivacea_IBC;Piranga_olivacea_PET Piranga_rubra_TEXT Piranga_rubra http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Piranga rubraA medium-sized (7-7 ¾ inches) songbird, the male Summer Tanager is most easily identified by its bright red body, wings, and tail. Female Scarlet Tanagers are green above and dull yellow below. Males of this species may be separated from male Scarlet Tanagers (Piranga olivacea) by that species’ black wings and tail and from male Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) by that species’ black face and conspicuous crest, while females may be separated from female Scarlet Tanagers by that species’ darker back and paler breast. The Summer Tanager breeds across much of the southeastern United States north to the Mid-Atlantic region. Other populations breed in the desert southwest, California, and northern Mexico. In winter, Summer Tanagers migrate to southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Summer Tanagers breed in a number of forest habitats, particularly in open woodland and forest edges. In winter, this species is found in a variety of open or shrubby habitats in humid tropical forests. Summer Tanagers mainly eat insects, particularly wasps and bees, during the breeding season, but may eat fruits and berries at other times of the year or when insects are scarce. In appropriate habitat, Summer Tanagers may be observed while flying out from perches to capture insects in the air or while robbing wasp nests for larvae. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of whistled notes recalling that of the American Robin. Summer Tanagers are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Piranga rubra. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Piranga rubra. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Piranga_rubra_BNA;Piranga_rubra_EBI;Piranga_rubra_XEN;Piranga_rubra_IBC;Piranga_rubra_PET Plectrophenax_nivalis_TEXT Plectrophenax_nivalis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Plectrophenax nivalisA medium-sized (6-7 ½ inches) bunting, the male Snow Bunting in summer is most easily identified by its white head and breast, black back, and notched tail. In winter, males become browner on the back, head, and rump while maintaining conspicuous white patches on the wings. Female Snow Buntings in summer are mottled gray above and white below, similarly becoming browner in the winter. Snow Buntings occur across a wide portion of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from Alaska to eastern Canada and Greenland, wintering across southern Canada and the northern United States south to the Mid-Atlantic region. In Eurasia, this species breeds in Iceland, Scotland, northern Scandinavia, and Russia, wintering as far south as Germany, Central Asia, and northern Japan. In summer, Snow Buntings breed on dry tundra with rocky outcrops for nesting and vegetated areas for feeding. In winter, this species may be found in a variety of open habitats, including snowy fields, dunes, and riverbanks. Snow Buntings primarily eat seeds and grains, but may also eat insects when they are available in the warmer months. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see Snow Buntings during the summer. In winter, this species may be observed in large flocks foraging for food on grasslands or fields. Snow Buntings may be seen walking or running on the ground as well as in the air flying between feeding areas. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Plectrophenax nivalis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Plectrophenax nivalis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Plectrophenax_nivalis_BNA;Plectrophenax_nivalis_EBI;Plectrophenax_nivalis_XEN;Plectrophenax_nivalis_IBC;Plectrophenax_nivalis_PET Pluvialis_dominica_TEXT Pluvialis_dominica http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Pluvialis dominicaA large (10-11 inches) wader, the male American Golden-Plover is most easily identified by its mottled golden back and crown, black underparts, and broad white stripe separating the two regions. The female American Golden-Plover in summer is similar to the male, but is slightly paler, especially on the face. In winter, both sexes are paler overall, becoming mottled gray above and pale below. In the breeding season, this species is most easily separated from the related Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) by that species’ larger size and grayer back. The American Golden-Plover breeds in northern Alaska and northwestern Canada. In winter, this species undertakes a long-distance migration to southern South America. American Golden-Plovers follow the Atlantic seaboard south during the fall migration, and return north along the central portion of the continent in spring. American Golden-Plovers breed on dry, sparsely-vegetated tundra habitats. In winter and on migration, this species utilizes a variety of open habitats, including grasslands, fields, coastal marshes, and mudflats. American Golden-Plovers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects, earthworms, mollusks, and crustaceans. Due to its remote breeding and wintering habitats, many North American birdwatchers have only observed this species on migration. In suitable habitat, individuals may be seen foraging for food by probing the mud with their bills. This species is known to be territorial on its summer and winter ranges, but gathers in small flocks during migration. American Golden-Plovers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Pluvialis dominica. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Pluvialis dominica. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Pluvialis_dominica_BNA;Pluvialis_dominica_EBI;Pluvialis_dominica_XEN;Pluvialis_dominica_IBC;Pluvialis_dominica_PET Pluvialis_squatarola_TEXT Pluvialis_squatarola http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Pluvialis squatarolaA large (10 ½ -13 ½ inches) wader, the male Black-bellied Plover is most easily identified by its mottled gray back and crown, black underparts, and broad white stripe separating the two regions. The female Black-bellied Plover in summer is similar to the male, but is slightly paler, especially on the face. In winter, both sexes are paler overall, becoming mottled gray above and pale below. The Black-bellied Plover occurs across much of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds in northern Alaska and northwestern Canada, wintering along the coasts from British Columbia and Massachusetts south to southern South America. In the Old World, the Black-bellied Plover breeds along the arctic coast of Russia, wintering south to Western and Southern Europe, South and Southeast Asia, and Australasia. Black-bellied Plovers breed on dry, sparsely-vegetated tundra habitats. In winter and on migration, this species utilizes a variety of coastal habitats, including sandy beaches, estuaries, and mudflats. Black-bellied Plovers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects, earthworms, mollusks, and crustaceans. Due to its remote breeding range, many birdwatchers are only familiar with this species during the winter months. In suitable habitat, individuals may be seen foraging for food by probing the mud with their bills. This species is known to be territorial on its summer and winter ranges, but gathers in small flocks during migration. Black-bellied Plovers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Pluvialis squatarola. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Pluvialis squatarola. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Pluvialis_squatarola_BNA;Pluvialis_squatarola_EBI;Pluvialis_squatarola_XEN;Pluvialis_squatarola_IBC;Pluvialis_squatarola_PET Podiceps_auritus_TEXT Podiceps_auritus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Podiceps auritusA medium-sized (12-15 inches) grebe, the Horned Grebe in summer is most easily identified by its dark back and head, brown neck and flanks, and conspicuous yellow feather plumes on the head. In winter, this species becomes black above and pale below. This species is perhaps most easily confused with the related Eared Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis); that species may be separated from the Horned Grebe in summer by its black neck and flanks and in winter by its darker neck and face. The Horned Grebe occurs across wide area of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds across central Alaska, western Canada, and locally in the western United States, wintering along the Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja California, along the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to Texas, inland in the southeastern U.S., and locally in the interior west. In the Old World, this species breeds from Iceland and Scotland east to eastern Siberia, wintering as far south as the Mediterranean Sea and the Korean peninsula. Horned Grebes breed in small ponds and shallow marshes, preferring areas with thick vegetation to more open water. In winter, this species may be found on large bodies of water, including lakes, bays, and inshore waters near the coast. Horned Grebes primarily eat small insects in summer, switching to small fish during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Horned Grebes may be observed floating low in the water, periodically diving down to capture prey. Like most grebes, this species must run and flap along the surface of the water in order to become airborne, subsequently flying swiftly low over the water. Also like most grebes, this species’ legs are positioned at the far end of its body, making it an adept swimmer but rendering it almost entirely unable to move on land. Horned Grebes are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Podiceps auritus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Podiceps auritus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Podiceps_auritus_BNA;Podiceps_auritus_EBI;Podiceps_auritus_XEN;Podiceps_auritus_IBC;Podiceps_auritus_PET Podiceps_grisegena_TEXT Podiceps_grisegena http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Podiceps grisegenaA large (18 inches) grebe, the Red-necked Grebe in summer is most easily identified by its dark back and head, brown neck, and conspicuous white chin patch. In winter, this species becomes dark gray above and light gray below, retaining some white on its chin. Male and female Red-necked Grebes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Red-necked Grebe occurs across wide area of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this species breeds across central Alaska, western Canada, and locally in the western United States, wintering along the Pacific coast from Alaska to California, along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to North Carolina, and locally in the Great Lakes. In the Old World, this species breeds in Northern Europe and East Asia, wintering along the coast as far south as the Mediterranean Sea, south China, and India. Red-necked Grebes breed in ponds, lakes, and shallow marshes, preferring areas with thick vegetation to more open water. In winter, this species may be found in shallow marine environments near the coast. Red-necked Grebes primarily eat small insects in summer, switching to small fish during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Red-necked Grebes may be observed floating low in the water, periodically diving down to capture prey. Like most grebes, this species must run and flap along the surface of the water in order to become airborne, subsequently flying swiftly low over the water. Also like most grebes, this species’ legs are positioned at the far end of its body, making it an adept swimmer but rendering it almost entirely unable to move on land. Red-necked Grebes are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Podiceps grisegena. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Podiceps grisegena. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Podiceps_grisegena_BNA;Podiceps_grisegena_EBI;Podiceps_grisegena_XEN;Podiceps_grisegena_IBC;Podiceps_grisegena_PET Podilymbus_podiceps_TEXT Podilymbus_podiceps http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Podilymbus podicepsA small (13 inches) grebe, the Pied-billed Grebe in summer is most easily identified by its gray-brown body, black chin, and conspicuous black bill stripe. In winter, this species loses its black facial adornments, becoming plain gray-brown overall. Male and female Pied-billed Grebes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Pied-billed Grebe breeds across much of the United States, southern Canada, and the northern half of Mexico. In winter, northerly-breeding Pied-billed Grebes abandon their breeding grounds and migrate south as far as southern Mexico and Central America; populations that breed further south are non-migratory. Other non-migratory populations exist in the West Indies, at isolated sites in Central America, and in South America south to central Argentina. Pied-billed Grebes breed on small lakes and ponds, preferring heavily vegetated areas for nest-building and more open areas for feeding. This species utilizes similar habitat types in winter as in summer. Pied-billed Grebes primarily eat small fish, insects, and crustaceans. In appropriate habitat, Pied-billed Grebes may be observed floating low in the water, periodically diving down to capture prey. Many birdwatchers learn to appreciate the Pied-billed Grebe’s ability to quickly sink into the water with minimal surface disturbance when, after returning their attention to the water after a momentary distraction, they discover the bird has “vanished” without a trace. Pied-billed Grebes are primarily active during the day, but migrating birds fly mainly at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Podilymbus podiceps. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Podilymbus podiceps. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Podilymbus_podiceps_BNA;Podilymbus_podiceps_EBI;Podilymbus_podiceps_XEN;Podilymbus_podiceps_IBC;Podilymbus_podiceps_PET Poecile_atricapillus_TEXT Poecile_atricapillus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Poecile atricapillusA small (4 ¾ -5 ¾ inches) songbird, the Black-capped Chickadee is most easily identified by its gray back and tail, pale breast, black chin, and black cap. However, positive identification of this species is complicated where its range overlaps with that of the closely related Carolina Chickadee (Poecile carolinensis). Black-capped Chickadees are generally larger and paler-winged than their southern relatives, but it is often impossible to separate the two species in the field by physical appearance alone. Hybrids with mixed physical and vocal characteristics do occur, further complicating identification. Male and female Black-capped Chickadees are similar to one another in all seasons. The Black-capped Chickadee breeds across much of southern Alaska, Canada, and the northern half of the United States. This species’ range overlaps with that of the Carolina Chickadee in a narrow band stretching from the Mid-Atlantic region west to Kansas, particularly where this species’ range dips southward at higher elevations in the lower Appalachian Mountains. Black-capped Chickadees are generally non-migratory, although small groups may wander at times when food is scarce. Black-capped Chickadees inhabit a number of forest types, including deciduous and mixed deciduous-evergreen woodland habitats. This species also utilizes human-altered habitats, and may be found in urban and suburban areas where food and sufficient tree cover are available. Black-capped Chickadees eat a variety of plant and animal foods, with insects predominating in summer and seeds becoming more important in winter. In appropriate habitat, Black-capped Chickadees may be observed foraging for food in the tree canopy, often hanging from the ends of branches while eating seeds or picking insects off of leaves and bark. This species is also a common backyard feeder bird, visiting feeding trays as part of mixed flocks of small songbirds. This species’ song, a whistled “fee-bee-bee,” and its call, a clear “chick-a-dee-dee-dee,” are both lower-pitched than those of the Carolina Chickadee. Black-capped Chickadees are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Poecile atricapillus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Poecile atricapillus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Poecile_atricapillus_BNA;Poecile_atricapillus_EBI;Poecile_atricapillus_XEN;Poecile_atricapillus_IBC;Poecile_atricapillus_PET Poecile_carolinensis_TEXT Poecile_carolinensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Poecile carolinensisA small (4 ½ inches) songbird, the Carolina Chickadee is most easily identified by its gray back and tail, pale breast, black chin, and black cap. However, positive identification of this species is complicated where its range overlaps with that of the closely related Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). Carolina Chickadees are generally smaller and darker-winged than their northern relatives, but it is often impossible to separate the two species in the field by physical appearance alone. Hybrids with mixed physical and vocal characteristics do occur, further complicating identification. Male and female Carolina Chickadees are similar to one another in all seasons. The Carolina Chickadee breeds across much of the southeastern United States from the Mid-Atlantic south to central Florida and west to Texas. This species’ range overlaps with that of the Black-capped Chickadee in a narrow band stretching from the Mid-Atlantic region west to Kansas, particularly where that species’ range dips southward at higher elevations in the lower Appalachian Mountains. Carolina Chickadees are generally non-migratory. Carolina Chickadees inhabit a number of forest types, including deciduous and mixed deciduous-evergreen woodland habitats. This species also utilizes human-altered habitats, and may be found in urban and suburban areas where food and sufficient tree cover are available. Carolina Chickadees eat a variety of plant and animal foods, with insects predominating in summer and seeds becoming more important in winter. In appropriate habitat, Carolina Chickadees may be observed foraging for food in the tree canopy, often hanging from the ends of branches while eating seeds or picking insects off of leaves and bark. This species is also a common backyard feeder bird, visiting feeding trays as part of mixed flocks of small songbirds. This species’ song, a whistled “fee-bee, fee-bay” and its call, a clear “chick-a-dee-dee-dee,” are both higher-pitched than those of the Black-capped Chickadee. Carolina Chickadees are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Poecile carolinensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Poecile carolinensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Poecile_carolinensis_BNA;Poecile_carolinensis_EBI;Poecile_carolinensis_XEN;Poecile_carolinensis_IBC;Poecile_carolinensis_PET Polioptila_caerulea_TEXT Polioptila_caerulea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Polioptila caeruleaA small (4 ½ inches) songbird, the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher is most easily identified by its blue-gray body, pale breast, and dark tail with white edges. Males in breeding plumage possess faint black eye-stripes which separates them visually from females, which are less adorned. In winter, male and female Blue-gray Gnatcatchers are similar to one another. The Blue-gray Gnatcatcher breeds across much of the United States, southern Canada, Mexico, and northern portions of Central America. In winter, northerly-breeding populations migrate south, spending the winter anywhere from coastal California and the coastal southeastern U.S. south to Central America and the West Indies. Some southerly-breeding populations, particularly those in the tropics, are non-migratory. Blue-gray Gnatcatchers breed in a number of semi-open woodland habitats, particularly in habitats with deciduous trees and often in locations near water. In winter, this species utilizes a variety of tropical and subtropical shrub habitats. As this species’ name suggests, Blue-gray Gnatcatchers primarily eat small insects. In appropriate habitat, Blue-gray Gnatcatchers may be observed flitting through the undergrowth or the lower canopy while searching for insects on leaves or in crevices in bark. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ “squeaky” song or high buzzing call, which alert listeners of its presence. Blue-gray Gnatcatchers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Polioptila caerulea. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Polioptila caerulea. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Polioptila_caerulea_BNA;Polioptila_caerulea_EBI;Polioptila_caerulea_XEN;Polioptila_caerulea_IBC;Polioptila_caerulea_PET Pooecetes_gramineus_TEXT Pooecetes_gramineus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Pooecetes gramineusA medium-sized (6 inches) bunting, the Vesper Sparrow is most easily identified by its streaked body, reddish-brown shoulders, and dark tail with white edges. Similar in shape to the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), this species may be distinguished from the Song Sparrow by that species’ browner body, dark breast patch, and rounder tail. Male and female Vesper Sparrows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Vesper Sparrow breeds across much of the northern United States and southern Canada. In winter, most populations migrate south to the southern half of the U.S. and northern Mexico. Vesper Sparrows are present all year in a few areas, most notably in California’s Central Valley. Vesper Sparrows inhabit open or sparsely-vegetated habitats, including grasslands, prairies, and scrubland. The clearing of land in the eastern U.S. and Canada for agriculture allowed this species to expand eastward onto farmland during the nineteenth century, although this species is now experiencing declines in these areas as abandoned fields are reclaimed by forest. Vesper Sparrows primarily eat seeds and grains, adding insects and other invertebrates to their diets during the summer when these sources of food are available. In appropriate habitat, Vesper Sparrows may be observed foraging for food on bare ground or on the lower stalks of grasses. Males may also be observed singing this species’ song, a series of whistling notes recalling that of the Song Sparrow but higher-pitched and less buzzing. Vesper Sparrows are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Pooecetes gramineus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Pooecetes gramineus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Pooecetes_gramineus_BNA;Pooecetes_gramineus_EBI;Pooecetes_gramineus_XEN;Pooecetes_gramineus_IBC;Pooecetes_gramineus_PET Porzana_carolina_TEXT Porzana_carolina http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Porzana carolinaA medium-sized (8-9 ¾ inches) rail, the Sora is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, gray neck, and black face and throat. Other field marks include a bright yellow bill, brown striped flanks, and a short tail. Male and female Soras are similar to one another in all seasons. The Sora breeds across much of Canada and the northern half of the United States. In the west, this species’ range extends as far south as central Arizona, while in the east this species breeds locally as far south as Virginia. During the winter, Soras may be found along the Pacific coast south of Oregon, along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts south of Delaware, and in the tropics as far south as northern South America. Soras breed in shallow freshwater wetland habitats. In winter, this species is less tied to freshwater, and may be found in ponds or small lakes, freshwater or saltwater marshes, flooded grasslands, and mangrove wetlands. Soras primarily eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including seeds and small aquatic invertebrates. In appropriate habitat, Soras may be seen wading in shallow water while foraging for food on the surface. If these birds are more hidden, perhaps beneath tall marsh grasses, it may still be possible to hear their call, a high tooting “ker-wee?” repeated many times in succession. Soras are primarily active during the day, although they may be heard calling at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Porzana carolina. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Porzana carolina. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Porzana_carolina_BNA;Porzana_carolina_EBI;Porzana_carolina_XEN;Porzana_carolina_IBC;Porzana_carolina_PET Progne_subis_TEXT Progne_subis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Progne subisA large (7 ¼ -8 ½ inches) swallow, the male Purple Martin is most easily identified by its large size, dark purple-black body, and notched tail. Female Purple Martins are purplish gray above and pale below with streaking on the breast. While the male is unmistakable in North America, the female resembles other pale breasted swallows, although it is generally much larger. On migration and during the winter, both sexes may be confused with other species of martin occurring in the American tropics. The Purple Martin breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada. Other populations breed on the Pacific coast from California to British Columbia, in the interior west, and in western Mexico. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering primarily in Bolivia and southern Brazil. Purple Martins historically bred along forest edges near water, nesting in old woodpecker holes in dead trees. Today, almost all Purple Martins, particularly those breeding in the east, nest in man-made nest boxes in urban or suburban areas. In winter, this species is found foraging over open savannah and fields, roosting in trees or buildings nearby. Purple Martins exclusively eat flying insects. In the Purple Martin’s breeding range, the easiest way to find this species is to look for the large, white, pole-mounted nest boxes in which Purple Martins prefer to nest. While foraging, this species may be seen swooping over ponds, lakes, and open country while catching insects in flight. Purple Martins are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Progne subis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Progne subis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Progne_subis_BNA;Progne_subis_EBI;Progne_subis_XEN;Progne_subis_IBC;Progne_subis_PET Protonotaria_citrea_TEXT Protonotaria_citrea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Protonotaria citreaA medium-sized (5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the male Prothonotary Warbler is most easily identified by its olive back, gray wings and tail, and bright yellow breast and head. The female Prothonotary Warbler is similar to the male, but is somewhat duller, particularly on the head and breast. The male is unmistakable; the female resembles other female wood warblers, but its combination of yellow breast and gray wings and tail separates it from most, if not all, of its relatives. The Prothonotary Warbler breeds in the eastern United States and southern Canada from Michigan and Ontario south to central Florida and west to Texas. Despite this large range, this species only breeds locally within its range where habitat is appropriate. In winter, Prothonotary Warblers migrate south to southern Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and northern South America. Prothonotary Warblers breed in wooded freshwater swamps, nesting in abandoned woodpecker nest holes. In winter, this species may be found in tropical wetland habitats, particularly in mangroves. Prothonotary Warblers primarily eat small insects and spiders, but may also eat seeds and other plant material during the winter. In appropriate swampy habitats, Prothonotary Warblers may be seen flitting through the undergrowth or low forest canopy, gleaning insects and spiders from leaves and twigs. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of metallic “zweet” syllables repeated in rapid succession. Prothonotary Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Protonotaria citrea. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Protonotaria citrea. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Protonotaria_citrea_BNA;Protonotaria_citrea_EBI;Protonotaria_citrea_XEN;Protonotaria_citrea_IBC;Protonotaria_citrea_PET Rallus_elegans_TEXT Rallus_elegans http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Rallus elegansA large (15-19 inches) rail, the King Rail is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, rusty neck, streaked flanks, and dark brown face patch near the eye. This species may be separated from the similarly-colored Virginia Rail (Rallus limnicola) by that species’ much smaller size, and from the similarly-sized Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris) by that species’ paler body and grayer face. Male and female King Rails are similar to one another in all seasons. The King Rail breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada, being absent only from New England, the Appalachian Mountains, and the upper Midwest. Northerly-breeding populations migrate south to the coastal southeast in winter, whereas southern- and coastal-breeding populations are non-migratory. Other non-migratory populations exist in Cuba and central Mexico. King Rails breed in a variety of marshland habitats in areas of fresh or brackish water, utilizing similar habitat types during the winter. As this species avoids pure saltwater, it experiences limited competition with the Clapper Rail, which favors saltwater marshes. King Rails primarily eat small invertebrates, such as insects and crustaceans. In appropriate habitat, King Rails may be seen wading in shallow water while foraging for food on the submerged bank. If these birds are more hidden, perhaps beneath tall marsh grasses, it may still be possible to hear their call, a grating “chuck” repeated many times in succession. King Rails are primarily active during the day, although they may be heard calling at night.
Threat Status: Near Threatened
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Rallus elegans. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Rallus elegans. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Rallus_elegans_BNA;Rallus_elegans_EBI;Rallus_elegans_XEN;Rallus_elegans_IBC;Rallus_elegans_PET Rallus_limicola_TEXT Rallus_limicola http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Rallus limicolaA small (9 inches) rail, the Virginia Rail is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, rusty neck, streaked flanks, and dark gray face patch near the eye. This species may be separated from the similarly-colored King Rail (Rallus elegans) by that species’ much larger size and browner face. Male and female Virginia Rails are similar to one another in all seasons. The Virginia Rail breeds across southern Canada and in northern and western portions of the United States. Northerly-breeding populations migrate south to the coastal southeast and Mexico in winter, whereas populations breeding in the Mid-Atlantic region, on the Pacific coast, and in the interior southwest are non-migratory. Other non-migratory populations exist in central Mexico and Guatemala. Virginia Rails breed in a variety of marshland habitats in areas of fresh or brackish water. This species utilizes similar habitat types in winter as in summer. Virginia Rails primarily eat small invertebrates, such as insects and crustaceans, but may also eat seeds and aquatic plant material during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Virginia Rails may be seen wading in shallow water while foraging for food on the shore or on the mud of the submerged bank. If these birds are more hidden, perhaps beneath tall marsh grasses, it may still be possible to hear their call, a grating “wak-wak-wak” repeated many times in succession. Virginia Rails are primarily active during the day, although they may be heard calling at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Rallus limicola. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Rallus limicola. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Rallus_limicola_BNA;Rallus_limicola_EBI;Rallus_limicola_XEN;Rallus_limicola_IBC;Rallus_limicola_PET Regulus_calendula_TEXT Regulus_calendula http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Regulus calendulaAn extremely small (4 inches) songbird, the male Ruby-crowned Kinglet is most easily identified by its small size, olive-green body, white eye-rings, black wings with white wing bars, and solid red crown. Female Ruby-crowned Kinglets are similar, but lack the male’s red crown. Both sexes may be separated from the related Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa) by that species’ pale face, black eye-stripe, and yellow on the head. The Ruby-crowned Kinglet breeds across Alaska, Canada, and the northern tier of the United States. In the west, this species’ range extends south at higher elevations as far as southern Arizona. In winter, most populations migrate south to the southern half of the U.S., along the Pacific coast from British Columbia to California, and in Mexico, although some populations breeding in the mountain west simply winter at lower altitudes nearby. Ruby-crowned Kinglets breed in northern and high-mountain evergreen forests. In winter, this species may be found in a variety of forest habitats from temperate deciduous woodland to open tropical forest. Ruby-crowned Kinglets primarily eat small insects and spiders, but will also eat fruit and seeds during the winter or when invertebrates are not available. In appropriate habitat, Ruby-crowned Kinglets may be observed flitting through the forest canopy while plucking small invertebrates from leaves or evergreen needles. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of high chirps followed by a jumble of notes and a trill. Ruby-crowned Kinglets are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Regulus calendula. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Regulus calendula. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Regulus_calendula_BNA;Regulus_calendula_EBI;Regulus_calendula_XEN;Regulus_calendula_IBC;Regulus_calendula_PET Regulus_satrapa_TEXT Regulus_satrapa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Regulus satrapaAn extremely small (3 ½ inches) songbird, the male Golden-crowned Kinglet is most easily identified by its small size, olive-green body, black eye-stripe, black wings with white wing bars, and bright orange crown patch surrounded by a black ring. Female Golden-crowned Kinglets are similar, but have a yellow crown instead. Both sexes may be separated from the related Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) by that species’ larger size, darker face, and white eye-ring. The Golden-crowned Kinglet breeds across southern Alaska, Canada, and the northern tier of the United States, extending south at higher elevations in the west as far as southern Arizona. In winter, most populations migrate south to the U.S. and northern Mexico, although some populations breeding in the mountain west and the northeastern U.S. migrate little if at all. Isolated non-migratory populations occur in central Mexico and Guatemala. Golden-crowned Kinglets breed primarily in northern and high-mountain evergreen forests. In winter, this species may be found in a variety of evergreen, deciduous, and mixed forests. Golden-crowned Kinglets primarily eat small insects and spiders, but will also eat fruit and seeds during the winter or when invertebrates are not available. In appropriate habitat, Golden-crowned Kinglets may be observed flitting through the forest canopy while plucking small invertebrates from leaves or evergreen needles. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, composed of several high-pitched “chip” notes ending in a lower-pitched whinny. Golden-crowned Kinglets are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Regulus satrapa. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Regulus satrapa. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Regulus_satrapa_BNA;Regulus_satrapa_EBI;Regulus_satrapa_XEN;Regulus_satrapa_IBC;Regulus_satrapa_PET Riparia_riparia_TEXT Riparia_riparia http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Riparia ripariaA small (4 ½ to 5 ½ inches) swallow, the Bank Swallow is most easily identified by its brown upperparts, white belly white throat, and dusty brown chest stripe separating the throat from the belly. This species may be separated from the similarly-patterned Northern Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis) by that species’ larger size and brown chin. The Bank Swallow occurs across much of the world. In the Americas, this species breeds from Alaska and central Canada south locally to the Mid-Atlantic region in the east and northern Mexico in the West, wintering on the Pacific coast of Mexico and further south to central South America. In the Old World (where it is known as the Sand Martin), this species breeds across Eurasia from Siberia south to North Africa and the Indian subcontinent, wintering across tropical Africa and South Asia. Historically, Bank Swallows bred in a variety of habitats near water, frequently building their nests on cliffs along the banks of rivers. Today, this species often nests on man-made structures such as buildings and bridges. In winter, this species is likewise found in habitats near water, including lakes, rivers, marshes, and reservoirs. Bank Swallows exclusively eat flying insects. As is the case with most swallow species, it is possible to observe Bank Swallows feeding on insects while in flight. Birdwatchers in this species’ breeding range may want to pay special attention to bridges or the eaves of buildings, as a careful search of these structures may reveal a nesting colony. Bank Swallows are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Riparia riparia. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Riparia riparia. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Riparia_riparia_BNA;Riparia_riparia_EBI;Riparia_riparia_XEN;Riparia_riparia_IBC;Riparia_riparia_PET Rynchops_niger_TEXT Rynchops_niger http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Rynchops nigerA medium-sized (16-20 inches) gull-like bird, the Black Skimmer in summer is most easily identified by its black upperparts, white underparts, and bizarre black and orange bill. In winter, the Black Skimmer becomes slightly grayer on the head and body. Male and female Black Skimmers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Black Skimmer breeds along the Atlantic coast of the United States south of Massachusetts, on the Gulf coast from Florida to northeastern Mexico, and along the coast of southern California south to central Mexico. In winter, this species withdraws from the U.S. Atlantic coast north of North Carolina, and may be found from there south on both coasts to Central America. Other subspecies occur along coasts and on large rivers in South America. Black Skimmers in North America breed on sandy beaches and barrier islands in colonies near those of other seabird species, utilizing similar habitat types during the winter. In South America, inland populations also exist which inhabit sandy river banks. Black Skimmers eat a variety of small fish and crustaceans. In appropriate habitat, Black Skimmers may be observed flying low over calm water. They feed by lowering the bottom half of their bill (which is much longer than the top half) into the water as they fly, quickly closing their bill when the submerged half of the bill touches a small fish. Black Skimmers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Rynchops niger. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Rynchops niger. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Rynchops_niger_BNA;Rynchops_niger_EBI;Rynchops_niger_XEN;Rynchops_niger_IBC;Rynchops_niger_PET Sayornis_phoebe_TEXT Sayornis_phoebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Sayornis phoebeA sparrow-sized (6 ½ -7 inches) flycatcher, the Eastern Phoebe is most easily identified by its gray-green body, pale breast, and notched tail. This species is most easily distinguished from the similarly patterned Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens) by that species’ conspicuous white wing bars. Male and female Eastern Phoebes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Eastern Phoebe breeds across much of the northeastern United States and south-central Canada. In winter, this species may be found in the southeastern U.S. and northern Mexico. Eastern Phoebes are present all year in portions of the interior southeast and the Mid-Atlantic. Eastern Phoebes breed in a variety of forest habitats, including forests with deciduous trees, evergreen trees, or a mix of both. This species generally utilizes similarly-structured habitats in winter as in summer. Eastern Phoebes primarily eat small flying insects, but may also eat fruits and berries during the winter and on migration when insects are unavailable. In eastern forests in summer, the Eastern Phoebe may be most easily observed flying out from high perches to capture insect prey. This species may also be observed on a high perch singing its characteristic ‘phoe-be’ song. Eastern Phoebes are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Sayornis phoebe. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Sayornis phoebe. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Sayornis_phoebe_BNA;Sayornis_phoebe_EBI;Sayornis_phoebe_XEN;Sayornis_phoebe_IBC;Sayornis_phoebe_PET Scolopax_minor_TEXT Scolopax_minor http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Scolopax minorA large (11 inches), decidedly un-sandpiper-like sandpiper, the American Woodcock is most easily identified by its large head and body, mottled-brown back, buff breast, and long bill. This species bears a passing resemblance to Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata), but may be separated from that species by its shorter legs, larger eyes, and warmer-toned body. Male and female American Woodcocks are similar in all seasons. The American Woodcock breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada from Ontario south to central Florida and from Newfoundland west to Kansas. In winter, this species withdraws from interior and northern portions of its breeding range, expanding southward into southern Florida, the Gulf Coast, and eastern Texas and Oklahoma, where this species does not breed. American Woodcocks are present all year in portions of the southeast and Mid-Atlantic region. Unlike other sandpipers, American Woodcocks inhabit open woodland habitats, such as forests with clearings or forests abutting overgrown meadows. This species utilizes similar habitat types all year. American Woodcocks primarily eat small invertebrates, such as insects and earthworms. Although this species is relatively common in its breeding and winter ranges, male American Woodcocks are most easily seen performing spiraling courtship flights just after sunset or before sunrise. However, this species is often difficult to see up-close due to its low profile and excellent camouflage. Birdwatchers walking in open woodland may notice American Woodcocks only after they flush from the undergrowth a few feet away. This species is most active at dawn or dusk, when it may be identified by its buzzing “beezp” call.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Scolopax minor. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Scolopax minor. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Scolopax_minor_BNA;Scolopax_minor_EBI;Scolopax_minor_XEN;Scolopax_minor_IBC;Scolopax_minor_PET Seiurus_aurocapilla_TEXT Seiurus_aurocapilla http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Seiurus aurocapillaA medium-sized (6 inches) wood warbler, the Ovenbird is most easily identified by its light brown upperparts, streaked breast, and orange crown patch. In many respects, this species resembles the related waterthrushes or a small true thrush, but none of those birds possesses this species’ distinctive orange crown. Male and female Ovenbirds are similar in all seasons. The Ovenbird breeds across eastern and central portions of the United States and Canada. In winter, this species may be found in central and southern Florida, the West Indies, Mexico, and Central America. The Ovenbird is absent as a breeding bird from the southeastern U.S., upper Midwest, and northern Great Plains, but may occur in those areas while on migration. Ovenbirds breed in a number of woodland habitats, primarily dense forests partially or entirely composed of deciduous trees. In winter, this species may be found in a number of subtropical or tropical forest types. Ovenbirds primarily eat small invertebrates, notably ants. In appropriate habitat, Ovenbirds may be seen walking on the forest floor while searching for insects in and among dead leaves. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a loud “teacher teacher teacher” commonly heard in northern forests in spring. Ovenbirds are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Seiurus aurocapilla. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Seiurus aurocapilla. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Seiurus_aurocapilla_BNA;Seiurus_aurocapilla_EBI;Seiurus_aurocapilla_XEN;Seiurus_aurocapilla_IBC;Seiurus_aurocapilla_PET Setophaga_americana_TEXT Setophaga_americana http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga americanaA small (4 ½ inches) wood warbler, the male Northern Parula is most easily identified by its bluish-gray head, yellow throat, and greenish back, as well as its white eye-ring and wing bars. Female Northern Parulas are similar to males, but are paler and duller, especially on the head and throat. In its winter range, this species may be separated from the similar Tropical Parula by that species’ yellower breast and lack of eye-rings. The Northern Parula breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada. It is absent as a breeding bird in parts of the coastal Mid-Atlantic region, upstate New York, the upper Midwest, and extreme southern Florida. In winter, Northern Parulas may be found in the Florida Keys, the West Indies, southern Mexico, and on the Caribbean coast of northern Central America. Northern Parulas breed in a number of wet forest habitats, including swamps and bogs. In winter, this species may be found in other types of habitat, including agricultural fields, humid tropical forests, and scrub. Northern Parulas primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, but this species may also eat seeds and berries in winter. In appropriate habitat, Northern Parulas may be observed foraging for insects at the ends of branches in the tree canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a whirring “zeeeeeeeee-up.” Northern Parulas are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga americana. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga americana. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_americana_BNA;Setophaga_americana_EBI;Setophaga_americana_XEN;Setophaga_americana_IBC;Setophaga_americana_PET Setophaga_caerulescens_TEXT Setophaga_caerulescens http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga caerulescensA medium-sized (5-5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the male Black-throated Blue Warbler is most easily identified by its bluish-gray head and back, black throat, and white breast. Female Black-throated Blue Warblers are pale brownish-gray overall with a faint white eye-stripes. The male Black-throated Blue Warbler may be distinguished from the related Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga ceruleaa) by that species’ lighter blue coloration and pale throat, whereas the female Black-throated Blue Warbler may be distinguished from the female Cerulean Warbler by that species’ greener body and paler breast. The Black-throated Blue Warbler breeds a limited area of southern Canada and portions of the eastern United States, mainly in the interior northeast and upper Midwest. Smaller numbers breed at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains as far south as northern Georgia. In winter, Black-throated Blue Warblers may be found in southern Florida, the West Indies, southern Mexico, and on the Caribbean the coast of northern Central America. Black-throated Blue Warblers primarily breed in deciduous or mixed deciduous and evergreen forests, preferring dense forest to more open woodland. In winter and on migration, this species is primarily found in humid tropical forests. Black-throated Blue Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, but this species may also eat seeds and berries in winter. In appropriate habitat, Black-throated Blue Warblers may be observed foraging for insects on leaves, twigs, and branches in the lower canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a buzzing “zur zur zur zreee.” Black-throated Blue Warblers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga caerulescens. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga caerulescens. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_caerulescens_BNA;Setophaga_caerulescens_EBI;Setophaga_caerulescens_XEN;Setophaga_caerulescens_IBC;Setophaga_caerulescens_PET Setophaga_cerulea_TEXT Setophaga_cerulea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga ceruleaA small (4 ½ inches) wood warbler, the male Cerulean Warbler is most easily identified by its pale blue head and back, white chin with dark throat stripe, and white breast. Female Cerulean Warblers are pale green overall with faint white eye-stripes. The male Cerulean Warbler may be distinguished from the related Black-throated Blue Warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) by that species’ darker blue coloration and black throat, whereas the female Cerulean Warbler may be distinguished from the female Black-throated Blue Warbler by that species’ browner body and darker breast. The Cerulean Warbler breeds locally in southern Canada and portions of the eastern United States from Minnesota south to Arkansas and from Massachusetts west to Kansas. Within that range, this species is mostly or completely absent from the southeastern coastal plain and portions of the upper Midwest. In winter, Cerulean Warblers may be found in northern South America, primarily from Columbia south to Bolivia. Cerulean Warblers breed in deciduous forest habitats, preferring dense forest to more open woodland. In winter and on migration, this species is primarily found in humid tropical forests. Cerulean Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, but this species may also eat small quantities of plant material in winter. In appropriate habitat, Cerulean Warblers may be observed foraging for insects on leaves, twigs, and branches in the tree canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of buzzing notes rising in pitch at the end. Cerulean Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga cerulea. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga cerulea. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_cerulea_BNA;Setophaga_cerulea_EBI;Setophaga_cerulea_XEN;Setophaga_cerulea_IBC;Setophaga_cerulea_PET Setophaga_citrina_TEXT Setophaga_citrina http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga citrinaA medium-sized (5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the male Hooded Warbler is most easily identified by its olive-green back, yellow breast and face, and black head and throat connected by solid black neck stripes. Female Hooded Warblers are similar to males, but lack much of the black on the head and throat. The male Hooded Warbler may be distinguished from the similarly-colored Wilson’s Warbler (Cardellina pusilla) by that species’ yellow throat, whereas the female Hooded Warbler may be distinguished from the female Wilson’s Warbler by that species’ lighter head and pale yellow eye-stripes. The Hooded Warbler breeds across much of the eastern United States and extreme southern Canada. Within that range, this species is mostly or completely absent from the southern half of Florida, New England, and parts of the upper Midwest. In winter, Hooded Warblers may be found in the West Indies, southern Mexico, and the Caribbean coast of Central America. Hooded Warblers breed in deciduous forest habitats, preferring woodland with small openings and shrubby edge habitats to dense forest. In winter, this species may be found in undergrowth and edge habitats in tropical forest as well as in overgrown fields. Hooded Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders. In appropriate habitat, Hooded Warblers may be observed foraging for insects on leaves, twigs, and branches on the ground or in the undergrowth. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a whistled “chi chi chi chi chi chet chet.” Hooded Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga citrina. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga citrina. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_citrina_BNA;Setophaga_citrina_EBI;Setophaga_citrina_XEN;Setophaga_citrina_IBC;Setophaga_citrina_PET Setophaga_coronata_TEXT Setophaga_coronata http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga coronataA medium-sized (5-6 inches) wood warbler, the Yellow-rumped Warbler occurs in two geographically-linked color groups. Summer males from the eastern (Myrtle) group are streaked gray above and white below with a black face mask, black breast, white chin, and conspicuous yellow patches on the head, wings, and rump. Summer males from the western (Audubon’s) group have more extensive black on the breast and a yellow throat, but are otherwise similar to eastern males. Females of both groups are duller and browner than the males, and all birds become dull brown above and pale below (while retaining the conspicuous yellow patches) during the winter. This species may be distinguished from the similarly-patterned Magnolia Warbler (Setophaga magnolia) by that species’ heavily streaked breast and broader tail. The eastern form of the Yellow-rumped Warbler breeds across Alaska, Canada, and at higher elevations in the northeastern United States; wintering in the southeastern U.S., the Mid-Atlantic region, the Pacific coast from Washington to California, and the West Indies. The western form breeds in the Pacific Northwest, the mountains of northern California, and in the interior west; wintering in the southern California and the southwest. Both forms winter from the U.S. border south to Central America; the western form also breeds locally in the mountains of Mexico and Guatemala. Yellow-rumped Warblers primarily breed in northern and high-mountain evergreen forest habitats. In winter, this species may be found in open forest, thickets, and scrub as well as locally in urban and suburban areas. Yellow-rumped Warblers primarily eat small insects and spiders, but, more so than most other wood warblers, this species also eats fruits and berries during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Yellow-rumped Warblers may be observed foraging for invertebrates and berries in the tree canopy or in the undergrowth. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of high-pitched warbling notes petering out at the end. Yellow-rumped Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga coronata. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga coronata. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_coronata_BNA;Setophaga_coronata_EBI;Setophaga_coronata_XEN;Setophaga_coronata_IBC;Setophaga_coronata_PET Setophaga_discolor_TEXT Setophaga_discolor http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga discolorA medium-sized (5 inches) wood warbler, the male Prairie Warbler is most easily identified by its olive-green back, yellow breast, and streaked flanks with a conspicuous black eye-stripes. Female Prairie Warblers are similar to males, but are slightly duller on the back and head. Both sexes may be distinguished from the similarly colored Pine Warbler (Setophaga pinus) and Palm Warbler (Setophaga palmarum) by those species’ plain flanks and lack of eye-stripes. The Prairie Warbler breeds across much of the eastern United States and extreme southern Canada. Within that range, this species is mostly or completely absent from interior New England, the Midwest, the Gulf coast, and higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. In winter, Prairie Warblers may be found in Florida, the West Indies, southern Mexico, and the Caribbean coast of northern Central America. Prairie Warblers breed in a variety of open habitats, including overgrown fields, grassland, and coastal dunes. In winter, this species may be found in scrubland, mangroves, and open edges of tropical forests. Prairie Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, but may also eat fruits and berries at some times of the year. In appropriate habitat, Hooded Warblers may be observed foraging for insects in the undergrowth. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of “zee” notes rising in pitch at the end. Prairie Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species frequently migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga discolor. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga discolor. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_discolor_BNA;Setophaga_discolor_EBI;Setophaga_discolor_XEN;Setophaga_discolor_IBC;Setophaga_discolor_PET Setophaga_dominica_TEXT Setophaga_dominica http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga dominicaA medium-sized (5-5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the Yellow-throated Warbler is most easily identified by its gray back and head, yellow throat, and streaked flanks with a conspicuous black and white eye-stripes. The similarly-patterned Magnolia Warbler (Setophaga magnolia) also has streaked flanks, but is darker above and more yellow below. Male and female Yellow-throated Warblers are similar in all seasons. The Yellow-throated Warbler breeds across much of the eastern United States from Pennsylvania south to the central Florida and west to Texas. Within that range, this species is mostly or completely absent from higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. In winter, Yellow-throated Warblers may be found in the coastal southeast, south Texas, the West Indies, Mexico, and parts of northern Central America. Yellow-throated Warblers breed in a variety of woodland habitats, especially those containing Loblolly Pines (Pinus taeda). In winter, this species may be found in similar pineland habitats in the southern U.S. and in the tropics. Yellow-throated Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders. In appropriate habitat, Yellow-throated Warblers may be observed climbing on high sections of tree trunks while foraging for insects. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of “te-ew” notes dropping in pitch at the end. Yellow-throated Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species undertakes part of its migration at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga dominica. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga dominica. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_dominica_BNA;Setophaga_dominica_EBI;Setophaga_dominica_XEN;Setophaga_dominica_IBC;Setophaga_dominica_PET Setophaga_fusca_TEXT Setophaga_fusca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga fuscaA medium-sized (5 inches) wood warbler, the male Blackburnian Warbler is most easily identified by its black back, streaked flanks, and bright orange face patches. Female Blackburnian Warblers are grayish-brown on the back and yellow on the face, resembling faded males. Both sexes of the related American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) are similarly dark with yellow and orange patches, but whereas the Blackburnian Warbler has bright areas on its face, the bright areas present on the plumage of that species are concentrated on the wings and tail. The Blackburnian Warbler breeds across southern Canada and the northeastern United States. This species is also present at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains as far south as northern Georgia. In winter, Yellow-throated Warblers may be found from Costa Rica south to Peru. Blackburnian Warblers breed in a variety of dense woodland habitats, particularly those largely composed of evergreen trees. In winter, this species may be found in humid tropical forests. Blackburnian Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, but may also eat a small amount of plant material, mainly fruits and berries, during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Blackburnian Warblers may be observed flitting through high branches in tall trees while foraging for insects. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a whistled “zip zip zip titi tseeeeee.” Blackburnian Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species undertakes part of its migration at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga fusca. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga fusca. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_fusca_BNA;Setophaga_fusca_EBI;Setophaga_fusca_XEN;Setophaga_fusca_IBC;Setophaga_fusca_PET Setophaga_kirtlandii_TEXT Setophaga_kirtlandii http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga kirtlandiiA large (6 inches) wood warbler, Kirtland’s Warbler is most easily identified by its slate-gray upperparts, streaked back and flanks, and bright yellow underparts. The similarly-patterned Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis) is also gray above and yellow below, but is only streaked on the upper breast and throat. Male and female Kirtland’s Warblers are similar in all seasons. Kirtland’s Warbler is by far the rarest extant wood warbler in North America. This species breeds in a small portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, occurring locally even within that range. Kirtland’s Warbler is rarely seen outside the breeding season, although occasional reports indicate that it migrates south through the eastern United States and spends the winter in the Bahamas. More habitat-specific than most other wood warblers, Kirtland’s Warblers breed exclusively in young Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) forests in areas with sandy soil. This species’ habit of building its nest on the ground is also unusual for wood warblers. In winter, this species has only ever been recorded in the undergrowth of Bahaman pine forests. Kirtland’s Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, and may also eat fruits and berries in winter. In appropriate habitat, Kirtland’s Warblers may be observed foraging for food on the ground or low in the tree canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a warbled series of notes lower in pitch than that of most other wood warblers. Kirtland’s Warblers are primarily active during the day in the breeding season, but this species’ scarcity has complicated studies of its behavior at other times of the year.
Threat Status: Near Threatened
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga kirtlandii. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga kirtlandii. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_kirtlandii_BNA;Setophaga_kirtlandii_EBI;Setophaga_kirtlandii_XEN;Setophaga_kirtlandii_IBC;Setophaga_kirtlandii_PET Setophaga_magnolia_TEXT Setophaga_magnolia http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga magnoliaA medium-sized (4 ¾ inches) wood warbler, the male Magnolia Warbler is most easily identified by its dark gray back, streaked flanks, white wing patches, and bright yellow underparts with a conspicuous black face mask. Female Magnolia Warblers are similar to males, but are slightly duller and lack the white on the wings. Both sexes resemble the male Yellow-rumped Warbler (Setophaga coronata), but that species is less streaked below and lacks the Magnolia Warbler’s extensive yellow on the breast. The Magnolia Warbler breeds across southern Canada and the northeastern United States. This species is also present at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains as far south as Tennessee. In winter, Yellow-throated Warblers may be found in the West Indies, southern Mexico, and Central America. Magnolia Warblers breed in a variety of dense woodland habitats, particularly those largely composed of evergreen trees. In winter, this species may be found in humid tropical forests and tropical scrub. Magnolia Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders. In appropriate habitat, Magnolia Warblers may be observed foraging for insects on the ends of branches in the middle of the tree canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a whistled “weeta weeta weetsee.” Magnolia Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga magnolia. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga magnolia. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_magnolia_BNA;Setophaga_magnolia_EBI;Setophaga_magnolia_XEN;Setophaga_magnolia_IBC;Setophaga_magnolia_PET Setophaga_palmarum_TEXT Setophaga_palmarum http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga palmarumA medium-sized (4 ½ -5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the Palm Warbler in summer is most easily identified by its dark brown back, streaked flanks, and conspicuous rusty crown. Two subspecies exist: an eastern subspecies, which has predominantly yellow underparts; and a western subspecies, which has some white on the breast and yellow elsewhere. Male and female Palm Warblers are similar in all seasons, becoming duller and browner in winter. The Palm Warbler primarily breeds across east-central Canada. Smaller numbers breed south of the United States border in the Upper Midwest and in Maine. In winter, the western subspecies of the Palm Warbler migrates to the U.S. Pacific coast, the coastal southeast, the West Indies, southern Mexico, and Central America, while the eastern subspecies winters along the Gulf Coast from Florida west to Texas. Palm Warblers breed in a variety of dense evergreen habitats, and is particularly attracted to bogs. In winter, this species may be found in semi-open habitats, such as thickets, roadsides, and mangroves. Palm Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, although this species may eat some plant material, particularly fruits and berries, during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Palm Warblers may be observed foraging for insects on the ground or in low branches of shrubs and trees. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a high “zhe” note repeated several times in succession. Palm Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga palmarum. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga palmarum. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_palmarum_BNA;Setophaga_palmarum_EBI;Setophaga_palmarum_XEN;Setophaga_palmarum_IBC;Setophaga_palmarum_PET Setophaga_pensylvanica_TEXT Setophaga_pensylvanica http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga pensylvanicaA medium-sized (4 ½ -5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the male Chestnut-sided Warbler is most easily identified by its pale breast, streaked back, yellow crown, and conspicuous chestnut flanks. Female Chestnut-sided Warblers are similar to males, but are somewhat duller, especially on the flanks. No other wood warbler breeding in North America possesses the combination of chestnut flanks and yellow crown characteristic of this species. The Chestnut-sided Warbler primarily breeds across southern Canada and the northeastern United States. Smaller numbers breed at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains as far south as northern Georgia. In winter, the Chestnut-sided Warbler may be found in southern Mexico and Central America. Chestnut-sided Warblers breed in a variety of semi-open deciduous forests, particularly in areas of shrubby growth created by forest fires and other types of ecological disturbance. In winter, this species may be found in and around humid tropical forests. Chestnut-sided Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, although this species may eat some plant material, particularly fruits and berries, during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Chestnut-sided Warblers may be observed foraging for insects underneath leaves in shrubs and lower parts of the canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a whistled “please please pleased to meet’cha.” Chestnut-sided Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga pensylvanica. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga pensylvanica. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_pensylvanica_BNA;Setophaga_pensylvanica_EBI;Setophaga_pensylvanica_XEN;Setophaga_pensylvanica_IBC;Setophaga_pensylvanica_PET Setophaga_pinus_TEXT Setophaga_pinus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga pinusA medium-sized (5-5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the male Pine Warbler is most easily identified by its olive-green back, yellow breast, and dark wings with conspicuous white wing bars. Female Pine Warblers are similar to males, but are somewhat duller. Many North American wood warblers are pale olive-green, but this species alone possesses this plumage in combination with white wing bars. The Pine Warbler breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada, although its range is highly fragmented in much of the Midwest and interior northeast. In winter, northerly-breeding populations abandon their breeding grounds and spend the winter in the southeastern U.S. Populations breeding in the southeast are non-migratory, and isolated non-migratory populations also occur in the Bahamas and on the island of Hispaniola. Appropriately, Pine Warblers primarily breed in pine forests. Migratory populations move into similar habitats in winter as they utilized the summer before, and tropical populations are highly specific to pine barrens or mountain forests where isolated patches of suitable habitat occur. Pine Warblers primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, although this species may eat some plant material, particularly fruits and berries, during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Pine Warblers may be observed foraging for food on pine needles and in bark crevices. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a trilled “cheeeeeee.” Pine Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many songbirds, migratory populations migrate at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga pinus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga pinus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_pinus_BNA;Setophaga_pinus_EBI;Setophaga_pinus_XEN;Setophaga_pinus_IBC;Setophaga_pinus_PET Setophaga_ruticilla_TEXT Setophaga_ruticilla http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga ruticillaA medium-sized (5 inches) wood warbler, the male American Redstart is most easily identified by its black body, white belly, and conspicuous orange patches on the wings, flanks, and tail. Female American Redstarts are olive-green above and pale below with yellow on the wings, flanks, and tail. In particular, this species’ tail sets it apart from all other North American wood warblers as no other species has such large, brightly-colored tail patches. The American Redstart breeds across southern Canada and much of the United States. While this species is fairly widespread in the northeast and interior south, it is more local elsewhere, and is almost entirely absent as a breeding bird in the desert southwest. Most American Redstarts spend the winter from northern Mexico and the Bahamas south to Brazil, although a few winter in coastal California, along the southern Colorado River, and in south Florida. American Redstarts breed in a number of deciduous forest habitats, particularly those near water. In winter, this species may be found a number of shrubby habitats, such as mangroves, thickets, and tropical forests with dense undergrowth. American Redstarts primarily eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders. In appropriate habitat, American Redstarts may be observed foraging for food in the forest canopy, where their habit of frequently flashing their bright tails makes them more conspicuous than they might otherwise be. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a high “tsee” repeated three or four times in quick succession. American Redstarts are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga ruticilla. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga ruticilla. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_ruticilla_BNA;Setophaga_ruticilla_EBI;Setophaga_ruticilla_XEN;Setophaga_ruticilla_IBC;Setophaga_ruticilla_PET Setophaga_striata_TEXT Setophaga_striata http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga striataA medium-sized (5 inches) wood warbler, the male Blackpoll Warbler in summer is most easily identified by its gray body, streaked back and flanks, and black head with prominent white cheek patches. Female Blackpoll Warblers are dull gray overall with faint white eye-stripes. In fall and winter, both sexes become dull green-gray on the back and pale tan below. The Blackpoll Warbler primarily breeds across Alaska and north-central Canada. Smaller numbers breed in southeastern Canada, and isolated breeding populations exist in the mountains of New England and New York. The Blackpoll Warbler is a long-distance migrant, wintering in northern South America. Blackpoll Warblers breed in northern and high-mountain evergreen forests, particularly in areas where Black Spruce (Picea mariana) occurs. In winter, this species may be found primarily in humid tropical forests. Blackpoll Warblers mainly eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, although this species may eat fruits or berries while on migration. In appropriate habitat, Blackpoll Warblers may be observed foraging for food located on leaves, needles, and branches in the forest canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a high “zi” note repeated several times in quick succession. Blackpoll Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga striata. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga striata. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_striata_BNA;Setophaga_striata_EBI;Setophaga_striata_XEN;Setophaga_striata_IBC;Setophaga_striata_PET Setophaga_tigrina_TEXT Setophaga_tigrina http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga tigrinaA medium-sized (5 inches) wood warbler, the male Cape May Warbler is most easily identified by its streaked olive back, streaked yellow breast and flanks, and yellow face with prominent rusty cheek patches. Female Cape May Warblers are similar to males, but are duller and lack rusty patches on the face. The male is relatively unmistakable in good light, but the female may be confused with other female wood warblers with streaked flanks, such as the female Blackburnian Warbler (Setophaga fusca). The Cape May Warbler primarily breeds in south-central Canada. Smaller numbers breed south of the U.S. border in the upper Midwest and northern New England. The Cape May Warbler winters from the Florida Keys and the Bahamas south to southern Mexico and Central America. Cape May Warblers breed in northern evergreen forests, particularly in areas where spruce and fir trees occur. In winter, this species may be found in a number of shrubby habitat types, including mangroves and forest edges. Cape May Warblers mainly eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, although this species may eat fruits or berries in winter. In appropriate habitat, Cape May Warblers may be observed foraging for food located on leaves, needles, and branches in the forest canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a high-pitched “seet” note repeated several times in quick succession. Cape May Warblers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga tigrina. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga tigrina. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_tigrina_BNA;Setophaga_tigrina_EBI;Setophaga_tigrina_XEN;Setophaga_tigrina_IBC;Setophaga_tigrina_PET Setophaga_virens_TEXT Setophaga_virens http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Setophaga virensA small (4 ½ -5 inches) wood warbler, the male Black-throated Green Warbler is most easily identified by its olive back, black breast and throat, and yellow face. Female Black-throated Green Warblers are similar to males, but are duller and lack much of the black on the breast and throat. The male is relatively unmistakable in good light, while the female may be distinguished from other greenish-yellow female wood warblers by its tell-tale combination of yellow face and olive back. The Black-throated Green Warbler primarily breeds in south-central Canada and the northeastern United States. Smaller numbers breed at higher elevations in the Appalachian and Ozark Mountains as far south as Alabama and Arkansas. The Black-throated Green Warbler winters from south Florida and Texas south to northern South America. Black-throated Green Warblers breed in a number of woodland habitat types, particularly those primarily composed of evergreen trees. In winter, this species is mainly found in humid tropical forests. Cape May Warblers mainly eat small invertebrates, including insects and spiders, although this species may eat fruits or berries in winter. In appropriate habitat, Black-throated Green Warblers may be observed foraging for food located on leaves, needles, and branches in the forest canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a buzzing “zoo zee” repeated several times in succession. Black-throated Green Warblers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Setophaga virens. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Setophaga virens. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Setophaga_virens_BNA;Setophaga_virens_EBI;Setophaga_virens_XEN;Setophaga_virens_IBC;Setophaga_virens_PET Sialia_sialis_TEXT Sialia_sialis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Sialia sialisA small (7 inches) thrush, the male Eastern Bluebird is most easily identified by its deep blue head and back, red breast, and white belly. Female Eastern Bluebirds are similar to males, but are a duller gray-blue on the head and back. This species is unmistakable across much of its range, but Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana), which occur in southern Arizona and as vagrants on the western Great Plains, are of similar size and color. The Eastern Bluebird breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada. In winter, northerly-breeding populations migrate to the southern U.S. and northern Mexico, while southerly-breeding populations are non-migratory. Other non-migratory populations exist in Mexico and Central America, one of which extends north into extreme southern Arizona. Eastern Bluebirds historically inhabited variety of open woodland habitats. In modern times, this species has expanded into human-altered environments such as orchards, shrubby agricultural fields, and large yards in suburban areas. Eastern Bluebirds primarily eat fruits, berries, and small invertebrates. In appropriate habitat, Eastern Bluebirds may be observed flying down to the ground from perches in pursuit of prey. In many areas during the breeding season, this species is most easily located by looking for pole-mounted nest boxes in open areas: wherever these nest boxes are found, there are likely Eastern Bluebirds around. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Sialia sialis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Sialia sialis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Sialia_sialis_BNA;Sialia_sialis_EBI;Sialia_sialis_XEN;Sialia_sialis_IBC;Sialia_sialis_PET Sitta_canadensis_TEXT Sitta_canadensis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Sitta canadensisA small (4 ½ inches) nuthatch, the male Red-breasted Nuthatch is most easily identified by its gray body, red breast, and black head with conspicuous white eye-stripes. Female Red-breasted Nuthatches are similar to males, but are duller and paler on the head and breast. This species may be separated from the similarly-sized Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla) by that species’ brown head and white breast. The Red-breasted Nuthatch mainly occurs across southern Alaska and south-central Canada. This species’ range extends southward at higher elevations into the United States as far south as southern Arizona in the west and North Carolina in the east. The Red-breasted Nuthatch is mostly non-migratory, although small numbers may move south of this species’ main range in winters when food is scarce further north. Red-breasted Nuthatches primarily inhabit northern and high-mountain evergreen forests. At the southern end of this species’ range, particularly in the east, this species may also be found in mixed evergreen-deciduous woodland. Red-breasted Nuthatches mainly eat cone seeds, although small insects play a fairly large role in this species’ diet during the warmer months. In appropriate habitat, Red-breasted Nuthatches may be seen climbing headfirst up or down tree trunks while foraging for food. More often, it is this species’ tooting “ank” calls which alert birdwatchers to its presence. Red-breasted Nuthatches are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Sitta canadensis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Sitta canadensis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Sitta_canadensis_BNA;Sitta_canadensis_EBI;Sitta_canadensis_XEN;Sitta_canadensis_IBC;Sitta_canadensis_PET Sphyrapicus_varius_TEXT Sphyrapicus_varius http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Sphyrapicus variusA medium-sized (8-9 inches) woodpecker, the male Yellow-bellied Sapsucker is most easily identified by its black-and-white barred back, buff breast, and red forehead and throat. Female Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers are similar to males, but have a white throat. In flight, this species may be separated from other small, dark-headed woodpeckers in its range by its conspicuous white wing patches. The Yellow-bellied Sapsucker breeds across south-central Canada and the northeastern United States. Isolated breeding populations exist at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains as far south as North Carolina. This species migrates south for the winter, when it may be found from the Mid-Atlantic region and the southeast south through the West Indies, Mexico, and Central America. Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers breed in a number of northern mixed evergreen-deciduous forest types. In winter, this species may be found in a variety of temperate and tropical woodland habitats. Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers may eat fruits, berries, and insects at certain times of the year, but this species is best known for its preference for tree sap collected from holes drilled in tree trunks. In appropriate habitat, Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers may be observed climbing up tree trunks while foraging (or drilling) for food. Good birdwatchers are quick to notice trees with grids of small holes ringing the trunks, as these are likely sapsucker feeding sites. Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Sphyrapicus varius. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Sphyrapicus varius. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Sphyrapicus_varius_BNA;Sphyrapicus_varius_EBI;Sphyrapicus_varius_XEN;Sphyrapicus_varius_IBC;Sphyrapicus_varius_PET Spinus_pinus_TEXT Spinus_pinus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Spinus pinusA small (4 ½ -5 inches) finch, the male Pine Siskin is most easily identified by its streaked brown body, dark wings, and conspicuous yellow wing bar. Female Pine Siskins are similar to males, but are somewhat duller and lack the yellow on the wing. This species may be separated from dull winter American Goldfinches (Spinus tristis) by that species’ plain, not streaked, body. The Pine Siskin breeds across southern Alaska, southern Canada, and the northern United States. This species’ range extends southward at higher elevations through the western U.S., continuing as far south as Mexico and Guatemala. Northerly-breeding populations may withdraw from their breeding range during the winter, and small numbers may move far south of this species’ main range during winters when food is scarce, but much of the time this species within its breeding range. Pine Siskins inhabit northern and high-mountain evergreen forests. Likewise, individuals wandering further south in winter typically associate themselves with evergreen habitats, although they also visit bird feeders as well. Pine Siskins eat seeds, particularly those of cone-bearing evergreen trees, a fact which explains this species’ habitat preferences as well as its name. In appropriate habitat, Pine Siskins may be observed perching on or hanging from seed cones while plucking out the seeds contained within. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of squeaky “clee-ip” notes. Pine Siskins are primarily active during the day, although individuals may forage for food by moonlight when food is scarce.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Spinus pinus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Spinus pinus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Spinus_pinus_BNA;Spinus_pinus_EBI;Spinus_pinus_XEN;Spinus_pinus_IBC;Spinus_pinus_PET Spinus_tristis_TEXT Spinus_tristis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Spinus tristisA small (5 inches) finch, the male American Goldfinch in summer is most easily identified by its bright yellow body; black cap, wings, and tail; and conspicuous white rump patch. Female American Goldfinches are duller yellow overall than males, and lack black on the head. In winter, both sexes become duller yellow-brown on the back, head, and breast. The American Goldfinch breeds across much of the United States and southern Canada. In winter, northerly-breeding populations move south, expanding outside of this species’ breeding range into the coastal southeast, the southwest, northern Mexico, and the coast of California and Oregon. Birds breeding in the mid-latitudes migrate short distances, if at all. American Goldfinches breed in a variety of open habitats, including meadows, bushy fields, and (in modern times) urban and suburban yards. This species utilizes similar types of habitat in winter as it does in summer. American Goldfinches primarily eat seeds, including tree seeds and seeds of weedy groundcover plants. In appropriate habitat, American Goldfinches may be seen perched on the stalks of small plants while eating seeds from pods at the top. Goldfinches are also common feeder birds, and may be observed feeding in mixed groups of finches and other small songbirds. American Goldfinches are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Spinus tristis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Spinus tristis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Spinus_tristis_BNA;Spinus_tristis_EBI;Spinus_tristis_XEN;Spinus_tristis_IBC;Spinus_tristis_PET Spiza_americana_TEXT Spiza_americana http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Spiza americanaA sparrow-sized (6-7 inches) songbird, the male Dickcissel is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, gray flanks, yellow breast, black throat patch, and gray face with conspicuous yellow eye-stripes. The female Dickcissel is similar to the male, but is duller and lacks the black on the throat. This species is similar in size and coloration to the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), but that species lacks any trace of yellow on its body. The Dickcissel primarily breeds in the central Great Plains. Smaller numbers breed further north and south on the Plains and locally in the Mid-Atlantic region, although this species is less common outside its core range today than in was a century ago. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering from southern Mexico south to Venezuela. Dickcissels are heavily dependent on open areas for breeding, and may be found on grassland, prairie, and agricultural fields. During the winter, this species utilizes similar habitat types as in summer. Dickcissels primarily eat seeds and small insects in summer, eating seeds alone during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Dickcissels may be seen foraging for food on the ground below grasses and other low plants. Males may also be seen singing this species’ characteristic “dick-ciss-ciss-ciss” song from a prominent perch, such as a fencepost. Dickcissels are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species undertakes part of its migration at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Spiza americana. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Spiza americana. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Spiza_americana_BNA;Spiza_americana_EBI;Spiza_americana_XEN;Spiza_americana_IBC;Spiza_americana_PET Spizella_arborea_TEXT Spizella_arborea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Spizella arboreaA medium-sized (6-6 ½ inches) bunting, the American Tree Sparrow is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, gray face and neck, small dark breast spot, and rusty red crown. This species may be distinguished from the similarly-patterned Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina) by that species’ smaller size and conspicuous white eye-stripes. Male and female American Tree Sparrows are similar to one another in all seasons. The American Tree Sparrow breeds across Alaska and northern Canada. In winter, this species migrates south to southern Canada and the northern half of the United States. This species is absent from much of the southern United States and the U.S. Pacific coast. American Tree Sparrows breed primarily breed on sparsely vegetated tundra near the tree line. In winter, this species is found in a wider variety of habitats, including woodland, meadows, and suburban yards. American Tree Sparrows primarily eat a variety of fruits, berries, seeds, and small invertebrates. In appropriate habitat, American Tree Sparrows may be seen feeding on the ground or in the branches of low trees and shrubs. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ call, a squeaky “tseet” or “teelwit.” American Tree Sparrows are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Spizella arborea. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Spizella arborea. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Spizella_arborea_BNA;Spizella_arborea_EBI;Spizella_arborea_XEN;Spizella_arborea_IBC;Spizella_arborea_PET Spizella_passerina_TEXT Spizella_passerina http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Spizella passerinaA small (5 ¼ inches) bunting, the Chipping Sparrow in summer is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, gray face and neck, conspicuous white eye-stripes, and rusty red crown. Winter birds are browner and duller overall, particularly on the head and face. This species may be distinguished from the similarly-patterned American Tree Sparrow (Spizella arborea) by that species’ larger size and grayer head. Male and female Chipping Sparrows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Chipping Sparrow breeds across south-central Canada and the northern half of the United States. In winter, northerly-breeding populations migrate south into the southeastern U.S., southwest, and northern Mexico. Populations breeding in the southern United States are non-migratory, and other non-migratory populations exist in Mexico and Central America. Chipping Sparrows breed in a number of woodland habitat types with dense undergrowth, preferring habitats composed at least partly of evergreen trees. In winter and on migration, this species is found in a wider variety of habitats including open deciduous forest, weedy fields, and in suburban yards. Chipping Sparrows primarily eat seeds, but this species also eats small insects during the summer months. In appropriate habitat, Chipping Sparrows may be seen walking or hopping on the ground while foraging for food. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a single-pitch rattle; as well as its call, a high “chip,” which gives this species its name. Chipping Sparrows are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Spizella passerina. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Spizella passerina. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Spizella_passerina_BNA;Spizella_passerina_EBI;Spizella_passerina_XEN;Spizella_passerina_IBC;Spizella_passerina_PET Spizella_pusilla_TEXT Spizella_pusilla http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Spizella pusillaA small (5 inches) bunting, the Field Sparrow in summer is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, gray face and neck, rusty red crown, and conspicuous pink bill. This species may be distinguished from the similarly-patterned American Tree Sparrow (Spizella arborea) by that species’ larger size, grayer head, and darker bill. Male and female Field Sparrows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Field Sparrow breeds across the eastern United States and extreme southern Canada west to the Great Plains. In winter, northerly-breeding populations migrate south into the southeastern U.S. and northern Mexico. Populations breeding further south migrate short distances if at all. Field Sparrows breed in a number of semi-open habitats, including forest edges, bushy fields, and thickets near farmland. This species utilizes similar habitats in winter as in summer. Field Sparrows primarily eat seeds, but also eats small insects during the summer months. In appropriate habitat, Field Sparrows may be seen on the ground or in low vegetation while foraging for food. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of whistled notes steadily increasing in pitch and frequency. Field Sparrows are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Spizella pusilla. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Spizella pusilla. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Spizella_pusilla_BNA;Spizella_pusilla_EBI;Spizella_pusilla_XEN;Spizella_pusilla_IBC;Spizella_pusilla_PET Stelgidopteryx_serripennis_TEXT Stelgidopteryx_serripennis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Stelgidopteryx serripennisA medium-sized (5-5 ¾ inches) swallow, the Northern Rough-winged Swallow is most easily identified by its brown back, light brown breast and throat, and notched tail. This species may be distinguished from the similarly-colored Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) by that species’ smaller size and contrasting pale breast and distinct brown breast patch. Male and female Northern Rough-winged Swallows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Northern Rough-winged Swallow breeds across the United States and southern Canada, as well as in Mexico and Central America. Most North American populations spend the winter from the Gulf coast and the Colorado River Valley south to Central America. Most tropical populations, as well as those breeding in the extreme southern U.S., are likely non-migratory. Northern Rough-winged Swallows breed in a variety of open habitats near suitable nesting sites, preferring to build their nests on cliffs, riverbanks, or, in modern times, bridges and buildings. During the winter, migrant populations generally congregate near small to medium-sized bodies of water. This species exclusively eats flying insects. As is the case with most swallow species, it is possible to observe Northern Rough-winged Swallows feeding on insects while in flight. Birdwatchers in this species’ breeding range may want to pay special attention to bridges or the eaves of buildings, as a careful search of these structures may reveal a nesting colony. Northern Rough-winged Swallows are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Stelgidopteryx_serripennis_BNA;Stelgidopteryx_serripennis_EBI;Stelgidopteryx_serripennis_XEN;Stelgidopteryx_serripennis_IBC;Stelgidopteryx_serripennis_PET Sterna_forsteri_TEXT Sterna_forsteri http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Sterna forsteriA medium-sized (14-15 inches) tern, Forster’s Tern in summer is most easily identified by its solid black cap, deeply-forked tail, black-tipped orange bill, and pale wing tips. In winter, this species becomes duller on the head and face, becoming dark-billed and pale headed while retaining conspicuous black eye-patches. This species may be distinguished from the similarly-sized Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) by that species’ dark wing tips and (in winter) black hood. Male and female Forster’s Terns are similar to one another in all seasons. Forster’s Tern breeds in a number of widely-separated areas across North America, both inland (on the northern Great Plains and Great Basin region) and along the coast (on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, as well as in the Great Lakes region). In winter, this species may be found along the coast from California and the Mid-Atlantic region south to Central America. Populations breeding in southern coastal areas generally migrate short distances, if at all. Forster’s Terns primarily breed in marshland habitats, being found both at inland freshwater marshes and at coastal salt marshes. In winter, this species may be found along the shoreline on sandy beaches, riverbanks, and mudflats. Forster’s Terns mainly eat small fish. Forster’s Terns may be most easily seen standing or walking along the shore or on the beach, where their pale wing tips and (in summer) black-tipped orange bill may be most apparent. With the aid of binoculars, it may also be possible to observe this species feeding by diving headfirst into the water. Forster’s Terns are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Sterna forsteri. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Sterna forsteri. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Sterna_forsteri_BNA;Sterna_forsteri_EBI;Sterna_forsteri_XEN;Sterna_forsteri_IBC;Sterna_forsteri_PET Sterna_hirundo_TEXT Sterna_hirundo http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Sterna hirundoA medium-sized (13-16 inches) tern, the Common Tern in summer is most easily identified by its solid black cap, deeply-forked tail, black-tipped orange bill, and dark wing tips. In winter, this species becomes duller on the head and face, becoming dark-billed and pale headed while retaining conspicuous black eye-patches connected to a black hood. This species may be distinguished from the similarly-sized Forster’s Tern (Sterna forsteri) by that species’ pale wing tips and (in winter) white hood. Male and female Common Terns are similar to one another in all seasons. The Common Tern occurs across much of the world. In North America, this species breeds in a number of inland and coastal sites in the northeastern U.S. and southern Canada, wintering from the Gulf coast south to southern South America. In the Old World, this species breeds in the mid-latitudes throughout Europe, Asia, and North Africa, wintering in coastal Africa, South Asia, and Australasia. Common Terns primarily breed on rocky or sandy islands and beaches. In winter, this species may be found on beaches or, while feeding, in near-shore waters. Common Terns mainly eat small fish, but may eat small invertebrates, including insects and crustaceans, as they become available. Common Terns may be most easily seen standing or walking along the shore or on the beach, where their dark wing tips and (in summer) black-tipped orange bill may be most apparent. With the aid of binoculars, it may also be possible to observe this species feeding by diving headfirst into the water. Common Terns are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Sterna hirundo. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Sterna hirundo. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Sterna_hirundo_BNA;Sterna_hirundo_EBI;Sterna_hirundo_XEN;Sterna_hirundo_IBC;Sterna_hirundo_PET Sternula_antillarum_TEXT Sternula_antillarum http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Sternula antillarumA small (9 inches) tern, the Least Tern in summer is most easily identified by its black cap and white forehead, deeply-forked tail, black-tipped yellow bill, and dark wing tips. In winter, this species becomes duller on the head and face, becoming dark-billed and pale headed while retaining black eye-patches connected to a dull black hood. This species’ small size and yellow bill help distinguish it from other tern species occurring in its range. Male and female Least Terns are similar to one another in all seasons. The Least Tern breeds along coasts and large rivers across the United States. In winter, birds breeding in the U.S. spend the winter from Mexico south to southern South America. Other populations breed in Mexico, Central America, and parts of the Caribbean, many of which are non-migratory. Least Terns primarily breed sandy beaches, islands, and mud flats. In winter, this species may be found along beaches or in near-shore waters. Least Terns mainly eat small fish, but may eat small invertebrates, primarily crustaceans, as they become available. Least Terns may be most easily seen standing or walking along the shore or on the beach, where their dark wing tips and (in summer) yellow bill may be most apparent. With the aid of binoculars, it may also be possible to observe this species feeding by diving headfirst into the water. Least Terns are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Sternula antillarum. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Sternula antillarum. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Sternula_antillarum_BNA;Sternula_antillarum_EBI;Sternula_antillarum_XEN;Sternula_antillarum_IBC;Sternula_antillarum_PET Strix_varia_TEXT Strix_varia http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Strix variaA large (17-24 inches) owl, the Barred Owl is most easily identified by its brown back, barred brown breast, and flat disk-shaped face with dark brown eyes. This species may be distinguished from the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) by that species’ conspicuous “ear” tufts and from the related Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa) by that species’ yellow eyes. Male and female Barred Owls are similar to one another at all seasons. The Barred Owl inhabits much of the eastern United States and southern Canada. This species is also found in western Canada and the Pacific Northwest, and isolated populations exist in the mountains of central Mexico. All populations of Barred Owl are non-migratory. Barred Owls may be found in a number of woodland habitat types across its wide range, including deciduous, evergreen, and mixed forests. However, this species is limited by its preference for dense, mature forests to younger and more open woodland, and has suffered in recent times from logging. Barred Owls primarily eat small animals, including birds, rodents, reptiles, and amphibians. Barred Owls use their excellent hearing to locate prey on the ground in order to fly down and capture it with its talons. Also, like most owls, this species hunts primarily at night, making it difficult to observe. Barred Owls are most visible roosting high in trees during the day, and may best be located while producing this species’ characteristic “who cooks for you?” calls between dawn and dusk.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Strix varia. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Strix varia. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Strix_varia_BNA;Strix_varia_EBI;Strix_varia_XEN;Strix_varia_IBC;Strix_varia_PET Sturnus_vulgaris_TEXT Sturnus_vulgaris http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Sturnus vulgarisA medium-sized (7 ½ -8 ½ inches) songbird, the European Starling in summer is most easily identified by its glossy iridescent body, long yellow bill, and short tail. In winter, this species becomes duller overall with white-spotted plumage and a dark bill. Immature birds are dull brownish-gray, but are shaped similarly to adults. Male and female European Starlings are similar to one another in all seasons. The European Starling is native to Europe and West Asia, wintering to North Africa and the Middle East. In recent times, this species has been introduced elsewhere in the world, including in temperate North America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Some introduced populations of European Starlings migrate short distances in spring and fall, but many such populations in warmer climates are wholly non-migratory. European Starlings inhabit a wide variety of open habitats, including grasslands, meadows, and agricultural fields, across their wide range. This species has also been incredibly successful at utilizing man-made habitats, and may be found in the heart of major urban areas. European Starlings eat a variety of foods, including seeds, grains, insects, and (in some areas) human refuse. In temperate and subtropical parts of the world, the European Starling is often one of the most visible bird species, particularly in urban areas. Individuals may be observed foraging for food in fields, yards, parks, and even on bare sidewalk. This species is a cavity nester, and birds in introduced populations are frequently reviled for aggressively displacing native birds from nest sites. European Starlings are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Sturnus vulgaris. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Sturnus vulgaris. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Sturnus_vulgaris_BNA;Sturnus_vulgaris_EBI;Sturnus_vulgaris_XEN;Sturnus_vulgaris_IBC;Sturnus_vulgaris_PET Tachycineta_bicolor_TEXT Tachycineta_bicolor http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Tachycineta bicolorA medium-sized (5-6 inches) swallow, the Tree Swallow is most easily identified by its iridescent blue-green back and head, white breast, and notched tail. Adult Tree Swallows may be distinguished from adult Violet-green Swallows (Tachycineta thalassina) by that species’ greener back and white face; immature Tree Swallows, which are brown above and pale below, may be confused with other dark-backed New World swallows, such as the Northern Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis) and Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia). Male and female Tree Swallows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Tree Swallow breeds across much of North America, occurring from Alaska and northern Canada south to the south-central United States. Gaps in this species’ breeding range occur where habitat is incompatible with breeding in portions of the interior west and on the Great Plains. During the winter, this species may be found from the southeastern U.S. and California south to Central America. Tree Swallows breed in a variety of open areas near water, particularly in areas where tree cavities (or, more recently, artificial nest boxes) are available for nesting. This species utilizes similar kinds of habitat in winter as it does during the summer, although nest site availability is not a concern at that time of the year. Although Tree Swallows mainly eat small flying insects, this species is unusual for a swallow in that it also eats berries, particularly those of wax myrtles (genus Myrica), during winter when insects are unavailable. In appropriate habitat, Tree Swallows may be observed flying over water or open country while catching insects in flight. During the breeding season, a stakeout at a tree cavity or nest box may reward the patient birdwatcher with views of adult Tree Swallows bringing food to young birds. This species is primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Tachycineta bicolor. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Tachycineta bicolor. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Tachycineta_bicolor_BNA;Tachycineta_bicolor_EBI;Tachycineta_bicolor_XEN;Tachycineta_bicolor_IBC;Tachycineta_bicolor_PET Thryomanes_bewickii_TEXT Thryomanes_bewickii http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thryomanes bewickiiA medium-sized (5 ¼ inches) wren, Bewick’s Wren is most easily identified by its plain brown back, pale breast, long tail (often held up at an angle), long curved bill, and conspicuous white eye-stripes. This species may be distinguished from the similar House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) by that species’ small size and fainter eye-ring and from the Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) by that species’ larger size and warmer-toned plumage. Male and female Bewick’s Wrens are similar to one another in all seasons. Bewick’s Wren primarily occurs in western North America from British Columbia south to central Mexico and east to the central Great Plains. Although this species was formerly widespread in the eastern United States as far north and east as the Mid-Atlantic region, its range in those areas is greatly reduced today compared to a century ago, with isolated pockets persisting in the Ohio River valley and the southern Appalachian Mountains. In this species’ core range, most birds are non-migratory, although some birds at the northern or southern extremities of this range migrate short distances south in winter. Bewick’s Wrens inhabit open areas with thick ground cover, such as bushy fields, thickets, and dry scrubland. Eastern populations are heavily dependent on land cleared for agriculture, and much of this species’ decline in those areas is thought to have been caused by the return of woodland habitats to its favored abandoned agricultural fields. Bewick’s Wrens primarily eat small insects, but may also eat small quantities of seeds and berries during the winter when insects are scarce. In appropriate habitat, Bewick’s Wrens may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of bushes and shrubs. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of buzzing notes recalling that of the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia). Bewick’s Wrens are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Thryomanes bewickii. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Thryomanes bewickii. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Thryomanes_bewickii_BNA;Thryomanes_bewickii_EBI;Thryomanes_bewickii_XEN;Thryomanes_bewickii_IBC;Thryomanes_bewickii_PET Thryothorus_ludovicianus_TEXT Thryothorus_ludovicianus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thryothorus ludovicianusA medium-sized (5 ¾ inches) wren, the Carolina Wren is most easily identified by its plain reddish-brown back, buff breast, long tail (often held up at an angle), long curved bill, and conspicuous white eye-stripes. This species may be distinguished from the similar House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) by that species’ small size and fainter eye-stripes and from Bewick’s Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) by that species’ smaller size and paler plumage. Male and female Carolina Wrens are similar to one another in all seasons. The Carolina Wren occurs in much of the eastern United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico, being absent only from northern New England and the upper Midwest. Isolated populations also occur in southern Mexico and Central America. The Carolina Wren is non-migratory in all parts of its range. Carolina Wrens inhabit a variety of well-vegetated habitats, including bushy fields, woodland undergrowth, and (in the southern part of its range) palmetto scrub. Where food and groundcover is available, this species is also present in suburban areas. Carolina Wrens primarily eat small insects, but may also eat small quantities of seeds and berries during the winter when insects are scarce. In appropriate habitat, Carolina Wrens may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of bushes and shrubs. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of “chirpity” phrases repeated in rapid succession. Carolina Wrens are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Thryothorus ludovicianus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Thryothorus ludovicianus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Thryothorus_ludovicianus_BNA;Thryothorus_ludovicianus_EBI;Thryothorus_ludovicianus_XEN;Thryothorus_ludovicianus_IBC;Thryothorus_ludovicianus_PET Toxostoma_rufum_TEXT Toxostoma_rufum http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Toxostoma rufumA large (11 ½ inches) songbird, the Brown Thrasher is most easily identified by its rusty-brown back, speckled breast, long rounded tail, and long curved bill. This species may be distinguished from the related Long-billed Thrasher (Toxostoma longirostre) by that species’ paler plumage and from several species of brown New World thrushes by their smaller sizes and shorter tails. Male and female Brown Thrashers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Brown Thrasher breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada. Northerly-breeding populations migrate to the southeastern U.S. and east Texas for the winter. Populations breeding further south are non-migratory. Brown Thrashers breed in a variety of semi-open habitats with large quantities of groundcover, including forest edges, grasslands, and shrubby fields. Birds that migrate south in winter utilize similar habitat types as they do on their breeding grounds further north. Brown Thrashers eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including insects, spiders, berries, and fruits. In appropriate habitat, Brown Thrashers may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of low bushes and shrubs. A close relative of the mockingbirds, this species is also known for its ability to mimic other birds, and may be identified aurally by its habit of repeating each mimicked bird vocalization twice in a row before moving on (for comparison, the Northern Mockingbird repeats each vocalization three or more times, while the Gray Catbird, another mimic, switches vocalizations for each refrain). Brown Thrashers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Toxostoma rufum. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Toxostoma rufum. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Toxostoma_rufum_BNA;Toxostoma_rufum_EBI;Toxostoma_rufum_XEN;Toxostoma_rufum_IBC;Toxostoma_rufum_PET Tringa_flavipes_TEXT Tringa_flavipes http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Tringa flavipesA medium-sized (10-11 inches) sandpiper, the Lesser Yellowlegs in summer is most easily identified by its mottled gray back and wings, pale breast, long straight bill, and characteristic bright yellow legs. In winter, this species becomes slightly duller-plumaged overall. This species may be separated from the related Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) by that species’ much larger size and from the winter Stilt Sandpiper (Calidris himantopus) by that species’ plainer plumage and greenish legs. Male and female Lesser Yellowlegs are similar to one another in all seasons. The Lesser Yellowlegs breeds in Alaska and the western Canadian arctic east to the Hudson Bay. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering from coastal California and the coastal southeastern U.S. south to southern South America. Lesser Yellowlegs migrate through the Caribbean, along both coasts of North America, and in the interior of the continent. Lesser Yellowlegs primarily breed in freshwater marshes surrounded by northern evergreen forests. In winter and on migration, this species may be found in a number of wetland habitats, including freshwater or saltwater marshes, flooded grasslands, and estuaries. Lesser Yellowlegs mainly eat small invertebrates, including insects, aquatic worms, and mollusks. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see Lesser Yellowlegs during the summer. On migration or during the winter, this species may be seen probing the mud for food with its bill while wading in shallow water. Lesser Yellowlegs are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Tringa flavipes. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Tringa flavipes. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Tringa_flavipes_BNA;Tringa_flavipes_EBI;Tringa_flavipes_XEN;Tringa_flavipes_IBC;Tringa_flavipes_PET Tringa_melanoleuca_TEXT Tringa_melanoleuca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Tringa melanoleucaA large (14 inches) sandpiper, the Greater Yellowlegs in summer is most easily identified by its mottled gray back and wings, pale breast, long straight bill, and characteristic bright yellow legs. In winter, this species becomes slightly duller-plumaged overall. This species may be separated from the related Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) by that species’ much smaller size and from the Willet (Tringa semipalmata) by that species’ heavily-patterned wings and bluish legs. Male and female Greater Yellowlegs are similar to one another in all seasons. The Greater Yellowlegs breeds in Alaska and the Canadian subarctic. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering from the coasts of the U.S. south to southern South America. Greater Yellowlegs migrate through the Caribbean, along both coasts of North America, and in the interior of the continent. Greater Yellowlegs primarily breed in freshwater marshes surrounded by northern evergreen forests. In winter and on migration, this species may be found in a number of wetland habitats, including freshwater or saltwater marshes, flooded grasslands, and estuaries. Greater Yellowlegs mainly eat small fish and invertebrates, including insects, aquatic worms, and mollusks. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see Greater Yellowlegs during the summer. On migration or during the winter, this species may be seen probing the mud for food with its bill while wading in shallow water. Greater Yellowlegs are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Tringa melanoleuca. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Tringa melanoleuca. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Tringa_melanoleuca_BNA;Tringa_melanoleuca_EBI;Tringa_melanoleuca_XEN;Tringa_melanoleuca_IBC;Tringa_melanoleuca_PET Tringa_semipalmata_TEXT Tringa_semipalmata http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Tringa semipalmataAn extremely large (14-17 inches) sandpiper, the Willet in summer is most easily identified by its mottled gray back and wings, streaked breast, black-and-white wings, and dull bluish legs. In winter, this species becomes slightly duller-plumaged overall. This species may be separated from the related Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) by that species’ smaller size. Male and female Willets are similar to one another in all seasons. The Willet breeds in a few widely-separated regions in the New World, including the northern Great Plains and interior west, the Atlantic coast of North America, the U.S. Gulf coast, and the West Indies. In winter, northern and interior populations migrate south to the Pacific coast from California south to Chile, the southeastern U.S., and the Caribbean coasts of Central and South America. More southerly populations, particularly those in the West Indies, are non-migratory. Willets breeding in the interior of North America primarily breed on wet grasslands, while those breeding along the coast primarily breed in coastal saltwater marshes. In winter and on migration, this species may be found in a number of wetland habitats, including freshwater or saltwater marshes, mudflats, and estuaries. Willets mainly eat invertebrates, including insects, aquatic worms, and mollusks, and will sometimes also eat small fish. In appropriate habitat, Willets may be seen probing the mud for food with its bill while walking on mudflats or wading in shallow water. Individuals may also be seen flying over grasses or open water, when this species’ heavily-patterned wings are easily observed. Willets are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Tringa semipalmata. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Tringa semipalmata. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Tringa_semipalmata_BNA;Tringa_semipalmata_EBI;Tringa_semipalmata_XEN;Tringa_semipalmata_IBC;Tringa_semipalmata_PET Tringa_solitaria_TEXT Tringa_solitaria http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Tringa solitariaA medium-sized (8-9 inches) sandpiper, the Solitary Sandpiper, is most easily identified by its dark gray back and wings, streaked neck, straight bill, and dull greenish legs. In winter, this species becomes slightly duller-plumaged overall. This species may be separated from the related Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes) by that species’ yellow legs and paler plumage and from the similarly-sized Stilt Sandpiper (Calidris himantopus) by that species’ larger size and curved bill. Male and female Solitary Sandpipers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Solitary Sandpiper primarily breeds in Alaska and central Canada. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering from Texas and the Bahamas south to southern South America. Solitary Sandpipers migrate through the Caribbean, along both coasts of North America, and in the interior of the continent. Solitary Sandpipers primarily breed in freshwater marshes surrounded by northern evergreen forests. In winter and on migration, this species may be found in a number of wetland habitats, including freshwater or saltwater marshes, flooded grasslands, and estuaries. Solitary Sandpipers mainly eat small invertebrates, including insects, aquatic worms, and mollusks. Due to its remote breeding habitat, most birdwatchers never see Solitary Sandpipers during the summer. On migration or during the winter, this species may be seen probing the mud for food with its bill while wading in shallow water. Solitary Sandpipers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Tringa solitaria. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Tringa solitaria. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Tringa_solitaria_BNA;Tringa_solitaria_EBI;Tringa_solitaria_XEN;Tringa_solitaria_IBC;Tringa_solitaria_PET Troglodytes_aedon_TEXT Troglodytes_aedon http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Troglodytes aedonA small (4 ½ -5 inches) wren, the House Wren is most easily identified by its plain tan-brown back, tan breast, short tail (often held up at an angle), curved bill, and faint white eye-stripes. This species may be distinguished from the similar Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) by that species’ larger size and redder plumage and from Bewick’s Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) by that species’ larger size and brighter eye-stripes. Male and female House Wrens are similar to one another in all seasons. The House Wren breeds in southern Canada and the northern half of the United States, with other breeding populations occurring from southern Mexico and the West Indies to southern South America. In winter, populations breeding in North America winter in the southern half of the United States and northern Mexico. By contrast, tropical and South American House Wren populations are non-migratory. House Wrens inhabit a variety of semi-open habitats, including bushy fields, woodland edges, and scrub. This species has also adapted to life in well-vegetated urban and suburban areas, and its habit of nesting in artificial nest-boxes, also known as “bird houses,” has become part of this species’ English-language common name. House Wrens exclusively eat small insects. In appropriate habitat, House Wrens may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of bushes and shrubs. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a rapid series of warbled notes. House Wrens are most active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Troglodytes aedon. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Troglodytes aedon. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Troglodytes_aedon_BNA;Troglodytes_aedon_EBI;Troglodytes_aedon_XEN;Troglodytes_aedon_IBC;Troglodytes_aedon_PET Troglodytes_hiemalis_TEXT Troglodytes_hiemalis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Troglodytes hiemalisAn extremely small (4 inches) wren, the Winter Wren is most easily identified by its plain brown back, streaked breast, extremely short tail (often held up at an angle), short bill, and faint white eye-stripes. This species may be distinguished from the similar Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis) by that species’ paler plumage and from the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) by that species’ larger size. Male and female Winter Wrens are similar to one another in all seasons. The Winter Wren breeds from southern Alaska and Canada south at higher elevations to California and Georgia in the western and eastern United States, respectively. In winter, northerly-breeding populations migrate south to the eastern U.S. and the interior west. Populations breeding at the southern end of this species’ breeding range are non-migratory. Winter Wrens breed in a variety of habitats, including evergreen forests, river edges, and (in the northern part of this species’ range) rocky islands. During the winter, this species may be found further south or at lower elevations in evergreen or deciduous woodland. Winter Wrens exclusively eat small insects. In appropriate habitat, Winter Wrens may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of bushes and shrubs. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a rapid series of high-pitched warbled notes. Winter Wrens are most active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Troglodytes hiemalis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Troglodytes hiemalis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Troglodytes_hiemalis_BNA;Troglodytes_hiemalis_EBI;Troglodytes_hiemalis_XEN;Troglodytes_hiemalis_IBC;Troglodytes_hiemalis_PET Tympanuchus_cupido_cupido_TEXT Tympanuchus_cupido_cupido http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Tympanuchus cupido cupidoThe Heath Hen (about 17 inches) was a small subspecies of the Greater Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido). This chicken-shaped bird was characterized by a mottled brown body, short tail, and short, rounded wings. Males possessed yellow eyebrows, yellow inflatable throat-sacks, and stiff neck feathers called “pinnae.” Females were smaller and duller, possessing much shorter pinnae and lacking a throat sac. Before it became extinct, the Heath Hen was found along the Atlantic coast of the eastern United States from Massachusetts south to Virginia. This subspecies was separated geographically from other Greater Prairie-Chicken populations, which today are restricted to a few areas on the Great Plains but historically occurred widely in the central United States west of the Appalachian Mountains. Unfortunately, a combination of overhunting and habitat loss caused this subspecies’ numbers to plummet. At the time of its extinction in 1932, the Heath Hen had died out on mainland North America, and was found only on the island of Martha’s Vineyard in Massachusetts. Heath Hens were found in open woodland habitats across its range. This subspecies was particularly associated with the “pine barren” habitat type, which is characterized by sandy soils, short pine trees, and sparse groundcover of grasses and low shrubs. These woodland habitats are somewhat more vegetated than the dry grassland habitats inhabited by modern Greater Prairie-Chicken populations, but both provide sufficient quantities of insects, seeds, and other plant foods to feed these birds and other similar land fowl. In the early-1800s, when this subspecies was still found on the mainland, these birds would have been most visible while foraging for food in clearing, both on the ground and below bushes and shrubs. During the breeding season, males would defend territories, called “leks,” against male intruders while inflating their throat sacks and erecting their pinnae as a courtship display, much as Greater Prairie-Chickens do today. Heath Hens were primarily active during the day.
Threat Status: Extinct (Subspecies)
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Tympanuchus cupido cupido. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Tympanuchus cupido. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Tympanuchus_cupido_cupido_BNA;Tympanuchus_cupido_cupido_PET;Tympanuchus_cupido_cupido_WIKI;Tympanuchus_cupido_cupido_WIKI Tyrannus_forficatus_TEXT Tyrannus_forficatus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Tyrannus forficatusAn extremely large (11-15 inches) flycatcher, the Scissor-tailed Flycatcher is most easily identified by its gray head and back, pale breast, dark wings, and exceptionally long “swallow-tailed” tail feathers comprising well over half of its body length. Adult birds are almost unmistakable in this species’ breeding range, although they may be confused with adult Fork-tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus savanna), which are darker on the head and face, that occur in this species’ tropical winter range and as rare vagrants further north. Male and female Scissor-tailed Flycatchers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Scissor-tailed Flycatcher breeds in portion of the southern Great Plains stretching from Nebraska and Missouri south to Texas and northern Mexico. In winter, this species migrates south to southern Mexico, Central America, and extreme southern Florida. During migration, stray individuals occasionally appear far from this species’ breeding range, some turning up as far north as southern Canada. Scissor-tailed Flycatchers breed in a variety of open habitats, including grasslands, prairies, and fields, utilizing similar habitats in winter as in summer. In particular, these birds require sections of habitat containing isolated low trees, bushes, or fence posts suitable for perching or nesting. Like most of their relatives, Scissor-tailed Flycatchers primarily eat small flying insects. In appropriate habitat, Scissor-tailed Flycatchers are most easily seen scanning the grass or brush from a prominent perch. These birds hunt by flying out from perches to capture prey in the air, displaying their characteristic tail feathers as they do so. Scissor-tailed Flycatchers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Tyrannus forficatus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Tyrannus forficatus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Tyrannus_forficatus_BNA;Tyrannus_forficatus_EBI;Tyrannus_forficatus_XEN;Tyrannus_forficatus_IBC;Tyrannus_forficatus_PET Tyrannus_tyrannus_TEXT Tyrannus_tyrannus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Tyrannus tyrannusA medium-sized (8 inches) flycatcher, the Eastern Kingbird is most easily identified by its dark gray head and back, pale breast, and black tail with conspicuous white band on tip. This species is most easily distinguished from the related Western Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis) by that species’ paler body and bright yellow belly. Male and female Eastern Kingbirds are similar to one another in all seasons. The Eastern Kingbird breeds across much of the United States and south-central Canada. This species is primarily absent as a breeding bird from the far north, the desert southwest, and the U.S. Pacific coast. Eastern Kingbirds spend the winter in the South American Amazon. Eastern Kingbirds breed in a variety of open and semi-open habitats, including forest edges, fields, and wetlands. During the winter, this species may be found in swampy or open habitats in humid tropical forests. Like most of their relatives, Eastern Kingbirds primarily eat small flying insects during the summer, but these birds also eat fruits and berries during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Eastern Kingbirds are most easily seen scanning the surrounding area from a prominent perch. These birds hunt by flying out from perches to capture prey in the air, displaying their characteristic white-on-black tail pattern as they do so. Eastern Kingbirds are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Tyrannus tyrannus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Tyrannus tyrannus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Tyrannus_tyrannus_BNA;Tyrannus_tyrannus_EBI;Tyrannus_tyrannus_XEN;Tyrannus_tyrannus_IBC;Tyrannus_tyrannus_PET Tyrannus_verticalis_TEXT Tyrannus_verticalis http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Tyrannus verticalisA medium-sized (8 inches) flycatcher, the Western Kingbird is most easily identified by its gray head, olive-green back, yellow belly, and black tail with faint white bands on the edges. This species is most easily distinguished from the related Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) by that species’ darker body and paler breast. Male and female Western Kingbirds are similar to one another in all seasons. The Western Kingbird breeds across much of the western United States, western Mexico, and southwestern Canada, occurring east to the central Great Plains. This species spends the winter in southern Florida, southwestern Mexico, and the Pacific coast of Central America. During migration, individuals may stray far to the north and east of this species’ breeding range, occasionally turning up as far east as the Atlantic seaboard. Western Kingbirds breed in a variety of open and semi-open habitats, including scrubland, fields, and prairie. During the winter, this species utilizes similar habitats in the tropics as it did in temperate regions during the summer. Like most of their relatives, Western Kingbirds primarily eat small flying insects. In appropriate habitat, Western Kingbirds are most easily seen scanning the surrounding area from a prominent perch. These birds hunt by flying out from perches to capture prey in the air, displaying their characteristic black tail and yellow breast as they do so. Western Kingbirds are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Tyrannus verticalis. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Tyrannus verticalis. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Tyrannus_verticalis_BNA;Tyrannus_verticalis_EBI;Tyrannus_verticalis_XEN;Tyrannus_verticalis_IBC;Tyrannus_verticalis_PET Tyto_alba_TEXT Tyto_alba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Tyto albaA medium-sized (14-20 inches) owl, the Barn Owl is most easily identified by its tan head and body, pale breast, triangular facial disk (most owl species have round faces) and brown eyes. Part of a small group of owls mostly found in Australasia, this species is unlikely to be confused with owl species outside of its own family. Male and female Barn Owls are similar to one another in all seasons. Barn Owls occur across much of the globe. In the New World, this species occurs from extreme southern Canada and the northern United States south to the southern tip of South America, including the islands in the Caribbean. In the Old World, this species occurs in most of Europe, Africa, South Asia, and Australia. Barn Owls inhabit an enormous variety of open and semi-open habitats across this species’ wide range. These habitats include forest edges, grassland, scrub, meadows, agricultural fields, and even urban and suburban areas. Barn Owls eat a variety of small animals, primarily rodents (including mice, voles, and shrews). Like most owls, Barn Owls hunt at night, listening for movement in the undergrowth with their superb hearing and swooping down to capture prey. Birdwatchers may watch for this species at dawn or dusk, and may listen for this species’ grating “kschh” call. Barn Owls are primarily active at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Tyto alba. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Tyto alba. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Tyto_alba_BNA;Tyto_alba_EBI;Tyto_alba_XEN;Tyto_alba_IBC;Tyto_alba_PET Uria_lomvia_TEXT Uria_lomvia http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Uria lomviaA medium-sized (17-19 inches) auk, the Thick-billed Murre in summer is most easily identified by its black back and head, white breast, and black spear-shaped bill with a thick white stripe along both sides. During the winter, this species becomes paler gray on the neck and face. This species may be separated from the related Common Murre (Uria aalge) by that species’ thinner all-black bill and from the Razorbill (Alca torda) by that species’ much thicker bill. Male and female Razorbills are similar to one another in all seasons. The Thick-billed Murre breeds along the coasts of Alaska, northern Canada, northern Europe, and Siberia. This species spends the winter at sea, extending south from its breeding range as far as the Mid-Atlantic region, the Pacific Northwest, Britain, and northern Japan. Individuals may appear further south or inland from this species’ typical winter range after large storms. Thick-billed Murres breed in large seabird colonies on cliffs on islands or along rocky northern coasts. During the winter, this species is usually seen far out to sea on the open ocean, although vagrants blown inland may appear on other large bodies of water, such as bays, estuaries, or reservoirs. Thick-billed Murres primarily eat small fish. During the breeding season, birdwatchers have found that Thick-billed Murres are most easily observed from boats at the base of large seabird colonies. During the winter, this species may be observed from ships far out to sea or, if from shore, only during large storms with the use of high-power optics. Thick-billed Murres are mainly active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Uria lomvia. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Uria lomvia. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Uria_lomvia_BNA;Uria_lomvia_EBI;Uria_lomvia_XEN;Uria_lomvia_IBC;Uria_lomvia_PET Vermivora_chrysoptera_TEXT Vermivora_chrysoptera http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Vermivora chrysopteraA medium-sized (5-5 ½ inches) wood warbler, the male Golden-winged Warbler is most easily identified by its gray back, pale breast, yellow crown, black eye and throat patches, and gray wings with conspicuous yellow wing bars. Female Golden-winged Warblers are similar to males, but are somewhat duller overall with a greenish cast on the head and back. This species occasionally hybridizes with the related Blue-winged Warbler (Vermivora cyanoptera), producing a dominant hybrid form (“Brewster’s Warbler,” which is pale below and olive green above with the Blue-winged Warbler’s black eye-stripes) and, more rarely, a recessive hybrid form (“Lawrence’s Warbler,” which is yellow below and olive-green above with the Golden-winged Warbler’s black facial markings). The Golden-winged Warbler breeds in portions of the eastern United States and southern Canada from Minnesota east to Massachusetts and from Ontario south to northern Georgia. In winter, this species migrates south to Central America and northern South America. Recently, this species has undergone declines at the southern part of its breeding range, perhaps due to habitat loss and competition with the Blue-winged Warbler. Golden-winged Warblers primarily breed in semi-open woodland habitats, particularly around forest edges, clearings, and places where ecological disturbance (forest fires, for example) has recently occurred. In winter, this species utilizes similar types of habitat in humid tropical forests. Golden-winged Warblers eat a variety of small invertebrates, primarily moths. In appropriate habitat, Golden-winged Warblers may be seen foraging for food on leaves and branches at middle heights in the canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a buzzing “bee-bz-bz-bz” dropping in pitch at the end. Golden-winged Warblers are primarily active during the day.
Threat Status: Near Threatened
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Vermivora chrysoptera. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Vermivora chrysoptera. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Vermivora_chrysoptera_BNA;Vermivora_chrysoptera_EBI;Vermivora_chrysoptera_XEN;Vermivora_chrysoptera_IBC;Vermivora_chrysoptera_PET Vermivora_cyanoptera_TEXT Vermivora_cyanoptera http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Vermivora cyanopteraA medium-sized (4 ½ -5 inches) wood warbler, the male Blue-winged Warbler is most easily identified by its olive-green back, yellow breast, yellow forehead, black eye-stripes, and gray-blue wings with white wing bars. Female Blue-winged Warblers are similar to males, but are somewhat duller overall with an olive-green cast on the head and back. This species occasionally hybridizes with the related Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), producing a dominant hybrid form (“Brewster’s Warbler,” which is pale below and olive green above with the Blue-winged Warbler’s black eye-stripes) and, more rarely, a recessive hybrid form (“Lawrence’s Warbler,” which is yellow below and olive-green above with the Golden-winged Warbler’s black facial markings). The Blue-winged Warbler breeds in portions of the eastern United States and southern Canada from Minnesota east to Massachusetts and from Ontario south to northern Alabama. In winter, this species migrates south to southern Mexico and Central America. This species has recently expanded its range northward into areas inhabited by Golden-winged Warblers, perhaps being partially responsible for the latter species’ recent declines. Blue-winged Warblers primarily breed in semi-open woodland habitats, particularly around forest edges, clearings, and places where ecological disturbance (forest fires, for example) has recently occurred. In winter, this species utilizes similar types of habitat in humid tropical forests. Blue-winged Warblers eat a variety of small invertebrates, primarily moths. In appropriate habitat, Blue-winged Warblers may be seen foraging for food on leaves and branches at middle heights in the canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a buzzing “beee-bzzz” dropping in pitch at the end. Blue-winged Warblers are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Vermivora cyanoptera. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Vermivora cyanoptera. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Vermivora_cyanoptera_BNA;Vermivora_cyanoptera_EBI;Vermivora_cyanoptera_XEN;Vermivora_cyanoptera_IBC;Vermivora_cyanoptera_PET Vireo_flavifrons_TEXT Vireo_flavifrons http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Vireo flavifronsA medium-sized (5 inches) vireo, the Yellow-throated Vireo is most easily identified by its yellow breast, gray tail, gray wings with white wing bars, and olive-green back and head with conspicuous yellow eye-rings. This species may be separated from the Philadelphia Vireo (Vireo philadelphicus), which also has a yellow breast, by that species’ plain brownish-gray wings and tail. Male and female Yellow-throated Vireos are similar to one another in all seasons. The Yellow-throated Vireo breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada. Within this range, this species is mostly absent as a breeding bird from northern New England, south Florida, and the western Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas. Yellow-throated Vireos spend the winter from southern Mexico and the Bahamas south to northern South America. Yellow-throated Vireos breed in a variety of deciduous or mixed deciduous and evergreen woodland habitats. During the winter, this species may be found along the edges of tropical forests. Yellow-throated Vireos primarily eat small insects, but also eat small quantities of fruits and berries during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Yellow-throated Vireos may be seen foraging for food on leaves and branches at middle heights in the canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of buzzing notes vaguely recalling portions of American Robin songs. Yellow-throated Vireos are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Vireo flavifrons. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Vireo flavifrons. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Vireo_flavifrons_BNA;Vireo_flavifrons_EBI;Vireo_flavifrons_XEN;Vireo_flavifrons_IBC;Vireo_flavifrons_PET Vireo_gilvus_TEXT Vireo_gilvus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Vireo gilvusA medium-sized (5 inches) vireo, the Warbling Vireo is most easily identified by its plain brown-gray upperparts and wings, pale breast, and faint white eye-stripes. This species may be separated from the Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), which also has a pale breast and plain back, by that species’ brighter eye-stripes. Male and female Warbling Vireos are similar to one another in all seasons. The Warbling Vireo breeds across the northern United States and southern Canada. In the west, this species’ range extends southward at higher elevations as far as central Mexico. Warbling Vireos breeding in the U.S. and Canada spend the winter from central Mexico south to northern Central America, while populations breeding in central Mexico migrate short distances, if at all. Warbling Vireos breed in a variety of deciduous or mixed deciduous and evergreen woodland habitats. During the winter, this species may be found in a variety of semi-open habitats around tropical forests. Warbling Vireos primarily eat small insects, but also eat small quantities of fruits and berries during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Warbling Vireos may be seen foraging for food on leaves and branches in the tree canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of fluty notes more reminiscent of a warbler than a vireo. Warbling Vireos are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Vireo gilvus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Vireo gilvus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Vireo_gilvus_BNA;Vireo_gilvus_EBI;Vireo_gilvus_XEN;Vireo_gilvus_IBC;Vireo_gilvus_PET Vireo_griseus_TEXT Vireo_griseus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Vireo griseusA medium-sized (5 inches) vireo, the White-eyed Vireo is most easily identified by its olive-green back and tail, pale breast with yellow flanks, white wing bars, and striking white eyes with yellow eye-rings. This species may be separated from its tropical relative, the Thick-billed Vireo (Vireo crassirostris), by that species’ darker wings, greener body, and thicker bill. Male and female White-eyed Vireos are similar to one another in all seasons. The White-eyed Vireo breeds in the eastern United States, where it occurs from Massachusetts south to Florida and west to Texas, as well as in northeastern Mexico. During the winter, northerly-breeding populations winter from the Bahamas south to northern Central America. Populations breeding in the southern part of this species’ breeding range are non-migratory. White-eyed Vireos breed in areas of thick brush and scrub, particularly along forest edges, in bushy fields, and in thick dune vegetation. Populations which migrate to the tropics for the winter utilize similar types of habitat as they do during the summer. White-eyed Vireos primarily eat small insects, but also eat small quantities of fruits and berries during the winter. White-eyed Vireos spend much of their time foraging for food on leaves and branches in dense brush, where they are often difficult to see. Birdwatchers may alternatively listen for this species’ song, a rapid “chick-a-per-weeoo-chick.” White-eyed Vireos are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Vireo griseus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Vireo griseus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Vireo_griseus_BNA;Vireo_griseus_EBI;Vireo_griseus_XEN;Vireo_griseus_IBC;Vireo_griseus_PET Vireo_olivaceus_TEXT Vireo_olivaceus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Vireo olivaceusA large (6 inches) vireo, the Red-eyed Vireo is most easily identified by its olive-green back and tail, pale breast, plain wings, and deep red eyes with white eye-stripes. This species may be separated from the Philadelphia Vireo (Vireo philadelphicus), which also has a pale breast and plain back, by that species’ smaller size and yellower breast. Male and female Red-eyed Vireos are similar to one another in all seasons. The Red-eyed Vireo breeds across the eastern United States and southern Canada. This species also occurs in western Canada and parts of the Pacific Northwest, although it is less widespread in those portions of its range. This species is a long-distance migrant, spending the winter in northern and central South America. Red-eyed Vireos breed in a number of woodland habitats with dense undergrowth. During the winter, this species may be found in similarly-structured habitats in and around humid tropical forests. Red-eyed Vireos primarily eat small insects during the summer, but mostly switches to fruits and berries during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Red-eyed Vireos may be seen foraging for food on leaves and branches in the tree canopy as well as in the undergrowth. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of fluty notes vaguely recalling portions of American Robin songs. Red-eyed Vireos are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Vireo olivaceus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Vireo olivaceus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Vireo_olivaceus_BNA;Vireo_olivaceus_EBI;Vireo_olivaceus_XEN;Vireo_olivaceus_IBC;Vireo_olivaceus_PET Vireo_philadelphicus_TEXT Vireo_philadelphicus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Vireo philadelphicusA small (4 ¾ inches) vireo, the Philadelphia Vireo is most easily identified by its olive-green back and tail, yellowish breast, plain wings, and dark eyes with white eye-stripes. This species may be separated from the Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), which also has a pale breast and plain back, by that species’ larger size and paler breast. Male and female Philadelphia Vireos are similar to one another in all seasons. The Philadelphia Vireo primarily breeds across southern and southeastern Canada. Smaller numbers breed south of the United States border, mainly in the upper Midwest, northern New England, and upstate New York. This species is a long-distance migrant, spending the winter in Central America. Philadelphia Vireos breed in a number of semi-open woodland habitats, particularly along woodland edges and clearings. During the winter, this species may be found in similarly-structured habitats in and around humid tropical forests. Philadelphia Vireos primarily eat small insects during the summer, but also eat small quantities of fruits and berries during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Philadelphia Vireos may be seen foraging for food on leaves and branches high in the tree canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of fluty notes similar to but somewhat higher-pitched than that of the Red-eyed Vireo. Philadelphia Vireos are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Vireo philadelphicus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Vireo philadelphicus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Vireo_philadelphicus_BNA;Vireo_philadelphicus_EBI;Vireo_philadelphicus_XEN;Vireo_philadelphicus_IBC;Vireo_philadelphicus_PET Vireo_solitarius_TEXT Vireo_solitarius http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Vireo solitariusA large (5-6 inches) vireo, the Blue-headed Vireo is most easily identified by its olive-green back and tail, pale breast, white wing bars, and bluish-gray head with white eye-rings. This species may be separated from the similar Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapillus) by that species’ smaller size and darker head. Male and female Blue-headed Vireos are similar to one another in all seasons. The Blue-headed Vireo primarily breeds across southern Canada and the northeastern United States. Smaller numbers breed at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains as far south as northern Alabama. Blue-headed Vireos spend the winter in the southeastern U.S., eastern Mexico, and northern Central America. Blue-headed Vireos breed in a number of dense woodland habitats with a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. During the winter, this species may be found in a variety of habitat types, including deciduous and evergreen woodland, bushy fields, and humid tropical forests. Blue-headed Vireos primarily eat small insects during the summer, but also eat small quantities of fruits and berries during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Blue-headed Vireos may be seen foraging for food on leaves and branches at middle heights in the tree canopy. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of fluty notes similar to but somewhat higher-pitched than that of the Red-eyed Vireo. Blue-headed Vireos are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Vireo solitarius. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Vireo solitarius. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Vireo_solitarius_BNA;Vireo_solitarius_EBI;Vireo_solitarius_XEN;Vireo_solitarius_IBC;Vireo_solitarius_PET Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_TEXT Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Xanthocephalus xanthocephalusA large (8-11 inches) blackbird, the male Yellow-headed Blackbird is most easily identified by its black body, black wings with white wing patches, yellow head and throat, and black facial mask between the eyes and the bill. Female Yellow-headed Blackbirds are dull brown on the head and body and yellow on the breast. Males are unmistakable in this species’ range, while females may be distinguished from other dull female blackbirds by this species’ characteristic yellow breast pattern. The Yellow-headed Blackbird breeds in the western United States and Canada, primarily on the Great Plains and interior west, but also in California, the Colorado River valley, and the Great Lakes region. Most populations migrate south to the desert southwest, Texas, and northern Mexico during the winter, while the Colorado River valley populations are non-migratory. Individual Yellow-headed Blackbirds occasionally spend the winter in central California and Florida, while others may turn up in the east at any time of the year. Yellow-headed Blackbirds primarily breed in marshes and flooded grasslands. On migration and during the winter, this species may also visit drier habitats, such as fields and meadows. Yellow-headed Blackbirds primarily eat small insects during the summer, switching over to a plant-based diet (mainly seeds and grains) during the winter. In appropriate habitat, Yellow-headed Blackbirds may be seen foraging for food on the ground or on the stalks of marsh grasses. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a strange combination of slurred, buzzing, liquid, and trilling notes. Yellow-headed Blackbirds are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_BNA;Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_EBI;Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_XEN;Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_IBC;Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_PET Zenaida_macroura_TEXT Zenaida_macroura http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Zenaida macrouraA medium-sized (12 inches) dove, the Mourning Dove is most easily identified by its grayish-tan body, speckled back, black “ear” patch behind the eye, and long pointed tail. This species may be distinguished from the similar White-winged Dove (Zenaida asiatica) by that species’ blue eye-stripes, rounded tail, and white wing patches. Male and female Mourning Doves are similar to one another in all seasons. The Mourning Dove breeds across much of the North American continent south of southern Canada. Northerly-breeding populations migrate south to southern Mexico and Central America during the winter, whereas populations breeding further south in the U.S. and Mexico are non-migratory. Other non-migratory populations exist in the West Indies and at scattered locations in Central America. Mourning Doves inhabit a number of habitats across this species’ wide range, including woodland edges, bushy fields, meadows, and scrubland. This species has also adapted to living near humans, and visits agricultural fields as well as urban and suburban areas where food is available. Mourning Doves almost exclusively eat seeds and grains. Throughout the North American continent, Mourning Doves may be seen foraging for food on the ground or perched on trees limbs, fence posts, and power lines. This species’ call, a melancholy “COO-coo, coo, coo,” and the whistle made by the wings of these birds as they fly, are an integral part of the avian soundscape across most of North America. This is also one of the most common backyard birds, known for regularly visiting bird feeders and building its nest on porch lights and inside hanging plants. Mourning Doves are primarily active during the day.
en Everyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Smithsonian Institution Rumelt, Reid B. Zenaida macroura. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Zenaida macroura. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution RumeltR Zenaida_macroura_BNA;Zenaida_macroura_EBI;Zenaida_macroura_XEN;Zenaida_macroura_IBC;Zenaida_macroura_PET