identifier taxonID type subtype format title description accessURI furtherInformationURL CreateDate UsageTerms Owner CVterm language agentID 7c448d05-8826-4f3a-a034-54b6225d758a 042a2052-a04f-4817-81d6-ef9cee06db8a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Boulengerula uluguruensis Boulengerula uluguruensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/boulengerula_uluguruensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1170 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. de37ab95-011a-4a4c-843d-7a9489fb61bb 5f6b1f1f-0c09-419a-9635-20dd6482f941 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa leucomystax from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_leucomystax2_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1306 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 8a2250e2-0186-4df3-95c4-8a734d37320d caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus sandersoni

Venter of Phrynobatrachus sandersoni (MCZ A-136794).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_sandersoni_MCZ136794_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda d69ff51a-a1b0-43dd-9c61-08789ab4d927 caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus sandersoni

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus sandersoni (MCZ A-136794).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_sandersoni_MCZ136794_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 797578ce-1e07-4dd2-b667-e1366264b5f4 caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus sandersoni

Venter of Phrynobatrachus sandersoni (MCZ A-136791).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_sandersoni_MCZ136791_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda b92740fa-1b38-4291-9875-7a71899ab4c7 caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus sandersoni

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus sandersoni (MCZ A-136791).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_sandersoni_MCZ136791_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda d15c244a-a22c-4afd-8c84-18440fac4817 a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatachus manengoubensis

Venter of Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis (MCZ A-138054).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_manengoubensis_MCZ138054_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 3a4a84c8-fef1-4f25-9b3a-310a20c826f0 a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis (MCZ A-138054).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_manengoubensis_MCZ138054_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 2b6a2d80-21a1-4408-a301-fc59fa158565 a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis

Venter of Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis (MCZ Z-138043).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_manengoubensis_MCZ138043_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda d1680408-ceb9-438b-995d-6e73b19c807c a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis (MCZ Z-138043).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_manengoubensis_MCZ138043_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda be3cf327-83ec-4904-b27c-af66d473b115 dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus latifrons

Venter of Phrynobatrachus latifrons (MCZ A-17536).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) . Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17536_P_latifrons_latifrons_S_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) f4e1c19b-9f98-429b-9433-52fb24b7b8e4 dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus latifrons

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus latifrons (MCZ A-17536).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17536_P_latifrons_latifrons_S_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 897fffe2-5142-4414-a782-7f82fd7f6687 dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus latifrons

Venter of Phrynobatrachus latifrons (MVZ 245150).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_latifrons_MVZ245150_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 82a6e9e6-e875-4d8b-afe3-ad1411783bfd dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus latifrons

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus latifrons (MVZ 245150).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_latifrons_MVZ245150_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda eae060cd-b73f-4e0c-af21-48eb32d2ab9f dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus latifrons

Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus latifrons (MCZ A-17536).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17536_P_latifrons_latifrons_S_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 4e2848da-caf4-43fd-b2c9-e5ed099dc1cd 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Dorsum of female Trichobatrachus robustus

Dorsum of femaleTrichobatrachus from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Photo from Kükenthal (1912).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Female_dorsum.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda cae46f3d-033a-4ea8-9d92-e852b1927ae2 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Dorsum of male Trichobatrachus robustus

Dorsum of full grown male Trichobatrachus from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Photo from Kükenthal (1912).

Photographer: Kükenthal, Willy. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Male2_dorsum.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kükenthal, Willy c0b5c0c2-7437-4fe7-b705-687a3f8c7b7b 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Venter of Trichobatrachus robustus

Venter of full grown male Trichobatrachus from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Photo from Kükenthal (1912).

Photographer: Kükenthal, Willy. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Male_ventral.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kükenthal, Willy 835069a5-25b0-4b50-8859-3f10df1811cd 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Lateral view of Trichobatrachus robustus

Lateral view of full grown male Trichobatrachus from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Photo from Kükenthal (1912).

Photographer: Kükenthal, Willy. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Male_lateral.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kükenthal, Willy dfd65e57-27b6-44c2-9951-aa533b4769a8 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Dorsum of male Trichobatrachus

Dorsum of full grown male Trichobatrachus from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Photo from Kükenthal (1912).

Photographer: Kükenthal, Willy. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Male_dorsum.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kükenthal, Willy d67f4bd1-0130-401b-88b9-474c82552df4 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Syntype of Trichobatrachus robustus

Syntype of Trichobatrachus robustus

Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1900. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/T_robustus.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1900 6ff5585c-e141-427a-953f-7a8e80705fc3 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Drawing of upper and lower jaws and pectoral girdle of Phrynobatrachus africanus by Boulenger (1906) Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1906. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_3_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1906 99b493b2-32fc-45b2-af05-f4cc77179ddc 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus africanus

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus africanus (MCZ A-1380103).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_africanus_MCZ138103_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda cbf3e7a7-79cf-4368-8992-ee35a7ba54df 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus africanus

Venter of Phrynobatrachus africanus (MCZ A-138103).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_africanus_MCZ138103_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 9e70a540-f37d-47e0-a9b8-39229040ce85 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus africanus

Venter of Phrynobatrachus africanus (MCZ A-136945).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_africanus_MCZ136945_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 2991af10-87c1-4248-83dc-1b0b02dd4d73 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus africanus

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus africanus (MCZ A-136945).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_africanus_MCZ136945_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 26675abb-2517-4d71-9d7a-116f9e3c4293 b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus auritus

Venter of Phrynobatrachus auritus (MCZ A-136792).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_auritus_MCZ136792_V_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 806104e0-04fa-4845-b0bd-52cb71edb753 b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus auritus

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus auritus (MCZ A-136792).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_auritus_MCZ136792_D2_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 26a279b5-e927-4e52-82c3-28c5d71620e0 b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Syntype of Phrynobatrachus auritus

Syntype of Phrynobatrachus auritus.

Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1900. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_auritus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1900 7d806d40-0805-4c2a-ae08-788f917af377 f0afda1f-70cf-4b2c-ad9b-d6e0dbaccf52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Syntype of Scotobleps gabonicus

Syntype of Scotobleps gabonicus.

Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1900. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Scotobleps.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1138 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1900 0bdee457-9973-4ae2-a427-2c2afa3ac25b 17b4bf03-06dd-4dff-80df-bd5a73628bef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Dorsal and ventral drawings of one of the syntypes of Cardioglossa gracilis

Dorsal and ventral drawings of one of the syntypes of Cardioglossa gracilis.

Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1900. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1111 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1900 95b38eeb-aecf-4534-b3f0-8920febc0d55 fe846d4e-5b1a-4a50-9388-608ce15545c5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Type of Astylosternus batesi

Type of Astylosternus batesi

Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1900. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Astylosternus_batesi.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1101 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1900 49c48d93-6503-4339-b228-880bcbf074b5 5a650741-6272-4d69-b90a-f9275e20572a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hand of Arthroleptis poecilonotus from Boulenger (1906) Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1906. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/922 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1906 e59d8b3a-4bb8-4529-ae9b-2fdc5c6b6d2d 5a650741-6272-4d69-b90a-f9275e20572a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Type of Arthroleptis inguinalis, synonymized with Arthroleptis poecilonotus

Type of Arthroleptis inguinalis, synonymized with Arthroleptis poecilonotus

Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1900. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/922 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1900 7a90eee9-3cc3-450d-a290-1db4c6bfd5f9 e55b6ae9-b57e-4e89-a4c9-3b4cb424e017 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Syntype of Amietophrynus latifrons

Syntype of Amietophrynus latifrons.

Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1900. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Amietophrynus_latifrons.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1260 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1900 3d2a25f3-4d61-4af3-87f6-6689872011f0 3aa3fd2c-87fb-4cca-9fe3-500133cf3507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus francisci

Venter of Phrynobatrachus francisci (MVZ 234836).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_francisci_MVZ234836_V_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1540 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 764f829a-78e6-4efd-b7cb-62341f897e24 3aa3fd2c-87fb-4cca-9fe3-500133cf3507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus francisci

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus francisci (MVZ 234836).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_francisci_MVZ234836_D_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1540 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda b7673bcd-f71a-4cd4-9e61-087c5fac03de ba06ab19-ef89-4bb9-a63b-104679b71dd4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustrations of Pyxicephalus adspersus (male and juvenile) Photographer: Smith, A.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_14.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1706 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Smith, A. 0aba28fa-8ab9-4db7-98ef-686d66e46bb0 f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of Aubria subsigillata Photographer: Mark-Oliver Rödel. Publisher: Dietterich, Lee. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/aubria_subsigillata_tai_national_park_rodel.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mark-Oliver Rödel 6f874f65-3ff9-4af9-9045-b4a7fc1e8c8b f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Aubria subsigillata

Lateral view of head of Aubria subsigillata (MCZ A-26944).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4081.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 214afd95-fd77-4a32-bae0-0730024d8fb9 f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Aubria subsigillata

Venter of Aubria subsigillata (MCZ A-26944).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4079.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda c8c0d1b6-80c3-43e2-9857-d028feb9a4e6 f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Aubria subsigillata

Dorsum of Aubria subsigillata (MCZ A-26944).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4078.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee bfc59a4f-7b86-4f00-a2c8-166b0ff3e79c b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorso-lateral view of Aubria masako Photographer: Jackson, Kate. Publisher: Dietterich, Lee. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/USNM246290_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Jackson, Kate 0f180eba-5aaf-42b9-ae5f-965325ae45ad b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Aubria masako

Lateral view of head of Aubria masako (MCZ A-21791).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4075.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee d1bcb542-a534-419e-b0e0-adcfa5fba519 b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Aubria masako

Venter of Aubria masako (MCZ A-21791).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4074.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee d21feedf-19d1-439b-ae37-ebfbb53b32c4 b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Aubria masako

Dorsum of Aubria masako (MCZ A-21791).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4073.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee 407a248c-8cfc-455b-9a0e-9245781550cd b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Aubria masako

Lateral view of head of Aubria masako (MCZ A-21790).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4072.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda d1ea7643-2ce6-43c9-b585-884843a6c8a0 b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Aubria masako

Venter of Aubria masako (MCZ A-21790).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4070.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee c27a207f-1408-4207-8140-6942f733ef5e b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Aubria masako

Dorsum of Aubria masako (MCZ A-21790).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4069.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda and Dietterich, Lee 6efc5663-7327-48b3-91d4-4ffc5f7034ed 41f6b4db-ffb6-4253-b108-57a4edfcf3b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena mascareniensis from Lake Chitu, Ethiopia Photographer: Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Ptychadena_mascariensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1642 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M. e8caf5f4-71e4-4994-86b5-f670e2f81cbe 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of Phrynobatrachus natalensis from Ethiopia

Lateral view of Phrynobatrachus natalensis from Ethiopia.

Photographer: Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Phrynobatrachus_natalensis.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda 1c77d5eb-05e4-4abb-a897-4183f9218ea1 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus natalensis

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus natalensis (MVZ 245161).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_natalensis_MVZ245161_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda b2a80e5a-d455-494f-a783-f9fa200d5f9d 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus natalensis

Venter of Phrynobatrachus natalensis (MVZ 245161).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_natalensis_MVZ245161_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 48dd021e-0197-40cf-8c60-0fa008f395f5 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus natalensis

Venter of Phrynobatrachus natalensis (MVZ 245160).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_natalensis_MVZ245160_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 18523e1a-b4d1-4bd5-9bbd-f6613780aae1 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus natalensis

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus natalensis (MVZ 245160).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_natalensis_MVZ245160_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 8d47cb33-6529-43c0-a678-f3be63cec071 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus duckeri holotype (currently P. natalensis)

Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus duckeri holotype (MCZ A-27581).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A27581_P_duckeri_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) e1dfc57f-bdfd-4008-b030-3a5277a21a55 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsal view of holotype of Phrynobatrachus duckeri (currently Phrynobatrachus natalensis)

Dorsal view of holotype of Phrynobatrachus duckeri (MCZ A-27581).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A27581_P_duckeri_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 044b1f9e-1dc9-411c-a0de-f56ae4faf53b 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsal view of holotype of Phrynobatrachus duckeri (currently Phrynobatrachus natalensis)

Dorsal view of holotype of Phrynobatrachus duckeri (MCZ A-27581).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A27581_P_duckeri_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 39f2eac9-a14a-4175-9c49-411543a7c249 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus natalensis from Tanzania

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus natalensis from Tanzania (MCZ A-23292).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7823_MCZ_23292.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 064867a8-c452-4407-b714-ae2855eb5992 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus natalensis from Tanzania

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus natalensis from Tanzania (MCZ A-23291).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7818_MCZ_23291.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda a882350d-7b2b-4933-9ee3-960b8b92142b 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus natalensis from Tanzania

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus natalensis from Tanzania (MCZ A-23237).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7521_MCZ_23237.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 3f364aed-e653-4265-bf99-511f8b4c3585 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus natalensis from Tanzania

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus natalensis from Tanzania (MCZ A-23236).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7518_MCZ_23236.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda a59310a5-1e9b-42e5-92f6-3e28757407c7 57f07e11-60b0-49b7-aa66-eb4dc2d8f2e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius acuticeps from Fox Farm Highland Lodge, Mufindi, Tanzania (MCZ A-138398) Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7509_MCZ_23235.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1385 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. d04f5500-95e0-40fc-ac7b-9015f71b8fb0 f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsal view of wild specimen of Heleophryne hewitti Photographer: Conradie, Werner. Publisher: Gale Rosen, Daniel. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/H.hewitti_1600pix_1.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Conradie, Werner 20e98b62-93ff-4133-8ef8-2027e02dcaa8 f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of paratype of Heleophryne hewitti

Lateral view of head of paratype of Heleophryne hewitti (MCZ A-100156).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A100156_H_hewitti_P_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) c39b8f5f-107c-4079-9ea4-8206680a35ab f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ventral view of paratype of Heleophryne hewitti

Dorsal view of paratype of Heleophryne hewitti (MCZ A-100156).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A100156_H_hewitti_P_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 2d903ae1-cac3-49ec-98c9-c7e99e8d4fa6 f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsal view of paratype of Heleophryne hewitti

Dorsal view of paratype of Heleophryne hewitti (MCZ A-100156).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A100156_H_hewitti_P_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 92e90c19-6fa7-4765-8cba-3dd97719b9bb 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Vandijkophrynus amatolicus Photographer: Boycott, R.C.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_10.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Boycott, R.C (Atlas and Red Data of the Frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland) b87b101e-4511-45f4-8071-b2cd267a4f9f 135c5ae0-8b00-4f35-be64-a92feabaf169 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Bufo pseudogarmani holotype SMF46403 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_pseudogarmani__holotype_male_smf_46403_side_o.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1243 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 5e692eec-7e08-49b2-ae99-68239fd4863e 135c5ae0-8b00-4f35-be64-a92feabaf169 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Bufo pseudogarmani holotype SMF46403 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_pseudogarmani__holotype_male_smf_46403_dorsal.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1243 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin e617db24-c5a7-4e5a-88b9-57cdc383cf2e 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Nectophrynoides viviparus from Udzungwa Scarp.

Nectophrynoides viviparus from Udzungwa Scarp.

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_0296_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 909fe1b5-3ea0-4c45-b046-1dbe7353633c 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Nectophrynoides viviparus from Udzungwa Scarp

Nectophrynoides viviparus from Udzungwa Scarp.

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_0312_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 92ad855d-6f31-411e-b28e-824ca90b1ce3 2baa120f-f738-4648-b6ab-b6387e3aac88 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Drawing of holotype of Nectophrynoides tornieri Photographer: Roux, J.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_7_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/884 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Roux, J. 1be4c9b2-53d5-45e6-a854-8f4d2c733b16 e8d01d41-7adf-49ad-acd4-37e74aed3441 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Nectophrynoides minutus (MCZ A-12463; holotype).

Lateral view of head of Nectophrynoides minutus (MCZ A-12463; holotype).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A12463_N_minutus_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/887 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 112a47b5-ba4a-46df-8aba-33efcf7ce850 e8d01d41-7adf-49ad-acd4-37e74aed3441 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Nectophrynoides minutus (MCZ A-12463; holotype).

Venter of Nectophrynoides minutus (MCZ A-12463; holotype).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A12463_N_minutus_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/887 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) c0ab67b9-27e8-418a-a8b4-130ebc2ea248 e8d01d41-7adf-49ad-acd4-37e74aed3441 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Nectophrynoides minutus (MCZ A-12463; holotype).

Dorsum of Nectophrynoides minutus (MCZ A-12463; holotype).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A12463_N_minutus_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/887 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 9abd41d4-9d81-4cd1-a4e0-66bfaef0384b 8955509a-528e-4254-99d0-9f40be9d987f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of type of Mertensophryne taitana

Lateral view of head of type of Mertensophryne taitana (MCZ A-22327).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A22327_B_taitanus_taitanus_S_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/874 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 21f32082-f63e-4465-8664-6b34ed217694 8955509a-528e-4254-99d0-9f40be9d987f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of type of Mertensophryne taitana

Venter of type of Mertensophryne taitana (MCZ A-22327).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A22327_B_taitanus_taitanus_S_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/874 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda f32a0387-1570-4a55-a522-9ad08797ab6b 8955509a-528e-4254-99d0-9f40be9d987f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of type of Mertensophryne taitana

Dorsum of type of Mertensophryne taitana (MCZ A-22327).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A22327_B_taitanus_taitanus_S_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/874 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 3f767b13-c35e-44c9-a0ef-b84b744fd6a2 62afe0ca-15b4-4cb4-84e1-c24bda83bfa5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of paratype (BM 1969.1493) from Mahenge, Tanzania Photographer: Poynton, J.C.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_4_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/872 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Poynton, J.C. 8bd3a6c4-b1ae-4def-ba96-dff664a76f01 62afe0ca-15b4-4cb4-84e1-c24bda83bfa5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype (BM 1969.1492) from Mahenge, Tanzania

Dorsum of holotype (BM 1969.1492) from Mahenge, Tanzania

Photographer: Poyton, J.C.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/872 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Poyton, J.C. e4314e4e-23fd-4605-ac27-583f7e028b6a 7443aaf4-a85c-4c23-b7a4-3c152c9247be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus kerinyagae

Locality: montane central Kenya (Kenya)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_kerinyagae2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1224 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. b44a30cb-b26d-4249-99c2-c350513bdafd 7443aaf4-a85c-4c23-b7a4-3c152c9247be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus kerinyagae

Locality: montane central Kenya (Kenya)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_kerinyagae.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1224 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. a3ac2b0f-19f6-4683-9077-49c0d5f85d84 cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus versicolor

Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus versicolor (MCZ A-17532).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17532_P_versicolor_S_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 5ae2b042-be5c-48cc-bc98-a6110b220061 cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus versicolor

Venter of Phrynobatrachus versicolor (MCZ A-17532).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) . Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17532_P_versicolor_S_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) a7c35258-d54f-4820-a158-71b0c45246a8 cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus versicolor

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus versicolor (MCZ A-17532).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) . Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17532_P_versicolor_S_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 993ea7e4-405f-42a8-8c3d-a8eb08011aae f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis

Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis nyikae (MCZ A-27609; holotype).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A27609_P_ukingensis_nyikae_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 190aec26-5cf7-4ee9-864c-0f48fe982f97 f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis

Venter of holotype of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis nyikae (MCZ A-27609).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A27609_P_ukingensis_nyikae_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 1d826fa9-2e08-49c0-bcbf-ff16167390f2 f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis

Dorsum of holotype of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis nyikae (MCZ A-27609).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A27609_P_ukingensis_nyikae_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 8d04df41-4667-4455-83ac-48902703e6e9 f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis (holotype)

Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis (MCZ A-17137; holotype).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17137_A_ukingensis_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 46a314fc-f5c9-490f-9e28-ef02cec1e61e f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis

Venter of holotype of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis (MCZ A-17137).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17137_A_ukingensis_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 7c24a353-68df-45b9-a484-38254e58122d f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis

Dorsum of holotype of Phrynobatrachus ukingensis (MCZ A-17137).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17137_A_ukingensis_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) bfe68c5a-4cd0-4635-a803-198835892591 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus scheffleri syntypes from Kibwezi Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_scheffleri_-_kibwezi_syntypes.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 8ef0fcbb-e045-463d-adfb-bdfb5a61e589 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri

Venter of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri (MVZ 234149).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_scheffleri_MVZ234149_V2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 7f95f0c3-9190-4d43-8f50-ff536edd9524 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri (MVZ 234149).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_scheffleri_MVZ234149_D2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 456666e6-c9ec-4d30-92c5-d449b7531bbd 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri

Venter of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri (MVZ 234062).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_scheffleri_MVZ234062_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 699042f4-afb9-48b6-bed5-939a9425cb2e 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri (MVZ 234062).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_scheffleri_MVZ234062_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 6ea79b92-e5f5-4e43-b839-073ecd62c790 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri from Nairobi.

Photographer: Schick, Susanne. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_scheffleri_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Schick, Susanne 39357f35-31fa-44fa-98a3-29c47d9fb2c4 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri

Venter of Phrynobatrachus scheffleri from Nairobi.

Photographer: Schick, Susanne. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_scheffleri_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Schick, Susanne c2a62d1d-02e5-4574-aee5-a3d1739d2659 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of female Phrynobatrachus scheffleri lectotype

Venter of female Phrynobatrachus scheffleri lectotype (ZMB 21783; SVL 17.4 mm).

Photographer: Schick, Susanne. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_scheffleri_spec_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Schick, Susanne 0c8d2261-672a-4ace-a47b-4ad82e5c5af9 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of female Phrynobatrachus scheffleri lectotype

Dorsum of female Phrynobatrachus scheffleri lectotype (ZMB 21783; SVL 17.4 mm).

Photographer: Schick, Susanne. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_scheffleri_spec_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Schick, Susanne fc63e0ce-ad2a-45b0-b345-bf1ed9715105 57ab534d-f71a-4278-b62d-0a2b772a1026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus rungwensis (holotype)

Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus rungwensis (MCZ A-17141; holotype).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17141_A_rungwensis_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1547 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 79b6e96d-ce54-4fa1-bcac-b2fda02c31f5 57ab534d-f71a-4278-b62d-0a2b772a1026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Phrynobatrachus rungwensis

Venter of holotype of Phrynobatrachus rungwensis (MCZ A-17141).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17141_A_rungwensis_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1547 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) ede14bf6-915f-4ea3-9835-c27d6f648bf7 57ab534d-f71a-4278-b62d-0a2b772a1026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Phrynobatrachus rungwensis

Dorsum of holotype of Phrynobatrachus rungwensis (MCZ A-17141).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17141_A_rungwensis_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1547 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) ff4aa5ba-4a68-49e8-a4ce-22b8cc834f4d 9c528af0-017d-4c79-aec9-c4eb755372a6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus parvulus

Venter of Phrynobatrachus parvulus (MCZ A-137106, male).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_parvulus_MCZ137106_V_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1562 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda ded4e2a2-6ddd-45f7-bec0-2b28a723be1c 9c528af0-017d-4c79-aec9-c4eb755372a6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus parvulus

Venter of Phrynobatrachus parvulus (MCZ A-137121, female).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_parvulus_MCZ137121_V_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1562 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 557344e4-0894-4056-ae78-2b442244caf3 9c528af0-017d-4c79-aec9-c4eb755372a6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus parvulus

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus parvulus (MCZ A-137121, female).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_parvulus_MCZ137121_D_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1562 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 61183498-fdc4-40b2-9dc3-df3d067ed7f5 9c528af0-017d-4c79-aec9-c4eb755372a6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus parvulus

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus parvulus (MCZ A-137106, male).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_parvulus_MCZ137106_D_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1562 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda cab0ebf9-be99-4b9e-9df6-f66353832a5a ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Throat of male Phrynobatrachus krefftii

Throat of Phrynobatrachus krefftii male from Mazumbia Forest Reserve, West Usambara Mts, Tanzania (MCZ A-138310).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7048_MCZ_23148.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda ee561883-2a71-4bde-af43-0f5f6b0b6df0 ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Female Phrynobatrachus krefftii in dorsal view

Phrynobatrachus krefftii female from Mazumbia Forest Reserve, West Usambara Mts, Tanzania in dorsal view (MCZ A-138300).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6596_MCZ_23123.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 03bbd3c5-5340-4b97-a47c-e24aadff701c ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Throat of female Phrynobatrachus krefftii

Throat of Phrynobatrachus krefftii female from Mazumbia Forest Reserve, West Usambara Mts, Tanzania (MCZ A-138300).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6589_MCZ_23123.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda e1dd43b1-c1b9-4672-97b0-473268b49970 ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus krefftii female in dorsolateral view

Phrynobatrachus krefftii female from Mazumbia Forest Reserve, West Usambara Mts, Tanzania in dorsolateral view (MCZ A-138300).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6587_MCZ_23123.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 11dab7a7-1ce8-46fb-be04-c0c15ac14824 ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus krefftii male

Phrynobatrachus krefftii male from Mazumbia Forest Reserve, West Usambara Mts, Tanzania in ventral view (MCZ A-138296).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6514_MCZ_23113.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 017c4b90-cd88-4dbf-bc53-e1ca73d68e50 ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsal view of hands of Phrynobatrachus krefftii

Dorsal view of hands of Phrynobatrachus krefftii male from Mazumbia Forest Reserve, West Usambara Mts, Tanzania (MCZ A-138296).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6511_MCZ_23113.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 42b63ad0-5571-40b2-80d1-1876e1d2e1c5 ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus krefftii male

Close-up of gular region and snout of Phrynobatrachus krefftii male from Mazumbia Forest Reserve, West Usambara Mts, Tanzania (MCZ A-138296).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6499_MCZ_23113.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda a0b88a9f-7268-4087-9d65-0223a4e4e9c8 6211e78d-d368-496e-8674-7dc9a4acf105 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus keniensis

Venter of Phrynobatrachus keniensis (MVZ 226260).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_keniensis_MVZ2226260_V_edited.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1577 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 831180d2-84eb-4332-afb9-d2c11a09a467 6211e78d-d368-496e-8674-7dc9a4acf105 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus keniensis

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus keniensis (MVZ 226260).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_keniensis_MVZ2226260_D_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1577 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 7ea72e34-2470-4d48-85b1-17efb01d375c 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Phrynobatrachus dendrobates

Holotype of Phrynobatrachus dendrobates (BM 1947.2.4.32)

Photographer: Loader, Simon. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_dendrobates_BM1947.2.4.32.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Loader, Simon 34e28585-f6b9-4177-9abf-c2ee3d591185 cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus bullans paratypes Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_bullans_paratypes..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 0c2a6c78-5975-45f3-b9fd-eae953a00ad9 cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus bullans

Venter of Phrynobatrachus bullans (MVZ 238716).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_bullans_MVZ238716_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 6e48d658-6646-49ef-b84a-6886bf13e285 cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus bullans

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus bullans (MVZ 238716).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_bullans_MVZ238716_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda a4a3eab0-4015-4901-b2ca-5b0b0396ad2c cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus bullans

Venter of female Phrynobatrachus bullans (MVZ 234151). Eggs are visible.

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_bullans_MVZ23151_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 8e7b7e6e-488b-4921-bd27-0a693f0c8292 cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus bullans

Dorsum of female Phrynobatrachus bullans (MVZ 234151).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_bullans_MVZ23151_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda adc7420b-f868-4f26-b96b-1fca0e5892b6 cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus bullans venter

Ventral view of Phrynobatrachus bullans collected on the East shore of Lake Awassa, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopia (AAU A2008-032).

Photographer: Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Phrynobatrachus_bullans_vent.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M. 9173a339-6870-4365-933f-a9e176f9ba50 cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus bullans lateral view

Lateral view of Phrynobatrachus bullans collected on the East shore of Lake Awassa, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopia (AAU A2008-032).

Photographer: Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Phrynobatrachus_bullans_lateral.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M. 62cf2a9d-998b-4bde-bcf8-ec68dcebac30 cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus bullans dorsum

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus bullans collected on the East shore of Lake Awassa, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopia (AAU A2008-032).

Photographer: Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Phrynobatrachus_bullans_dorsum.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M. d1788dda-607a-4401-bca7-295cf221f12f b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus acridoides

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus acridoides

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_5835.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 08b9727f-d61d-4cad-a4b0-be0d3c4bac34 b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus acridoides

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus acridoides (MCZ A-138212).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_5826_MCZ_23012.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 6ba27c3b-a74b-4955-99a7-6a9016f943d5 b14fd12e-604d-4423-9154-11bd6741354b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Kassina maculifer

Locality: Wajir (Northeastern Province, Kenya)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/kassina_maculifer_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1487 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. b6139910-551e-49f1-8805-7a62caa376e8 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Head of female Hyperolius spinigularis Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6676.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. a63982a4-9088-48f6-9b98-3923566707f1 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of female Hyperolius spinigularis Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6670.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 2e523cc0-9145-4666-a9f8-5158694c492b 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg H. spinigularis from Mount Mulanje, Malawi - ventral surface of male Photographer: Lawson, Lucinda. Publisher: Lawson, Lucinda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_2560.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Lawson, Lucinda 41120e73-fd51-488e-ae50-44e53e10ff6d 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg H. spinigularis from Mount Mulanje, Malawi Photographer: Lawson, Lucinda. Publisher: Lawson, Lucinda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_2566.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Lawson, Lucinda 35fa7bf3-1996-44a4-b7f5-886a546e2826 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg H. spinigularis from Mount Mulanje, Malawi Photographer: Lawson, Lucinda. Publisher: Lawson, Lucinda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_2571.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Lawson, Lucinda 4ce21194-b0b4-4452-a6de-713a4308ce13 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ventral surface of H. spinigularis from Mount Mulanje, Malawi Photographer: Lawson, Lucinda. Publisher: Lawson, Lucinda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_2556.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Lawson, Lucinda 54a4dffa-2ae1-4830-89e1-8a5b92481aa2 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg A sample of H. spinigularis from East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (with field tags) Photographer: Lawson, Lucinda. Publisher: Lawson, Lucinda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_0132.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Lawson, Lucinda ce5104a2-ce67-4bee-a3f2-155461aaa2c4 6f251a77-0b37-4715-b311-ccf1846e3884 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus quinquevittatus mertensi Poynton, 1964 paratypes SMF59738 & 59743 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_mertensi_paratypes_smf_59738__59743..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1423 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 5897c18b-c49f-4b21-824e-6acb0e2f8670 e832c4b8-5e9a-4f69-b9dc-b4291312ea24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of Hyperolius puncticulatus from Loveridge, 1953 Photographer: Loveridge, A.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_17.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1441 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Loveridge, A. 747428d4-5b6a-4c14-ad7d-bdc74a5e1aca 81350b25-76a4-42c2-ae23-ef8d2bf4d592 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius pseudargus from Fox Farm Highland Lodge, Mufindi, Tanzania (MCZ A-138397) Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7504_MCZ_23234.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1463 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 16471893-4c0d-4bbb-8e04-8cebe8b4616d 20742e55-fed6-461f-9ce6-4148a4c0d3d2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius parkeri Photographer: Vonesh, J.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_9.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1470 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, et al. (2010; Field guide to the amphibians of the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya) 1e9d0550-ee4c-42e3-90a6-445cf9dae267 cb4589e0-ded4-4416-a107-65e7989138d2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius montanus

Locality: Aberdares Range (Central Province, Kenya)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_montanus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1450 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 32a8b00c-b4ea-4025-8a68-e0cbcfe385c9 cb4589e0-ded4-4416-a107-65e7989138d2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius montanus

Locality: Aberdares Range (Central Province, Kenya)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_montanus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1450 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 0e84bbc6-60cb-4c3e-bc08-c1348fbff6c1 6425ff9a-2c2a-4115-adc1-241ecf2f50f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of Hyperolius mitchelli from Loveridge, 1953 Photographer: Loveridge, A.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_9.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1456 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Loveridge, A. 653e7a93-2cd4-4ea6-a5fd-2ad841d19f6a 6425ff9a-2c2a-4115-adc1-241ecf2f50f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius mitchelli

Hyperolius mitchelli photographed in Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7700.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1456 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 7e3c142b-05c1-45ab-a963-81d1a2bcae68 6425ff9a-2c2a-4115-adc1-241ecf2f50f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsal view of Hyperolius mitchelli

Dorsal view of Hyperolius mitchelli photographed in Tanzania.

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7711.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1456 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 65618da9-8206-4078-8e50-59ffcc1c4d3a 6425ff9a-2c2a-4115-adc1-241ecf2f50f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius mitchelli

Hyperolius mitchelli photographed in Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7707.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1456 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda abe5e6a7-0b31-43eb-9f81-8dfaf1a508ff 6425ff9a-2c2a-4115-adc1-241ecf2f50f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of Hyperolius mitchelli

Lateral view of Hyperolius mitchelli photographed in Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7702.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1456 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda a053a0b9-bebc-4194-8562-86e4558cdc0d 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of holotype of Hyperolius mariae (MCZ A-13267).

Lateral view of head of holotype of Hyperolius mariae (MCZ A-13267).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13267_H_mariae_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 5aaca051-2e68-4e6b-a734-042ec28d24bb 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Hyperolius mariae (MCZ A-13267).

Venter of holotype of Hyperolius mariae (MCZ A-13267).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13267_H_mariae_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) aacd951d-23de-467f-96fe-410e5d2f3dc5 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Hyperolius mariae (MCZ A-13267)

Dorsum of holotype of Hyperolius mariae (MCZ A-13267).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13267_H_mariae_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) b829287c-abcb-455d-8c20-e787991601ea 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius mariae

Hyperolius mariae from Tomtonga Village (vicinity of Turiani), Mvomero, Morogoro, Tanzania
(MCZ A-138471)

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7651_MCZ_23251.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda f149d64d-7c0d-47ef-9d87-0656df822a09 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Female holotype of Hyperoilus mariae (MCZ A-13267).

Female holotype of Hyperoilus mariae (MCZ A-13267).

Photographer: Drawing from Barbour and Loveridge, 1928. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Barbour and Loveridge, 1928 0dfae604-c2ed-49ee-9297-9fec9b44b00d d15979ed-c913-401a-81a0-631da8d66b58 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius lateralis

Locality: Byumba (Impenetrable Forest, Uganda)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_lateralis2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1373 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 444a875f-123a-49cd-aae4-bcba206975dd c0a7cb2f-dc1e-4e7e-bb6c-0198b52eba80 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius ipianae Ahl, 1931. Holotype ZMB36091 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_ipianae_holotype_zmb_36091.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1374 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 0ee10a25-0ceb-4406-9180-0965a1266eec c0a7cb2f-dc1e-4e7e-bb6c-0198b52eba80 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius kivuensis multifasciatus Ahl, 1931 Holotype ZMB36109 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_multifasciatus_holotype_zmb36109.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1374 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin e5f3d41d-11d0-4be8-b0c6-cc8072daae0b f1a79b5e-7d55-4d3b-a2c6-4cd3f7cadfef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius cystocandicans

Locality: Tigoni (Central Province, Kenya)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_cystocandicans2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1400 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 4104f5ba-ce37-4c55-81b6-1cd58091f5be f1a79b5e-7d55-4d3b-a2c6-4cd3f7cadfef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius cystocandicans

Locality: Tigoni (Central Province, Kenya)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_cystocandicans.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1400 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 3501086f-ee59-4604-9159-e0cb9425373d 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus uluguruensis

Photographed in situ at night in Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, April 1997

Photographer: Freed, Paul. Publisher: Freed, Paul. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_uluguruensis_e_usambara_tanzania_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul 2a6ec577-75f9-4c77-8824-d4b643b1ef34 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus uluguruensis

Afrixalus uluguruensis from Pemba Village, Nguru Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138354).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7843_MCZ_23299.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 80442a6d-ffdc-4360-b681-79bbb6a0a59d 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of holotype of Afrixalus uluguruensis (MCZ A-13314).

Lateral view of head of holotype of Afrixalus uluguruensis (MCZ A-13314).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13314_A_uluguruensis_P_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 45c058c0-a79c-4d5a-922a-29fe06c2c4b8 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Afrixalus uluguruensis (MCZ A-13314).

Venter of holotype of Afrixalus uluguruensis (MCZ A-13314).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13314_A_uluguruensis_P_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) d9868020-0ec8-44c5-8cba-861b6d153ac2 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Afrixalus uluguruensis (MCZ A-13314).

Dorsum of holotype of Afrixalus uluguruensis (MCZ A-13314).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13314_A_uluguruensis_P_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) d57e61be-d773-41f5-829d-ab81765c6739 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Female holotype of Afrixalus uluguruensis (MCZ A-13311).

Female holotype of Afrixalus uluguruensis (MCZ A-13311).

Photographer: Drawing from Barbour and Loveridge, 1928. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_3.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Barbour and Loveridge, 1928 620064ab-2fa1-4500-b07d-5e4522a3553c 6aaec261-858c-4e18-bf89-d2e291e553e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus osorioi

Locality: Omubuyanja Swamp (Uganda)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_osorioi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1319 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 26e69129-d24e-4184-86ad-e00fb764a059 9aea7427-663b-4081-ba71-42daecb07f03 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Megalixalus unicolor Boettger, 1913 holotype SMF7274 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_unicolor_holotype_male_smf_7274_venter.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1307 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 471d93a7-e7d6-4486-b198-66357af0d4c9 9aea7427-663b-4081-ba71-42daecb07f03 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Megalixalus unicolor Boettger, 1913 holotype SMF7274 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_unicolor_holotype_male_smf_7274_dorsal_view..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1307 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin b73b92b6-9927-4844-9ef4-af638715db97 9aea7427-663b-4081-ba71-42daecb07f03 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Megalixalus unicolor Boettger, 1913 holotype SMF7274 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_unicolor_holotype_male_smf_7274_lateral_view..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1307 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin c5441529-6e14-4c7d-8029-f132ad8c95a6 9aea7427-663b-4081-ba71-42daecb07f03 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus fornasini

Afrixalus fornasini photographed on Pemba Island, Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6239_MCZ_23063.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1307 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 6f7b6097-6d35-4639-b437-904cf646de60 9aea7427-663b-4081-ba71-42daecb07f03 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus fornasini

Afrixalus fornasini photographed on Pemba Island, Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6136.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1307 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 4826bdb7-569e-4144-978e-0623a1f4d80a 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hemisus marmoratus from Mtele Swamp, Iringa, Tanzania Photographer: Müller, Hendrik. Publisher: Larson, Joanna. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hemisus_marmoratus_3.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Müller, Hendrik 76e43628-6913-47da-9779-8e2199ddf6be 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hemisus marmoratus from Mtele Swamp, Iringa, Tanzania Photographer: Müller, Hendrik. Publisher: Larson, Joanna. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hemisus_marmoratus_2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Müller, Hendrik 7280f580-8d03-4772-ab52-8886a00c47cd 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hemisus marmoratus from Mtele Swamp, Iringa, Tanzania Photographer: Müller, Hendrik. Publisher: Larson, Joanna. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hemisus_marmoratus_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Müller, Hendrik 222fb314-bfef-4522-b690-53795be68551 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hemisus marmoratus Photographer: Harper, E.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_8_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, et al. (2010; Field guide to the amphibians of the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya) 124f20f6-2b67-43c4-ac27-80d4c2e42ec9 cc48f22d-13fa-4ea6-9bb2-b275b0a6474f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Schismaderma carens

Locality: Livingstone (Zambia)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/schismaderma_carens2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1274 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 120dc527-10e5-4b91-a941-7c011b9abf81 cc48f22d-13fa-4ea6-9bb2-b275b0a6474f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Schismaderma carens

Locality: Livingstone (Zambia)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/schismaderma_carens_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1274 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. f7999fa4-4791-4579-9241-8155e79c185c cc48f22d-13fa-4ea6-9bb2-b275b0a6474f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Schismaderma carens Photographer: Pieterse, B.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/schismaderma_carens.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1274 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. (Atlas and Red Data of the Frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland) afeb4c9a-7af7-4bdc-9494-a7818f2def75 cc48f22d-13fa-4ea6-9bb2-b275b0a6474f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of Schismaderma carens

Lateral view of Schismaderma carens (MCZ A-23231).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7471_MCZ_23231_edit.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1274 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 4f2be6ae-baf4-45fb-812f-3d1f43837974 cc48f22d-13fa-4ea6-9bb2-b275b0a6474f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration from original description (Smith, 1848) Photographer: Smith, 1848. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_4_0_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1274 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Smith, 1848 158e7148-8ddc-4286-8079-ddccb3e65d22 0f95bef6-0f29-41a5-8ac4-eaadc49ef308 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus regularis holotype SMF3429 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_regularis_holotype_female_smf_3429_dorsal_vie.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1239 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 0883dcd7-76ab-4649-b48d-982b1f42b8c0 0f95bef6-0f29-41a5-8ac4-eaadc49ef308 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus regularis holotype SMF3429 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_regularis_holotype_smf_3429_side_of_head..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1239 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 5926f923-f03f-49bb-abc6-e429dd4c8667 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Bufo pusillus holotype SMF22247 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_pusillus_holotype_smf_22247._details_of_webbin.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 3edb0098-7a95-4a53-bf1f-a6946e364551 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Bufo pusillus holotype SMF22247 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_pusillus_holotype_male_smf_22247_ventral_view.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 4c2260db-4587-4352-8174-a2e9a56ed8f6 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Bufo pusillus holotype SMF22247 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_pusillus_holotype_male_smf_22247_lateral_view.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 457374ca-07d7-4731-beb5-ede712161ccc 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Bufo pusillus holotype SMF22247 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_pusillus_holotype_male_smf_22247_dorsal_view.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin ab5f24fe-aee6-44c1-81fe-b4ba0cf961ab 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus maculatus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_maculatus4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. d0d9b71a-d9f6-4eb4-a3ad-6d68d1c3944b 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus maculatus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_maculatus3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. f506a7d0-5a90-4b83-bc75-b94ee63a255c 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus maculatus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_maculatus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. a160df17-2b35-4503-8260-51a476444abe 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus maculatus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_maculatus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 8dde1a70-1ce1-4243-afb1-c36a414fcba0 483b48cd-bc0b-4f0a-a41a-0e4f0155804e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus gutturalis from Pemba Island, Tanzania

Amietophrynus gutturalis from Pemba Island, Tanzania (MCZ A-138493).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6256_MCZ_23066_138493.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1247 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 879f4b02-3489-4d0d-8103-5c8f8a0e1f0d 483b48cd-bc0b-4f0a-a41a-0e4f0155804e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus gutturalis from Pemba Island, Tanzania

Amietophrynus gutturalis from Pemba Island, Tanzania (MCZ A-138492).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6254_MCZ_23065_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1247 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda b0be0440-fe52-499d-9962-d753c0b8e302 483b48cd-bc0b-4f0a-a41a-0e4f0155804e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus gutturalis from Pemba Island, Tanzania

Amietophrynus gutturalis from Pemba Island, Tanzania (MCZ A-138492).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6248_MCZ_23065_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1247 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda b2eab05e-fdb0-44dd-aefb-358aca441c10 483b48cd-bc0b-4f0a-a41a-0e4f0155804e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus gutturalis from Pemba Island, Tanzania

Amietophrynus gutturalis from Pemba Island, Tanzania (MCZ A-138492).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6247_MCZ_23065_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1247 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 0121e0f8-dfb1-4e24-8d7e-0d3d049933d7 529d9482-6c64-4702-aa6a-782825cbdd74 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis vermiculatus

Leptopelis vermiculatus photographed in Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6742.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1172 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 8ac73c06-94f2-46fd-8a57-8dd5bb0ddc1a 529d9482-6c64-4702-aa6a-782825cbdd74 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis vermiculatus

Leptopelis vermiculatus photographed in Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6740.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1172 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 60664f0c-711d-4262-9190-1fa3701165b3 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Leptopelis uluguruensis (MCZ A-13586)

Lateral view of head of Leptopelis uluguruensis (MCZ A-13586).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13586_L_uluguruensis_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 077b1dea-d82b-497f-8705-508e1ab037ea 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Leptopelis uluguruensis (MCZ A-13586)

Venter of holotype of Leptopelis uluguruensis (MCZ A-13586).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13586_L_uluguruensis_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 88f57b73-5d9e-417c-8666-6a14d1e0377e 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Leptopelis uluguruensis (MCZ A-13586)

Dorsum of holotype of Leptopelis uluguruensis (MCZ A-13586).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13586_L_uluguruensis_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 8877ff48-738a-4eb5-94cd-556fd101fd25 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Male holotype of Leptopelis uluguruensis (MCZ A-13586).

Male holotype of Leptopelis uluguruensis (MCZ A-13586).

Photographer: Drawing from Barbour and Loveridge, 1928. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_3_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Barbour and Loveridge, 1928 2473ca8c-5032-4328-9315-903a5625c8eb d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Leptopelis parkeri Photographer: Harper, E.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_6.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, et al. (2010; Field guide to the amphibians of the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya) 6a089169-efcc-4efb-9362-c4fe3e079596 d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Leptopelis parkeri (MCZ A-13597)

Venter of holotype of Leptopelis parkeri (MCZ A-13597).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13597_L_parkeri_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) edb8c6fd-8dc6-495c-8226-7337229e1184 d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of holotype of Leptopelis parkeri (MCZ A-13597)

Lateral view of head of holotype of Leptopelis parkeri (MCZ A-13597).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13597_L_parkeri_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) db7eb469-31ce-45ca-8131-72c1d1eb3608 d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Leptopelis parkeri (MCZ A-13597)

Dorsum of holotype of Leptopelis parkeri (MCZ A-13597).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13597_L_parkeri_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 0277e8a4-9e49-4a7c-b69c-4461f817aaf5 d0e5f45a-4d28-4717-a678-1425da6ace98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis kivuensis

Locality: Mubwindi Swamp (Impenetrable Forest, Uganda)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_kivuensis4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1165 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 63f130a9-e981-4f5b-868f-fd244ad80673 d0e5f45a-4d28-4717-a678-1425da6ace98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis kivuensis

Locality: Mubwindi Swamp (Impenetrable Forest, Uganda)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_kivuensis3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1165 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. aade48b2-1b4b-4855-a0de-dc320ddab01b d0e5f45a-4d28-4717-a678-1425da6ace98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis kivuensis

Locality: Mubwindi Swamp (Impenetrable Forest, Uganda)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_kivuensis2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1165 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. bfd9df8e-9c40-4cb3-a55d-772ee1f8fb75 d0e5f45a-4d28-4717-a678-1425da6ace98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis kivuensis

Locality: Mubwindi Swamp (Impenetrable Forest, Uganda)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_kivuensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1165 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 3fcc19d5-84c5-4051-8d6c-9494ca5e596f b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Leptopelis flavomaculatus Photographer: Vonesh, J.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_12.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1163 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, et al. (2010; Field guide to the amphibians of the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya) 811f8383-7040-4503-91e4-faddeb565fb6 b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis flavomaculatus

Leptopelis flavomaculatus from Pemba Village, Nguru Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138465).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7837_MCZ_23298.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1163 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda a835741f-5ebc-4eba-b86c-018a354e0a98 b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis flavomaculatus

Leptopelis flavomaculatus from Pemba Village, Nguru Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138464).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7831_MCZ_23297.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1163 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda f38b5a56-6232-4a02-926a-45f1c3db2e25 ee74d051-d847-400b-9682-0fddf6943a6a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of holotype of Leptopelis bocagii (identified as Cystignathus bocagii) Photographer: Günther, A.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_15.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1140 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Günther, A. d8925590-5030-4c43-88d7-d586763e9349 58ad5f18-4d60-4d0f-ac90-80900a7fd520 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of holotype of Leptopelis barbouri (MCZ A-13561)

Lateral view of head of holotype of Leptopelis barbouri (MCZ A-13561).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13561_L_barbouri_S_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1152 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 354d05a0-1120-4ec3-90ea-0542c66a7b60 58ad5f18-4d60-4d0f-ac90-80900a7fd520 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Leptopelis barbouri (MCZ A-13561)

Venter of holotype of Leptopelis barbouri (MCZ A-13561).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13561_L_barbouri_S_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1152 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) cac30e38-ec02-4c86-9196-729840250ea8 58ad5f18-4d60-4d0f-ac90-80900a7fd520 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Leptopelis barbouri (MCZ A-13561)

Dorsum of holotype of Leptopelis barbouri (MCZ A-13561).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13561_L_barbouri_S_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1152 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 16850613-5a07-44ab-b745-521e43fb2da0 66ef2b97-6fad-4920-b469-5afd94c705c5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis xenodactylus collected from Nguru Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138400).

Arthroleptis xenodactylus collected from Nguru Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138400).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7771_MCZ_23283.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1065 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. e50be41a-1733-4728-b7ef-ce0b368a36e9 077ca7a2-4a51-4754-adc1-e5757e55bb59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis xenodactyloides collected from the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138391).

Arthroleptis xenodactyloides collected from the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138391).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7108_MCZ_23200.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1066 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 80fc81c5-6765-493e-b23c-d6b7df98ebcc 077ca7a2-4a51-4754-adc1-e5757e55bb59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis xenodactyloides collected from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138386).

Arthroleptis xenodactyloides collected from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138386).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7010_MCZ_23179.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1066 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. d431a335-c58d-4f3c-9d14-967db9b0311d 077ca7a2-4a51-4754-adc1-e5757e55bb59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis xenodactyloides collected from Ngezi-Vumawimbi Nature Forest, Pemba Island, Tanzania (MCZ A-138383).

Arthroleptis xenodactyloides collected from Ngezi-Vumawimbi Nature Forest, Pemba Island, Tanzania (MCZ A-138383).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6155_MCZ_23057.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1066 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 1d5a721c-fad4-4b45-ba2c-47074664a46b 848ec62f-7f04-4380-8a0e-92ef3c5f9449 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis xenochirus

CAS 196614-38; Locality: Northwestern Province: Zambezi Source (Zambia)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_xenochirus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1067 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 7da505ee-bdcd-42b4-866e-26f57464cd0c 00b9c2c9-9401-49e5-9c57-cb641ce1d9f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis stenodactylus collected from the West Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138375).

Arthroleptis stenodactylus collected from the West Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138375).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6471_MCZ_23101.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1075 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 79179345-20f6-4be7-abea-6054ed2156b6 00b9c2c9-9401-49e5-9c57-cb641ce1d9f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis stenodactylus collected from the West Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138374).

Arthroleptis stenodactylus collected from the West Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138374).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6466_MCZ_23100.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1075 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. e3047ed5-00a4-4c55-b980-a9308b9671c3 00b9c2c9-9401-49e5-9c57-cb641ce1d9f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis stenodactylus collected from the West Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138371).

Arthroleptis stenodactylus collected from the West Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138371).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6432_MCZ_23097.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1075 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 95d1d231-e592-4a31-a2c7-69b60dc19a2b 5bf4d2dc-6324-4492-879f-ca0b7391e21d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of Arthroleptis reichei collected in Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138365)

Lateral view of Arthroleptis reichei collected in Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138365)

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7431_MCZ_23210.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/921 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 3b9b4f56-775a-405e-b6ec-22a6c3c6894d 3b3af21d-111a-4d4e-a020-54625489dfb1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis affinis collected from Nguru Mountain, Tanzania (MCZ A-138242).

Arthroleptis affinis collected from Nguru Mountain, Tanzania (MCZ A-138242).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7766_MCZ_23276.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1083 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. b9f5f419-cfe6-4ba1-861b-554b9da1ce4f 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Venter of Nectophrynoides wendyae Photographer: Menegon, Michele. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_7.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, Michele ae2c6874-dae3-4e0d-b9b8-14f2cd7ebcfb 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Nectophrynoides wendyae Photographer: Menegon, Michele. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_5_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, Michele 42814834-3bf0-4aee-be0f-c8ed46571e33 ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua alleni from Haute Dodo Forest Reserve, Ivory Coast

Conraua alleni from Haute Dodo Forest Reserve, Ivory Coast.

Photographer: Rödel, Mark-Oliver. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/conraua_alleni_haute_dodo2_rodel.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver 5fa0e021-3765-4e90-a2a2-e34a7bd648f3 ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua alleni from Haute Dodo Forest Reserve, Ivory Coast

Conraua alleni from Haute Dodo Forest Reserve, Ivory Coast.

Photographer: Rödel, Mark-Oliver. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/conraua_alleni_haute_dodo_rodel.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver 5bd4c559-6123-4a21-839b-47fe5474ad17 ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Conraua alleni

Lateral view of head of Conraua alleni (MCZ A-27722).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda and Goldsmith, William. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4063.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda and Goldsmith, William 1f312ad9-a49c-418b-95d8-450de5ee4e08 ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Conraua alleni

Venter of Conraua alleni (MCZ A-27722).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda and Goldsmith, William. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4064.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda and Goldsmith, William 726948c8-586e-4f36-a8d9-2126855ae52b ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Conraua alleni

Dorsum of Conraua alleni (MCZ A-27722).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda and Goldsmith, William. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_4066.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda and Goldsmith, William a43e9733-9c21-43db-baa5-5f655c554e1c ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of holotype of Conraua (Pseudoxenopus) alleni

Lateral view of head of holotype of Conraua (Pseudoxenopus) alleni (MCZ A-11991).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A11991_P_alleni_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 53df52c8-4a15-4b93-a43c-af76e3197b03 ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Conraua (Pseudoxenopus) alleni

Venter of holotype of Conraua (Pseudoxenopus) alleni (MCZ A-11991).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A11991_P_alleni_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 9783341c-3bec-4901-9ccb-a7285aaa6cf1 ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Conraua (Pseudoxenopus) alleni

Dorsum of holotype of Conraua (Pseudoxenopus) alleni (MCZ A-11991).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A11991_P_alleni_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) ec01a572-2890-4be4-a27f-05dbd42a1a84 a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua derooi, dorsal view Photographer: Hillers, Annika. Publisher: Goldsmith, Willy. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/photo.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Hillers, Annika 6a2a9559-5560-4937-93ec-418254570c37 a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua derooi, Atewa Range Forest Reserve, Ghana Photographer: Naskrecki, Piotr. Publisher: Goldsmith, Willy. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/c._derooi_0_1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Naskrecki, Piotr 47c562b5-cd52-45fe-9cf6-9449feb04fac 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua beccarii

Uga River at bridge on road from Gondar to Metema, Amhara, Ethiopia (13.73554° N, 38.19266° E); 15 Oct 2008 (specimen released)

Photographer: Sullivan, John. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/DSC_1501.JPG_.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Sullivan, John 459653b9-4a90-4ee4-9cd7-ea9b6cbf3743 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua beccarii

Uga River at bridge on road from Gondar to Metema, Amhara, Ethiopia (13.73554° N, 38.19266° E); 15 Oct 2008 (specimen released)

Photographer: Sullivan, John. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/DSC_1494.JPG_.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Sullivan, John e905a5d2-a9bb-4658-9abf-ed9505a7e16e 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Conraua beccarii

Uga River at bridge on road from Gondar to Metema, Amhara, Ethiopia (13.73554° N, 38.19266° E); 15 Oct 2008 (specimen released)

Photographer: Sullivan, John. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/DSC_1463.JPG_.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Sullivan, John aa244c04-22ed-461f-bbb8-d4a29300baed 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua beccarii

Uga River at bridge on road from Gondar to Metema, Amhara, Ethiopia (13.73554° N, 38.19266° E); 15 Oct 2008 (specimen released)

Photographer: Sullivan, John. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/DSC_1457.JPG_.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Sullivan, John de1d7d49-ebde-41bf-a681-a8ca86c9b3c2 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Conraua beccarii

Uga River at bridge on road from Gondar to Metema, Amhara, Ethiopia (13.73554° N, 38.19266° E); 15 Oct 2008 (specimen released)

Photographer: Sullivan, John. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/DSC_1453.JPG_.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Sullivan, John 921aa8d3-1a18-44eb-839e-b4da995eee35 ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Callulina kisiwamsitu

Callulina kisiwamsitu

Photographer: Vestergaard, Martin. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/RIMG0054.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vestergaard, Martin 168c1ff1-a9d3-421e-9c7a-c2835f0d2282 ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Callulina kisiwamsitu

Callulina kisiwamsitu

Photographer: Vestergaard, Martin. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/RIMG0052.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vestergaard, Martin c0e2c3a2-926a-4283-b2e7-03d0c4f1bbcf ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Callulina kisiwamsitu

Callulina kisiwamsitu

Photographer: Vestergaard, Martin . Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/RIMG0051.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vestergaard, Martin 69d62387-bdcc-46d1-8499-d953ef6d6faf ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Picture of Callulina kisiwamsitu Photographer: Vestergaard, Martin. Publisher: Loader, Simon. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Picture9jpg_0.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vestergaard, Martin b3e977cd-63f6-4407-97ba-8ac0ff6fde1d ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Callulina kisiwamsitu

Dorsolateral view of Callulina kisiwamsitu from West Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138534).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6560_MCZ_23120.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 1636a31f-5861-4631-8266-425d5a25d3d4 ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Callulina kisiwamsitu

Callulina kisiwamsitu from West Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138534).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6556_MCZ_23120.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda bf140d90-4426-4a53-802a-98ece8e2705c ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Callulina kisiwamsitu

Dorsolateral view of Callulina kisiwamsitu from West Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138534).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6558_MCZ_23120.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 5a393832-a2d0-4e7e-bece-71e083310abe 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of Callulina kreffti from East Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138504).

Lateral view of Callulina kreffti from East Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138504).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7124_MCZ_23205.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 23267d4f-cce1-462a-80c4-517f63aea1c2 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Callulina kreffti from East Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138504).

Dorsolateral view of Callulina kreffti from East Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138504).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7122_MCZ_23205.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 318bc028-b42e-44b1-bb1a-6ab214c5e8b1 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Callulina kreffti from East Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138504).

Dorsolateral view of Callulina kreffti from East Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138504).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7119_MCZ_23205.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 73399a5b-e7a2-4890-8a46-7d6caea7c6da 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Callulina kreffti from East Usambara Mountains

Callulina kreffti from East Usambara Mountains (MCZ A-138504).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7120_MCZ_23205.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 1515616b-4b1c-45ac-b6ac-c7f18b38c57a 26bb0093-48bd-48e1-b7e9-fc0f31bf631b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus petropedetoides

Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus petropedetoides (MCZ A-17534)

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17534_P_petropedetoides_S_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1559 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) f77ff68b-ef63-4373-ae73-186c806dff08 26bb0093-48bd-48e1-b7e9-fc0f31bf631b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus petropedetoides

Venter of Phrynobatrachus petropedetoides (MCZ A-17534).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) . Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17534_P_petropedetoides_S_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1559 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) ace69c73-07bc-4f46-839f-87460bdff5fc 26bb0093-48bd-48e1-b7e9-fc0f31bf631b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus petropedetoides

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus petropedetoides (MCZ A-17534).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) . Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17534_P_petropedetoides_S_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1559 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) a110cc41-367f-4491-9d79-fc01aa0936c3 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Legs of Ptychadena anchietae of the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

Legs of Ptychadena anchietae from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138527).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6991_MCZ_23167_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 07362c5c-901d-4e78-83d5-236f99971122 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena anchietae from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

Ptychadena anchietae from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138527).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6987_MCZ_23167_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 6658e4ae-2813-4cac-8146-cc4bbd1d4cf7 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena anchietae from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

Ptychadena anchietae from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138527).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6989_MCZ_23167_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda c357110e-4f99-4b59-b4bf-4ba4008c36a0 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena anchietae from Pemba Island, Tanzania

Ptychadena anchietae from Pemba Island, Tanzania (MCZ A-138271).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6303_MCZ_23072_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda a5af7b49-684a-4743-856f-1b9c289a7e36 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena anchietae from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Ptychadena anchietae from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (MCZ A-138212).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_5844_MCZ_23017_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 69fb5dfc-e742-4efa-ba58-953a1754dd7d 28d66aaa-9296-4dce-9d10-788c31027392 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius kuligae holotype SMF28300 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_kuligae_holotype_male_smf_28300_ventral..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1369 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 0135d163-d166-4525-a48c-a7e5596f6433 28d66aaa-9296-4dce-9d10-788c31027392 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius kuligae holotype SMF28300 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_kuligae_holotype_male_smf_28300_lateral..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1369 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 6a33bb66-37cd-43ce-ad92-661a63a609d5 28d66aaa-9296-4dce-9d10-788c31027392 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius kuligae holotype SMF28300 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_kuligae_holotype_male_smf_28300_dorsal..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1369 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 7721465f-560d-412b-a051-daa88c9953c6 3217f09d-099c-4a82-b628-8d1a6b0a2715 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Illustration from original description (Peters, 1875) Photographer: Peters, W.C.H.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_dorsalis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1328 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Peters, W.C.H 59085269-589f-429c-ba25-dc34b2148f65 b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus plicatus

Venter of Phrynobatrachus plicatus (MVZ 245165).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_plicatus_MVZ245165_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda f410437c-249b-47d7-b130-7887e4c06cd0 b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus plicatus

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus plicatus (MVZ 245165).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_plicatus_MVZ245165_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda a52a6011-44f1-473d-9eca-24e8b899e1f3 b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus plicatus

Venter of Phrynobatrachus plicatus (MVZ 245164).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_plicatus_MVZ245164_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 19aa8749-2860-49e3-8161-6dc60dd28b27 b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus plicatus

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus plicatus (MVZ 245164).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_plicatus_MVZ245164_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 8228ea16-ec8d-47ce-a9df-28a15d0afd74 aa5b9a99-f8ed-41cb-8eca-849b839bd183 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus dorsum

Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus collected at Ana-Kernessa, near Gutu Forest, Bore, Oromia Region, Ethiopia in dorsal view (AAU A2008-043).

Photographer: Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Phrynobatrachus_inexpectatus_dorsum.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1530 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M. bb7ccea8-f292-460f-92ec-5464511a8e4d f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus minutus venter

Phrynobatrachus minutus collected from Melka Alati River, approximately 5km south of Bore, Oromia Region, Ethiopia in ventral view (AAU A2008-101).

Photographer: Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Phrynobatrachus_minutus_venter.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M. 4befd834-0466-4194-a46a-ef42a02a7d8f f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus minutus dorsum

Phrynobatrachus minutus collected from Melka Alati River, approximately 5km south of Bore, Oromia Region, Ethiopia in dorsal view (AAU A2008-101).

Photographer: Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Phrynobatrachus_minutus_dorsum_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M. f8c0faa3-570a-4c86-b9b0-e4eae9988e5b f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Dorsum of male holotype of Phrynobatrachus minutus

Dorsum of male holotype of Phrynobatrachus minutus.

Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1895. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_4.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1895 d6f6556b-5044-43ac-b0b5-cdbb1c9a2daa 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg View of Probreviceps durirostris Photographer: Menegon, M. Publisher: Loader, Simon. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/probreviceps_sp.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 1fe0d82f-33ea-4e36-be76-4c10062c9f7c 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami (MCZ A-138255).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6276_MCZ_23061.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 8968fe1a-1264-43aa-856f-0ac53d9d37cd 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami (MCZ A-138259).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6270_MCZ_23052.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 51c1fcc9-7e5a-4f14-b45c-978bc71a7753 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami (MCZ A-138255).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6282_MCZ_23061.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda f675a016-1375-468a-81f9-10bb9de5bd41 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami (MCZ A-138259).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6274_MCZ_23052.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda f5708f17-0ddd-40da-b85b-df73107f4a2a 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami (MCZ A-138257).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6066_MCZ_23050.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 958224a8-3b54-4a65-8e82-27e0cf57d3b3 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami (holotype)

Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami (MCZ A-24568; holotype).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A24568_P_pakenhami_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) e5ff1f34-469b-44fb-b2f3-18f448c19e0a 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami

Venter of holotype of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami (MCZ A-24568).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A24568_P_pakenhami_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) e6763660-ecb1-41ab-994b-6ee55e8d03a8 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami

Dorsum of holotype of Phrynobatrachus pakenhami (MCZ A-24568).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A24568_P_pakenhami_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) f0bded2d-5e78-4309-9f16-0a739d832c94 d623aa2b-0fc1-4310-9fc1-b06763fcf3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus liberiensis

Lateral view of head of holotype of Phrynobatrachus liberiensis (MCZ A-11993).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A11993_P_liberiensis_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1571 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 230c244c-8c70-4630-abf7-c21dfa329d10 d623aa2b-0fc1-4310-9fc1-b06763fcf3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus liberiensis in ventral view

Ventral view of holotype of Phrynobatrachus liberiensis (MCZ A-11993).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A11993_P_liberiensis_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1571 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 8138e7b7-5c31-4cff-9ca1-2df39ca54b93 d623aa2b-0fc1-4310-9fc1-b06763fcf3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus liberiensis dorsum

Dorsal view of holotype of Phrynobatrachus liberiensis (MCZ A-11993).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A11993_P_liberiensis_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1571 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) c80ae369-0566-4ae3-a1ce-236f87e4b2bd 10baa8ec-5aec-4782-b116-7a5f514ec639 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Photograph of Breviceps mossambicus by A. Loveridge (1953) Photographer: Loveridge, A.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_8.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1200 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Loveridge, A. cc7fff21-82d1-4e0c-b7c9-25d889896b4a b8820aef-e547-491e-a133-b827e4997e6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Strongylopus wageri Photographer: Carruthers, V.C.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_7_7.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1681 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Carruthers, V.C. (Atlas and Red Data of the Frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland) bc481868-f331-4b3d-beb5-47eaef2c0757 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus cricogaster from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_cricogaster4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. cfdcb57b-aef8-4ae3-af99-078bc998f0ff 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus cricogaster from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_cricogaster3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 49709b3b-e6de-4288-baf5-e4345b49093b 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus cricogaster from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_cricogaster2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 78cdc887-4e08-4e1a-af71-505b6f0f7355 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus cricogaster from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_cricogaster.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 2aa58e38-4fd5-45e0-87fa-fe66723add38 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus cricogaster

Venter of Phrynobatrachus cricogaster (MCZ A-138030).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_cricogaster_MCZ138030_V_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 3ca7fd86-e234-4759-b014-da44d74bb2a3 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus cricogaster

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus cricogaster (MCZ A-138030).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_cricogaster_MCZ138030_D_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda fed9b4a1-c313-4b75-a91a-2db74cdbbdec 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus cricogaster

Venter of Phrynobatrachus cricogaster (MCZ A-31573).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_cricogaster_MCZ31573_V_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 0b4b006a-8a5c-4049-8030-82d401d791bc 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus cricogaster

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus cricogaster (MCZ A-31573).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_cricogaster_MCZ31573_D2_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 3545e893-b7a7-422e-bb12-373fb0ea14d9 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus werneri

Venter of Phrynobatrachus werneri A (MVZ 234835; Zimkus et al., 2010).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_werneriA_MVZ234835_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda e3f26f9d-7d19-4c4f-b5ff-654c5e2c5db6 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus werneri

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus werneri A (MVZ 234835; Zimkus et al., 2010).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_werneriA_MVZ234835_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 777022d4-7571-4854-8f79-04dc18516598 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus cornutus

Venter of Phrynobatrachus cornutus (MCZ A-136837).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_cornutus_MCZ136837_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda ae399a26-129e-4a50-9a74-2e40ae9d537c 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus cornutus

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus cornutus (MCZ A-136837).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_cornutus_MCZ136837_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 90dd903c-3d5a-4013-942b-7b5fe568a19b fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus calcaratus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_calcaratus6.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. f62a99dc-4d11-4617-864f-0e07041e42e3 fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus calcaratus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_calcaratus5.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 2fc6f45c-5f77-4365-9fee-b0a82a86ee44 fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus calcaratus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_calcaratus4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 35567daf-943a-4bcb-8f26-4bbf6332090f fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus calcaratus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_calcaratus3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. c2f85cca-60ba-4adc-ac2b-b790bc5c9e5e fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus calcaratus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_calcaratus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 53f37735-f003-4f34-9e96-9e9cf6b45482 fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus calcaratus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_calcaratus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 5fb6380a-d1a6-4467-9ec1-480f5863b9ff fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus calcaratus

Venter of Phrynobatrachus calcaratus B (MVZ 245140; Zimkus et al., 2010).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_calcaratus_MVZ245140_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 586cdb9b-9024-49ad-811a-e407c1fbbb6d fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus calcaratus

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus calcaratus B (MVZ 245140; Zimkus et al., 2010).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_calcaratus_MVZ245140_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 5be92645-d32e-44a9-b11e-2e0d4473c15f fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus calcaratus

Venter of Phrynobatrachus calcaratus B (MVZ 245139; Zimkus et al., 2010).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_calcaratus_MVZ245139_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 2dca4899-1f18-4e92-b3b4-a57f2576ba01 fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus calcaratus

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus calcaratus B (MVZ 245139; Zimkus et al., 2010).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_calcaratus_MVZ245139_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda bdccce3f-97ab-470b-b7a2-d27c537188bd cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus ungujae dorsolateral view

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus ungujae from Jozani Forest, Ungujae (Zanzibar) Island, Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, Breda M. . Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_5738_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, Breda M. b81e57b3-b19d-4301-a7f3-3bffd4889e66 cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus ungujae dorsolateral view

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus ungujae from Jozani Forest, Ungujae (Zanzibar) Island, Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, Breda M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_5734_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, Breda M. bc77fecc-57bf-421f-bbb3-68b5501a2dc9 cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus ungujae dorsum

Dorsal view of Phrynobatrachus ungujae from Jozani Forest, Ungujae (Zanzibar) Island, Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, Breda M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_5740_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, Breda M. 1c2e9c68-a53c-4147-956e-35e82dbce911 cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus ungujae dorsum

Dorsal view of Phrynobatrachus ungujae from Jozani Forest, Ungujae (Zanzibar) Island, Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, Breda M. . Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_5741_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, Breda M. 434dea9b-d90f-4ce4-bad6-7a3bb0fcf47d cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus ungujae dorsum

Dorsal view of Phrynobatrachus ungujae from Jozani Forest, Ungujae (Zanzibar) Island, Tanzania.

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, Breda M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_5744_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, Breda M. 550e882d-98c5-47de-a5b2-6b3175aaadc8 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus pallidus paratype. Dar es Salaam Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_pallidus_paratype_male.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 3e86d9fa-09d8-4595-a680-832b16ce2788 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus pallidus paratype. Dar es Salaam Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_pallidus_paratype_male_side_view_of_face.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 9ccac4ed-9b1e-4ef7-930f-ae2e83a1bb18 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus pallidus holotype LIVM1998.46.36. Tanga, Tanzania Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_pallidus_holotype_female_livm_1998.46.36._ta.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 7b4b51dd-b3da-4079-8095-067d8818e359 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus pallidus

Dorsum of female Phrynobatrachus pallidus (MVZ 234153).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_pallidus_MVZ234153_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda d8e33d18-3d11-45c0-b896-80d7f0959229 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus pallidus

Venter of female Phrynobatrachus pallidus (MVZ 234153); eggs visible.

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_pallidus_MVZ234153_V2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda f30b4dbb-24a1-479a-9528-8fa97fa4ec05 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus breviceps holotype ZMB66250 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_breviceps_1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 47cb0e1f-80c1-4e42-8062-a2077cea0dfd 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus breviceps holotype ZMB66250 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_breviceps_3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin e82e3178-81b5-4c79-9107-3c2e7292a080 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus breviceps holotype ZMB66250 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_breviceps_holotype_male_zmb_66250.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 7263f5e2-37b7-4c9d-86b5-e635c905fe0f c91c885e-a1e5-4a5f-8403-cf4efb9fafce http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis stridens foot of paratype Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_stridens_paratype_foot.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1077 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 35772385-373c-44bb-82f2-c046f5c447d0 c91c885e-a1e5-4a5f-8403-cf4efb9fafce http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis stridens holotype ZMB66249 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_stridens_holotype_male_zmb_66249.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1077 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin f4874cfd-408c-4b03-8f6b-5c341ccf5688 2b777e36-1e29-4a60-9d9d-20f61d9600ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of T. tuberculosa (identified as Pyxicephalus rugosus) Photographer: Günther, A.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_6.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1698 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Günther, A. c4c93c3d-c5d2-46cd-b470-9563d8dd0181 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cacosternum schebeni Nieden, 1923, holotype SMF46564 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cacosternum_schebeni_holotype_male_smf_46564_ventral_view..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 4b01928e-2141-40b8-97f9-6786146b4193 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cacosternum schebeni Nieden, 1923, holotype SMF46564 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cacosternum_schebeni_holotype_male_smf_46564_dorsal_view..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 59e45c3b-781a-40ec-93a8-07321fd633c2 fa4ade35-bc50-49be-8d12-46264a0f498b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Image of holotype Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_johnstoni_holotype_bm_1947.2.31.31.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/769 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 8ec6c6c6-8810-449e-b41b-c056932bfb80 bfc463af-8a27-4c97-bda3-a1e74902decc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Paratype BM1975.771 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_inyangae_paratype_bm_1975.771.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/766 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 40e7c391-3e6f-4037-9d45-4a92a2bd64e9 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia wittei topotype MCZ20292 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_wittei_topotype_mcz_20292.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 5581d210-17a7-4512-a32e-6821f01d9f6c 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia nyassae holotype BM1947.2.31.30 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_nyassae_holotype_bm_1947.2.31.30..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 8b4a2fc5-6dac-4e47-8183-2d28831aca52 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia nyassae holotype BM1947.2.31.30 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_nyassae_holotype_bm_1947.2.31.30._shire_highlands..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 6ceb3519-e391-4cc2-8133-1710486b1fc5 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia nutti syntype BM1947.22.13 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_nutti_syntype_female_bm_1947.22.13.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 60bc73a3-13ca-4c50-a1a0-2694ffab3425 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia (Rana) lubrica paratype Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_lubrica_paratype_side_view_of_face..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 9e82c39d-0a8a-4691-af5b-ab87a5a22f54 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia nutti syntype BM1947.22.13 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_nutti_syntype_female_bm_1947.22.13_view_of_face..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 5d4640f7-cbe2-44a9-884b-a115b4cad643 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia (Rana) lubrica paratype Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_lubrica_paratype..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 7d1896c0-6a8c-4563-aab9-eac3e3e05ea2 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia angolensis collected in the West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania (MCZ A-138541)

Amietia angolensis collected in the West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania (MCZ A-138541).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6540.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 080aa68c-065c-4f41-a9c8-f4f3eddcb3f5 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus fraterculus in ventral view

Ventral view of Phrynobatrachus fraterculus (MCZ A-12032).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A12032_A_decorata_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 0069865a-8836-4528-a71d-ef7c6f80d9f8 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus fraterculus in dorsal view

Dorsum of male Phrynobatrachus fraterculus (MCZ A-12032).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A12032_A_decorata_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) b35ab862-ce89-47b8-ac32-c66292876a9a 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus fraterculus head in lateral view

Lateral view of head of male Phrynobatrachus fraterculus (MCZ A-12032).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A12032_A_decorata_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) cd757865-4be9-44c4-a1b2-3a0be715f33e d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus maculiventris in ventral view

Venter of female Phrynobatrachus maculiventris (MCZ A-12034).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A12034_A_liberiensis_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 835183e5-0c9a-4559-9189-773ae6aeeb31 d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus maculiventris dorsum

Dorsal view of female Phrynobatrachus maculiventris (MCZ A-12034).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A12034_A_liberiensis_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 86affbc9-ff45-46be-851c-2acffa6c7652 d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phyrnobatrachus maculiventris head in lateral view

Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus maculiventris (MCZ A-12034; female).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A12034_A_liberiensis_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 5c8e8851-c402-4925-bae5-da4da5f870cf 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus leveleve

CAS 21995-218003; Locality: Java, Sao tome Island (Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_leveleve3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. aeecb5a4-1f05-46ec-9e75-18422a2a4339 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus leveleve

CAS 21995-218003; Locality: Java, Sao tome Island (Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_leveleve2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 8d5e920a-b76c-4424-97e3-237a83f8c15f 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus dispar

CAS 233535-233567; Locality: Pico do Principe (Principe Island, Sao Tome and Principe)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_dispar.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 1d8adc00-e854-4e00-94cb-72c15350b861 b854003a-8e29-4cb0-95a7-777bda079229 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku lateral view

Holotype of Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku (MCZ A- 138127) in lateral view.

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/p_sp_nov_mcz138127_head_rlat3_edited_copy.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1591 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 5db20cac-e6c3-4caa-9848-9e1d38f11864 b854003a-8e29-4cb0-95a7-777bda079229 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku venter

Holotype of Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku (MCZ A- 138127) in ventral view.

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/mcz138127_vent_crop_copy.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1591 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 464292e7-ac59-4c07-851c-1b0edc4494aa b854003a-8e29-4cb0-95a7-777bda079229 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku dorsum

Holotype of Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku (MCZ A- 138127) in dorsal view.

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/mcz138127_dors_crop_copy.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1591 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda b38290f7-c324-4d0c-904b-58d2477a3234 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus batesii

Venter of Phrynobatrachus batesii (MCZ A-136784).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_batesii_MCZ136784_V_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 5ca30bc4-55f0-4430-8b37-98ec1bf2fb52 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus batesii

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus batesii (MCZ A-136784).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_batesii_MCZ136784_D2_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 3d3732d9-cd7b-4045-abd2-3fb6667acea8 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Phrynobatrachus batesii

Venter of Phrynobatrachus batesii (MCZ A-136783).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_batesii_MCZ136783_V_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 157a9bb2-48ad-4f8b-82b7-53ec6dfe7408 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus batesii

Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus batesii (MCZ A-136783).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_batesii_MCZ136783_D_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 614c5c24-a4ef-4d04-bb79-b150e0d65899 3f316c90-be90-4a38-bb2c-18b4b1be784d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus pintoi lateral view of head

Lateral view of head of Phrynobatrachus pintoi (ZMB 70689, holotype), showing eyelid warts but lack of eyelid cornicle.

Photographer: Rödel, Mark-Oliver. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_pinto_eyelid.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver 0f77f271-b28d-414d-9dff-ca3ce3c39774 3f316c90-be90-4a38-bb2c-18b4b1be784d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus pintoi lateral view

Ventral view of Phrynobatrachus pintoi (ZMB 70689, holotype).

Photographer: Rödel, Mark-Oliver. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_pintoi_venter.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver adf900c1-978c-4771-8d15-0678d9df45c8 3f316c90-be90-4a38-bb2c-18b4b1be784d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus pintoi dorsolateral view

Dorsolateral view of Phrynobatrachus pintoi (ZMB 70689, holotype).

Photographer: Rödel, Mark-Oliver. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_pinto_dorsum.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver b40ee292-96fb-4662-9f87-29e8fec6db37 8d2102a5-eba7-44dd-b2ce-5373bebc502d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of holotype of Phrynobatrachus gastoni

Lateral view of head of female Phrynobatrachus gastoni (MVZ A-13946; holotype).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13946_P_gastoni_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1542 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 61c491ea-1fb0-486c-ae3c-832f2b1da69f 8d2102a5-eba7-44dd-b2ce-5373bebc502d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ventral view of holotype of Phrynobatrachus gastoni

Ventral view of female Phrynobatrachus gastoni (MVZ A-13946; holotype).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13946_P_gastoni_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1542 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 6fb0cde1-9ee4-4f9f-b0f7-fe44bd50b8a3 8d2102a5-eba7-44dd-b2ce-5373bebc502d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Phrynobatrachus gastoni

Dorsal view of female Phrynobatrachus gastoni (MVZ A-13946; holotype).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13946_P_gastoni_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1542 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 02c5d5c0-30e7-46bf-b2ac-684f34d4cd64 a762ece9-1e52-4d2d-b3a3-bd1aac1c1c66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Tomopterna delalandii

Locality: Stellenbosch (Cape Province, South Africa)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/tomopterna_delalandii_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1694 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. d110c432-b3b3-4a9e-ab1a-b40c682b670b df904bb0-2757-47e2-9b37-baffafa26c64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Ilustration of holotype of Ptychadena longirostris Photographer: Peters, W.C.H.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_13.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1644 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Peters, W.C.H. 4580a69d-93c1-4fea-a495-e8247e762f96 0d2f40f2-c186-4a2c-bdf8-a81cd6ebd2d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Syntype (MWNH 124) of Arthroleptis variabilis pica (=A. taeniatus)

Largest syntype of Arthroleptis variabilis pica Andersson, 1907 (MWNH 124), considered a junior synonym of A. taeniatus.

Photographer: Köhler, Jörn. Publisher: Köhler, Jörn. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/MWNH124e_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1069 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Köhler, Jörn a5de6e65-4b8f-4bd5-9698-e99af01ee8dc 345462df-7c3a-408b-8bdf-7e3723295948 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua robusta from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/conraua_robusta3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1506 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 40bde70f-286c-46c8-9281-3d6a1b01193e 345462df-7c3a-408b-8bdf-7e3723295948 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua robusta from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/conraua_robusta2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1506 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 2cc2bd89-fe54-4b38-be8f-028ba4983acb 345462df-7c3a-408b-8bdf-7e3723295948 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua robusta from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/conraua_robusta.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1506 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 4066bf89-51b5-46a6-b2f6-b36e18be69f2 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Callulina dawida in life. Photographer: Measey, G.J.. Publisher: Loader, Simon. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Figure5a.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. 4ec013c4-379b-40c8-8e02-b5eacbe5420f 5a190e8d-216e-4318-9adf-161325217f5f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus fraseri from Mt. Cameroon (South-West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_fraseri7.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1629 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 2cd6eac5-2da8-44c8-90a6-9358eb78661c 5a190e8d-216e-4318-9adf-161325217f5f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus fraseri from Mt. Cameroon (South-West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_fraseri6.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1629 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 5bd88bf6-321a-48fb-8311-a1ec93aef63b 5a190e8d-216e-4318-9adf-161325217f5f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus fraseri from Mt. Cameroon (South-West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_fraseri4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1629 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. fb3503bd-4fed-484e-8131-e17381e58f46 5a190e8d-216e-4318-9adf-161325217f5f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus fraseri from Mt. Cameroon (South-West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_fraseri3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1629 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. a06ecfa4-c3d7-453e-a73a-f503d2d3b02c 5a190e8d-216e-4318-9adf-161325217f5f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus fraseri from Mt. Cameroon (South-West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_fraseri2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1629 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. fecbe0c2-71da-4d99-b63e-3842f7a5347d 776db3ef-28d7-4957-bd96-b605b4c2dd0e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustrations of head of Leptopelis brevirostris Photographer: Werner, F.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_9.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1155 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Werner, F. 30406e52-1646-4573-a041-e36795f7a93c ddba1054-01b9-4a21-973a-a49a29662f98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Boulengerula boulengeri (MCZ A-12310)

Venter of Boulengerula boulengeri (MCZ A-12310).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/MCZA12310_Boulengerula_b-04.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/898 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 7e9edfd7-e869-4fe1-b25b-c886aa8b14ac ddba1054-01b9-4a21-973a-a49a29662f98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Boulengerula boulengeri (MCZ A-12310)

Dorsum of Boulengerula boulengeri (MCZ A-12310).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/MCZA12310_Boulengerula_b-03.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/898 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) fd06fb8c-a687-4a7f-a7e5-a8dd496fa72a a4ff8a4c-4109-43bf-a5ab-a0a242a7b420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Chiromantis petersii from Mtele Swamp, Iringa, Tanzania Photographer: Müller, Hendrik. Publisher: Larson, Joanna. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/chiromantis_petersii_7.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/852 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Müller, Hendrik 83f8c309-c4de-43b3-9df1-06a3b4be0ce2 a4ff8a4c-4109-43bf-a5ab-a0a242a7b420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Chiromantis petersii from Mtele Swamp, Iringa, Tanzania Photographer: Müller, Hendrik. Publisher: Larson, Joanna. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/chiromantis_petersii_6.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/852 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Müller, Hendrik 2cab088d-6bdd-44f3-b3c9-557882f4cc96 a4ff8a4c-4109-43bf-a5ab-a0a242a7b420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Chiromantis petersii from Mtele Swamp, Iringa, Tanzania Photographer: Müller, Hendrik. Publisher: Larson, Joanna. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/chiromantis_petersii_5.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/852 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Müller, Hendrik 64c5c9a3-6eb3-4969-b12f-4bbddd1dfabc a4ff8a4c-4109-43bf-a5ab-a0a242a7b420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Chiromantis petersii from Mtele Swamp, Iringa, Tanzania Photographer: Müller, Hendrik. Publisher: Larson, Joanna. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/chiromantis_petersii_4.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/852 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Müller, Hendrik 9ee7ced3-14f5-4760-889a-720a716069c0 a4ff8a4c-4109-43bf-a5ab-a0a242a7b420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Chiromantis petersii from Mtele Swamp, Iringa, Tanzania Photographer: Müller, Hendrik. Publisher: Larson, Joanna. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/chiromantis_petersii_3.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/852 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Müller, Hendrik e86183b2-5c4a-47ee-aa0f-f29f291df13d a4ff8a4c-4109-43bf-a5ab-a0a242a7b420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Chiromantis petersii from Mtele Swamp, Iringa, Tanzania Photographer: Müller, Hendrik. Publisher: Larson, Joanna. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/chiromantis_petersii_2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/852 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Müller, Hendrik 4ebc779f-f5e4-4c63-9142-c7872b4dd130 a4ff8a4c-4109-43bf-a5ab-a0a242a7b420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Chiromantis petersii from Mtele Swamp, Iringa, Tanzania Photographer: Müller, Hendrik. Publisher: Larson, Joanna. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/chiromantis_petersii_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/852 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Müller, Hendrik b6e46133-3fff-4a46-af86-59eea3cf09bf a4ff8a4c-4109-43bf-a5ab-a0a242a7b420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Illustration of holotype of Chiromantis petersii Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1882. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/852 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1882 8c92e45e-8f26-4a23-bf97-28ff76d82280 8f082328-bb4d-4387-b0f0-1df936593e7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia (Rana) viridireticulata holotype ZMB66248 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_viridireticulata_holotype_female_zmb_66248..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/778 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 97020fb0-8e3d-4c1c-8a69-8b9f9f67a489 8f082328-bb4d-4387-b0f0-1df936593e7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia (Rana) viridireticulata holotype ZMB66248 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_viridireticulata_holotype_zmb_66248_view_of_face..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/778 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 6ff363e1-ec0f-4706-bffa-cde2173bb1bc d23eed55-1d66-4f58-8169-65e14bd0cba6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia (Rana) tenuoplicata holotype ZMB66247 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_tenuoplicata_holotype_zmb_66247_side_view_of_face..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/779 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 8a11c3d6-cd8b-4443-9f4b-7ef29698e55d d23eed55-1d66-4f58-8169-65e14bd0cba6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia (Rana) tenuoplicata holotype ZMB66247 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_tenuoplicata_holotype_female_zmb_66247.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/779 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 3cfb6950-ac39-4bc3-9f72-645010deef71 72c264da-54ae-451c-9dc7-26a6da492fec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Petropedetes yakusini Photographer: Harper, E.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_5_2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1512 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, et al. (2010; Field guide to the amphibians of the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya) dff71436-4c02-4fff-a615-3265d2e631cf 9d5222e5-1355-427c-a6ce-d74a1697e77d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes martiensseni in water

Petropedetes martiensseni from the Ambangulu Tea Estate in the West Usambara Mountains.

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7063.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1516 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 8fcb0824-cea7-4b73-bcb5-6adcbe55c159 9d5222e5-1355-427c-a6ce-d74a1697e77d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Petropedetes martiensseni

Petropedetes martiensseni from the Ambangulu Tea Estate in the West Usambara Mountains.

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7067.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1516 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda c1584944-d2db-4a1e-b206-0701b30bf980 41251ba4-d3aa-4f51-ab8f-05e04bdc3985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hind limb of holotype of Parhoplophryne usambarica (MCZ A-13818)

Hind limb of holotype of Parhoplophryne usambarica (MCZ A-13818).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13818_P_usambaricus_H_hf.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/896 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 508fdb08-fd8d-4a90-ac94-f340ac018d3c 41251ba4-d3aa-4f51-ab8f-05e04bdc3985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Forelimb of holotype of Parhoplophryne usambarica (MCZ A-13818)

Forelimb of holotype of Parhoplophryne usambarica (MCZ A-13818).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13818_P_usambaricus_H_ff.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/896 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 6e195ca6-bb8b-4600-99cd-8a9395f0bf37 41251ba4-d3aa-4f51-ab8f-05e04bdc3985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of holotype of Parhoplophryne usambarica (MCZ A-13818)

Lateral view of head of holotype of Parhoplophryne usambarica (MCZ A-13818).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13818_P_usambaricus_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/896 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 80ae3025-a5ae-460a-b5f5-adf5d0fc858d 41251ba4-d3aa-4f51-ab8f-05e04bdc3985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Parhoplophryne usambarica (MCZ A-13818)

Venter of holotype of Parhoplophryne usambarica (MCZ A-13818)

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13818_P_usambaricus_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/896 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 88ececcc-64c6-4212-8557-ea11aad480b1 41251ba4-d3aa-4f51-ab8f-05e04bdc3985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Parhoplophryne usambarica (MCZ A-13818)

Dorsum of holotype of Parhoplophryne usambarica (MCZ A-13818).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13818_P_usambaricus_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/896 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 8cf9d36b-676a-4fd3-b654-da5b2f564c40 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Foot of holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766)

Foot of holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13766_H_uluguruensis_H_hf.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) f0534c9b-0526-4be2-906f-86dcd03392e5 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Forelimb of holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766)

Forelimb of holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13766_H_uluguruensis_H_ff.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) ed42cf79-0028-41bd-ab0b-0bc6b7680326 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766)

Lateral view of head of holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13766_H_uluguruensis_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 2c6e487f-7868-4685-abe1-af9be8bc7076 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766)

Venter of holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13766_H_uluguruensis_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 1ae02c96-7e3b-4a20-8741-cfcf120fe567 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766)

Dorsum of holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13766_H_uluguruensis_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 2b80c496-2187-48a4-bb68-b179d659bfbd 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766)

Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype of Hoplophryne uluguruensis (MCZ A-13766).

Photographer: Drawing from Barbour and Loveridge, 1928. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Barbour and Loveridge, 1928 c6ae96a0-490f-4362-8bb5-30ee6607b406 fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hoplophryne rogersi Photographer: Vonesh, J.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_11.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, et al. (2010; Field guide to the amphibians of the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya) 91114c93-a293-4dbf-8396-9509a1677c97 fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hind limb of holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814)

Hind limb of holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13814_H_rogersi_H_hf.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda d4b116c6-cb31-4a5e-ad11-6777ca5af223 fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Forelimb of holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814)

Forelimb of holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13814_H_rogersi_H_ff.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) b9deec0e-5f89-47ac-80bf-b9a2310234ee fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814)

Lateral view of head of holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13814_H_rogersi_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 0cccab21-331f-4de3-bfa0-7fa3fa5d212c fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814)

Venter of holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814)

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13814_H_rogersi_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) b527264f-1153-4bb6-84a4-8ab5fcb034ac fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814)

Dorsum of holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13814_H_rogersi_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) ca516c7f-175d-4f84-a8c9-0ded52ab467c e4fbf835-dede-47ec-8a9a-29663108281b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus brauni from West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

Amietophrynus brauni from West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138507).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6955_MCZ_23158_138507.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1244 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda 6c353e0c-890c-4d6e-9cbf-e934fa63f876 e4fbf835-dede-47ec-8a9a-29663108281b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus brauni from West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

Amietophrynus brauni from West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138507).

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6954_MCZ_23158_138507.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1244 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda aba0c0b6-7803-422d-bd35-2d0084588ecb 2b3ea716-b427-4a89-bde2-e9854a93107d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Probreviceps macrodactylus

Locality: Amani (Usambara Mtns, Tanzania, United Republic of)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/probreviceps_macrodactylus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1216 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 38113dff-0bcc-4584-9719-d661525153c2 2b3ea716-b427-4a89-bde2-e9854a93107d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Probreviceps macrodactylus (MCZ A-13711)

Lateral view of head of Probreviceps macrodactylus (MCZ A-13711; holotype of Probreviceps usambaricus).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13711_Pro_usambaricus_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1216 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) a34930f2-3f8f-45a7-8cc2-e8ce727e6048 2b3ea716-b427-4a89-bde2-e9854a93107d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Probreviceps macrodactylus (MCZ A-13711)

Venter of Probreviceps macrodactylus (MCZ A-13711; holotype of Probreviceps usambaricus).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13711_Pro_usambaricus_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1216 2014-11-06 17:03:14 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 1f5754bf-491b-4d99-a8f7-d87a37204b2d 2b3ea716-b427-4a89-bde2-e9854a93107d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Probreviceps macrodactylus (MCZ A-13711).

Dorsum of Probreviceps macrodactylus (MCZ A-13711; holotype of Probreviceps usambaricus).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A13711_Pro_usambaricus_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1216 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 4f813a54-261d-4454-aa54-5fe3c3c50d07 c6f0fa8a-b3a1-421e-880a-972702dddc54 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Breviceps fichus Photographer: Channing, A.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_7_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1207 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, et al. (2010; Field guide to the amphibians of the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya) bc0f504a-1a99-451a-bfbd-beebbe70138a ff70bd05-e983-47c3-bbba-5483829a64a8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Arthroleptis fichika in ventral view

Holotype of Arthroleptis fichika in ventral view (MCZ A-138384).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6482_MCZ_23104_vent.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1090 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. f0a925f5-6482-40c3-990f-5ead698899e8 ff70bd05-e983-47c3-bbba-5483829a64a8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Arthroleptis fichika in dorsolateral view

Holotype of Arthroleptis fichika in dorsolateral view (MCZ A-138384).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6487_MCZ_23104.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1090 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 4dfe1c22-df63-4a97-9773-655659d55882 ff70bd05-e983-47c3-bbba-5483829a64a8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Arthroleptis fichika in lateral view

Holotype of Arthroleptis fichika in lateral view (MCZ A-139384).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6495_MCZ_23104.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1090 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. fd0b8c3a-9433-47ad-aa6a-aa4899736d9e ff70bd05-e983-47c3-bbba-5483829a64a8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Arthroleptis fichika

Holotype of Arthroleptis fichika (MCZ A-138384).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6491_MCZ_23104.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1090 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 5395ac70-cbab-4750-864d-c1c8bddb7063 ff70bd05-e983-47c3-bbba-5483829a64a8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Arthroleptis fichika

Holotype of Arthroleptis fichika (MCZ A-138384).

Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6490_MCZ_23104_0.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1090 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 49137cc5-6392-4ce1-9492-78dc7de08431 8b48391a-86c2-45f4-8ccb-0dee31e1bd7e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Boulengerula taitana (MCZ A-20001)

Boulengerula taitana (MCZ A-20001)

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A20001_B_taitanus_H_hp.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/900 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) e1c87afc-4a34-4199-a82e-c785b5c3f2cd 8b48391a-86c2-45f4-8ccb-0dee31e1bd7e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Boulengerula taitana (MCZ A-20001)

Lateral view of head of Boulengerula taitana (MCZ A-20001)

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/MCZA20001_Boulengerula_t-02.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/900 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 757d5962-1e62-4391-81f9-f28218593b98 8b48391a-86c2-45f4-8ccb-0dee31e1bd7e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of Boulengerula taitana (MCZ A-20001)

Lateral view of Boulengerula taitana (MCZ A-20001).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/MCZA20001_Boulengerula_tait.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/900 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 118f1353-00db-4951-8797-fb949106dc91 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of paratype of Heleophryne depressa

Lateral view of head of paratype of Heleophryne depressa (MCZ A-27023).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A27023_H_purcelli_depressa_P_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 396d675c-a276-40bc-8eca-13f4dc598953 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ventral view of paratype of Heleophryne depressa

Ventral view of paratype of Heleophryne depressa (MCZ A-27023).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A27023_H_purcelli_depressa_P_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) ab152857-ff6e-48d1-b8c4-b41869c4192d 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsal view of paratype of Heleophryne depressa

Dorsal view of paratype of Heleophryne depressa (MCZ A-27023).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A27023_H_purcelli_depressa_P_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoolgy, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) ee2122de-bd43-4122-8184-efa1633c1f75 234f8f09-85f6-4062-892a-aafd0ed13048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Didynamipus sjostedti from Mt. Cameroon (South-West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/didynamipus_sjostedti2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/906 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 03c8000b-a6cb-4686-8b4f-10c78f79b674 234f8f09-85f6-4062-892a-aafd0ed13048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Didynamipus sjostedti from Mt. Cameroon (South-West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/didynamipus_sjostedti.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/906 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 93580526-6386-498d-93f3-c1bfd8ac7fd6 63eb04ee-bbe6-4185-8d2e-92064e435d45 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus superciliaris from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_superciliaris5.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1234 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 265bb573-ca31-4552-8009-6d3506996f2c 63eb04ee-bbe6-4185-8d2e-92064e435d45 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus superciliaris from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_superciliaris4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1234 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 6303fb18-f896-4274-a2b2-b767b0609cda 63eb04ee-bbe6-4185-8d2e-92064e435d45 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus superciliaris from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_superciliaris3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1234 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 83ee1442-e124-46e0-9630-7c428983e0e6 63eb04ee-bbe6-4185-8d2e-92064e435d45 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus superciliaris from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_superciliaris2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1234 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. b5a604e6-7e3e-4b64-bb84-a13466995629 63eb04ee-bbe6-4185-8d2e-92064e435d45 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus superciliaris from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_superciliaris.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1234 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 0ea27f52-39b7-4635-bc45-0d9f93dae60e 63eb04ee-bbe6-4185-8d2e-92064e435d45 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Illustration of holotype of Bufo laevissimus (synonymized with Amietophrynus superciliaris)
Photographer: Werner, F.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. Illustration of holotype of Bufo laevissimus (synonymized with Amietophrynus superciliaris)
Photographer: Werner, F.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1234 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Werner, F. 5e384592-8b2c-4d13-9382-8e03018475f3 a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Illustration of female Petropedetes johnstoni Photographer: Werner, F.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Werner, F. b41f03cf-a42b-409f-a008-373b9a66d372 a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Illustration of male Petropedetes johnstoni
Photographer: Werner, F.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. Illustration of male Petropedetes johnstoni
Photographer: Werner, F.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Werner, F. df6dd4e4-2ae7-4ad2-ae4f-8339be7fd645 c10ad5c4-67b3-44f8-8a5f-85775fc7166c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes vulpiae from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/petropedetes_vulpiae3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1513 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 16a51349-f605-499c-b68c-e09321888499 c10ad5c4-67b3-44f8-8a5f-85775fc7166c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes vulpiae from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/petropedetes_vulpiae2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1513 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 489d8fea-cac7-49ff-b245-b1607b7080b7 c10ad5c4-67b3-44f8-8a5f-85775fc7166c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes vulpiae from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/petropedetes_vulpiae.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1513 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 1a24b772-fa07-4305-b80d-bbf9e2c7d4f2 0db10b6d-5aa5-4cc0-986a-296d552a98ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes juliawurstnerae from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/petropedetes_juliawurstnerae3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1521 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 08418a8d-93fc-41d0-901c-0c6cdcc505d6 0db10b6d-5aa5-4cc0-986a-296d552a98ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes juliawurstnerae from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/petropedetes_juliawurstnerae2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1521 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 47a4d5e1-b83c-4409-94d1-0061431182c7 0db10b6d-5aa5-4cc0-986a-296d552a98ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes juliawurstnerae from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/petropedetes_juliawurstnerae.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1521 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 014cd199-d741-4c24-a788-86616f01b6f9 fc59c8a5-4cd5-4b46-baa6-0771c09307ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Strongylopus merumontanus Photographer: Lönnberg, E.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/S_merumontanus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1687 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Lönnberg, E. 0ab1b1be-55ed-4d1e-8f3e-27d6c416cd94 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus laevis from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

Xenopus laevis from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (MCZ A-138505 and MCZ A-138506)

Photographer: Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6980_MCZ_23165_and_23166.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, Luke and Zimkus, Breda fb03d3dc-a1f6-4027-8ebd-147de3de8e28 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Xenopus laevis Photographer: Illustration from Daudin (1802). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_laevis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Daudin (1802) b73258c0-f8a1-4bcc-9b35-7e71decc756e 31966cf5-acd6-48e8-9368-f4aa3ef431fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Drawing of Spelaeophryne methneri from Barbour and Loveridge (1928)

Drawing of Spelaeophryne methneri from Barbour and Loveridge (1928).

Photographer: Loader, Simon (scanned). Publisher: Loader, Simon. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/speleo.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1220 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Loader, Simon (scanned) befa678f-2761-4cbd-86ce-003934cd1855 3560032a-b433-4a59-8ad7-7bd05d4ed4ff http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis rufus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_rufus4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1184 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. a26ebc6f-5071-4821-ae4f-a7c7ee20b19e 3560032a-b433-4a59-8ad7-7bd05d4ed4ff http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis rufus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_rufus3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1184 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 68d3dab3-f729-47b7-860c-b6b537289c78 3560032a-b433-4a59-8ad7-7bd05d4ed4ff http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis rufus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_rufus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1184 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 1ba78594-1182-4fbd-813f-725a2427ea98 3560032a-b433-4a59-8ad7-7bd05d4ed4ff http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis rufus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_rufus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1184 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. cdd0430c-ff27-4839-82ee-fc920ea15e17 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius (marmoratus) fumosus Pickersgill, 2007. Paratypes, and Holotype LIVM1998.46.67 on right Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_fumosus_holotype_right_and_paratypes..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 52aa3037-cbe5-44b0-8c9b-7b901371d3d3 4f9739c4-0635-4a5b-bfb2-c1fe9537f0fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Dorsum of holotype of Duttaphrynus dodsoni

Dorsum of holotype of Duttaphrynus dodsoni.

Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1895. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_3.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/908 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1895 280522c5-e83d-4fba-a2c0-c03935143493 c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hemisus microscaphus

Hemisus microscaphus

Photographer: Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Hemisus_microscaphus_2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1296 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda 8f150338-1c42-42ee-a9e4-b776bf0d2980 c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hemisus microscaphus

Lateral view of Hemisus microscaphus.

Photographer: Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Hemisus_microscaphus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1296 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda 1e7bbf31-4157-42f4-98c1-f44320554c0b c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Hemisus microscaphus (MCZ A-86795; holotype).

Lateral view of head of Hemisus microscaphus (MCZ A-86795; holotype).

Photographer: Zimkus, Breda. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A86795_H_microscaphus_H_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1296 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 8e754e9e-8f89-4681-9022-cce20dad3588 c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Hemisus microscaphus (MCZ A-86795)

Venter of holotype of Hemisus microscaphus (MCZ A-86795).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A86795_H_microscaphus_H_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1296 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) b92ea006-a6d2-475d-9f3d-4477edf05e47 c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of holotype of Hemisus microscaphus (MCZ A-86795)

Dorsum of holotype of Hemisus microscaphus (MCZ A-86795)

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A86795_H_microscaphus_H_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1296 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) a0d5fc31-518b-40ed-8d51-336e707071a0 f6a118a7-69ac-4fea-be12-96574689bd4e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Captive Xenopus amieti from WaterLife, Dr. J. Nosek, Prague, Czech Rep. Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_amieti3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1626 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 91059499-c1c3-4458-a14d-03a78bbdc951 f6a118a7-69ac-4fea-be12-96574689bd4e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Captive Xenopus amieti from WaterLife, Dr. J. Nosek, Prague, Czech Rep. Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_amieti2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1626 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 7fd69728-f5ee-4bfc-93b5-a9adc635b71c f6a118a7-69ac-4fea-be12-96574689bd4e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Captive Xenopus amieti from WaterLife, Dr. J. Nosek, Prague, Czech Rep. Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_amieti.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1626 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. b1ce16b6-c75d-4089-98f6-a645052bae55 18d011a3-4ea2-42b1-80a3-6f2344ea6407 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of Conraua crassipes; paratype of Rana perpalmata

Lateral view of head of Conraua crassipes; paratype of Rana perpalmata (Witte; MCZ A- 21785).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A21785_C_crassipes_crassipes_P_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1511 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) d3407720-bfa0-49e4-a531-9b9eb7b2300b 18d011a3-4ea2-42b1-80a3-6f2344ea6407 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of Conraua crassipes; paratype of Rana perpalmata

Dorsum of Conraua crassipes; paratype of Rana perpalmata (Witte; MCZ A- 21785).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A21785_C_crassipes_crassipes_P_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1511 2014-11-06 17:02:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 50794fbf-dc4a-45aa-87b0-4196af57090a 18d011a3-4ea2-42b1-80a3-6f2344ea6407 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Conraua crassipes; paratype of Rana perpalmata

Dorsum of Conraua crassipes; paratype of Rana perpalmata (Witte; MCZ A- 21785).

Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A21785_C_crassipes_crassipes_P_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1511 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 96e640aa-8afb-4020-a303-1f9545bfd211 b274cc4e-10e3-40ff-a3de-864c639cf6d0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Kassina decorata from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/kassina_decorata3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1482 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. c7d3783d-4f03-4fb0-8876-091ad120e365 b274cc4e-10e3-40ff-a3de-864c639cf6d0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Kassina decorata from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/kassina_decorata2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1482 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 338fedf7-6984-4d58-8abd-3f825b94de4d b274cc4e-10e3-40ff-a3de-864c639cf6d0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Kassina decorata from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/kassina_decorata.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1482 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. db8569fa-76e1-4387-a176-ee802ced7402 cfdad484-29b2-45e2-8243-5593b4c5bdfa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Morerella cyanophthalma (adult female) from Banco National Park, Ivory Coast

Morerella cyanophthalma (adult female) from Banco National Park, Ivory Coast

Photographer: Mahsberg, Dieter. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/907 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahsberg, Dieter 72398e3a-63af-4050-ab3e-98241bed7d36 ce78969f-3b3e-4672-bc10-b6eee3f0dfd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg View of Balebreviceps hillmani Photographer: Largen, Malcolm. Publisher: Loader, Simon. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/balebreviceps_hillmani.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1191 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Largen, Malcolm 3267b7c6-9b37-41a9-8b64-d84f7c17b03f 3d7d9b20-d6fd-42d9-9971-924a8e74c219 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Phrynomantis microps

Holotype of Phrynomantis microps

Photographer: Peters, W.C.H.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynomantis_microps_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1501 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Peters, W.C.H. 52eb1abe-cdb2-4ac0-b26c-ec0673288aec b720c2a9-deba-483f-b180-a218e2a78f75 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius riggenbachi from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_riggenbachi4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1409 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 14972065-65bb-41e5-9a35-eb16712e58ab b720c2a9-deba-483f-b180-a218e2a78f75 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius riggenbachi from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_riggenbachi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1409 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 57265bc1-41a4-49e3-bd8c-74c541acc500 7f2e3a91-37a5-45a6-aeac-7ca27bf308f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius sankuruensis Photographer: Kielgast, Jos. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_8.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1424 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kielgast, Jos c17823d3-5f58-4b29-9511-2617ccc21520 7f2e3a91-37a5-45a6-aeac-7ca27bf308f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius sankuruensis Photographer: Kielgast, Jos. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_7.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1424 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kielgast, Jos 60e29d4b-6997-4dc5-ad46-bb7609b8d1e5 7f2e3a91-37a5-45a6-aeac-7ca27bf308f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius sankuruensis Photographer: Kielgast, Jos. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_6.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1424 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kielgast, Jos 141c8faa-0dd6-4bd9-95ba-21ef07b7d217 7f2e3a91-37a5-45a6-aeac-7ca27bf308f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius sankuruensis Photographer: Kielgast, Jos. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_5.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1424 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kielgast, Jos 70b535ad-6bf4-4009-be1b-60a1818e05a1 7f2e3a91-37a5-45a6-aeac-7ca27bf308f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius sankuruensis Photographer: Kielgast, Jos. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_4_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1424 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kielgast, Jos a4192a93-e7e9-4134-8297-7b480858da5b 7f2e3a91-37a5-45a6-aeac-7ca27bf308f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius sankuruensis Photographer: Kielgast, Jos. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_4.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1424 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kielgast, Jos 31f9a448-3042-4a55-88c9-37505ebf2461 7f2e3a91-37a5-45a6-aeac-7ca27bf308f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius sankuruensis Photographer: Kielgast, Jos. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_5.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1424 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kielgast, Jos d3384edc-4e34-4e83-85dd-6c747fa8da5c 4832a5e9-d683-459c-9fe6-528b064a3d6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius pickersgilli

CAS 156355-56; Locality: Natal Prov: ca 7 km. N Durban at Avoca (South Africa)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_pickersgilli_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1471 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 8fc8ffa9-d31d-4f02-ba61-6e9c8bafa911 2e726e98-053f-42c3-800d-1c7b6071a362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hemisus guttatus Photographer: de Villiers, A.L.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_8_3.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1290 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ de Villiers, A.L. (Atlas and Red Data of the Frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland) c771b563-8122-4c48-903d-ac5adc3b149d b5969fa0-4b78-4981-bc74-2996cd893a04 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Cacosternum striatum Photographer: Burger, M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_17.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/798 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Burger, M. (Atlas and Red Data of the Frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland) d0c06504-af18-42ae-88ab-4ae57114ccf5 cc6337c7-19c4-4f76-a575-67451791412f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia quecketti holotype BM93.9.11.2 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_quecketti_holotype_bm_93.9.11.2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/774 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 179e2e59-4459-43e6-b405-7d4466dd4cf5 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of Callulina laphami

Lateral view of Callulina laphami.

Photographer: Menegon, Michele. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Claphami_2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, Michele 7fd92799-4767-41ce-a135-4416bdf669ce 9db5f95c-90f7-4433-b0b4-636c12bef233 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of syntypes of Hyperolius microps Photographer: Günther, A.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_4_2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1419 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Günther, A. a1fd7510-99f5-4a53-a4c9-68eb0a9274f6 89e99f43-ae44-40bb-bfd9-648f5ba396ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Illustration of holotype of Wolterstorffina parvipalmata Photographer: Werner, F.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/7.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1715 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Werner, F. b7f8dc86-94af-4439-bd06-f990b20b87b7 1d94b504-a084-4e6c-a132-33794c0ac2f3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of venter of Astylosternus diadematus holotype Photographer: Werner, F.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_4_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1100 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Werner, F. 6e35a413-7690-4344-96e1-e8e556eee288 be265126-b846-49b1-b691-b9186e27fdb2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amplexus of male and female Leptopelis ragazzii from Tegona Rover, vicinity of Goba, Ethiopia (AAU A2008-163, AAU A2008-164) Photographer: Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Leptopelis_ragazzi_amplexus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1183 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M. e02ee827-c4b1-4169-9466-67fd6dc720ad be265126-b846-49b1-b691-b9186e27fdb2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis ragazzii from Bore, Ethiopia (AAU A2008-053) Photographer: Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Leptopelis_ragazzi_37629.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1183 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M. 7d372267-cb05-4c9e-bbe0-b7246c4b1b45 cfeba3b4-0084-4f5f-bca0-e08b10d1ecf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis gramineus from Tegona River, vicinity of Goba, Ethiopia (AAU A2008-154) Photographer: Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Leptopelis_gramineus_37730.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1164 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M. 10546482-3a58-47e2-a07a-3975268e0b09 27bce868-3bb9-4f99-91bf-4d802f51047f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius thomensis

CAS 218934; Locality: Sao Tome Island, Republic of Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome (Gulf of Guinea Ids.))

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_thomensis2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1436 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 1c7826e6-ae34-40f2-b671-f7386f2a87f8 ad36a0c5-4d90-4ade-9761-1536ef76d516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of holotype of Ptychadena cooperi (MCZ A-16251) Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A16251_R_cooperi_P_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1666 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) f7752649-1a72-4c7c-be62-601c7d708b9d ad36a0c5-4d90-4ade-9761-1536ef76d516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of holotype of Ptychadena cooperi (MCZ A-16251) Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A16251_R_cooperi_P_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1666 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 85158d6b-58eb-48a7-ad76-9e9210c1b4e6 ad36a0c5-4d90-4ade-9761-1536ef76d516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Ptychadena cooperi (MCZ A-16251) Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A16251_R_cooperi_P_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1666 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 6b6f23d2-c57a-485d-90de-6ba001395dfc ad36a0c5-4d90-4ade-9761-1536ef76d516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena cooperi Photographer: Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Ptychadena_cooperi_lateral.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1666 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M. dd54015a-1203-43b5-95ff-03f909013bcc 7a6bb226-f844-4bdb-bf6e-aa2a81955ee9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Illustration of holotype of Amietophrynus blanfordii Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1882. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/blanford.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1242 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1882 39584974-abc9-43b1-889a-637b7c5e7e24 3f76dcd4-ff41-4a72-9c4f-82d892177876 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Amietophrynus gracilipes from Boulenger (1899) Photographer: Drawing from Boulenger, 1899. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1257 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1899 5e2ef1cf-6351-4bf9-aeb1-9cce51622087 fca69e3b-c3ac-4388-be3e-437fbfcd9994 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa leucomystax from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_leucomystax5.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1109 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 6df69281-73dd-4aa6-8d2b-bd40fae710e1 fca69e3b-c3ac-4388-be3e-437fbfcd9994 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa leucomystax from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_leucomystax4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1109 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 7b8340bc-d56a-4333-b7e6-9c351e10940b fca69e3b-c3ac-4388-be3e-437fbfcd9994 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa leucomystax from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_leucomystax3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1109 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 9ee9180e-5f61-4d2a-a4a4-88357b4ea829 fca69e3b-c3ac-4388-be3e-437fbfcd9994 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa leucomystax from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_leucomystax2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1109 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 03b9ed16-c08d-4d8d-95cc-e35c56a1ebbc fca69e3b-c3ac-4388-be3e-437fbfcd9994 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa leucomystax from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_leucomystax.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1109 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 6c203c36-5313-43ec-99df-a81e4b55a619 fca69e3b-c3ac-4388-be3e-437fbfcd9994 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Holotype of Cardioglossa leucomystax Photographer: Drawing form Boulenger, 1903. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Cardioglossa_Leucomystax.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1109 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing form Boulenger, 1903 c8e1cd28-2f84-4405-ba13-a85da4c6562c d3f49af9-f145-417e-b862-cce67f0dfd6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Captive Silurana tropicalis from WaterLife, Dr. J. Nosek, Prague, Czech Rep. Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/silurana_tropicalis6.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1610 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 8ee7483c-b240-4d1d-8df2-402b976dd1a0 d3f49af9-f145-417e-b862-cce67f0dfd6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Captive Silurana tropicalis from WaterLife, Dr. J. Nosek, Prague, Czech Rep. Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/silurana_tropicalis5.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1610 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. a24b4e2c-f266-4422-b940-d03d5edb8fae d3f49af9-f145-417e-b862-cce67f0dfd6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Captive Silurana tropicalis from WaterLife, Dr. J. Nosek, Prague, Czech Rep. Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/silurana_tropicalis2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1610 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 5d123eba-a45e-468f-bbfc-6dde01f2a49d d3f49af9-f145-417e-b862-cce67f0dfd6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Captive Silurana tropicalis from WaterLife, Dr. J. Nosek, Prague, Czech Rep. Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/silurana_tropicalis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1610 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 540a4497-77e0-4398-8df9-855e3792a55d 68847db5-99b8-4bfb-afae-fd1bba161d7c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis adelphus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_adelphus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1092 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. d99991af-cf77-45b6-b093-5e0a7abb2d85 68847db5-99b8-4bfb-afae-fd1bba161d7c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis adelphus from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_adelphus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1092 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. abafe1fa-7dd8-4f48-81ef-9a1bad51ff1e 267e6b61-81e9-4168-b837-5163b2d996fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis aubryioides type specimen (MWNH 135/1) - dorsal and lateral view Photographer: Köhler, Jörn. Publisher: Köhler, Jörn. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/lectotype_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1146 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Köhler, Jörn 29051a30-8ea7-4fbc-ab54-f91782518b93 267e6b61-81e9-4168-b837-5163b2d996fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis aubryioides type specimen (MWNH 135/1) - head profile

Picture shows head of female lectotype of Hylambates rufus aubryioides Andersson, 1907 (= Leptopelis aubryioides)

Photographer: Köhler, Jörn. Publisher: Köhler, Jörn. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/aubryioides_head_3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1146 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Köhler, Jörn 6ccd0791-7ff1-4cae-a10d-c4985bd9a8dd 93e16ef0-ae46-481e-852e-3693170f9382 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of female paratype of Tomopterna hieroglyphica (MCZ A-17539) Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17539_T_hieroglyphica_S_hl.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1699 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) bd038cbe-bd72-4361-8f6b-f2077289bd72 93e16ef0-ae46-481e-852e-3693170f9382 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of female paratype of Tomopterna hieroglyphica (MCZ A-17539) Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17539_T_hieroglyphica_S_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1699 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) 0331e171-57f2-46de-aec5-d82dd97695b7 93e16ef0-ae46-481e-852e-3693170f9382 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of female paratype of Tomopterna hieroglyphica (MCZ A-17539) Photographer: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College). Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/A17539_T_hieroglyphica_S_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1699 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (© President and Fellows of Harvard College) b188e699-d68d-4a40-93d0-c7110c60d7e6 93e16ef0-ae46-481e-852e-3693170f9382 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Tomopterna kachowskii from Sodere, Oromia Region, Ethiopia Photographer: Spawls, S.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/for_breda004.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1699 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Spawls, S. 261d2da2-d3bd-4fe4-99e0-cd0de8c82708 5f6b1f1f-0c09-419a-9635-20dd6482f941 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus lindholmi holotype (MWNH 130)

Formerly dessicated holotype of Megalixalus lindholmi Andersson, 1907 (MWNH 130) after treatment with cherrylaurel aerosoles and trisodiumphosphate.

Photographer: Köhler, Jörn. Publisher: Köhler, Jörn. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/MWNH130d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1306 2014-11-06 17:02:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Köhler, Jörn 86eac517-0a5f-4b26-bd59-1fece0b0fe0e 63e728fb-8f61-4858-9df8-8f4a9ef0ca2c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amnirana albolabris

Locality: Lake Nabogabo (Uganda)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amnirana_albolabris.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/843 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 38a018f4-53d2-481c-9ce6-0933f514ec16 098b492c-c12b-48ef-895c-e25f5dcf6ec9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amnirana galamensis

Locality: Arabuko Sokoke Forest (Coast Province, Kenya)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amnirana_galamensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/841 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 1c9bb0d7-cdb3-4132-a25d-7a98dadb666d aea927fd-da9d-4b9f-8ecf-a5bbee88c927 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis bioko

Locality: Pico Basile, Bioko Island (Bioko, Equatorial Guinea)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_bioko2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1080 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 969a070c-ed9f-4034-b07c-1aa4d84a6f69 c067b61d-51a3-4ffb-b979-a8f32d367655 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cacosternum sp.

Locality: Central Kenya (Kenya)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cacosternum_boettgeri3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1043 2014-11-06 17:02:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 3bc7603d-422f-4515-b681-cac0f21d828c c067b61d-51a3-4ffb-b979-a8f32d367655 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cacosternum sp.

Central Kenya (Kenya)

Photographer: Drewes, R.C.. Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cacosternum_boettgeri_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1043 2014-11-06 17:01:43 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 692a1f02-547d-413e-97aa-50d4f4409193 16f42551-2547-4282-9489-73851c0d38f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena neumanni from Bore, Ethiopia Photographer: Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Ptychadena_neumanni.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1639 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M. 002314f3-8c73-416e-8d9a-8295d12aaecb 7add5ee0-4e99-47f4-a178-71a4445c415a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena erlangeri from Dola Mena, Ethiopia Photographer: Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Ptychadena_erlangeri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1673 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, R. and Zimkus, B.M. 3449444d-dc9b-470d-9532-b765c94dafa2 6521ec38-ef4a-42b0-9014-489aa95d86fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius substriatus from Tanzania Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6668.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1352 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. b47d083a-e45b-4e28-a6a9-d168472c049d 6521ec38-ef4a-42b0-9014-489aa95d86fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius substriatus from Tanzania Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6687.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1352 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. d70307db-3942-466d-bab7-c746a21bf6a3 6521ec38-ef4a-42b0-9014-489aa95d86fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius substriatus from Tanzania Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_7340.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1352 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 5b682963-b8b3-4a5b-a753-8978a832c4ab 6521ec38-ef4a-42b0-9014-489aa95d86fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius substriatus from Tanzania Photographer: Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/IMG_6545.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1352 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahler, D.L. and Zimkus, B.M. 722176df-c749-44e4-82d9-7e390321c69d 2492ded4-732c-4346-908f-7a74eb933f96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of holotype of Hyperolius reticulatus Photographer: Günther, A.. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_7.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1357 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Günther, A. a141aa1b-3a7c-4691-b9eb-676494f6a444 903bd4ce-6f69-4a25-9f41-2c88bf324218 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus vittiger holotype ZMB8669 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_vittiger_holotype_female_zmb_8669..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1314 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 3822453e-5550-4bef-8c84-201f56a31ec0 724b6aae-af91-4f08-8d4c-52e59192aa4e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Geotrypetes seraphini from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Photographer: Janzen, Peter. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9093.jpeg.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/857 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 9808a62d-b34e-407f-ae88-b62ee533b697 d8a82ee0-5baa-4c35-bc53-a4b52ee5e66a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Herpele squalostoma from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Photographer: Janzen, Peter. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9068.jpeg.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/912 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter ab5d491b-645b-4121-9ec9-7f889dba427f d8a82ee0-5baa-4c35-bc53-a4b52ee5e66a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Herpele squalostoma from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Photographer: Janzen, Peter. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9069.jpeg.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/912 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter b03725a6-c024-46c5-9712-44e7b8d43e00 10859efd-8f36-493b-8a71-bb6ffd9320f2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arlequinus krebsi holotype SMF22459 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arlequinus_krebsi_holotype_smf_22459_ventral..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1340 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 377dda04-a5c1-4eed-b608-564754266bb4 10859efd-8f36-493b-8a71-bb6ffd9320f2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arlequinus krebsi holotype SMF22459 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arlequinus_krebsi_holotype_smf_22459_lateral..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1340 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 97dbe16c-3b0b-488b-a63f-ece47530167d 10859efd-8f36-493b-8a71-bb6ffd9320f2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arlequinus krebsi holotype SMF22459 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arlequinus_krebsi_holotype_smf_22459_dorsal..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1340 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin ff11ed86-33b4-495c-862c-d89e43e85c7d 10859efd-8f36-493b-8a71-bb6ffd9320f2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arlequinus krebsi from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arlequinus_krebsi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1340 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. abe56f89-b3e4-4a36-ba51-e0db9fc607ce 6c52dd1f-9e38-40a3-b6ea-b5b69fe4d51d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis palava from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_palava4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/917 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 5900fe0c-3b84-4c17-a6c8-82162ce5550e 6c52dd1f-9e38-40a3-b6ea-b5b69fe4d51d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis palava from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_palava3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/917 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. da028d60-10d9-452a-a675-7a9acfb7b80c 6c52dd1f-9e38-40a3-b6ea-b5b69fe4d51d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis palava from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_palava2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/917 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. cc003e6a-98ac-4642-b335-b168aad99a16 6c52dd1f-9e38-40a3-b6ea-b5b69fe4d51d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis palava from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_palava.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/917 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. f95f2314-afa8-4526-a310-f61e4e8ca7fa b7e09246-95bf-443b-9ce9-b361323ed72e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa alsco from the Gotel Mts., Cameroon-Nigeria border (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_alsco3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1107 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. c7541afd-8634-4c89-aee9-5a51217c4482 b7e09246-95bf-443b-9ce9-b361323ed72e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa alsco from the Gotel Mts., Cameroon-Nigeria border (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_alsco2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1107 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. d0f87937-6c86-441e-a92d-c3cfe1ffd126 b7e09246-95bf-443b-9ce9-b361323ed72e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa alsco from the Gotel Mts., Cameroon-Nigeria border (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_alsco.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1107 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 80cd8d56-0edd-425f-93bd-09724eb14c62 6840f3a2-7ba3-4369-b98e-4e7980d0453e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa oreas from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_oreas.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1120 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. e11e93c8-c53b-46bd-9d61-a024bdff80fc 11ea62eb-077b-4589-bced-d4097939b4cc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa schioetzi from the Gotel Mts., Cameroon-Nigeria border (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_schioetzi5.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1115 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. ba04e8b0-abd2-46a3-9617-69b359e42cb8 11ea62eb-077b-4589-bced-d4097939b4cc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa schioetzi from the Gotel Mts., Cameroon-Nigeria border (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_schioetzi4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1115 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. fbf43419-ac25-400e-90df-46182de31b67 11ea62eb-077b-4589-bced-d4097939b4cc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa schioetzi from the Gotel Mts., Cameroon-Nigeria border (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_schioetzi3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1115 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 84daa462-188c-42ea-8458-3c3db1b663d1 11ea62eb-077b-4589-bced-d4097939b4cc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa schioetzi from the Gotel Mts., Cameroon-Nigeria border (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_schioetzi2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1115 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 0b9c2c41-d192-4de9-b33e-24fca1302255 11ea62eb-077b-4589-bced-d4097939b4cc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa schioetzi from the Gotel Mts., Cameroon-Nigeria border (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_schioetzi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1115 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 18fb6617-3cbf-414a-bb80-ca351ec90324 b6da5f68-152c-4cad-b96d-3b891282649b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptodactylodon wildi from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptodactylodon_wildi2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1124 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 8690ed23-a5f2-4840-8f77-e482b7f1487e b6da5f68-152c-4cad-b96d-3b891282649b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptodactylodon wildi from the Bakossi Mts. (Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptodactylodon_wildi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1124 2014-11-06 17:05:45 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 58c559f3-5c0b-405d-8610-30ce260b48a0 45d8156d-b930-4a35-9910-e4fac539ce38 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus longipes from Lake Oku (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_longipes4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1630 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. bd339af4-6624-47f0-bb7c-6944b678209a 45d8156d-b930-4a35-9910-e4fac539ce38 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus longipes from Lake Oku (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_longipes3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1630 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 3397f022-6a42-43e7-adf3-434c04be6ce0 45d8156d-b930-4a35-9910-e4fac539ce38 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus longipes from Lake Oku (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_longipes2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1630 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 30fbef64-dfc3-4acf-94a0-6694016f775b 45d8156d-b930-4a35-9910-e4fac539ce38 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus longipes from Lake Oku (North West Province, Cameroon) Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Publisher: Bergmann, Travis. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_longipes.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1630 2014-11-06 17:06:11 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 267e5daa-adb0-4718-9a22-70a61059826c 4cb797de-820e-4c93-95e1-fcccd0c1878c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Ventral view of adult male Hylarana fonensis n. sp. (SMNS 11788, holotype). Photographer: Rödel, Mark-Oliver. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_8_6.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/840 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver 5b56888a-5af5-4a97-b5f6-51d87a1f895e 4cb797de-820e-4c93-95e1-fcccd0c1878c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Dorsal view of adult male Hylarana fonensis n. sp. (SMNS 11788, holotype). Photographer: Rödel, Mark-Oliver. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_7_8.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/840 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver 8183c113-63c8-4731-adef-caaf9146b1e2 4cb797de-820e-4c93-95e1-fcccd0c1878c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Lateral view of adult male Hylarana fonensis n. sp. (SMNS 11788, holotype), the white arrow indicates position of humeral gland. Photographer: Rödel, Mark-Oliver. Publisher: Zimkus, Breda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_6_6.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/840 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver 2149f274-d051-40b9-93bf-267689d8a7a7 a4a8d5c1-1c2c-45dc-a2b5-424b287882e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus clarkeorum paratype LIVM1989.142.2 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_clarkeorum_paratype_livm_1989.142.2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1331 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 52df053f-88d0-48c2-a3f9-9fe972838889 12178839-e49d-4b88-877f-c24d992350ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus schneideri holotype SMF7246 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_schneideri_female_holotype_smf_7246_lateral_view_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1322 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 6f33dcf2-b8cf-4272-b929-dd0948a91e13 12178839-e49d-4b88-877f-c24d992350ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus schneideri holotype SMF7246 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_schneideri_female_holotype_smf_7246_dorsal_view..jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1322 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 5e5b8b2e-b470-48a6-a2fe-40c6ca2ff16e 12178839-e49d-4b88-877f-c24d992350ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus schneideri holotype SMF7246 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_schneideri_female_holotype_smf_7246_ventral_view.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1322 2014-11-06 17:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin f9880ac2-694b-4c2b-99c0-35a97fd0f425 00155c2b-db06-4749-be0f-1bcdd1c1cc56 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius watsonae holotype LIVM1998.46.69 Photographer: Pickersgill, Martin. Publisher: Pickersgill, Martin. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_puncticulatus_watsonae_-_ngezi_fr.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1407 2014-11-06 17:07:08 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ Pickersgill, Martin 24478d8e-10ad-4e38-a50f-54786c57783e ee2daf70-7c9e-4d9b-be0e-1a47abc73509 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cryptothylax greshoffii Cryptothylax greshoffii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cryptothylax_greshoffii_female.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1287 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul 1ab3770a-b580-4c49-a767-4e67386a7d3e 9a7c5f3e-80e5-4851-a563-e1eb779abdc6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa oreas from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Cardioglossa oreas from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0031.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1187 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. d7dcea5b-23f1-4f98-a165-f6278cdc0f95 9aea7427-663b-4081-ba71-42daecb07f03 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg arthroleptella ngongoniensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Arthroleptella ngongoniensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1307 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 0e040e6c-14e1-4100-aef9-d2ab2bc287ec b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia angolensis Amietia angolensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietia_angolensis_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 09f493ab-3e4f-4471-b1e6-19c92ee097e4 b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg leptopelis_flavomaculatus_juvanile.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_flavomaculatus_juvanile.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 4693ef25-57bd-4ac4-9a38-abbd26c9fb8d b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius pictus Hyperolius pictus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_pictus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 52f3b1b4-0430-403e-ad11-9e832f8e0073 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis flavomaculatus Leptopelis flavomaculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_flavomaculatus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. e7285d2f-4635-4f08-b7af-e0076f4e7ace 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg pyxicephalus_adspersus3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/pyxicephalus_adspersus3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 2014-09-02 16:21:50 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ e6b99637-a96f-4225-90d2-02a4ca2f5332 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg c._derooi_0_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/c._derooi_0_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 2014-09-02 16:22:18 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 8ce34c70-2517-41a8-b861-51da05417785 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hylarana albolabris from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Hylarana albolabris from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9059.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 2541417b-babb-4bf4-91cd-71d231314ac2 9d5222e5-1355-427c-a6ce-d74a1697e77d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Churamiti maridadi Churamiti maridadi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/churamiti_maridadi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1516 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 3149e7aa-6864-401a-9772-9b9f7627e2b4 6ee0efb7-057b-40a4-8950-e0d53751cfc9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus maculatus from Sierra Leone (CAS 230014) Amietophrynus maculatus from Sierra Leone (CAS 230014) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3272.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1500 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. 45a9913c-7100-4a6e-8e60-3ae083d780f6 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hoplophryne rogersi Hoplophryne rogersi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0862.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 114d9a41-426b-4e40-89a1-fdfd1d9c725e 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis concolor Leptopelis concolor | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0958.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 3aaab330-268f-488d-9210-c03818138a4f 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Schistometopum thomense Schistometopum thomense | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0562.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. ff832f8a-8704-418a-a677-79f5d14c6b78 328c9e07-41c9-497a-a8a5-c5837e5f0576 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg breviceps sylvestris.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Breviceps sylvestris.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/915 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 3911e516-dcf9-45b7-b7cd-857e3cfc85e0 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Mertensophryne uzunguensis Mertensophryne uzunguensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/mertensophryne_uzunguensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 7f30b79c-50e8-46ed-9630-d3479ea59f93 a43756cc-e0b0-4dd4-bb9e-8b0aaa54fd9d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius discodactylus Hyperolius discodactylus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0822.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1679 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. b79d2820-d2ad-436a-85a7-c3b46d8d92f1 85cb37e4-636b-491e-86d2-6cec918e976b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus dendrobates Phrynobatrachus dendrobates | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0015_0.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1268 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. fb535faa-3169-4d40-bfe2-4f496167108a 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus camerunensis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Amietophrynus camerunensis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9048.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 96074dd3-d0eb-46a4-a24e-6c8828032bf8 3f316c90-be90-4a38-bb2c-18b4b1be784d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Pyxicephalus adspersus Pyxicephalus adspersus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/4542.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 47cf8ce5-ce4e-4702-a795-887b907fa71c 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of mouth Afrixalus dorsalis from original description by Peters (1875) Illustration of mouth Afrixalus dorsalis from original description by Peters (1875) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_5_5.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Peters, W.C.H. f556a2c0-3d80-4e28-972d-040945ef78a8 bfc463af-8a27-4c97-bda3-a1e74902decc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Pyxicephalus edulis Pyxicephalus edulis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/5767.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/766 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 8c6e2145-faf5-4a4f-a732-1ed9fdd8a1e0 a52e51d5-0556-49da-b5d8-5e4e894cd5ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg ebg1317_dorsum_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/EBG1317_dorsum_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1682 2014-09-02 16:22:18 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ fa0c68f5-c2a0-4619-a925-b9ee2edeaf92 b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hylarana lepus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Hylarana lepus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9040.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 35f32b04-9d4a-473a-b946-01de3b43a0db 2c976048-9c44-4ec4-ac0e-9ddd0a2bfb6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynomantis annectans Phrynomantis annectans | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynomantis_annectans_adult__juv.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/780 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul 89981248-2756-42f0-8a38-6d9112d89b31 ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hyperolius_marmoratus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_marmoratus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 9363029e-317d-4655-a772-efa5da347890 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus cornutus Phrynobatrachus cornutus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9053.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter ef2277f7-cd76-4a2e-bc2f-6e505691d6c8 fdb4232c-4b31-4e06-8736-9962a1e5720d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis xenodactyloides Arthroleptis xenodactyloides | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_xenodactyloides2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/881 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 5338df1e-bf16-4ead-9e45-d716c5949f4c 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Callulina kreffti Callulina kreffti | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/callulina_kreffti_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 8b0e5e4a-0a62-4d6a-a452-211d5e566bd0 87d128af-0e41-4bd1-ac5a-e03344603cd6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg phrynobatrachus_steindachneri_mcza136907_rfoot_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Phrynobatrachus_steindachneri_MCZA136907_rfoot_EDITED.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1635 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 6d63273e-b4d3-452b-be29-23eb4c5c1f7d 9db5f95c-90f7-4433-b0b4-636c12bef233 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg phrynobatrachus_acridoides2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_acridoides2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1419 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 3cd13958-ab7e-4479-bab1-96d00c4a26ac fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus acridoides Phrynobatrachus acridoides | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_acridoides_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. c9eb8fa2-e934-4733-b5fc-22852844af74 2492ded4-732c-4346-908f-7a74eb933f96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Mertensophryne micranotis Mertensophryne micranotis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/mertensophryne_micranotis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1357 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 11fb668e-6c6a-46fd-ad47-74efc07e1caa df904bb0-2757-47e2-9b37-baffafa26c64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hyperolius_riggenbachi2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_riggenbachi2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1644 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 44a3f18a-3158-43b6-b71b-54aaa256220a 3d7d9b20-d6fd-42d9-9971-924a8e74c219 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg callulina_kreffti.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/callulina_kreffti.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1501 2014-09-02 16:21:12 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ de07e8b6-79a6-4541-8578-92d79fe40c65 328c9e07-41c9-497a-a8a5-c5837e5f0576 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus cornutus Phrynobatrachus cornutus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9058.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/915 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 369307b1-ee56-40b7-98d3-5831d462a50b 2b777e36-1e29-4a60-9d9d-20f61d9600ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg scolecomorphus_kirkii.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/scolecomorphus_kirkii.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1698 2014-09-02 16:21:12 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 8d0a0c46-7b21-4bf3-80ea-6f5c61983746 cccdbd87-aa74-46db-b5e8-7a2cc67847aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg pyxicephalus_adspersus4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/pyxicephalus_adspersus4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1709 2014-09-02 16:21:12 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ f24517bd-aeee-43ad-bb7f-df642c5851d7 e7ee76d3-d6b6-47b7-85c7-b4bcd858ece2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg probreviceps_uluguruensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/probreviceps_uluguruensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1702 2014-09-02 16:21:12 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ c285da89-f990-4b13-b7a7-8f90453dd13b 9f616a72-a78b-4031-ad26-aae34f8c2d4c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Poyntonia paludicola Poyntonia paludicola | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_7_6.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/799 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ de Villiers, A.L. 9849d5d9-8b31-4854-9dbf-d09d3baf45d2 a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Position of palatal teeth and choanae in Pleurodeles poireti Position of palatal teeth and choanae in Pleurodeles poireti | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_7_5.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Salvador, A. ef69d749-c551-45a1-b97b-2fb0ed887771 5ccee6b8-e789-4260-9fe2-0c45d27d2408 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Nectophrynoides tornieri Nectophrynoides tornieri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_12.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1660 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 85f75d35-8f8a-4c61-8524-2e6eb06c4202 4f9739c4-0635-4a5b-bfb2-c1fe9537f0fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Pyxicephalus edulis Pyxicephalus edulis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/pyxicephalus_edulis_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/908 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 765ca4aa-0bad-4c11-9966-2e69f58ca814 ddba1054-01b9-4a21-973a-a49a29662f98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg ptychadena_oxyrhynchus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/ptychadena_oxyrhynchus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/898 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 7812e21f-3243-4d7e-94d7-fe1254d8c630 be265126-b846-49b1-b691-b9186e27fdb2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena newtoni Ptychadena newtoni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/ptychadena_newtoni.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1183 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 7f2c3a88-7684-44cd-a6ce-a048933d6abc 1d94b504-a084-4e6c-a132-33794c0ac2f3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena chrysogaster Ptychadena chrysogaster | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/ptychadena_chrysogaster2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1100 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. a9e1b7eb-fb4c-4fd3-a3c0-36831b47dab4 07286bb6-00b0-4bbe-9180-d6a8ca553d40 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Cacosternum capense Cacosternum capense | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_15.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1560 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ du Preez, L.H. 3d29606f-15f3-470f-ac6d-8c0b0e6ab42b 93e16ef0-ae46-481e-852e-3693170f9382 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Ptychadena grandisonae Ptychadena grandisonae | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_10_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1699 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Channing, A. 53d94b09-1615-4e28-94db-c987d8107fc5 13ec6613-454f-47f4-8495-617af76e002d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Breviceps bagginsi Breviceps bagginsi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_8_4.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Minter, L. f49e57a4-c680-448f-8e6a-5b143bf3e91a a159cafa-6d32-4f2b-9a60-758cbb6e1b03 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Leptopelis xenodactylus Leptopelis xenodactylus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_7_4.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1136 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Burger, M. e340731a-48b1-4718-adbb-e4f5e9e0709c f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Heleophryne rosei Heleophryne rosei | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_7_3.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ de Villiers, A.L. 557d6f2c-9614-4a61-acef-f76dc1f888ee fca69e3b-c3ac-4388-be3e-437fbfcd9994 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Strongylopus springbokensis Strongylopus springbokensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_6_5.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1109 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ de Villiers, A.L. 51eb92b7-6ebe-4761-986c-15acfa80f2ca 767d5f43-3bb2-4b50-937f-a494976d1cbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Tadpole of Heleophryne hewitti Tadpole of Heleophryne hewitti | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_6_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1137 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Burger, M. eb3dd9e5-400f-47ee-b18c-71f25a94af42 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Arthroleptis stenodactylus Arthroleptis stenodactylus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_5_0_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 0061d0c4-d723-497c-9410-ff1027284b0e 2baa120f-f738-4648-b6ab-b6387e3aac88 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Ventral view of Xenopis gilli Ventral view of Xenopis gilli | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_22.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/884 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ de Villiers, A.L. e6465a51-821e-4698-96d8-945c37a3ee09 4acf92d0-30c3-4495-a10f-920373605b6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Natalobatrachus bonebergi Natalobatrachus bonebergi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_21.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/688 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ du Preez, L.H. 04710bf0-a71c-4a95-bd73-9d69ca6e8982 0d2f40f2-c186-4a2c-bdf8-a81cd6ebd2d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Dorsal view of the head of Pleurodeles poireti Dorsal view of the head of Pleurodeles poireti | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_20.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1069 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Salvador, A. ad57346c-d44c-46b1-a55a-f88b285a71c2 c07405fc-6de4-437b-8377-0c265f5b989a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynomantis microps Phrynomantis microps | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynomantis_microps_togo.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1650 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul e8e03c85-7b15-4b0f-b381-f2c775de9fa0 66ef2b97-6fad-4920-b469-5afd94c705c5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg phrynomantis_bifasciatus_1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynomantis_bifasciatus_1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1065 2014-09-02 16:21:30 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ a11d6d70-a737-4305-a8ff-d2e84ec60800 4a2fcc57-e898-4cf1-9361-82b75fcbb517 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg phrynobatrachus_dispar3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_dispar3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/795 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 662aed4f-cbe1-4da9-b5a9-543d35070c86 fc59c8a5-4cd5-4b46-baa6-0771c09307ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg phrynobatrachus_dispar2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_dispar2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1687 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 7ab1c56a-3f4e-45d2-9adc-3ba802e07b20 9d5222e5-1355-427c-a6ce-d74a1697e77d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg p_steindachneri_mcz136929_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_steindachneri_MCZ136929_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1516 2014-09-02 16:21:30 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ d017d482-17a2-4482-beaa-072b0ec8dd18 5b5590b6-c71f-452a-814d-9804cfd5a6e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg p_steindachneri_mcz136929_d.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_steindachneri_MCZ136929_D.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1528 2014-09-02 16:21:30 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 58d5b2f5-f992-4b29-8fe5-30c5e745ca49 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg p_steindachneri_mcz136927_v.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_steindachneri_MCZ136927_V.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 2014-09-02 16:21:30 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ f84bbaf9-b8a6-429c-b89d-7b790b424082 3aa3fd2c-87fb-4cca-9fe3-500133cf3507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Venter of female holotype of Phrynobatrachus kakamikro Venter of female holotype of Phrynobatrachus kakamikro | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_kakamikro_vent.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1540 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Schick, Susanne 697b6459-ccd9-4075-8675-9f85ef3cbbce 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Mertensophryne micranotis Mertensophryne micranotis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/mertensophryne_micranotis_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 65d68401-6f0a-472f-b553-3921a734d725 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis uluguruensis Leptopelis uluguruensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_uluguruensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. c58efc26-2958-409b-a45c-16660451dee7 107e8492-d6d4-40dc-8588-ce5ae820ff30 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis flavomaculatus Leptopelis flavomaculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_flavomaculatus4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1526 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 335b1d93-c451-43d6-943f-312ff73dcf2a a0df547b-94ad-40bf-b514-cb5ba189158e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis flavomaculatus Leptopelis flavomaculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_flavomaculatus3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1601 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 23f0f855-003c-4bd4-92ae-d8fc86c891c9 f9f62708-b6bb-4686-83da-3c7b3d825d5e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Kassina kuvangensis Kassina kuvangensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/kassina_kuvangensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1695 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. a18c6cb8-c2df-4eb4-b6d5-f59f7814ba5f 2b3ea716-b427-4a89-bde2-e9854a93107d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hyperolius_riggenbachi3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_riggenbachi3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1216 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ fba75068-4c9a-4915-818f-d690dcf9614e d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius mariae Hyperolius mariae | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_mariae.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. a531213f-10c7-44ec-99be-4f30a61a0f62 f3efada9-26d4-4406-a931-02570f5fe17e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg c._derooi_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/c._derooi_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1265 2014-09-02 16:21:30 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 19629fc5-7cc2-4b49-a7d0-e4d9e3f53c1c 8986d907-d4cd-4ec5-8d9c-6a871b166970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg arthroleptis_palava5.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_palava5.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1595 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 1ef8e5d0-bc6d-415f-bba5-d7649a4b2733 57f07e11-60b0-49b7-aa66-eb4dc2d8f2e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis sylvaticus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Arthroleptis sylvaticus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9009.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1385 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 8c95d68e-57f2-4e1f-be1a-22688cb0d71b 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phlyctimantis verrucosus Phlyctimantis verrucosus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0967.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 53d846d8-d8e8-44dc-b694-092378542791 af585d2c-13fb-42a2-8564-319aea0daebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg xenopus_itombwensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_itombwensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1269 2014-09-02 16:21:30 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 497e73d9-7adb-4204-b5b8-46733da6ae04 ed07be22-fa7e-4086-adf6-271b82229577 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg xenopus_fraseri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_fraseri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1232 2014-09-02 16:21:30 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ e09c9bf8-d97e-4579-95f9-1fc4a1bc3d51 59a7cae1-f2b9-4396-a97e-2195b0d83d08 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua derooi, dorsolateral view Conraua derooi, dorsolateral view | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Togo-slippery-frog.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1085 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Hillers, Annika 9fcfc96f-31a3-4def-84b6-cb034b3f1c8d caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Silurana tropicalis

Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Rights holder: Gvozdík, V. (Callphotos)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/silurana_tropicalis4.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 2014-11-07 16:06:39 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vaclav Gvozdvik a90f9a37-bea8-4e4c-aa31-900189328a20 5b5590b6-c71f-452a-814d-9804cfd5a6e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg strongylopus_wageri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/strongylopus_wageri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1528 2014-09-02 16:21:30 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ e265b606-1399-4b11-bb4b-3c0f9a258091 ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg strongylopus_springbokensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/strongylopus_springbokensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-09-02 16:21:50 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 1d12468b-4b5b-4940-b641-714106e22760 ec71f7e6-fe19-459a-bf54-6cd34b57a60b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg semnodactylus_wealii.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/semnodactylus_wealii.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1476 2014-09-02 16:21:50 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ a21a7643-825e-41be-bd06-0301b2488db1 a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Probreviceps macrodactylus Probreviceps macrodactylus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/probreviceps_macrodactylus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 03d8cb29-d2f0-4ff1-b408-d929f31a1ad7 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Breviceps sopranus Breviceps sopranus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_9_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Minter, L. 930a5417-8fe8-4fdc-97ab-682cf087cda2 ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hemisus marmoratus Hemisus marmoratus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_9_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Turner, A. 4f53372d-b163-44d0-a5ba-cecf4be0292e 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius tuberilinguis Hyperolius tuberilinguis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_8_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 5f9b2275-7fd5-484f-b10e-827f98b22bae b5969fa0-4b78-4981-bc74-2996cd893a04 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Capensibufo rosei Capensibufo rosei | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_4_4.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/798 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ de Villiers, A.L. aa4d4bc5-d06b-454b-aff4-accfb34adfb1 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius pickersgilli (male striped form) Hyperolius pickersgilli (male striped form) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_19.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Burger, M. a21b04ae-730e-4c5d-a7ba-565e7876fdd0 29d26587-dc4d-4417-924d-6d7610ef92d5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Holotype of Tomopterna monticola (ZMH A04402) in ventral view. Holotype of Tomopterna monticola (ZMH A04402) in ventral view. | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/851 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver cc235fe0-5c0c-4c40-b603-6148d9998827 c8f9e655-dc5e-4c7c-9b89-209e45ea0791 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Pyxicephalus adspersus Pyxicephalus adspersus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_14.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1555 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ du Preez, L.H. 3f0d1166-fa0e-4e38-aa5a-98453bc07f1a 00b9c2c9-9401-49e5-9c57-cb641ce1d9f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg phrynobatrachus_steindachneri_mcza136907_dorsum_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Phrynobatrachus_steindachneri_MCZA136907_dorsum_EDITED.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1075 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ b4bf35c0-6c9f-4f20-809a-b38e741c70c8 5e0a7b2f-882c-40ea-863f-1d0814b8dff7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis natalensis Leptopelis natalensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_natalensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1594 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 69a8a181-d376-44c5-a1a4-67000da60a6c 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg kassina_maculata.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/kassina_maculata.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 2014-09-02 16:21:50 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 44b06b5b-e58a-4100-8870-5a07e9a7da96 d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius parkeri Hyperolius parkeri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_parkeri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. a4c68548-0c3a-4a55-8971-a684053db690 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Hyperolius orkarkarri Holotype of Hyperolius orkarkarri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_glandicolor.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 45d32e8f-5b9d-4b1e-9d66-6960d6ad22a8 6f3d04c1-a0fa-4721-8272-f6934a474f93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hoplophryne rogersi Hoplophryne rogersi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hoplophryne_rogersi_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/800 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vonesh, J. 084425b9-720a-4e2c-acc1-01fc392cd837 f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hadromophryne natalensis Hadromophryne natalensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hadromophryne_natalensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 7e49825e-b535-49dd-8205-b940b67ff74e 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Breviceps mossambicus Breviceps mossambicus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/breviceps_mossambicus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. d9a6533f-8f2c-4d52-95a8-3e42eef8bbc4 ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg breviceps sopranus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Breviceps sopranus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ b2306c73-8aa8-4eee-a5f8-e62fa95bfbf8 f3efada9-26d4-4406-a931-02570f5fe17e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis tanneri Arthroleptis tanneri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_tanneri_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1265 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 926eec0b-669a-42e6-8f04-36ffa704e7d9 c8f9e655-dc5e-4c7c-9b89-209e45ea0791 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus brauni Amietophrynus brauni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_brauni_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1555 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 2da39b76-71f4-4178-b75a-172c29cd3f5a 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus brauni Amietophrynus brauni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_brauni.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. d60c09d4-b50f-4bdf-9166-e33c4775cc67 68847db5-99b8-4bfb-afae-fd1bba161d7c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus regularis from Sierra Leone (CAS 230186) Amietophrynus regularis from Sierra Leone (CAS 230186) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3267.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1092 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. 8c127fed-4184-45a8-8162-2713c26a24c4 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus dispar Phrynobatrachus dispar | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/1402.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 263c97d7-460a-4fc7-89bb-67e37a9b77c6 201b0d65-4fac-4a51-90ad-f7b35fcbb596 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg ventral view immediately after

Photographer: Evans, B.J.

Rights holder: Evans, B.J. (Journal of Zoology, 2011)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/X.lenduensis2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1676 2014-11-07 15:47:51 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Evans, B.J. 0446c17d-e1f2-4c9c-8844-6a15642a84ae 5f8a7839-be0d-4e8a-97d1-3b6e545d47bb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ventral views include preserved specimens

Photographer: Evans, B.J.

Rights holder: Evans, B.J. (Journal of Zoology, 2011

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/X.lenduensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1603 2014-11-07 15:49:41 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Evans, B.J. abd9fbc1-2fd9-4158-9d78-15da4c479bc7 b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus lateral view Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus lateral view | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Phrynobatrachus_inexpectatus_lateral.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Kerney, Ryan and Zimkus, Breda M. b2fa4c9f-d442-4edb-ad4e-54c41c1db307 e8d01d41-7adf-49ad-acd4-37e74aed3441 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes cameronensis Petropedetes cameronensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/petropedetes_cameronensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/887 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul f05bc83d-ea88-4628-8241-da58ef276e25 e22be30e-1a0c-4fed-b68c-f6e43d69722b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg pelobatesvaraldiiiucn.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/pelobatesvaraldiiiucn.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1277 2014-09-02 16:22:00 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 2a739b41-d4ff-4435-8c20-75dcca047c9d 29d26587-dc4d-4417-924d-6d7610ef92d5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg p_cf_acutirostris_ebg1314_rhand_dors.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_cf_acutirostris_EBG1314_rhand_dors.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/851 2014-09-02 16:22:00 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 05ea9f09-d2fb-4c24-8cbd-f3b4ad2f30d2 dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg p_cf_acutirostris_ebg1314_head_lat.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_cf_acutirostris_EBG1314_head_lat.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 2014-09-02 16:22:00 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ c93eca3e-2d57-455e-a1e6-5e1e31da89f6 03a0670d-fd3b-4f47-aa26-4779d5a8cb50 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Nectophrynoides paulae Nectophrynoides paulae | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/nectophrynoides_paulae.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/767 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 3ba009b3-26ac-43a3-bedd-00a566739916 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Nectophryne batesi Nectophryne batesi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/nectophryne_batesi_loum_cameroon.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul 021b9184-5adf-43b4-a9c8-f5a67c5f807e 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Nectophryne afra Nectophryne afra | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/nectophryne_afra_loum_cameroon.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul 4c5c03b3-85ae-48c2-b50b-d4c5c34aa443 b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Natalobatrachus bonebergi Natalobatrachus bonebergi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/natalobatrachus_bonebergi_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. fd2a4ecc-1f90-42f8-b453-fabfefb5040b b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis vermiculatus Leptopelis vermiculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_vermiculatus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vonesh, J. 609835d1-de21-4a2d-af4a-73e222d3f934 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis vermiculatus Leptopelis vermiculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_vermiculatus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 78b0b623-b922-4db8-841c-b686357319ad afcc65ec-cc55-4e1f-adf3-467d4cd80a54 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis parkeri Leptopelis parkeri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_parkeri2_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/801 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vonesh, J. e52154ca-7d6d-4574-ba8c-546c43f33406 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis concolor Leptopelis concolor | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_concolor_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 3c74de67-0b4e-402f-afb2-f5d5a95ccb06 e1efe128-ef7b-406a-b566-c3f3ee1ee0dc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg leptopelis_concolor.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_concolor.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1652 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 734aaa2a-901f-4c43-8782-6be792ca9855 f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Kassinula wittei Kassinula wittei | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/kassinula_wittei.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 1c7c4066-bb6d-4079-883f-bd5fa97abcfd dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg kassina_maculifer.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/kassina_maculifer.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 2014-09-02 16:22:00 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 9423f081-b33d-412d-9c52-b5f89031f1d4 59fdfcec-6724-484e-9de7-f8296db5f96d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg imgp2539.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/imgp2539.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1685 2014-09-02 16:22:00 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ b5d93be5-d992-4ccd-bcc2-f261a19aa64f ea940e5f-8027-497a-9db3-af5833096412 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius tuberilinguis Hyperolius tuberilinguis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_tuberilinguis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1515 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 01c7a0e6-8d29-48c6-b409-f1c1519975be 7f95029a-c6fd-4267-b367-1203696bda0d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius tannerorum Hyperolius tannerorum | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_tannerorum_e._usambara_tanzania.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1588 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul a572509f-35c6-46dd-8733-7c7b5b9ec0a7 1fad4ea8-5966-495e-909d-2f311aaf4012 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius pseudargus Hyperolius pseudargus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_pseudargus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1326 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 879b766b-78ec-4c56-a7b1-cfa2ae003f56 f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius endjami Hyperolius endjami | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_cf_endjami_douala_cameroon.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul 57e95dc7-579e-4f99-a6bd-608f4ae8d775 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hyperolius_castaneus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_castaneus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 2a5f3136-3d8b-436c-9623-e6b41b0c3ec4 1bbf40b1-88cb-4058-95d4-bfccde94e09a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius argus Hyperolius argus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_argus3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1259 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. c85e2910-24ad-43dd-b457-776123d6929d 8f12a24f-df5f-4923-8147-a968dcdcb167 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hildebrandtia_ornata.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hildebrandtia_ornata.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 2014-09-02 16:22:18 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 5f8aa895-75fd-4b8b-9989-0525f3b72e99 f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hemisus marmoratus Hemisus marmoratus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hemisus_marmoratus_2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. d622b579-0c53-42cc-a947-f370aafb7d48 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg ebg1317_vent_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/EBG1317_vent_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 2014-09-02 16:22:18 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 0c60ef14-9418-4658-bdfc-8b1e697fae9e 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Chiromantis petersii Chiromantis petersii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/chiromantis_petersii.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. 2d383040-ed01-431a-8ecb-da2577d6fc96 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg breviceps macrops.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Breviceps macrops.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 801a851e-f8e6-4190-81ef-7146c4a652c5 a762ece9-1e52-4d2d-b3a3-bd1aac1c1c66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis xenochirus Arthroleptis xenochirus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_xenochirus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1694 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 56cd2e2a-ad77-4d2c-893d-e0968b587284 f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptella drewesii Arthroleptella drewesii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptella_drewesii.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. 3e403b0e-873e-4ae7-bf65-c0e693c026b4 d434616d-9db1-4274-952b-3cdba8b4653d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg amietophrynus_maculatus5.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_maculatus5.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1206 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ a845668d-17bb-485a-a6e5-b823b9ba29a0 1abc8823-1db1-48f4-84de-cfb182ecf756 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus garmani Amietophrynus garmani | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_garmani.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1483 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. 6bb527a2-c9ba-4a00-95fb-0a7e9f630123 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus stuhlmanni Afrixalus stuhlmanni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_stuhlmanni.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 1e1b383d-c6b8-4863-8dae-317a124d7b22 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus spinifron Afrixalus spinifron | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_spinifrons_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Boycott, R.C. 31d14d03-546d-44c9-af8d-686b87275daa 2e726e98-053f-42c3-800d-1c7b6071a362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa gratiosa from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Cardioglossa gratiosa from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9087.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1290 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 87e1c76e-94fa-49e2-bd9e-f69acfc2f19b 19b89899-5659-4dad-9778-88f2a101eef4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis taeniatus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Arthroleptis taeniatus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9044.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1327 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter ce1c33ba-b380-43e3-83de-6d982d68ad2d e22be30e-1a0c-4fed-b68c-f6e43d69722b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Chiromantis rufescens from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Chiromantis rufescens from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9041.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1277 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 8b372a2b-95b2-4c68-80c8-bc1f59b595f2 7c125c80-c3a6-4ef2-90f2-f404ab691d06 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis aureoli from Sierra Leone (CAS 230190) Arthroleptis aureoli from Sierra Leone (CAS 230190) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3283.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1280 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. f0e95e0c-ee65-409a-9130-fc0a58dd5395 ea5303b2-238d-4812-b46c-f79cac8e9d44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius pusillus Hyperolius pusillus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0948.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1253 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 3e4cc289-e4a2-4759-b30f-7c6f7769c3ff 9db5f95c-90f7-4433-b0b4-636c12bef233 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius castaneus Hyperolius castaneus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0824.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1419 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 45a40d49-1aac-45d4-95ca-5a1064d4c25b 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis bioko Arthroleptis bioko | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0457.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. f001f93b-d4ce-4f00-9cec-5f708cc99a43 267e6b61-81e9-4168-b837-5163b2d996fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus natalensis Phrynobatrachus natalensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_natalensis_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1146 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 731a067e-e87f-4ec6-b1f6-1c1982b389c1 b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of Aubria masako Lateral view of Aubria masako | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/aubria_masako_dzanga_sanga_rodel.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mark-Oliver Rödel 094cbdf7-efd3-49aa-b613-70a91b14a582 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis tanneri Arthroleptis tanneri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_tanneri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 731a290e-143f-4a27-b69b-7ffc33914482 bcd4388b-a6a2-48a5-a31f-dec6d15f0c0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Anhydrophryne rattrayi Anhydrophryne rattrayi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/anhydrophryne_rattrayi_1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1258 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 4fd50aea-7528-4c52-b015-8d6b5ac77c44 d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Anhydrophryne rattrayi Anhydrophryne rattrayi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/anhydrophryne_rattrayi_0_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. 000e4b1d-9827-4fd6-8685-11e0bdbdfd79 eed8f395-72d0-43f9-8a00-c2f3368c1824 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus steindachneri Amietophrynus steindachneri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_steindachneri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1028 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 27e941b0-f437-4352-9bc9-acb692efe701 b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus kisoloensis Amietophrynus kisoloensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_kisoloensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. da2311d0-70c9-48df-8aae-fd9059dd9a56 f624b0a5-84db-482c-95b6-1e5e09328021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia angolensis Amietia angolensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietia_angolensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1236 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 343d90b3-b3e4-4a5f-96ec-13bdcbc40826 2915fe66-f2a2-4427-a09e-9f300ed0323f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Alexteroon obstetricans Loum, Cameroon Alexteroon obstetricans Loum, Cameroon | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/alexteroon_obstetricans_loum_cameroon.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/789 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul f91086de-ca0e-40e0-89c1-7f08a5f3b37e 5354d848-787d-4d04-b9ab-fd88bc569080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus knysnae Afrixalus knysnae | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_knysnae_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/790 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Burger, M. aeb49676-b6d9-4fdc-ba98-c31f842c3559 5354d848-787d-4d04-b9ab-fd88bc569080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg afrixalus knysnae.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Afrixalus knysnae.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/790 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ c5562e4f-227e-45ea-8884-32b77bda3665 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrana angolensis Afrana angolensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrana_angolensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. fc6cc20e-47ea-421d-83f0-80afadb68295 3aa3fd2c-87fb-4cca-9fe3-500133cf3507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg afrana vandijki2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Afrana vandijki2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1540 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ afa22524-a29a-497e-aeca-1abf020a0810 87eefee9-d47d-405b-b52d-da5e32529b61 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus batesii Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus batesii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9050.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1671 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter bfea8aec-8fd3-4f49-9a6f-3c5d42bfe8b6 7d8799f5-92d4-40f6-91a7-c604e59d93ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus camerunensis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Amietophrynus camerunensis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9047.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1661 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 87172d6d-5236-4f17-b61b-d9c253d9452c 9e6241db-9d3c-47c8-89b5-07efc187892a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis variabilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Arthroleptis variabilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9045_0.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/776 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 59182661-7c06-4726-8e52-af8e6f5e2c8e f624b0a5-84db-482c-95b6-1e5e09328021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hylarana lepus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Hylarana lepus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9039.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1236 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 8313e123-f615-4971-86cd-f6938c9e0135 7c0a0aa0-855a-4caf-bd83-83823e27e5c3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus gracilipes from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Amietophrynus gracilipes from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9038.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/791 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 4dda9829-e9a4-4798-8f13-5bc6cc19b9e7 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa gracilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Cardioglossa gracilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9027.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 2575d39d-87bc-41c9-9c50-ecadfb4a6fe2 10baa8ec-5aec-4782-b116-7a5f514ec639 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis variabilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Arthroleptis variabilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9025.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1200 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 80c08159-158f-4256-8105-1b5771df626d 320d2999-9c01-4402-922d-2f6f045851f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis aureoli from Sierra Leone (CAS 230187) Arthroleptis aureoli from Sierra Leone (CAS 230187) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3262.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1276 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. 40fdf7de-c11d-4676-985c-8ff114c2214a e22be30e-1a0c-4fed-b68c-f6e43d69722b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Duttaphrynus dodsoni Duttaphrynus dodsoni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/2106.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1277 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, Theodore eec53035-9104-4b81-9938-db21c4954d3f c728e8b9-371f-49b5-b5b5-1b0129a28fa1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius riggenbachi from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Hyperolius riggenbachi from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/1550.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1532 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. 55f2a427-c4bb-4d52-92d9-d3cd02c2bcfa f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius riggenbachi from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Hyperolius riggenbachi from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/1549.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. e1a8bbbc-79a7-4182-8e3a-07ad3e881e10 10baa8ec-5aec-4782-b116-7a5f514ec639 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Illustration of femoral gland of Petropedetes johnstoni Illustration of femoral gland of Petropedetes johnstoni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/2A.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1200 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Werner, F. f3a18b9f-f172-48d2-8356-caaa67cfa90b 132ba78c-e839-492f-aa04-9feca4770ef9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg cacosternum capense.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Cacosternum capense.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/879 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 209c6326-807a-4ec1-a99b-f82086b7ebc3 9db5f95c-90f7-4433-b0b4-636c12bef233 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Breviceps montanus Breviceps montanus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/breviceps_montanus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1419 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 884ad3c2-8a72-4fd2-bb2f-a8ce5539df80 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg breviceps_montanus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/breviceps_montanus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 0fb52f11-24cf-4520-87eb-ece99ff15a9b 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Breviceps fuscus Breviceps fuscus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/breviceps_fuscus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 59c90032-44f3-42cd-8c4e-2f8ee470355f d63fde15-3f27-48a2-8d75-190e64b00e92 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Boulengerula boulengeri Boulengerula boulengeri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/boulengerula_boulengeri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/889 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. 3db41112-b193-4db4-8bdb-bf0572b92a49 dcac2756-77c5-4ed6-bc66-907bc45a19ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg metatarsal tubercle

Photographer: Evans, B.J.

Rights holder: Evans, B.J. (Journal of Zoology, 2011)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/X.lenduensis5.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1196 2014-11-07 15:53:09 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Evans, B.J. 75307693-6f9b-4e4e-9500-f9ebfed3cb53 6aa45b8f-b0c8-4f5a-8fba-4cf4ee3b8d44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Strongylopus grayii Strongylopus grayii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/strongylopus_grayii.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/786 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 03768dd6-b205-4191-bdec-d1cc71fafab4 2e6945a0-c394-414e-b64c-356db6583ea1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Strongylopus fuelleborni Strongylopus fuelleborni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/strongylopus_fuelleborni.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1278 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 4251b9dc-9d42-4e43-9d05-3de719dea8c5 faccb92b-26ed-4707-b6dc-64e908cf512f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Schismaderma carens Schismaderma carens | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/schismaderma_carens_1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1246 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 5171e952-80a4-4279-9430-7f6c201a0635 b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg pyxicephalus_adspersus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/pyxicephalus_adspersus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 2014-09-02 16:22:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ e1931ea5-7ae7-4cc7-a2c2-bdf6f9c909e8 0090de49-68a3-44ee-b536-23d7ef736c8a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena mascareniensis Ptychadena mascareniensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/ptychadena_mascareniensis_1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/850 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. 0304e384-a6c1-4ccf-82c2-c4aec70373fb 13890b85-01d3-45a9-8fad-266d50d401d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Scolecomorphus kirkii Scolecomorphus kirkii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_13_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1536 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 66c27684-aa13-404e-9157-2e250c451dc4 6ee0efb7-057b-40a4-8950-e0d53751cfc9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Phrynobatrachus uzungwensis Phrynobatrachus uzungwensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_7_2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1500 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 786999b1-86f3-44c0-97cf-b0f69802b4df 7d79febc-c73d-4793-a98b-492f8215ca6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Dorsal view of the head of Salamandra algira Dorsal view of the head of Salamandra algira | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_6_3.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1680 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Salvador, A. 57253721-c144-47b0-9c1e-1d5db5581732 ce78969f-3b3e-4672-bc10-b6eee3f0dfd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius pickersgilli (female green form) Hyperolius pickersgilli (female green form) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_6_2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1191 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Burger, M. 22b0ad42-8237-487b-94e8-74768acf9e73 ba06ab19-ef89-4bb9-a63b-104679b71dd4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of dorsum of head of holotype of Hyperolius nasutus Illustration of dorsum of head of holotype of Hyperolius nasutus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_5_3.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1706 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Günther, A. 0b9b2284-73a0-4248-96be-82c52c9a3dc1 26bb0093-48bd-48e1-b7e9-fc0f31bf631b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Amietophrynus pantherinus Amietophrynus pantherinus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_3_3.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1559 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ de Villiers, A.L. cc02d14a-41ac-4a18-a648-3d1a20e5848f f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of dorsum of head of holotype of Hyperolius reticulatus Illustration of dorsum of head of holotype of Hyperolius reticulatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_16.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Günther, A. 3951ea42-2975-4f64-919b-fe23ad4500ce 6211e78d-d368-496e-8674-7dc9a4acf105 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynomantis bifasciatus Phrynomantis bifasciatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynomantis_bifasciatus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1577 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. 7e8ce0c5-8892-4914-8552-bb08309e69ff 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus scheffleri Phrynobatrachus scheffleri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_scheffleri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. e3bc0b72-a6b6-483a-b15a-f43628d54e76 b3413887-10d9-4109-9f22-ec08d2fe3aab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Paratype of Phrynobatrachus irangi (MHGG 2230.75) Paratype of Phrynobatrachus irangi (MHGG 2230.75) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_irangi2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1674 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. a4230aea-af8a-4f41-b472-fe458e78133e 29d26587-dc4d-4417-924d-6d7610ef92d5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Phrynobatrachus irangi (MHGG 2230.76) Holotype of Phrynobatrachus irangi (MHGG 2230.76) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_irangi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/851 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. f6ad402c-4952-42f9-9fa7-8a39fd0fe798 0b8640bf-cdcb-4f18-8a27-67c804fd209e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg phrynobatrachus_dendrobates.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_dendrobates.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/997 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ b1f31f34-ad87-4a0c-a228-070ac9fa76be a43756cc-e0b0-4dd4-bb9e-8b0aaa54fd9d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg leptopelis_xenodactylus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_xenodactylus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1679 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 98aa7114-3ff2-46b5-9b00-fed6868fa76a 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis vermiculatus Leptopelis vermiculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_vermiculatus2_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vonesh, J. c3176502-a932-47e6-840e-cc5c26c3ed4b 2b3ea716-b427-4a89-bde2-e9854a93107d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis parkeri Leptopelis parkeri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_parkeri2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1216 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 0f130b12-877e-4f1a-a595-a0574c703c83 85cb37e4-636b-491e-86d2-6cec918e976b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis parkeri Leptopelis parkeri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_parkeri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1268 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. e5602e11-7a05-45ed-9abf-9a545f097a60 41f6b4db-ffb6-4253-b108-57a4edfcf3b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis flavomaculatus Leptopelis flavomaculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_flavomaculatus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1642 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 1707e59a-9e63-433a-963c-c2b8dd24d1b2 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg leptopelis_barbouri_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_barbouri_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ fbf8024b-9751-459a-be51-3913147a0163 5e0a7b2f-882c-40ea-863f-1d0814b8dff7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis barbouri Leptopelis barbouri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_barbouri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1594 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 38b8e7ea-afee-41cf-9f43-b8de1f192424 cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Kassina senegalensis Kassina senegalensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/kassina_senegalensis_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 8c98a6e9-15ae-453d-882d-7d070e7acea9 7f95029a-c6fd-4267-b367-1203696bda0d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Kassina senegalensis Kassina senegalensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/kassina_senegalensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1588 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. 80cfe815-6836-42ff-8835-937c1f8a2b31 d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius tanneri Hyperolius tanneri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_tanneri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 96fbd9cf-fba6-4a17-b6e2-4de869d39fee 5b5590b6-c71f-452a-814d-9804cfd5a6e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius spinigularis Hyperolius spinigularis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_spinigularis2_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1528 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vonesh, J. 1c1561d6-616c-454b-b0de-1eff1cc811f1 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius quinquevittatus Hyperolius quinquevittatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_quinquevittatus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 272c8308-c8d6-4b93-955e-d05ffead197e 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hyperolius_pickersgilli.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_pickersgilli.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 42162134-4741-49b2-8ca5-395ea3e1b2c4 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius molleri Hyperolius molleri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_molleri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 42fe833b-07ee-4373-b493-af2e9decc4cf f6b6b38a-b52d-4de2-85d1-1720e16124e2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius mitchelli Hyperolius mitchelli | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_mitchelli.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1543 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. fdd87303-65d7-4d9c-9c1d-34f3c6ad1ed1 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius langi Hyperolius langi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_langi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 37a363dd-a63d-4cf6-982d-d91b15e15765 cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius frontalis Hyperolius frontalis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_frontalis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. f019e6a3-7000-4a85-8f88-5ad37b0e927b 8986d907-d4cd-4ec5-8d9c-6a871b166970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius argus Hyperolius argus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_argus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1595 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 3cb5dc8f-a7a0-4f37-ab2e-474c8f033223 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius argus Hyperolius argus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_argus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. ed288af2-c110-4191-97ba-be7f56bcbcc1 82f8055b-501c-4e3c-bb5e-860804803ccb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg h.hewitti_1600pix_2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/H.hewitti_1600pix_2.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1548 2014-09-02 16:22:56 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 95b0d810-1bf9-425a-ab3c-b53bc724e8ba b9b20f5d-8490-4814-9284-ae7b56ac01ca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg cardioglossa_oreas2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_oreas2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1523 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 0fee5ea3-ccfe-4eda-bc8e-edc2d6f72da8 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Illustration of holotype of Cacosternum boettgeri Illustration of holotype of Cacosternum boettgeri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Caco.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1882 cf17e497-b13b-412b-85a6-da42a6345443 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Breviceps macrops Breviceps macrops | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/breviceps_macrops2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 1530c01d-fdc7-4ebb-9d9f-94347ea4e8e8 2baa120f-f738-4648-b6ab-b6387e3aac88 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg breviceps_macrops_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/breviceps_macrops_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/884 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 6a6519c7-624d-4c71-8812-6be60bbc2fad d420b434-a08f-4212-8bb6-090ef218d160 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Boulengerula taitana Boulengerula taitana | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/boulengerula_taitana.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/886 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. a83182b8-e5cc-47d1-9c39-2d836651222c 4b5f3e54-b4a5-4372-8d20-953982015d52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Boulengerula boulengeri Boulengerula boulengeri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/boulengerula_boulengeri_juvenile_e._usambara_tanzania_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/892 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul e96b5b20-d24d-47dd-b8d5-81e8fa513f26 0531d12f-d4a5-4459-a679-34387c906787 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg arthroleptis_xenodactyloides.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_xenodactyloides.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1696 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 00f21c52-23f0-4a6d-b214-386c53e98dcb 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis stenodactylus Arthroleptis stenodactylus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_stenodactylus_1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. ad5b945d-714d-496b-9212-0ab70b770ffd d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis schubotzi Arthroleptis schubotzi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_schubotzi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. b0727298-0e96-473c-8cad-d4181173077d cccbd471-0b14-4e14-878b-6a419a1aeb68 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis nguruensis Arthroleptis nguruensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_nguruensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1128 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 63b98bea-7573-4bee-a05d-3613e8dfab7b 3949bf83-98f5-4d0c-b489-f3fee0dfbfc6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg arthroleptella lightfooti.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Arthroleptella lightfooti.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1406 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 09aeb355-a42e-4748-a854-59168c8675a9 d63fde15-3f27-48a2-8d75-190e64b00e92 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus brauni Amietophrynus brauni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_brauni2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/889 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 7e4e416f-cd0d-43d0-9a8c-69f928e37bd6 4cb797de-820e-4c93-95e1-fcccd0c1878c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus brauni, East Usambara Mountain, Tanzania Amietophrynus brauni, East Usambara Mountain, Tanzania | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_brauni_e._usambara_tanzania.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/840 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul 60f4656c-c68a-4e30-9c6a-08bf2f2d378c ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus orophilus Afrixalus orophilus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_orophilus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. d939ca83-b8f3-48ba-99a3-e752d15a07ac 1641854e-2440-4c74-af07-5770105722af http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus delicatus Afrixalus delicatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_delicatus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/866 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 0cef4ce6-cf63-43e9-a65d-6297720a8324 e5885178-9364-44ad-9c4a-31317104f829 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsal view of Petropedetes natator Dorsal view of Petropedetes natator | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3277.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/899 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, Theodore a58d9f09-1e9d-490b-914d-fd1a2b806480 ae2fa812-2015-4250-b05f-5801c9bf0d8a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg T. elegans from Buq Village, Bari Region, Puntland State, Somalia T. elegans from Buq Village, Bari Region, Puntland State, Somalia | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/2138-1.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/797 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. ee05e5ee-8c5b-4bf8-8610-31ae974ed4ba 083af917-0509-4e40-aadb-51c633ed4741 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis concolor Leptopelis concolor | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0959.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1286 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. a7631092-b9de-4790-bb8b-dcc4d7dc6569 b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena mascareniensis from Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Kenya) Ptychadena mascareniensis from Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Kenya) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0951.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 91e0eb01-b201-4ac1-a3d4-c144b001f58d caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Breviceps macrops Breviceps macrops | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0840.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 9c292dd4-e9d9-47c4-a981-30e00a3291c5 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa oreas from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Cardioglossa oreas from the Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0032.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. b13a4c59-2b10-4f70-9d94-c0278e2c598c 37066e4d-4b5b-489f-a634-c35dab64e95d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius thomensis Hyperolius thomensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_thomensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1689 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. a3a4aeaa-a133-417d-b76b-d8fa2820658a 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius spinigularis Hyperolius spinigularis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_spinigularis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. b24464f9-5e5d-4d61-9f2f-39465a017cf2 e7ee76d3-d6b6-47b7-85c7-b4bcd858ece2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius rubrovermiculatus Hyperolius rubrovermiculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_rubrovermiculatus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1702 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. a4f4c2f7-814e-4313-b1ee-8499fcfb34e4 1a1268ea-1ab2-4140-90b0-90b2f5b25303 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hyperolius_pusillus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_pusillus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1273 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ dc00375e-d75d-46c9-adf9-6930ba69a05f 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hyperolius_pickersgilli3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_pickersgilli3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ b81166b1-953a-4b59-889e-98b176b3b287 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hyperolius_pickersgilli2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_pickersgilli2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 1ccb58b8-b292-444f-8cb5-939bec90613e b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius glandicolor Hyperolius glandicolor | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_glandicolor_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. e454b65c-1a02-4ae0-bd84-f467f9a47c17 49052df3-f4b5-40e9-ac50-eb25c2b2ce4d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Chiromantis xerampelina Chiromantis xerampelina | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/chiromantis_xerampelina.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/768 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. 660caf16-203c-4cb7-86c2-c90797f562cf 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Capensibufo rosei Capensibufo rosei | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/capensibufo_rosei_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. a28f36a4-7925-4a19-b4ef-0a614983647b 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg capensibufo rosei.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Capensibufo rosei.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ c06bfe92-58bd-4200-a161-4193ddd40f74 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg cacosternum karooicum.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Cacosternum karooicum.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 8afddeda-786f-4592-a98f-2df6c91963b0 da3b8d3e-5217-4629-a233-638c23b5fcc2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Breviceps verrucosus Breviceps verrucosus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/breviceps_verrucosus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/986 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 129e3655-d09c-4b61-8e1f-30cd5d348cba 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis stenodactylus Arthroleptis stenodactylus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_stenodactylus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 3a7a4b2c-dbfd-4388-961c-b8b8debc7fbe 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptella drewesii Arthroleptella drewesii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptella_drewesii2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 79468212-9dcd-459c-ae4c-2dde28d3a679 ae2fa812-2015-4250-b05f-5801c9bf0d8a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietia vertebralis Amietia vertebralis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietia_vertebralis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/797 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. dfb0607d-d2cc-4317-ada2-03ae80d599a5 1a1268ea-1ab2-4140-90b0-90b2f5b25303 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus aureus Afrixalus aureus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_aureus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1273 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. 27a96643-2621-4dac-ab37-c1a7bd593dc3 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg afrixalus spinifrons.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Afrixalus spinifrons.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ bb53d99d-19c6-43f0-a78a-49973d1e876c d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus batesii Phrynobatrachus batesii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9065.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter c12435c2-6fa4-4102-9590-72b6b56df9da 41683a7e-074b-481e-b3fa-e165059b00a1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus batesii Phrynobatrachus batesii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9064.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/918 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 3bf61cb8-7932-44f6-9c4b-255828224cce 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus batesii Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus batesii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9049.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 3ad43c09-5589-40e5-94fd-d6ec0d668779 ed07be22-fa7e-4086-adf6-271b82229577 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Chiromantis rufescens from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Chiromantis rufescens from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9043.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1232 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 4774ebfd-670b-457c-9e0b-923b3e62476f cd8d7041-68dd-44c7-99cb-11d50e3b4080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Chiromantis rufescens from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Chiromantis rufescens from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9042.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1519 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter fb57c8a1-4b9f-4ba1-ba59-d4421929d7a7 4986ed07-deb4-4fa9-bcbf-276cb76c0d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus paradorsalis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Afrixalus paradorsalis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9034.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1539 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 664a520f-569d-4fea-8cff-d60d45ef4b49 37066e4d-4b5b-489f-a634-c35dab64e95d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus tuberosus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Amietophrynus tuberosus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9021.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1689 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter e872d5fb-ad8a-4703-a20f-524c64f4459b 6e284a6d-7f0a-41bf-b607-255866ae0c63 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis uluguruensis Leptopelis uluguruensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/5800.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1574 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 07cbc5a6-3c90-4611-9b64-d4aa73d13dab 201b0d65-4fac-4a51-90ad-f7b35fcbb596 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus fornasini Afrixalus fornasini | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/5799.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1676 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 74d125f7-d484-44ec-b843-1565c430772d ff757775-8e0a-4122-bfc7-f29b489cccbe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Trichobatrachus robustus Dorsum of Trichobatrachus robustus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/5391.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1161 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 6153b3ff-8cd3-40ec-a56e-61f5a2381682 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsolateral view of Petropedetes natator Dorsolateral view of Petropedetes natator | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3279.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, Theodore 0950e3ef-cdc1-477a-a4f0-97e476b23af1 1bbf40b1-88cb-4058-95d4-bfccde94e09a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes natator Petropedetes natator | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3278.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1259 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, Theodore 52237f83-2bb4-40ff-a644-fccf19d4ab56 798aff21-d1e8-4a84-aeef-e313f3e1ca04 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus maculatus from Sierra Leone (CAS 230014) Amietophrynus maculatus from Sierra Leone (CAS 230014) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3268.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1701 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. 1d4355eb-2954-4389-b854-5e1067885f8d 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius riggenbachi from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) Hyperolius riggenbachi from Bamenda Highlands (North West Province, Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/1551.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Gvozdík, V. cc41467f-20cf-48a5-8e85-d0106b9b2afa 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Callulina krefftii Callulina krefftii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0954.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 4590323a-b32f-4d8c-8c92-50a60e5779c9 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hoplophryne rogersi Hoplophryne rogersi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0861.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 08d56e7b-a353-4e2f-b16d-1b7f8d4b526a e758e617-aa9e-40ca-a847-d9d9e10a7fac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Pseudhymenochirus merlini from Sierra Leone (CAS 230018) Pseudhymenochirus merlini from Sierra Leone (CAS 230018) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3275.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1042 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. 9e2d8877-b805-4064-a51f-45d4bea8cd88 01ec3bca-3018-4a3c-a7f8-08e6f210c57d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus maculatus from Sierra Leone (CAS 230014) Amietophrynus maculatus from Sierra Leone (CAS 230014) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3273.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/802 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. 759a1b8e-66ec-42ae-91c3-6f651eb34f17 27bce868-3bb9-4f99-91bf-4d802f51047f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Ptychadena uzungwensis Ptychadena uzungwensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_11_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1436 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Channing, A. ec0dda3c-d41e-4a0b-863c-9eb3ad707ce0 dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Syntype of Hyperolius platyceps Syntype of Hyperolius platyceps | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_platyceps.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Boulenger, 1900 7a48ff1a-f0fa-42c1-8422-6ba365e522dd 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Bufo tihamicus from Somalia Bufo tihamicus from Somalia | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/2107.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. 567848eb-b4e8-4e23-9992-391dd81bef37 d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Nectophrynoides poyntoni Nectophrynoides poyntoni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/nectophrynoides_poyntoni.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M e1214927-c1f6-4805-9163-76598b46ddfa a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Chiromantis xerampelina Chiromantis xerampelina | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/chiromantis_xerampelina_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vonesh, J. 3ee524ec-d512-4082-9e31-686cd2ea0d6a 91f62714-4ab9-4eb9-8778-d9d9402895b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg PICT0348_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/PICT0348_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1585 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Vaclav Gvozdvik 5c4a6cc7-be2c-47e8-84f8-0577f892b9be 91f62714-4ab9-4eb9-8778-d9d9402895b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg jimzimkus_para_female_vent_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/jimzimkus_para_female_vent_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1585 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ adddc7d6-d25a-4d63-a9a0-70995401066d 91f62714-4ab9-4eb9-8778-d9d9402895b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg jimzimkus_para_female_dorsal_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/jimzimkus_para_female_dorsal_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1585 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 09523935-ccee-4532-bd67-a227bed562c5 91f62714-4ab9-4eb9-8778-d9d9402895b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg jimzimkus_holotype_male_vent_ed.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/jimzimkus_holotype_male_vent_ed.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1585 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 067c39d5-707d-42c5-8e4f-d48e85074a62 91f62714-4ab9-4eb9-8778-d9d9402895b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg jimzimkus_holotype_male_dorsal_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/jimzimkus_holotype_male_dorsal_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1585 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 89f4cecd-25c5-4018-9520-f7a6d89b4c2f 91f62714-4ab9-4eb9-8778-d9d9402895b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg PICT0350_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/PICT0350_edited.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1585 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Vaclav Gvozdvik c6a02640-02be-4053-a8e3-255012ac8df4 d23ab9aa-7939-4b2a-a838-b5e13534b958 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hyperolius_argus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_argus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1384 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ fdc46df1-8706-49aa-9dae-4da3c7f09608 b8278059-f90d-4025-83f6-a36988104fd2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Holotype of Hyperolius orkarkarri (female) Holotype of Hyperolius orkarkarri (female) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_glandicolor2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1356 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 33df8c09-a28c-4f86-b088-02e115c3e9f9 20742e55-fed6-461f-9ce6-4148a4c0d3d2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius parkeri Hyperolius parkeri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_parkeri_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1470 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 1680e3cc-b799-4fb7-b230-5de7eaab996a 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius spinigularis Hyperolius spinigularis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_spinigularis2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 2d3b0656-2199-44b1-9b08-cb144af25b8c 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius spinigularis Hyperolius spinigularis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_spinigularis_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vonesh, J. d4d45c8d-e43f-4da7-9042-527a2cebeef9 9aea7427-663b-4081-ba71-42daecb07f03 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus fornasini Afrixalus fornasini | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_fornasini.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1307 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 6273b165-31fd-47f6-8a82-f4e0a084758c 9aea7427-663b-4081-ba71-42daecb07f03 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg afrixalus_fornasini_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_fornasini_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1307 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 65c408d4-2258-4235-b472-fa9dfc75cdcc 1fad4ea8-5966-495e-909d-2f311aaf4012 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus aureus photo by Paul Freed Afrixalus aureus photo by Paul Freed | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_aureus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1326 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul e2e45e27-49aa-49ec-9333-61c34f180dd2 19b89899-5659-4dad-9778-88f2a101eef4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg afrixalus_delicatus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_delicatus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1327 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 6d31d5a3-c8b0-4cff-b1c9-39d80b41cd20 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus uluguruensis Afrixalus uluguruensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_uluguruensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 23697ab7-3567-45f6-b926-d423ad31d573 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus uluguruensis Afrixalus uluguruensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_uluguruensis_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 2251d921-4e21-41d0-8b66-1c68776f8401 73658abb-ab13-4dcd-879b-87452a76139d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus laevis Afrixalus laevis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_laevis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1301 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 8c610a9b-1f4f-47ab-b2d7-6a535b8111ee 5957bed9-fd1b-474d-9cd3-0d384fde8cbb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg afrixalus_morerei.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/afrixalus_morerei.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1325 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 34bff9b6-13bd-4561-9945-0e7fb5b18be3 00b9c2c9-9401-49e5-9c57-cb641ce1d9f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis stenodactylus Arthroleptis stenodactylus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_stenodactylus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1075 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 5068b0bb-821b-45ac-b587-52e6a514cf52 da8f2e5e-30b2-482e-80df-2dfe47dcb9b3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg arthroleptis_wahlbergi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_wahlbergi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1062 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 1ed47a9d-5f29-4b0d-b748-2b2b9fb7ea45 3b3af21d-111a-4d4e-a020-54625489dfb1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis affinis Arthroleptis affinis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_affinis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1083 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 2f9e3dbe-023b-4f01-a01a-01165acdfd3b bc7b42ca-b174-4637-9d6a-fa3457a53bee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis nikeae Arthroleptis nikeae | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_nikeae.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1091 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 8b9ce709-d33b-4564-b83a-7bc2a5e4e606 5bf4d2dc-6324-4492-879f-ca0b7391e21d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis reichei Arthroleptis reichei | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptis_reichei.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/921 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 86bfe77a-8f74-4a7f-9bb8-5a6ba44fa151 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Anhydrophryne rattrayi Anhydrophryne rattrayi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/anhydrophryne_rattrayi_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Boycott, R.C. 7ec13904-c3e0-4330-abc0-f2f78b42bff3 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Anhydrophryne rattrayi Anhydrophryne rattrayi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/anhydrophryne_rattrayi2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. d9aea3b3-ac58-48c3-836e-8ae0e9e7c9e7 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Anhydrophryne rattrayi Anhydrophryne rattrayi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/anhydrophryne_rattrayi3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 2c594dad-4359-4ba9-823a-9b08c4d14abc d62c945f-2d69-4305-a569-68a643bfbee4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptella drewesii Arthroleptella drewesii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/arthroleptella_drewesii_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/788 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 9bedf404-aff1-4a51-92b4-85224043be57 9e6241db-9d3c-47c8-89b5-07efc187892a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg afrana vandijki.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Afrana vandijki.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/776 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 19a5d543-36fd-4cb1-bfea-9ad7ab357909 29d26587-dc4d-4417-924d-6d7610ef92d5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg 435 DSC08573.JPG

Chiromantis xerampelina photographed in Bua River Lodge, Malawi by Henk van Zutphen.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/435 DSC08573.JPG http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/851 2014-11-06 17:01:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/3.0/ 24b656e1-65e9-4d52-aa12-d013c39c9f86 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus maculatus Amietophrynus maculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_maculatus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 28f61c65-fc01-495d-8fa4-55dff76c55d1 8b5a6376-45d3-4da2-987a-67f5d55093fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus xeros Amietophrynus xeros | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_xeros.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1223 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Channing, A. 9e5173bc-f508-4296-97c4-d25d0ef0ad15 483b48cd-bc0b-4f0a-a41a-0e4f0155804e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus gutturalis Amietophrynus gutturalis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/amietophrynus_gutturalis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1247 2014-11-06 17:03:38 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. bfe4eade-e343-4aad-9fe9-ed06aacd87cc e832c4b8-5e9a-4f69-b9dc-b4291312ea24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius puncticulatus Hyperolius puncticulatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_puncticulatus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1441 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. a0b51999-192e-441e-ad9e-c8999705f870 e832c4b8-5e9a-4f69-b9dc-b4291312ea24 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius puncticulatus Hyperolius puncticulatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_puncticulatus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1441 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. f60e52dc-ab2d-4b65-9c98-1482d9113079 b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus acridoides Phrynobatrachus acridoides | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_acridoides.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 089f5284-0271-4734-9685-a668ec93a379 cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus versicolor Phrynobatrachus versicolor | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_versicolor.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. eeb64ec7-6715-4f26-a8cd-725c018d73c4 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg phrynobatrachus_leveleve.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_leveleve.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 35349cc1-f3ab-4aea-9197-d1ffd424c1b7 ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg phrynobatrachus_krefftii.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_krefftii.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 64b62ed8-0363-4eff-9449-47732f5d2c68 f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus minutus gular region Phrynobatrachus minutus gular region | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Phrynobatrachus_minutus_gular.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Zimkus, Breda 55d3e737-59eb-4dff-b72c-6ee6659ea8e6 f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus ukingensis Phrynobatrachus ukingensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynobatrachus_ukingensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. e705cf7b-bb49-4bc2-9e32-48f628abf322 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hemisus marmoratus Hemisus marmoratus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hemisus_marmoratus_1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 3133913c-0ed9-4004-b8bf-a85c9ceb1f9a 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hemisus_marmoratus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hemisus_marmoratus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 4cbefab5-cb4f-442e-9694-8b3386d07b3d 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hemisus marmoratus Hemisus marmoratus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hemisus_marmoratus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. d6b5e3f6-9e76-4938-bfc3-428653036cea 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg hyperolius_mariae_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_mariae_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 9c667e99-5b32-426b-92e9-1bd5a5149764 d15979ed-c913-401a-81a0-631da8d66b58 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius lateralis Hyperolius lateralis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_lateralis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1373 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. b2e53f98-3437-4d69-8a95-4c9c547f8aba 595775d7-c8ad-432d-8900-fa1071b9e363 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius concolor Hyperolius concolor | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_concolor_mbalangi_cameroon.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1405 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul 04d9c0fc-0926-4d06-aa38-fbe6237f70f2 294f4b26-9f51-4966-8e61-31e336b78992 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius molleri Hyperolius molleri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_molleri2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1455 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 896a80b6-eeb0-4201-ae0a-e14deaefd952 15a9fa61-d43a-4e19-b5b9-6c3f08d8f58c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius nasutus Hyperolius nasutus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_nasutus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1443 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 61b6fa64-8c65-44e9-9c46-aa34c1f60de2 139776c3-bfe7-4240-b5ca-04b1b4a534be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Breviceps fuscus Breviceps fuscus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/breviceps_fuscus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1203 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. e4afee23-9639-480d-a049-3fd9be6c21fe 139776c3-bfe7-4240-b5ca-04b1b4a534be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Breviceps fuscus Breviceps fuscus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/breviceps_fuscus3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1203 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. ce2e6bdd-649f-4f0f-9dcc-f145b26c5d51 d434616d-9db1-4274-952b-3cdba8b4653d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg breviceps gibbosus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Breviceps gibbosus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1206 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 7dc69285-2845-48f1-a754-f5617997a80f 8bf8d12e-7003-4fc3-a21c-7abe0790e97f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg breviceps bagginsi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Breviceps bagginsi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1198 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 57fcca27-ab73-4c53-83a8-eba33cf212bd 10baa8ec-5aec-4782-b116-7a5f514ec639 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Breviceps mossambicus Breviceps mossambicus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/breviceps_mossambicus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1200 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mercurio, V. 32b209c7-99d3-4a20-bf98-e2debb5e48dc 529d9482-6c64-4702-aa6a-782825cbdd74 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis vermiculatus Leptopelis vermiculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_vermiculatus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1172 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 46208528-4a40-467b-8ce4-6969b7abef56 b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis flavomaculatus Leptopelis flavomaculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_flavomaculatus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1163 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 0f96ae49-71ca-4f99-a4e0-edf13d6ecf28 0aea4d97-d8c1-4663-ade0-0ef321127453 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis natalensis Leptopelis natalensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_natalensis2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1189 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. bb8f8105-8e3d-468c-9807-e65f0c9e17bb 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis uluguruensis Leptopelis uluguruensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_uluguruensis2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vonesh, J. db443d76-ba4d-41a1-a2bc-80b9ff5fa45e fa2ec77f-1453-4e2f-b1ad-6b6fed06d8d5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis palmatus Leptopelis palmatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_palmatus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1178 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. caf225f6-730f-417b-b19d-c8c077f56cec fa2ec77f-1453-4e2f-b1ad-6b6fed06d8d5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis palmatus Leptopelis palmatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_palmatus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1178 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. d31a9df7-9d87-4c0e-8f00-e0324f6d9ce5 78b08515-3f99-45b7-a961-4c4a5b440720 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis argenteus Leptopelis argenteus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_argenteus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1167 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 6bbd7ef3-f208-44b7-9474-d21c769ba19a 58fa01ee-c0f2-4474-bd91-25f25fc12dec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg leptopelis_mossambicus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_mossambicus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1180 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 2bfbfb9c-c84d-4bdb-8150-67392273aab6 9d54a631-8456-4bd0-b4d2-b49121e516f9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis modestus Leptopelis modestus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/leptopelis_cf_modestus_amplexus_cameroon.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1169 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Freed, Paul 98ee36bb-3ac3-4fc1-80fc-080b5f710432 afcc65ec-cc55-4e1f-adf3-467d4cd80a54 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg cacosternum poyntoni.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Cacosternum poyntoni.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/801 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 1b213b04-d391-4a2b-995a-4c1842034994 afcc65ec-cc55-4e1f-adf3-467d4cd80a54 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg cacosternum poyntoni2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Cacosternum poyntoni2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/801 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 434546d7-8a33-4d04-84ab-a574d33ed4d1 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg cacosternum_boettgeri2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cacosternum_boettgeri2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 222e9456-f51d-482f-9611-543f1b9038b7 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cacosternum boettgeri Cacosternum boettgeri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cacosternum_boettgeri.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. 74f4a215-e00b-40de-bcde-5b995cd53a3b b5969fa0-4b78-4981-bc74-2996cd893a04 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg cacosternum striatum.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Cacosternum striatum.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/798 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ f0d127c3-f4f4-4468-ba50-a9f2d062c74e 6840f3a2-7ba3-4369-b98e-4e7980d0453e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg cardioglossa_oreas3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/cardioglossa_oreas3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1120 2014-11-06 17:09:02 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ e23df7d9-ea16-4f01-a2a4-7264720f7a6e 9d5222e5-1355-427c-a6ce-d74a1697e77d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes martiensseni Petropedetes martiensseni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/petropedetes_martiensseni_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1516 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vonesh, J. 7f1185ff-3b36-4edb-a55d-b7a0b51e0db9 9d5222e5-1355-427c-a6ce-d74a1697e77d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes martiensseni Petropedetes martiensseni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/petropedetes_martiensseni.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1516 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 85d9c342-8103-41f5-a2ff-6a6c58f8efe3 72c264da-54ae-451c-9dc7-26a6da492fec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Petropedetes yakusini Petropedetes yakusini | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/petropedetes_yakusini.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1512 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 8e6ab571-36fb-4fd6-888a-2e6abeb91ae6 d117fd82-c02d-4b81-b3a6-20f760d4b657 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena oxyrhynchus Ptychadena oxyrhynchus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/ptychadena_oxyrhynchus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1647 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. 3cf1c3b9-b123-42b7-88e2-cd5484aa7f77 110861b7-5544-4ee3-a88a-2be49635cd21 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg ptychadena_chrysogaster.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/ptychadena_chrysogaster.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1665 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ ddb7c027-3fa8-4056-b539-30c10ac91283 41f6b4db-ffb6-4253-b108-57a4edfcf3b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg ptychadena_mascareniensis_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/ptychadena_mascareniensis_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1642 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ ddfd236b-590f-46f2-82d4-4b212618128b 41f6b4db-ffb6-4253-b108-57a4edfcf3b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg ptychadena_mascareniensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/ptychadena_mascareniensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1642 2014-11-06 17:09:15 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 3c80dd44-91c3-41f0-9091-98440a3068fd 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena anchietae Ptychadena anchietae | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/ptychadena_anchietae.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. be178657-d421-47d5-aa28-5a11934dc923 cd374ed8-0a12-4604-a203-cdc95fd395e2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena taenioscelis Ptychadena taenioscelis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/ptychadena_taenioscelis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1636 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. e115a345-23df-49ec-8c8c-8d28810b8cd6 c0a7cb2f-dc1e-4e7e-bb6c-0198b52eba80 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius kivuensis Hyperolius kivuensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_kivuensis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1374 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 610a04ea-0d8e-46bb-a9e3-6e2829bc14d6 932d1ffd-244f-416d-a684-55e83b50d6e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Breviceps montanus Breviceps montanus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0126.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1204 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 4cdd6fe2-54a2-4e49-b1e1-0a48996eb7b0 8f12a24f-df5f-4923-8147-a968dcdcb167 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Conraua goliath; Goliath Frog Conraua goliath; Goliath Frog | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0376.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, Theodore 5b8046a9-601a-49a2-8ce8-e37858d485a4 3949bf83-98f5-4d0c-b489-f3fee0dfbfc6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius cinnamomeoventris Hyperolius cinnamomeoventris | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0828.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1406 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 8e3c359d-a793-4eaa-aba5-505dec5b84cb 7c125c80-c3a6-4ef2-90f2-f404ab691d06 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hoplobatrachus occipitalis Hoplobatrachus occipitalis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0830.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1280 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 8ecf3a0d-5625-4e80-a947-0691b13158cf 110861b7-5544-4ee3-a88a-2be49635cd21 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Ptychadena chrysogaster Ptychadena chrysogaster | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0859.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1665 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 3686bd40-1064-49ff-bde6-a621d50f1284 ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus krefftii Phrynobatrachus krefftii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0934.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. a4e3ae30-e813-447b-afaa-d1ed0a212ac9 d23ab9aa-7939-4b2a-a838-b5e13534b958 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius argus Hyperolius argus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0942.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1384 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. ed60aaaf-e0bf-4a3a-afb4-cbe58e90b580 9db5f95c-90f7-4433-b0b4-636c12bef233 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius pusillus Hyperolius pusillus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/0946.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1419 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. eabd77dc-6a4e-476f-a3e0-d48a0d976983 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus dispar Phrynobatrachus dispar | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/1644.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 8eff892f-6feb-46fe-9ce4-cbbc3227f111 d9861e1c-d579-44ab-95d9-ee5019e874ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Hyperolius lamottei Dorsum of Hyperolius lamottei | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3274.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1371 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, Theodore b975a364-7666-4e91-af13-146dbe1cb43a 58c7951a-292f-41e7-bb16-7f49889af915 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Pseudhymenochirus merlini from Sierra Leone (CAS 230018) Pseudhymenochirus merlini from Sierra Leone (CAS 230018) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3276.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1609 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. a4e725bb-6269-4db1-82a0-084338ed0479 903bd4ce-6f69-4a25-9f41-2c88bf324218 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus vittiger from Sierra Leone (CAS 230109) Afrixalus vittiger from Sierra Leone (CAS 230109) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3280.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1314 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. 40f3ce29-46b9-41c5-9c0f-a9cae833879c 903bd4ce-6f69-4a25-9f41-2c88bf324218 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus vittiger from Sierra Leone (CAS 230109) Afrixalus vittiger from Sierra Leone (CAS 230109) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3281.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1314 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. b325c499-790c-4fd6-bbaf-c1111cfc3822 74648914-f813-4564-abd3-adb077c6d8ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis aureoli from Sierra Leone (CAS 230190) Arthroleptis aureoli from Sierra Leone (CAS 230190) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3282.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1094 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. 099966ff-72d4-48e0-9e6d-e0d8f7decd6a 74648914-f813-4564-abd3-adb077c6d8ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis aureoli from Sierra Leone (CAS 230190) Arthroleptis aureoli from Sierra Leone (CAS 230190) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/3284.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1094 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Papenfuss, T. 5eac5d31-d018-4c63-abbd-61544a67fcb6 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Trichobatrachus robustus Trichobatrachus robustus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/5392.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter f8d99149-b025-461b-bec3-ba067a81ec2e 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Trichobatrachus robustus Trichobatrachus robustus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/5393-1.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 469a1b2b-1ab0-434b-a5c4-ead92204e345 529d9482-6c64-4702-aa6a-782825cbdd74 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis vermiculatus Leptopelis vermiculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/5780.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1172 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 9393c33d-2218-45b5-b1c0-4056ac956ade 529d9482-6c64-4702-aa6a-782825cbdd74 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis vermiculatus Leptopelis vermiculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/5781.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1172 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter e42517ac-6e5f-48f4-8252-e2920ea7a8be 529d9482-6c64-4702-aa6a-782825cbdd74 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Leptopelis vermiculatus Leptopelis vermiculatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/6968.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1172 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 61bfc47d-9e39-44d6-bc17-99939309f978 9aea7427-663b-4081-ba71-42daecb07f03 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus fornasini Afrixalus fornasini | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/7484.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1307 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 4596f8f2-75a0-405d-9020-b849364a3314 5f26f55d-0895-4037-9f06-87f4fa3b14bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus fulvovittatus Afrixalus fulvovittatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/7550.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1309 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 1fe1ece5-888e-4866-912d-bded72c2cb0a b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus auritus Phrynobatrachus auritus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9004.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 4288f8e8-c66e-4053-a398-11c361a31d2f 9dfbbcc5-33dc-4755-adeb-571cb11ccfdd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus tuberosus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Amietophrynus tuberosus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9022.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1251 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter e9933941-8d28-47e2-979c-28e9f4ee58a4 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus africanus Dorsum of Phrynobatrachus africanus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9023.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Dr. Peter Janzen bb865c69-3755-4ef9-9869-98545226004d fa2249c7-8725-48d6-8bca-4552e8f6dad7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis variabilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Arthroleptis variabilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9024.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/926 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 82c5652d-1717-454b-bd4b-f1d9eb3b2cd1 17b4bf03-06dd-4dff-80df-bd5a73628bef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa gracilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Cardioglossa gracilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9028.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1111 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter b307ac04-4534-49e1-a637-abda294e846b 13e007e2-c3bf-4aa3-b9a1-7cc9ea6ec84a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus paradorsalis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Afrixalus paradorsalis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9035.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1321 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 3e7283d3-19ba-4c7d-a189-73103521f35f 13e007e2-c3bf-4aa3-b9a1-7cc9ea6ec84a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Afrixalus paradorsalis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Afrixalus paradorsalis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9036.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1321 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter c322980f-45a5-4a20-b0f6-460bfc83fe50 fa2249c7-8725-48d6-8bca-4552e8f6dad7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis variabilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Arthroleptis variabilis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9044_0.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/926 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter eff55342-911c-4b60-8876-a5dd5371f4de 0d2f40f2-c186-4a2c-bdf8-a81cd6ebd2d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Arthroleptis taeniatus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Arthroleptis taeniatus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9045.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1069 2014-11-06 17:08:19 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 5dc317e5-7005-4771-bd4d-aa5bbf64c5b6 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus cornutus Phrynobatrachus cornutus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9051.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 4035a152-563a-47a4-801b-cfa78ba6100d 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus cornutus Phrynobatrachus cornutus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9052.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter fcd62b20-ba2c-4c06-933a-072624c468e1 9dfbbcc5-33dc-4755-adeb-571cb11ccfdd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus tuberosus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Amietophrynus tuberosus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9054.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1251 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter ef5022ba-9d5a-4ac9-b5fd-b960ddc3d26d 9dfbbcc5-33dc-4755-adeb-571cb11ccfdd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus tuberosus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Amietophrynus tuberosus from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9055.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1251 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 8868f8ea-24ba-408a-9b2b-f64ba6fab174 3f76dcd4-ff41-4a72-9c4f-82d892177876 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus gracilipes from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Amietophrynus gracilipes from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9056.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1257 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter c0bd159a-9758-45bd-8c97-995d9899b81e 63e728fb-8f61-4858-9df8-8f4a9ef0ca2c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hylarana albolabris from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Hylarana albolabris from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9060.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/843 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 085e2215-8671-41ab-b682-c294c58bdfe7 fa52fadc-3ab0-4f67-a523-349c03a0638a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amietophrynus camerunensis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Amietophrynus camerunensis from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9062.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1256 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 599000c9-e2f1-4bfd-b255-6553429e1303 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus cornutus Phrynobatrachus cornutus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9063.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter 97385f07-f373-41ea-95a7-17111c72ddcf b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynobatrachus auritus Phrynobatrachus auritus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9083.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter b5e1b3f7-557d-4299-b9b9-8d541797aa05 797e6c36-6dec-444c-8383-507bc34ecced http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa gratiosa from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Cardioglossa gratiosa from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9088.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1121 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter d67fb83b-27b5-474f-a48c-0edc71cb58b9 797e6c36-6dec-444c-8383-507bc34ecced http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Cardioglossa gratiosa from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) Cardioglossa gratiosa from Foret du Dja (Cameroon) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/9089.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1121 2014-11-06 17:08:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Janzen, Peter b518a7b3-59b0-4fc5-96fd-d83860b36892 ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Callulina kisiwamsitu Callulina kisiwamsitu | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/callulina_kisiwamsitu.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. bc2fbc55-446a-440f-8800-d2c0c2e11d0d 5c0c371f-0c6f-4997-858d-0f26aed1c6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hildebrandtia ornata Hildebrandtia ornata | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hildebrandtia_ornata_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/714 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Channing, A. 12c7c364-ccf6-40f0-805b-a174524a3b65 2735a23b-df56-4951-98aa-77df4ffdb130 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius minutissimus Hyperolius minutissimus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/hyperolius_minutissimus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1454 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M d042cb0e-2827-4fb0-a3bf-abf571bbb187 6cc25cc8-a3cf-42c8-ba28-44b754364bf8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Mertensophryne micranotis Mertensophryne micranotis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/mertensophryne_micranotis2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/870 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 233401ea-22b3-435f-88f0-75eef2be4ecc 8955509a-528e-4254-99d0-9f40be9d987f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Mertensophryne taitana Mertensophryne taitana | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/mertensophryne_taitana.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/874 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. b0cf2dee-8b8b-47c9-8ac2-b3375031f413 bd3ccb09-7ea6-4ff7-a324-4bf84f5a6017 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg View of Callulina stanleyi View of Callulina stanleyi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/MIC_0111.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1208 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M fd83180e-8c68-4352-8b22-531cad52f7d2 dd3c7a91-807e-411c-bb27-824f9cca9489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg View of Callulina shengena View of Callulina shengena | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/MIC_0236.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1212 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 6e25d988-db8d-43da-b7bd-cf2c9aacbdd1 dd3c7a91-807e-411c-bb27-824f9cca9489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg View of Callulina shengena View of Callulina shengena | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/MIC_0238.jpeg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1212 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 67f6957a-ca00-43c1-8f18-f33d5f6adc4c 2b2ffdfc-6ac6-4e9c-bfe0-3f321b58c118 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Microbatrachella capensis Microbatrachella capensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/microbatrachella_capensis_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/803 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. 7174d8ce-7509-4387-987b-9193d7b5c555 d63fde15-3f27-48a2-8d75-190e64b00e92 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Nectophrynoides asperginis Nectophrynoides asperginis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/nectophrynoides_asperginis.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/889 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Channing, A. aca31373-1482-42fa-b084-b5fb00e0f430 74ddd2ce-78a7-4da4-a35a-34d15b86f275 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Nectophrynoides laticeps Nectophrynoides laticeps | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/nectophrynoides_laticeps.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/888 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 3ee8e803-8d9c-4fc5-b5ec-14b228552c4e 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Nectophrynoides vestergaardi Nectophrynoides vestergaardi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/nectophrynoides_vestergaardi.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vestergaardi, M. 3729269b-6d91-4c7f-8a63-bff300646404 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Nectophrynoides viviparus Nectophrynoides viviparus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/nectophrynoides_viviparus.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M 6829a0ce-f0c9-4e1a-abad-829009fdbaa9 43687184-84ff-4a1c-877d-3ec86a5673b6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Dorsum of female holotype of Phrynobatrachus kakamikro Dorsum of female holotype of Phrynobatrachus kakamikro | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/P_kakamikro_dors.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1578 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Schick, Susanne e1f994a8-c9c8-4dfa-a491-3382e3209128 3d7d9b20-d6fd-42d9-9971-924a8e74c219 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Mouth of holotype of Phrynomantis microps Mouth of holotype of Phrynomantis microps | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrymantis_microps_mouth.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1501 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Peters, W.C.H. 4a50dacf-cdae-4881-891e-f7ccfeb9d26e 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Phrynomantis bifasciatus Phrynomantis bifasciatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/phrynomantis_bifasciatus_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. e02fb02e-bf20-48ee-aebf-ae04e7114293 4832a5e9-d683-459c-9fe6-528b064a3d6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolius pickersgilli (male striped form) Hyperolius pickersgilli (male striped form) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_11.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1471 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Burger, M. a9005b9f-e632-433e-8ffd-4aca71314186 80b581fe-66ce-4bdb-8004-820c8e194fa9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Dorsal view of the head of Pleurodeles waltl Dorsal view of the head of Pleurodeles waltl | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_12.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/854 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Salvador, A. 3c90ad05-0804-447a-9ea9-df82edca65df 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Xenopus gilli Xenopus gilli | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_13.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ du Preez, L.H. 9ff2bc2f-7e23-49a3-ad34-917f80fa0b46 fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Ventral view of male holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814) Ventral view of male holotype of Hoplophryne rogersi (MCZ A-13814) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drawing from Barbour and Loveridge, 1928 0f8e56e9-e07b-4b65-8df8-696566cf48de b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of holotype of Leptopelis flavomaculatus (described as Hyperolius flavomaculatus) Illustration of holotype of Leptopelis flavomaculatus (described as Hyperolius flavomaculatus) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1_5.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1163 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Günther, A. 8d5ce4d6-89c9-403d-946a-989f8d06de72 e7ee76d3-d6b6-47b7-85c7-b4bcd858ece2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Holotype of Tomopterna monticola (ZMH A04402) in dorsal view Holotype of Tomopterna monticola (ZMH A04402) in dorsal view | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1702 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver 14753299-3573-4014-9826-1cbb93000990 d434616d-9db1-4274-952b-3cdba8b4653d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Breviceps gibbosus Breviceps gibbosus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_10_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1206 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ de Villiers, A.L. d06d4b88-a367-47ac-ba23-b4c8636f6d9d 270692a7-685b-4b9a-b7d7-349a1f1158cc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Kassina maculata Kassina maculata | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_10.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1488 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vonesh, J. 3763a175-ad49-45e2-abc8-476908ce3a83 409af6f0-c2a2-4da8-81b5-6efad0a2fa5e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Breviceps macrops Breviceps macrops | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_11_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1193 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ de Villiers, A.L. 99876d74-1f9e-4bba-ae8a-5c23a0e1717b 58ad5f18-4d60-4d0f-ac90-80900a7fd520 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Leptopelis barbouri Leptopelis barbouri | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_11.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1152 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Harper, E. be150279-fe75-4d40-8151-5cf22e0c4b92 883b8fed-3808-4cce-b2f0-2dc58617867e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Scolecomorphus vittatus Scolecomorphus vittatus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_12_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. 753e1e3d-f8cc-4914-9925-c1dfebe2ac15 bfee30ab-90ec-4311-81ff-2de6fbfd02ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Breviceps sylvestris Breviceps sylvestris | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_12_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1197 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Minter, L. e46ab203-08f3-479b-ad7c-f4ec7181ad1b a3d864ed-e1c0-4edc-a5ea-2f99106acbec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Arthroleptella lightfooti Arthroleptella lightfooti | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_13.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/785 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ de Villiers, A.L. 5e2a8a2d-18e5-4288-b73e-7cfea619d17c 5354d848-787d-4d04-b9ab-fd88bc569080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Arthroleptella ngongoniensis Arthroleptella ngongoniensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_14.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/790 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Burger, M. 0ec9abc9-c2b7-46f5-80dd-56d383da17fa 2b2ffdfc-6ac6-4e9c-bfe0-3f321b58c118 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Microbatrachella capensis Microbatrachella capensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_18.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/803 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ de Villiers, A.L. 936e2d9f-e8e4-413c-92a7-1d949e83c341 cfdad484-29b2-45e2-8243-5593b4c5bdfa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Morerella cyanophthalma (adult male) from Banco National Park, Ivory Coast Morerella cyanophthalma (adult male) from Banco National Park, Ivory Coast | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/907 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver 3e15175f-ba4a-4513-937e-e5e324650374 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of throat of Arthroleptis verrucosus (synonymized with Phrynobatrachus africanus) Illustration of throat of Arthroleptis verrucosus (synonymized with Phrynobatrachus africanus) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_10.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Werner, F. 88373419-2558-4d1b-94d3-8f7995626c68 f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Heleophryne hewitti Heleophryne hewitti | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_18.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Burger, M. cc7f1594-586a-4e72-9083-9664fe3ebea1 70a1f901-7421-4c22-aabe-f495f27edc14 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Pyxicephalus edulis Pyxicephalus edulis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_23.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1705 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ du Preez, L.H. 00588aa9-60f5-480c-91ca-0ff6d0ea3c14 8bd17a7b-97ca-4a41-a9bb-8b3be779fc69 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of head of Leptopelis boulengeri holotype Illustration of head of Leptopelis boulengeri holotype | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_2_8.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1151 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Werner, F. fd19c08d-5ec3-4014-a7a1-9ce206df08ef 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of holotype of Hyperolis citrinus Illustration of holotype of Hyperolis citrinus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_3_2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Günther, A. 881bbaf3-95ad-44f1-b966-d67a5e6b5813 cfdad484-29b2-45e2-8243-5593b4c5bdfa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Morerella cyanophthalma (adult male) from Banco National Park, Ivory Coast Morerella cyanophthalma (adult male) from Banco National Park, Ivory Coast | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_3.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/907 2014-11-06 17:05:10 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Mahsberg, Dieter abd45762-5378-4ace-9ab5-449f7f72ec3a 15a9fa61-d43a-4e19-b5b9-6c3f08d8f58c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Illustration of holotype of Hyperolius nasutus Illustration of holotype of Hyperolius nasutus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_4_3.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1443 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Günther, A. 229ef131-4eb0-46cf-8db2-9c4abc40f451 e7ee76d3-d6b6-47b7-85c7-b4bcd858ece2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Holotype of Tomopterna monticola (ZMH A04402) in lateral view. Holotype of Tomopterna monticola (ZMH A04402) in lateral view. | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_4.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1702 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Rödel, Mark-Oliver fba39a3f-5e3a-42de-8c3a-4c3f052b7cff 7fe106ad-6b49-43f4-ab31-f400431d6f42 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Hyperolis marginatus (identified as H. reesi) Hyperolis marginatus (identified as H. reesi) | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_5_1.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1473 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Schiøtz, A. 7e242c4b-83e6-4b00-8134-b7c971d9d070 612ee32b-b795-4cc6-b8ca-535a6df404a7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Capensibufo tradouwi Capensibufo tradouwi | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_5_4.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1264 2014-11-06 17:04:25 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Turner, A. ea334d29-46e2-49e5-9ddf-64081481b21f e5885178-9364-44ad-9c4a-31317104f829 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Boulengerula niedeni Boulengerula niedeni | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_6_0.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/899 2014-11-06 17:03:59 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey, G.J. ea924d11-581c-418a-a385-f75215ef74f7 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Xenopus laevis Xenopus laevis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_6_4.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Turner, A. 56631fe1-e734-4360-a785-d8a4f0058a59 6772a593-b35b-40ab-9b96-b006c59b32e6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Probreviceps rungwensis Probreviceps rungwensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_8_2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1214 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Menegon, M fe6552e4-9337-48cb-adbe-8153c3badf96 80b581fe-66ce-4bdb-8004-820c8e194fa9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Position of palatal teeth and choanae in Pleurodeles waltl Position of palatal teeth and choanae in Pleurodeles waltl | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/picture_8_5.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/854 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Salvador, A. c74150a1-6813-4936-8ba9-13ab04c54b26 7d79febc-c73d-4793-a98b-492f8215ca6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Poyntonia paludicola Poyntonia paludicola | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/poyntonia_paludicola_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1680 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. b1377f71-657c-4e8e-85cc-32271382f7db fc59c8a5-4cd5-4b46-baa6-0771c09307ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Lateral view of head of holotype of Strongylopus merumontanus Lateral view of head of holotype of Strongylopus merumontanus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/S_merumontanus_lateral_head_0.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1687 2014-11-06 17:04:52 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Lönnberg, E. d291ba6c-073a-4dac-a7b8-5b11f63840d4 1c825b4b-2ec8-41ef-8d19-c593154428d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Schistometopum gregorii Schistometopum gregorii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/schistometopum_gregorii.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1712 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Measey 26c5e861-2437-4247-b58f-38072a42cd3a 8b12ed9c-ea08-4c07-90cd-5dfd1c8a6d08 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Schistometopum thomense Schistometopum thomense | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/schistometopum_thomense2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1711 2014-11-06 17:07:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. e83b2d7e-7088-4640-a9f3-b8b5569c72da a762ece9-1e52-4d2d-b3a3-bd1aac1c1c66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Tomopterna delalandii Tomopterna delalandii | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/tomopterna_delalandii.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1694 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Pieterse, B. 0aca4d7b-d332-495e-8d17-ade8b64b3a14 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Vandijkophrynus amatolicus Vandijkophrynus amatolicus | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/vandijkophrynus_amatolicus2.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Drewes, R.C. 6e4d18a9-726d-48af-ab92-462d53f2283c 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus lenduensis Xenopus lenduensis | AFRICAN AMPHIBIANS LIFEDESK http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Xlenduensis3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 2014-11-06 17:07:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Evans, B.J. e508c621-be2e-4151-a9c5-01d60cdd3059 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg dorsal view in life

Photographer: Evans, B.J.

Rights holder: Evans, B.J. (Journal of Zoology, 2011)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/X.lenduensis1.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 2014-11-07 15:50:54 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Evans, B.J. b273c929-6c0a-4f05-af31-37e8874267f8 5a190e8d-216e-4318-9adf-161325217f5f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Xenopus fraseri

Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Rights holder: Gvozdík, V. (Callphotos)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/xenopus_fraseri5.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1629 2014-11-07 15:59:18 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vaclav Gvozdvik 13b89c8f-468a-4579-94ed-4746e2bd19f4 d3f49af9-f145-417e-b862-cce67f0dfd6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Silurana tropicalis

Photographer: Gvozdík, V.

Rights holder: Gvozdík, V. (Callphotos)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/silurana_tropicalis3.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1610 2014-11-07 16:08:28 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/3.0/ Vaclav Gvozdvik 86d0d0a0-1a2f-40c7-833a-bd2360bc7723 5f8a7839-be0d-4e8a-97d1-3b6e545d47bb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Phrynobatrachus rouxi type specimen http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Screen Shot 2015-06-10 at 3.41.39 PM 2.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1603 2015-06-16 15:03:21 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 829aa691-cadf-41bd-876b-d610b334d8fe 5f8a7839-be0d-4e8a-97d1-3b6e545d47bb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/png Phrynobatrachus rouxi type specimen (foot) http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Screen Shot 2015-06-10 at 3.41.39 PM.png http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1603 2015-06-16 15:03:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ 2d19481f-8c75-4f67-9fa2-67502aa82875 d3b56a26-428e-41fa-8cff-43479f4f4e3d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hyperolius swynnertoni

Seldomseen, Vumba, Zimbabwe

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Hyperolius swynnertoni-2806.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1431 2015-08-21 21:15:42 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Luke & Ursula Verburgt 669483fb-5343-4aac-991c-e14b8b1fa122 2492ded4-732c-4346-908f-7a74eb933f96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Amplectant pair of Hyperolius guttulatus

Bong Town, Bong County, Liberia

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Hyperolius guttulatus-1283.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1357 2015-08-21 21:07:07 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Luke Verburgt ce82d45e-8276-4fae-a5e2-d591238ea1b6 57f07e11-60b0-49b7-aa66-eb4dc2d8f2e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Vocalizing Hyperolius acuticeps

Seldomseen, Vumba, Zimbabwe

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Hyperolius acuticeps-2825.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1385 2015-08-21 21:12:55 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Luke & Ursula Verburgt bbd23774-b8b8-4a6f-8ffe-f66204f58733 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Vocalizing Hyperolius marmoratus

Mariepskop, Limpopo Province, South Africa

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Hyperolius marmoratus-2886.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 2015-08-21 21:27:36 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Luke Verburgt ac95b963-aec8-44dd-aaed-6a1d3ea14797 052fc6db-e7ce-47c0-83f7-29b8755b2f19 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Hadromophryne natalensis

Mariepskop, Limpopo, South Africa

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Hadromophryne natalensis-.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1281 2015-08-21 21:30:44 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Luke & Ursula Verburgt c185e480-1902-4a77-ada6-d66e41db13e1 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Vocalizing Ptychadena anchietae

Kampersrus, Limpopo Province, South Africa

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Ptychadena anchietae-3631.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 2015-08-21 21:40:57 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Luke & Ursula Verburgt 7156a415-738d-4347-8284-88e82ed93e69 80cec0d7-5fda-438d-af70-e6ecd09c9b57 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Vocalizing Tomopterna natalensis

Kampersrus, Limpopo Province, South Africa

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Tomopterna natalensis-.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1693 2015-08-21 21:42:35 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Luke & Ursula Verburgt b69756a4-99f0-458e-bb7a-bfcaaa7f4ac5 baafdc58-a971-4dbe-9edb-8fb2b2a805fa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage image/jpeg Vocalizing Hyperolius tuberilinguis

Palma, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/sites/africanamphibians.myspecies.info/files/Hyperolius tuberilinguis-6941.jpg http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1422 2015-08-21 21:45:09 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Luke & Ursula Verburgt 593b4575-01e3-4a3c-bca8-b94114b7b72f#general_description 78b73904-0081-4fee-98a6-131e29bbecd7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Latin 'borealis' meaning northern.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1624 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d9a5b9e7-143b-4aa0-843f-7bf2764c9345#general_description 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. lenduensis is a member of the vestitus-wittei subgroup of African clawed frogs (Evans et al., 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 be48850e-2ca4-4135-9ed5-4b8ab502372f#general_description dcb5b389-ce64-44d8-bd87-2e25287fcf99 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This form consists of several cryptic species with at least two species from the Horn of Africa (Zimkus and Larson, unpublished).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1692 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0080404b-5727-4ccc-8a91-fa5a45ea24c2#general_description fc59c8a5-4cd5-4b46-baa6-0771c09307ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the type locality, Mount Meru in Tanzania.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1687 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ddd538e4-5e35-4479-ae68-d42a6d7e1b81#general_description cccdbd87-aa74-46db-b5e8-7a2cc67847aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the collector, Sir. J. Kirk.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1709 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e571e8e4-354b-49fc-9f29-010d7795f4e9#general_description 90fa7dad-8a5d-4757-957d-412f5fa95729 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing and Davenport (2002) synonymized this species with Strongylopus merumontanus; however, Poynton (2004) shows that S. merumontanus is a separate species known only from higher elevations on Mount Meru in northern Tanzania.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1688 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fefbee1f-da53-40c1-b446-843ec2d01f90#general_description 0180c2aa-a67c-4d0e-bfdd-0643a86705c4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the type locality, the Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1708 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 75a5e7d3-863a-42e2-b85a-d6032b2fa28e#general_description 883b8fed-3808-4cce-b2f0-2dc58617867e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Latin 'vittatus' meaning meaning decorated with a ribbon or banded.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b8ebff47-d5fc-484b-8a97-c27bcdb507d6#general_description cea0ab91-8d10-49bc-8b4e-8266b6b2a6b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet pumilio is Latin for dwarf, referring to the status of Ptychadena pumilio (then Rana pumilio) as the smallest African frog of the genus Rana when described by Boulenger (1920).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1648 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#general_description 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet depressa is from the latin "depressare" meaning "to flatten," which is in reference to the animal's vertically compressed head.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 3808a61c-29a2-4d74-936f-3b05726af759#general_description f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species hewitti is named after the herpetologist and director of the Albany Museum in Grahamstown from 1910-1958, John Hewitt.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 83b31854-1dc3-4380-9f24-8161ea6faf7b#general_description ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for Dr. Glover Allen, who first collected it on July 19, 1926 (Barbour and Loveridge, 1927).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 361e1652-f00d-4f92-b30f-f848a8b4ece3#general_description 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named after Signor Nello Beccari, who discovered it (Boulenger 1911).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 a0c28f8d-f303-490f-9ef3-ce34d3983e4b#general_description ed07be22-fa7e-4086-adf6-271b82229577 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The Latin word fuliginatus means sooty, deriving from the anuran’s appearance of a more or less diffusely uniform exterior color and pattern (Channing, 2001). An alternative common name is, in fact, the Sooty Toad.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1232 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 81a3540a-5436-42d2-acc3-5d5b89216227#general_description ed07be22-fa7e-4086-adf6-271b82229577 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

World Wildlife Fund & C.M.Hogan. 2012. Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands. Ed. M.McGinley. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC.

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Central_Zambezian_Miombo_woodlands?topic=49597

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1232 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9a15338c-366a-467c-8add-8c5085d81cab#general_description faccb92b-26ed-4707-b6dc-64e908cf512f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The taxon has previously been classified as Bufo mauritanicus, but this name is now considered a synonym.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1246 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a5adf8b8-da93-4b5a-bc19-190408f11dc6#general_description 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following are the seven recognized extant species (ITIS. 2012) within the genus Discoglossus:

D. galganoi (Capula, Nascetti, Lanza, Bullini & Crespo, 1985) Iberian Painted Frog

D. jeanneae (Busack, 1986) Spanish Painted Frog

D. montalentii (Lanza, Naxcetti, Capula & Bullini, 1984) Corsica Painted Frog

D. nigriventer (Mendelssohn & Steinitz, 1943) Hula Painted Frog

D. pictus (Otth, 1837) Painted Frog

D. sardus (Tschudi in Otth, 1837) Tyrrhenian Painted Frog

D. scovazzi (Camerano, 1878) Moroccan Painted Frog

There are two subspecies of D. pictus: D. pictus auritus and D. pictus pictus. The former was originally described as D. auritus by Heron-Royer (1889).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a62e27a9-29e7-47eb-94f5-06ea16f1ae39#general_description 2ca67d46-e3fa-4857-adc3-9554988e1ed3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Moroccan populations of D. pictus earlier considered to belong to this species are now separated as Discoglossus scovazzi (García-París and Jockusch, 1999).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/914 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 776624a3-8716-407f-ae22-68461d550880#general_description 328c9e07-41c9-497a-a8a5-c5837e5f0576 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

D. scovazzi has been removed from the synonymy of D. pictus (García-París & Jockusch, 1999).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/915 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 53c24b42-3472-4a9c-9685-67e69d04d98f#general_description d21c45bd-39b1-4225-b6a8-0d0b622aca7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

As of 2004, the validity of this species is in question (Channing & Tandy, 2004). It has variously been considered as a subspecies of both Poyntonophrynus dombensis and P. fenoulheti, and Channing considers that it might be a synonym of P. hoeschi. Tandy considers that it is likely a synonym of P. dombensis.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1270 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 d284b7ea-912f-4541-ba74-473727460241#general_description c94a42a5-4a94-4200-b3e8-4250a6067713 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific name means 'intermediate' in Latin and refers to the species exhibiting morphological characteristics of both P. liberiensis and P. plicatus, making it a morphological intermediate of the two.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1531 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 80eb7914-7bd8-4dbc-81f4-05bb438e0d46#general_description d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

According to Rödel and Schiøtz (2004), the West African and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo populations may comprise separate species. J. Poynton in Frost (1985) suggested that records from Shaba Province, Rep. Congo, assigned to this species do not agree in critical ways with the type material. In addition, Zimkus et al. (2010) identified two populations that are morphologically similar to P. gutturosus. Phrynobatrachus aff. gutturosus 1 and 2 from Côte d’Ivoire will likely be described as new species after additional investigation.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0d77adc-c012-43a2-a772-dd0bc7394726#general_description 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Latin 'fraterculus' meaning little brother.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00f6a751-9e85-4b2f-9d90-e785767ee5c6#general_description 8d2102a5-eba7-44dd-b2ce-5373bebc502d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named for Dr. Gaston de Witte, who examined the type material and confirmed that it was a new species. Barbour and Loveridge (1928) honored him for his contributions to African herpetology by naming this species for him.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1542 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0068f38d-714a-4e7c-9b71-76a60a8e6ef6#general_description 107e8492-d6d4-40dc-8588-ce5ae820ff30 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for its collector, M. de Giorgi.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1526 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ee51143e-8ebb-4d28-93e9-81f3f720b744#general_description 5b5590b6-c71f-452a-814d-9804cfd5a6e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This frog is named for the collector, Rudolf Grauer, who worked for the Zoological Museum of Berlin on an expedition led by H. Schubotz.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1528 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02816618-adc9-4f8a-9659-1bec3176673f#general_description eed8f395-72d0-43f9-8a00-c2f3368c1824 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This genus is named for the Greek phryne, meaning toad, and batrachos, meaning frog. This refers to their toad-like appearance.

The common name, puddle frog, refers to the fact that many species breed in temporary waterbodies, including puddles, roadside ditches, and flooded grassy depressions, although some also breed in permanent bodies of water, such as ponds, lakes, streams, and rivers (Rödel, 2000; Channing, 2001; Channing and Howell, 2006; IUCN et al., 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1028 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 eca23179-73d8-4e4a-8524-e5167447a9ed#general_description d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species name is derived from the Latin 'guttur' meaning throat, and most likely refers to the dark throat in this species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6fadb78f-5f47-44aa-b7a6-8cbfbf696af9#general_description f44e0dd0-5404-4c95-a9c1-be1558fab431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific name is based on the Greek words hierós, meaning sacred, and glypho, meaning stone. It describes the conspicuous, hieroglyph like, dorsal color pattern that is unique to this species within the family Phrynobatrachidae.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1534 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 85fc8790-52c2-457f-8e4f-2126c06564b1#general_description aa5b9a99-f8ed-41cb-8eca-849b839bd183 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific name originates from the Latin 'inexpectatus' meaning unexpected, referring to Largen's discovery of this species from museum specimens that were all believed to be P. minutus.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1530 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3af821b8-aa5b-4a95-95a2-e2e569fe05cb#general_description fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Zimkus et al. (2010) identified two populations of P. calcaratus (A and B), and additional analyses are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of these populations, specifically with respect to the relationship between P. calcaratus B and P. annulatus.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8a1f40f6-c31b-4e46-ac62-ae1bf0e8434f#general_description fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific name calcaratus is derived from 'calcar' (Latin) meaning spur and refers to the prominent eyelid spine of this species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1c9f0dae-5b37-473c-ada1-a825a137f464#general_description a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named in honor of Mr. Henry Hamilton Johnston, who collected the type specimen.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a394f79e-79e0-4482-9979-cd6512a3645f#general_description 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named after the Latin 'brevis' meaning short and '-ceps,' a short form of 'caput' meaning head.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0828bc64-361a-4c27-a751-6d25ea1cbd50#general_description 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Presumably named for Mr. G. L. Bates, which Boulenger (1906) mentions in his description of Petropetes palmipes.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc41b6b5-54ae-4106-89df-2c78717e9636#general_description 82f8055b-501c-4e3c-bb5e-860804803ccb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Additional analyses are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of P. calcaratus B and P. annulatus (Zimkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1548 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c4b0f206-be8b-411f-bdd0-288daf4de47d#general_description 82f8055b-501c-4e3c-bb5e-860804803ccb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named after the diminutive form ('annul-') of Latin 'anus,' meaning ring and referring to the ventral surface, which is covered in small, black rings.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1548 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b167cc25-b9ea-4b64-a478-17db5d5d9c50#general_description 052e5310-cb87-43a9-a0ba-6448de19f762 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific name is from the Latin 'albo' meaning white and 'marginatus' meaning edged or bordered.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1564 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3f5af35e-71a7-4fec-a310-119c1aff9b14#general_description 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species name is from the Latin 'africanus,' meaning African or of Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#general_description b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html This species appears to be named after another frog species, Acris gryllus of North America; the author reports that this species and Phrynobatrachus acrioides are similar in size and proportions. 'Acris' is derived from the Greek 'acr' meaning sharp or cricket and '-oides' meaning like. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 958487a1-9fca-4f22-a425-fbc29e3e74e9#general_description 751cb310-d4f0-477a-8602-22f8bc34754d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The taxonomic status of this species is not clear.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1557 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f5bb9eb0-10ba-4c4c-9737-821e11bbff8f#general_description 91f62714-4ab9-4eb9-8778-d9d9402895b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is dedicated to James (Jim) Zimkus by his wife, Breda Zimkus, for his support of her research.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1585 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b5e56ae-affe-4a77-bdc2-1991fdefe6c3#general_description 43687184-84ff-4a1c-877d-3ec86a5673b6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific name is a free neologism that reflects the type locality (Kakamega forest) and small size of the new species (Greek mikro(s) meaning small).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1578 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ccad7ce9-063c-471b-a8ea-0c2ce5722d43#general_description 6211e78d-d368-496e-8674-7dc9a4acf105 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Learn more about the habitat of P. keniensis at the Encyclopedia of Earth's page on East African montane moorlands.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1577 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f4fb93c6-6d27-4916-8b7a-76bc638ee608#general_description 0d1f5a92-ce79-47d2-969e-f72a796fe6bf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named for the Kinangop Pleateau in Kenya, which lies between the Kenyan Rift Valley to the west and the Aberdare Mountains to the east.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1572 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b3eee1b1-3543-44b0-9c3a-cfe4c8834a1b#general_description a6894435-ce55-424c-8877-327f893bc668 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named in honor of Mr. Hofrat Steindachner of Vienna.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1598 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2686346c-1719-4582-a24c-b5cf9342cf66#general_description caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for Mr. Ivan Sanderson. According to Parker (1935), Sanderson was "indirectly responsible for the discovery of the species." This may have to do with Sanderson's book Animal Treasure, a report of an expedition to the jungles of then-British West Africa; he collected animals for museums and scientific institutions, and included detailed studies of their behaviors and environments in his nature writings.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e15fa537-a034-451c-82e6-a7795593bc9b#general_description caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amiet (2004) believes that this is probably a complex of at least three species. Herrmann (2005) documented various morphs of a possible new species. Color morph 1 differs from P. sandersoni by a white stripe which extends from the tip of the snot, over the upper lip, ending above the arm. Color morph 2 has dark-brown to black dorsal coloration with two dorso-lateral white-grey stripes; this morph was reported by Amiet (1975) for the western flank of Mt. Nlanako at 950-1000 m. Color morph 3 has dark-brown to black dorsal coloration with two light, broad, irregular shaped spots of greenish or reddish coloration; this morph was reported by Amiet (1975) for Ekomtolo. Color morph 4 has a broad, light red, longitudinal stripe on the dorsum.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 82be3e37-ffe2-433a-9b8b-2318405b34ed#general_description a0df547b-94ad-40bf-b514-cb5ba189158e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

From the Latin 'scapulae' meaning shoulder blades.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1601 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 971993b1-526d-46c8-8cc7-b31f0a5c619d#general_description a6894435-ce55-424c-8877-327f893bc668 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Two or three species may currently be identified as Phrynobatrachus steindachneri (Zimkus and Blackburn, unpublished).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1598 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 94840559-5c8b-47ea-855c-09b1d51ee640#general_description 34920512-7018-4edc-a0d3-e23661a83ac0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Latin 'sulfur' referring to the element that is yellow in color and 'gula' meaning throat, referencing the bright yellow throat in breeding males.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1607 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ad10b6a3-4c6f-487c-bbe3-2ebc85c5da8c#general_description 011b2060-aea3-4675-8e83-9cdcb7adc91c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species taxonomic status in unclear because over 30,000 frogs have been checked in the type locality in recent years and this species has not been found. Therefore, it is either extremely rare or not a valid species (Rödel, 2004).

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Zimkus and Schick (2010) found that P. ungujae may be synonymous with P. ukingensis, but additional specimens of both taxa are needed.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 08561a4d-86bf-403d-8490-5c16d0c940e4#general_description b3413887-10d9-4109-9f22-ec08d2fe3aab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is a complex of several species.

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This species is named in honor of Dr. Margaret Stewart, who first collected this species and wrote the landmark text, Amphibians of Malawi. Stewart was part the biology faculty of the University at Albany from 1956 to 1997, although remained active even after retirement. In 1979, Stewart became the first woman to lead a professional herpetological organization when she was elected president of the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR). In 2005, she was awarded the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) Robert K. Johnson Award for excellence in service to the society and the Henry S. Fitch Award, for long-term excellence in the study of amphibian, chelonian, and/or reptilian biology.

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This species name means "of Kenya." It also may refer to the specific locality of the type material: Mt. Kenya.

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This species was named for Dr. P. Krefft who discovered the species in the Usambara Mountains.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#general_description dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The two populations of puddle frogs identified as P. aff. latifrons from the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania are morphologically similar to the West African P. latifrons but differ from this species by 18–19% in mtDNA (Zimkus et al., 2010). In addition, the P. aff. latifrons populations differ from each other by 7–8%. Additional study is needed to determine if these species can be assigned to known species or if this group comprises one or two new species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0a9bc629-07c3-4b01-9376-c80d13146447#general_description dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Latin 'latus' meaning wide or broad and 'frons' meaning forehead, brow, or face.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 27806236-72ce-48d0-99a9-cf6804d158c2#general_description d623aa2b-0fc1-4310-9fc1-b06763fcf3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named after the country of origin of the type material, Liberia.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1571 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9db299e3-260e-4c84-b774-d424031ceb56#general_description d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The name Cardioglossa liberiensis Barbour and Loveridge, 1927 had priority over Phrynobatrachus maculiventris Guibé & Lamotte, 1958; however, Phrynobatrachus liberiensis Barbour and Loveridge, 1927 was already in use for another widespread West African puddle frog species (Rödel et al., 2009). Interestingly, P. liberiensis was described in the same Barbour & Loveridge (1927) paper where they introduced Cardioglossa liberiensis. Consequently, the name P. maculiventris Guibé & Lamotte (1958) was used instead.

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This species named includes the Latin 'palmatus' meaning shaped like a hand, referring to the extensive webbing on the feet.

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A study by Zimkus et al. (2010) supports the identification of P. petropedetoides as a distinct species, following Laurent (1972), and not a synonym of P. dendrobates (Drewes and Vindum, 1994; Vonesh, 2001).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1559 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 be2d9588-e379-46c4-a315-f7d8874ff400#general_description 26bb0093-48bd-48e1-b7e9-fc0f31bf631b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is presumably named for the sub-Saharan frog genus Petropedetes.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1559 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00436892-8636-4021-b2be-18535b4a3060#general_description 3f316c90-be90-4a38-bb2c-18b4b1be784d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species is named in honor of Mr. Sidy Mohamed Diawara, known as Pinto, who was a team-member of the NGO “Guinée Ecologie” and was involved in several Rapid Assessment Programs (Hillers et al., 2006). His work in the Boké region was his last before he died in September, 2006. He contributed greatly to successful field research and nature conservation in Guinea.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 da405e57-2e2c-4a4c-97cc-afa2868395fd#general_description b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species name is derived from the Latin 'plicare' meaning to fold, referring to the prominent dorsal glands.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 13b4408f-62fa-4c36-8836-7d72aa5ca0e4#general_description ad2a585b-8abb-4d8c-825a-75d90ab0213f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is presumably named for the Latin Pygmaeus, meaning dwarfish. In the late 14th centurn, Pigmei, a "member of a fabulous race of dwarfs," was described by Homer and Herodotus and said to inhabit Egypt or Ethiopia and India.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1602 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b4d0f711-f727-4371-ab23-62dc6c64860b#general_description 5f8a7839-be0d-4e8a-97d1-3b6e545d47bb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Laurent (1972) considered this species to be a synonym of Phrynobatrachus calcaratus, and Perret (in Pickersgill and Howell, 2004) believed that it might be conspecific with P. cornutus. M.-O. Rödel (pers. comm.) reports that although there are warts present on the eyelid, there is no eyelid spine present on the holotype specimen. Therefore, this species is clearly not conspecific with either P. calcaratus nor with P. cornutus.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1603 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7278cc0a-2943-43b1-a6ed-65e9f834d0be#general_description 5f8a7839-be0d-4e8a-97d1-3b6e545d47bb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named in honor of J. Roux, a herpetologist from the Natural History Museum in Basel, Switzerland.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1603 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8878d0c6-6942-4520-9b12-4b89004aab70#general_description 74ddd2ce-78a7-4da4-a35a-34d15b86f275 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named for the Latin 'latus' meaning broad and 'ceps' meaning head.

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This species is named for the Latin 'laevis' meaning smooth and referring to the skin surface.

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The specific name is from Latin vermiculatus meaning “inlaid in wavy lines,” which is the past participle of vermiculor meaning “to be full of worms or worm-eaten.”

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This species is known only from two males that were captured in pitfall traps near a stream in 1999 (Menegon and Loader, 2004; Harper et al., 2010).

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This species is named for the organisation Frontier-Tanzania, whose members collected the type series of this species and have also made significant contributions to understanding the biological diversity of Tanzania.

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The specific name is from the Latin 'ornata' meaning decorated, describing the dorsal color pattern.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/714 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f40f0126-0086-4152-848b-81bc662c830c#general_description 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the type locality: the Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania.

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This species is named for Thomas Barbour (1884 – 1946), an American herpetologist who was director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University from 1927 until 1946.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1152 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 115e636b-2f30-4dc5-936f-040a9d848a5d#general_description 78b08515-3f99-45b7-a961-4c4a5b440720 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Leptopelis argenteus and L. concolor differ in their dorsal markings and distribution, but the two have identical advertisement calls and should possibly be considered subspecies rather than separate species (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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The specific name maculata is derived from the Latin 'maculosus,' meaning "spotted" (referring to the spotted pattern on the back).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1488 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3a54247c-2c09-416a-a14e-2a727f28fa9b#general_description cccbd471-0b14-4e14-878b-6a419a1aeb68 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Leptodactylodon bueanus was considered a synonym of L. albiventris by Amiet (1987), but Amiet and Dowsett-Lemaire (2000) considered them to be separate species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1128 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d3ebc02c-72a8-40ae-96aa-f9501359d36f#general_description 285e1759-60a8-420f-8569-308a37589a3e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

K. senegalensis may be composed of multiple cryptic species (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1475 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 82b65e66-121d-4a66-85bb-437aa7e9b4ea#general_description 285e1759-60a8-420f-8569-308a37589a3e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named the country where it was first discovered, Senegal.

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This species is named for Mr. F. Rogers, who worked at the Amani Institute in the East Usambara Mountains at the time when this species was first collected.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f398472b-e363-4d9f-a591-2b0c171351e3#general_description d91276f5-a231-4e08-9190-25e391d8e55c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Latin 'ornatus' meaning adorned and the superlative '-issima.'

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/713 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f534b078-71f1-49c5-a5ef-f4bcc3987749#general_description 06b83a3e-6b93-44ec-8849-c4b22df3264a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Greek 'macro,' meaning large or great, and 'tumpanon,' meaning drum and referring to the external ear.

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This species is named for the Latin 'albidus' meaning whitish and 'ventris' meaning belly referring to the whitish underside.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1128 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ad99e82d-85ea-4959-bdd0-9030c0e840a2#general_description 7f2e3a91-37a5-45a6-aeac-7ca27bf308f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named for the Sankuru Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo where it was first discovered.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1424 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0ca63fc5-e86d-4497-acbb-61e64dd04924#general_description e5885178-9364-44ad-9c4a-31317104f829 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for Fritz Nieden, herpetologist at the Zoologisches Museum Berlin during the early 1910s.

The Sagalla people once thought of this animal as ‘mng’ori’ meaning earthworm, but now this caecilian is called 'kilimamrota' (Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

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A population of Cacosternum plimptoni was identified from Ethiopia by Zimkus (2008), but it is likely that this is a new species (Scott and Zimkus, unpublished).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/797 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 06a21400-2a7f-43a7-a7aa-cc8916a37ed8#general_description 17b4bf03-06dd-4dff-80df-bd5a73628bef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific name 'gracilis' means slender in Latin.

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The name is derived from the Latin 'rufescens,' meaning becoming red.

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This species is named for Arthur Loveridge (1891-1980), a British biologist and herpetologist that served as curator of amphibians and reptiles at the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard University).

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Most of the literature before 2007, as well as Harper et al. (2010), describe this species as Hyperolius puncticulatus, but Pickersgill (2007) suggested this is actually a synonym of H. parkeri, and all mainland records refer to H. substriatus.

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This species was named for the enormous Philistine warrior, Goliath, who was famous for his combat with young David, the future king of Israel.

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This species is named for Mr. Dodson, who accompanied Dr. A. Donaldson Smith as taxidermist on the expedition where this species was first collected.

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The species is named in honour of Martin Vestergaard, a Danish zoologist, who first recognised the population as being an undescribed species.

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This species is named for the Latin 'palma" meaning hand and 'pes' meaning foot, referring to the webbed toes.

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Petropedetes parkeri has long been confused with “P. newtonii” (now P. vulpiae) and P. johnstoni (Barej et al., 2010).

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This species is named for the Latin 'natator' meaning swimmer.

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J.L. Amiet (in Rödel, 2004) and Perret (1984) suggest that this species does not belong in the genus Petropedetes.

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The generic name is derived from the Swahili 'chura' meaning toad or frog, and 'miti' meaning tree because this species is arboreal. The specific name is derived from the Swahili word 'maridadi,' meaning beautiful in reference to the colorful dorsum (Channing and Stanley, 2002).

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H. mariae is part of the Hyperolius viridiflavus superspecies (Harper et al., 2010). Pickersgill (2007) considers coastal and island populations to be Hyperolius viridiflavus renschi, and only the populations further inland to be H.v. mariae.

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This species is commonly encountered by the people of the Taita Hills of Kenya, which explains its Kitaita name 'kiwandu' meaning the people’s frog (Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

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The original taxon was described as Bufo fulginatus (de Witte, 1932). The species was moved to the genus Amietophrynus by Frost et al. (2006).

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This species is named for the type locality, the Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania.

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This species is named for the Latin 'aureus' meaning golden.

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This species is referred to as Afrixalus brachycnemis in Channing and Howell (2006).

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This species is named for the Latin 'delicatus" meaning delicate or dainty.

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This is named for the Latin 'fulvo' meaning tawny, yellowish brown and 'vita' meaning life.

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This species is named for the type locality: Knysna, [Western] Cape Province, South Africa.

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This specific name spinifrons (Latin) means spinules on surface.

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Its specific epithet is taken from the Greek 'xeros' meaning dry and 'ampělinos' or of the vine, referring to that fact that it is the color of dried vine leaves.

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H. rubrovermiculatus is possibly a subspecies of H. mitchelli. Their distributions do not overlap (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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The name 'diadematus' (Latin) means wearing a diadem or crown.

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This species is named for G.L. Bates, who collected the type specimens from the Benito River.

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Both the genus and species are named for G.A. Boulenger, a herpetologist from the Natural History Museum in London.

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This species is named for Changame, a village in coastal Kenya near Mombassa.

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This species is named for the type locality in the Taita Hills of southern Kenya.

This species is regularly called ‘mng’ori’ or earthworm in Kenya (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

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It is named for the type locality in the Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania.

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From Greek 'macro-,' meaning large, and 'ops' meaning eye.

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They were previously considered to be in the family Microhylidae, but genetic analyses suggest that they share a common ancestor and are more closely related to Hyperoliidae, Hemisotidae and Arthroleptidae.

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This form consists of many cryptic species. Channing et al. (2005) removed Kenyan and Tanzanian population from this species, under the name Cacosternum plimptoni. Ethiopian populations should also also be separated as a distinct species (Scott and Zimkus, unpublished).

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This species is named for George Plimpton (1927-2003) who played an important role in generating support for the Tanzania Wildlife Fund and the African Rainforest Conservancy, which funded research in the Usambara and Udzungwa Mountains. He was also an editor and active ornithologist.

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The genus is dedicated to Jean-Jacques Morère who first discovered these frogs. The specific name is based on the Greek 'cyano' meaning blue and 'ophthalmos' meaning eyes, referring to the bright blue eyes of the females.

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From the Latin 'aspergo' meaning spray or sprinkling, referring to the water spray that this species was dependent upon before its extinction in the wild.

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The name is an adjective from the Greek 'kryptos,' meaning secret or hidden.

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Named for the Latin 'pseudo' meaning false or seeming, indicating the species overall similarity to N. tornieri.

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The species is named in honour of Prof. John Poynton.

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The species was named for Paola Magagnato, a natural sciences teacher.

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There is considerable taxonomic confusion regarding this species. Afrixalus brachycnemis, A. pygmaeus, and A. sylvaticus are considered synonomies of A. stuhlmanni by Pickersgill (2005; Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Pickersgill (2007) considers the populations from the Usambara Mountains to be a separate species (Afrixalus dorsimaculatus) from the Uluguru population (Harper et al., 2010).

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This species is widespread and is almost certainly a complex of multiple cryptic species (Text from Harper et al., 2010). A. tenuoplicata and A. viridireticulata were recently split from A. angolensis by Pickersgill (2007).

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The species name angolensis means "of Angola."

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Minter et al. (2004) referred to this species as Strongylopus hymenopus.

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This species is named for W.T. Blanford. Esq., who collected the type specimens in Ethiopia.

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The name is from the Latin pantherinus, meaning "pertaining to the panther," an allusion to the color pattern of this species.

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The name 'fichika' is Kiswahili for ‘‘hidden’’ and refers to the fact that this species was first identified through molecular phylogenetic analysis (Blackburn, 2008; Blackburn, 2009).

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The specific epithet 'kidogo' is Kiswahili for ‘‘very small.’’ The name refers to the fact that this is among the smallest species of speaker frogs of the genus Arthroleptis (Blackburn, 2009).

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This species is named for Nike Doggart, who is a conservationist, environmental activist, and writer. She is an advisor to the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group.

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http://www.tanzaniaherps.org/references.asp?id=267&f=

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This species is named for the type locality in the Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania.

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http://www.tanzaniaherps.org/references.asp?id=266&f=

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This species is named for the Pic de Fon forest reserve.

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There is still a great deal of taxonomic confusion surrounding many of these species and they are often categorized into a bewildering array of groups, complexes and superspecies (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Hyperolius glandicolor is part of the Hyperolius viridiflavus superspecies which consists of around 45 ‘subspecies’ that all have similar calls, morphology and natural history, but differ in their dorsal patterns and tend not to co-occur. The taxonomy of the Hyperolius viridiflavus complex is still not well resolved. Harper et al. (2010) use the name H. glandicolor to refer to the form endemic to the Taita Hills and surrounding area.

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The description by Harper et al. (2010) is for Hyperolius reesi.

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Hyperolius nasutus is considered a ‘superspecies,’ a complex of multiple species that are morphologically similar, but vary in their advertisement calls and occur throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa. Included in debates over this complex are H. acuticeps, H. adspersus, H. benguellensis, H. lamottei, H. nasutus, H. poweri, H. quinquevittatus, and H. viridis. More work is necessary to determine the limits of species boundaries within this complex (Harper et al., 2010). See Channing et al. (2002), Schiøtz (2006), and Pickersgill (2007) for further discussion.

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The specific name is from the Latin 'nasutus' meaning long-nosed.

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Schiøtz (1999) considered H. nimbae and H. tuberculatus to be distinct species on the basis of their calls.

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This species was named for where is it was originally collected: Mont Nimba, Ivory Coast.

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Arthur Loveridge named this species for his wife Mary.

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This species is named for Dr. Gustav Tornier, a German zoologist and paleontologist.

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The specific name is from the Latin 'vivus' meaning alive or living and 'parere' meaning bring forth or bear, referring to the fact that this species gives birth to live young.

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This species is named for Wendy Clarke, wife of the describer, Barry Clarke (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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This species is named for the type locality: the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania.

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This species was named after Dipl.-Biol. Oliver Euskirchen, who accompanied A. Schmitz during fieldwork in 1997-1998.

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According to Barej et al. (2010), molecular investigation of populations of P. johnstoni from Bioko Island may reveal that mainland populations belong to a separate evolutionary lineage, and if so, the name P. newtonii would be available for this island populations (sensu Tympanoceros newtonii du Bocage, 1895).

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The species was named in honour of Mr. Hampton Wildman Parker, former curator of the Natural History Museum, who conducted a meticulous morphological study of specimens of this species from the Sanderson collection.

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The species was named in honor of Dr. Jean-Luc Perret, the herpetologist and former curator of herpetology at the Natural History Museum in Geneva.

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This species has long been considered to be P. newtonii; Barej et al. (2010) synonymized the “real” P. newtonii with P. johnstoni.

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The specific epithet is the genitive of the latinised matronym of Dr. Christine Fuchs (in Latin: Vulpes) of the Institut für Mikroskopische Anatomie und Neurobiologie der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (Germany). This species was named in recognition her important contributions on globin research in African clawed frogs.

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This species name means 'bubbling' (Latin) and refers to the often audible release of air that occurs when this frog is attempting to escape a predator.

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This species was named for Dr. Joseph Charles Bequaert, who was an Entomolgist, Malacologist, and Botanist working as the Curator of Insects at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University at the time of the publication of this species description.

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It is possible that the eastern populations of this species should be separated as P. discodactylus (Amiet et al., 2004). Lamotte and Xavier (1966) observed that some species previously recognized as this species exhibit more extensive webbing (up the disk on the inner surface of the second toe), greater pigmentation of the throat and breast in females, and males are slightly smaller size (males below 25 mm).

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This species name is from the Latin 'auritus,' meaning eared.

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This species is named from the Latin 'asper' (Latin) meaning rough and presumably refers to the dorsal skin, which is covered in warts and tubercles in both sexes and has small, spiny asperities in males.

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From 'acuti' (Latin) meaning acute, and 'rostris' (Latin) meaning snout, this species is named for it's pointed snout.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1574 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1d3d0b11-73c0-4c26-8f61-1e53fcbb4810#general_description 751cb310-d4f0-477a-8602-22f8bc34754d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet congicus is from the Latin suffix -icus meaning ''to belong to'' and refers to the original type locality (Congo).

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This species name is derived from Cameroonian pidgin English phrase ‘chuku-chuku’ meaning ‘spiny’ or ‘thorny’ and refers to the minute spinules visible in males.

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The specific name is derived from 'cornutus' (Latin) meaning horned and refers to the prominent eyelid spine of this species.

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This species name is derived from the Greek 'krikos' meaning ring and 'gaster' meaning belly and refers to the prominent ring pattern present on the venter.

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This species was named for Professor A. Dalcq, presumably Albert Dalcq (1893-1973) who was a Belgian embryologist (Thieffry, 2001).

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This species is named for the type locality, the Kurmin Danko Forest Reserve.

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Recent molecular analyses by Zimkus et al. (2010; see Genetics) support the inclusion of P. petropedetoides as a distinct species, following Laurent (1972) and in contradiction to Drewes and Vindum (1994) and Vonesh (2001) who considering it a synonym of this P. dendrobates.

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The species name is derived from the Greek words 'dendron' meaning tree and 'bates' meaning one that walks or haunts.

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This species was named for the Latin 'dispar' meaning dissimilar or different.

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This species was named for Sir A.C. Francis, who collected a single specimen from the Zaria Province of Northern Nigeria, which was used to describe the species.

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The name refers to the type locality in the Irangi Forest, Meru District, Kenya.

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The name is derived from the Portuguese Creole phrase, “leve leve,” meaning “easy, easy” or “lightly lightly.” The phrase has has also been translated by Henrique Pinto da Costa, former Minister of Agriculture, as “calmly, surely.”

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From the Latin 'macula' meaning spot and 'ventris' meaning belly, referring to the patterned venter.

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Additional specimens of P. werneri are needed for molecular and morphological comparison to determine if P. manengoubensis should be synonymized with this species or multiple species are currently identified as P. werneri (Zimkus, 2009). Amiet (2004) believes that this species is probably a synonym of P. werneri.

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The name refers to the type locality, Mt Manengouba, Cameroon.

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This species is named for the Latin 'minutus' meaning small.

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Phrynobatrachus natalensis most likely represents a complex of cryptic species due to its widespread distribution, and morphological diversity of eggs, larvae, and adults (Rödel, 2000; Channing, 2001; Largen, 2001; Channing and Howell, 2006; Pickersgill, 2007; Zimkus et al., 2010).

Rödel (2000) reported the variation in clutch size, tadpole morphology, size of the adult frog and period of activity, suggests that this taxon may comprise more than one species (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Phrynobatrachus brongersmai (Parker, 1936) from Liberia has long been considered a synonym of P. ogoensis, following Loveridge (1941). However, this synonymy is highly improbable on biogeographic grounds (Burger and Rödel, 2004).

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This species is named for the region in Gabon where is was first collected: Lambarone, Ogowe (or Ogooué).

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It has been suggested that this species is a synonym of Phrynobatrachus acridoides, genetically its sister species, but recent surveys indicate that it differs both in vocalizations and ecology (Zimkus et al, 2010; Pickersgill and Howell, 2008). Phrynobatrachus nigripes, described by Pickersgill (2007) as a 'dwarf' species, is a synonym of this species with the specimens being juveniles and sub-adults.

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This species is named for its collector, Mr. R.H.W. Pakenham, who studied the fauna of Zanzibar and Pemba, writiing "The Birds of Zanzibar and Pemba."

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This species is named for the Latin 'pallidus' meaning pale.

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This species is named for M.W. Parker of the British Museum in thanks for the preparation of a skeleton of Schoutedenella muta, which was described in the same publication as P. parkeri.

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This species is named for the Latin 'parvulus,' meaning very small.

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The specific name is composed of the Greek words 'phÿllon' meaning leaves and "philein' meaning to love (derived from 'philos' meaning loving) to highlight the close association of this species with leaf litter. Males called exclusively while sitting underneath leaves, and clutches were most often attached to leaves.

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The name refers to Mt. Rungwe in southern Tanzania, where the holotype specimen was collected.

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This species is named for the type locality within the Taï National Park in south-western Côte d’Ivoire.

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P. tokba, known only from the type locality, was determined to be a synonym of P. alticola (Rödel et al. 2005). However, the type specimen of the latter was lost, hence the synonymy was difficult to confirm.

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Zimkus and Schick (2010) found that P. ungujae may be synonymous with P. ukingensis, but additional specimens of both taxa are needed.

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This species was named for the Ukinga Mountains in southern Tanzania.

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This species is named for Unguja Island (informally referred to as Zanzibar), part of the United Republic of Tanzania in East Africa.

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This species was named for the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania.

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This species is named for the Latin 'versare' meaning to change and 'color,' referring to its various dorsal colors.

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The name is dedicated to M.A. Villiers, who found this species with M. Dekeyser in October, 1946.

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This species is named for Dr. William John Ansorge, who collected the type specimen, as well as many other amphibians, reptiles, fish and mammals in Angola.

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P. fenoulheti was treated as a subspecies of B. vertebralis by Poynton (1964), but later Poynton and Broadley (1988) identifidied the it as a full species on the basis of the differences in its advertisement call (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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This species name is from the Greek 'makros' meaning long and 'dactylos' meaning finger or toe.

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Additional specimens of P. werneri are needed for molecular and morphological comparison to determine if P. manengoubensis should be synonymized with this species or multiple species are currently identified as P. werneri (Zimkus, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0b2443a-8f5c-4e43-ac52-85e8143134c8#general_description 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named for Professor Franz Werner of Vienna.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7ea184f1-def4-4fb8-9961-de5f8556c866#general_description 41f6b4db-ffb6-4253-b108-57a4edfcf3b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Vences et al. (2004) investigated the molecular phylogeography of this species and suggested that this taxon contains at least five cryptic species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1642 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0956b6b0-79be-4213-95ed-3810c205702a#general_description 13ec6613-454f-47f4-8495-617af76e002d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

According to Rödel et al. (2004), this form probably comprises several species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 23feaa2f-4ac8-4cd6-9e72-e47ed969a59c#general_description 13ec6613-454f-47f4-8495-617af76e002d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

From the Greek 'stenos' meaning narrow and 'kephalos' ( or 'cephalus') meaning 'head.'

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7b61159-3d47-4c20-b3e3-7d910c75b625#general_description 1c825b4b-2ec8-41ef-8d19-c593154428d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named for J.W. Gregory, a geologist based in Glasgow.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1712 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f6077559-4754-4ecc-938e-10e37d42ac3b#general_description dcb5b389-ce64-44d8-bd87-2e25287fcf99 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Greek 'kryptos' meaning hidden and 'otos' meaning ear, referring to the hidden tympanum.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1692 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5ea86e1a-f517-4dda-b3ce-bafccbef8045#general_description 798aff21-d1e8-4a84-aeef-e313f3e1ca04 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Latin 'elegans,' which means elegant, fine or handsome.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1701 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a19f73dc-cb76-4a4e-b470-92ceb9c3dcf8#general_description f9f62708-b6bb-4686-83da-3c7b3d825d5e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was changed from the genus Arthroleptis to Tomopterna by Ohler and Frétey (2008). The holotype specimen (MNHNP 1921.635) was regarded as lost by Ohler and Frétey (2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1695 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6a4d4b14-8de6-45a5-b721-a0aaeec27b1a#general_description f9f62708-b6bb-4686-83da-3c7b3d825d5e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named for Dr. Millet-Horsin who collected the type specimens in Mali in 1921.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1695 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 afba2071-992c-4374-a098-3e7ce2bd875f#general_description e7ee76d3-d6b6-47b7-85c7-b4bcd858ece2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Rödel and Hallermann (2006) showed that Phrynobatrachus monticola Fischer, 1884, is a member of Tomopterna, but could not resolve if it represents a distinct species, or a junior synonym of Tomopterna tuberculosa or Tomopternua luganga.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1702 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c9a48b-c603-4cac-811f-94c3a6760a82#general_description 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet is from the Latin 'robustus' meaning hard, solid, or robust, and it refers to the general size of the species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 18886dac-ff34-42d0-915a-48fcabc0c5f1#general_description 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Amatola Mountains in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa where it was first discovered.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 72fc3594-1172-422b-a041-0e14854d5fc3#general_description 267e6b61-81e9-4168-b837-5163b2d996fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This taxon, described by Andersson (1907) as Hylambates rufus var. aubryioides, was placed as junior synonym of Leptopelis modestus by Ahl (1929). Thereafter, this taxon was largely omitted and not metioned in the literature anymore, although J.-L. Perret examined the 3 Wiesbaden syntypes in 1975 and concluded (according to an additional jar label) that they are conspecific with L. calcaratus, but this identification was never published. Later, Amiet (1992) described the somewhat cryptic species L. omissus which is morphologically similar to L. calcaratus. Re-examination of the syntypes of Hylambates rufus aubryoides revealed that they are neither conspecific with L. modestus, nor with L. calcaratus, but actually are conspecific with L. omissus. Consequently, Köhler (2009) removed L. aubryioides from the synonymy of L. modestus and regarded it a valid species, with L. omissus placed as its junior synonym.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1146 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jörn Köhler http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 80b5edb8-93c0-439f-a2a0-e8d50557e601 2d9052d8-a5a8-46b7-ace0-d2ce9bff41eb#general_description 0531d12f-d4a5-4459-a679-34387c906787 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Damaraland province of Namibia, from which it was described (Dawood and Channing, 2002).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1696 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 ba9c72b0-7116-44b7-9530-673ac56d33f5#general_description ad07e6ca-65ca-46b7-b192-9adfca5dbda7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tomopterna krugerensis is named for Kruger Park where it was first desribed (Passmore and Caruthers, 1975).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1703 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 bec5c4cf-3de2-4c5a-b7ff-c6320f80d401#general_description 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species name is derived from the Hehe word luganga meaning sand. It is a reference to the habitat in which the species is found (Channing et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 c4cc29c0-e47d-4ff2-99b2-033dc383c33d#general_description a057293a-229b-4a37-ab14-28ab15233048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tomopterna tandyi was named for Mills Tandy, who was the first person to identify a population of tetraploid Tomopterna (Channing and Bogart, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1700 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 1c9f6838-617e-4a54-ab5b-bfded8663391#general_description 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. spinigularis from Northern Tanzania comprise a separate genetic group from H. spinigularis from Mount Mulanje in Malawi (Lawson, 2010 in review). The two clades are very similar, though both males and females from Malawi are slightly larger, have more spines, and appear to lose their spines outside of the breeding season (Tanzanian specimens are reported to retain spines). The ranges of H. tanneri and H. minutissimus fall in the intervening area between these two distant H. spinigularis clades, and are often mistaken for H. spinigularis.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lucinda Lawson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und b4178447-99c1-4644-b52d-b23ed2b34ca5 4b8e2f21-639a-4445-a842-1393662c8308#general_description ce78969f-3b3e-4672-bc10-b6eee3f0dfd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The new generic name is derived from that of the Bale Mountains in Ethiopia. The species is named after Dr J.C. Hillman.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1191 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#general_description 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific name dawida is a noun in apposition. It is derived from Dawida, the language spoken by the inhabitants of Taita Hills where this species is found. The local Ki-dawida name king’ombe refers to the similarity in the movement of the animal to that of a cow (Ng’ombe = Ki-swahili for Cow). The common name Taita Warty Frog is given to reflect the restricted distribution of this species to Dawida and Mbololo blocks of Taita Hills, Kenya.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 27cc10e2-2fda-4e6d-adf2-2826d5d183b3#general_description ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species Callulina kreffti was based on specimens collected in the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. Successive collecting has shown this species to be widely distributed through the Eastern Arc Mountains. Advertisement calls from populations in the type locality of Callulina kreffti were compared with calls from populations in the West Usambara Mountains. Analysis of the calls suggested that these two populations of Callulina represent two separate taxa. Subsequent morphological and molecular investigations indicated that these two populations are distinct.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f a3b5be05-ac40-492a-bf5d-91eff8c0749e#general_description ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific name derives from the Swahili 'kisiwa' (island) and 'msitu' (forest) and refers to the habitat of this species that is now just a remnant forest that once covered the West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. The word is a noun in apposition.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 475d062b-cfe9-481e-9e27-0dd32cc02a9b#general_description 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Named after Dr. P. Krefft who discovered them.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b822d27a-4ae9-4971-8d38-757966e33ea2#general_description 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species was named for Lewis H. Lapham, who has made generous donations towards conserving Tanzania’s forests. The future survival of this frog and other Eastern Arc endemics will in part depend upon such patronage.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 97fd2775-117f-45c4-9b64-5e9756d5d441#general_description dd3c7a91-807e-411c-bb27-824f9cca9489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species is named after the peak in the South Pare (Shengena) from where the type series was collected. The specific epithet is considered to be a noun in apposition.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1212 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f d76ee7fd-a74b-4151-8c9a-6c66e32cb581#general_description bd3ccb09-7ea6-4ff7-a324-4bf84f5a6017 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named after William T. Stanley of the Field Museum, Chicago. Bill has made numerous contributions to understanding the biological diversity of the Eastern Arc Mountains. He has also made several important field discoveries of amphibians (including those we describe from the South Pare). Loader et al. (2010) named this species in recognition of his excellent work.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1208 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 82a6a3c8-9490-487b-a5ad-d740cdeb0a20#general_description 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The name durirostris is derived from the latin “dura” meaning hardened and “rostris” meaning nose. The name is used in reference to the distinctive hardened nose of the new species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f dcfbdd61-e55a-4c68-8e2f-74ee1cc303b7#general_description 31966cf5-acd6-48e8-9368-f4aa3ef431fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named in honour of the collector.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1220 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#general_description d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named after Mr. H. W. Parker of the British Museum, who assisted Barbour and Loveridge by making comparisons with types in his care.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ba4c06d8-2f58-47b9-970c-6322b439283e#general_description ee74d051-d847-400b-9682-0fddf6943a6a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for M. Barboza du Bocage, who allowed Günther (1865) "to examine the unique specimen brought from the province of Duque de Bragance (Angola) to the Lisbon Museum."

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1140 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17cfd965-593f-4907-bada-982a16230ef9#general_description 8bd17a7b-97ca-4a41-a9bb-8b3be779fc69 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for George Albert Boulenger (October 19, 1858 – November 23, 1937), a Belgian-British zoologist who identified over 2000 new animal species, including fish, reptiles and amphibians.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1151 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b8368c22-9174-439f-a8e2-da2e432ac4dd#general_description 8bd5f05d-8979-45a8-b6f1-00b5f4ff29c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named after the Latin 'brevis, -e' meaning short and 'pes, pedis' meaning foot.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1160 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 512086d2-7fe5-43d1-9f40-2aeb744e6de1#general_description 9a7c5f3e-80e5-4851-a563-e1eb779abdc6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was named for Dr. C. Christy, who collected the type specimen, a single female specimen from the Mabira Forest, Chagwe, Uganda.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1187 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2e17dee9-47dc-4c76-8beb-034ec692cac8#general_description af4652df-db1e-473d-8c0e-d9a19cb44026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Harper et al. (2010) suggest that Leptopelis argenteus and L. concolor should possibly be considered subspecies because they have identical advertisement calls, even though their dorsal markings and distribution differ.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1147 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2ee8d132-4376-463d-93b2-910532f83a8d#general_description b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species name is derived from the Latin 'flavus' meaning yellow and 'macula' meaning with spots, referring to the pattern found on the backs of many juveniles.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1163 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ea81f25e-2f78-426d-afe3-4746ce1c96f9#general_description cea0ab91-8d10-49bc-8b4e-8266b6b2a6b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena pumilio was originally described by Boulenger (1920) as Rana pumilio. The southern and eastern populations are now separated as Ptychadena taenioscelis, following Poynton and Broadley (1985).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1648 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe fc562a56-527b-4806-9c5c-354a5e955ca0#general_description 2c8ab9f7-5b90-45eb-acf0-f1c3abe9f892 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The new species is named after the plateau where it occurs – the Itombwe Massif of South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Evans et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1620 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 478c7a2b-95a7-4e06-859d-487da11af17e#general_description 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. lenduensis is named after the Lendu Plateau of the Albertine Rift in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Evans et al., 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 58bb65d1-05f8-48d7-add0-65da3e51ef6c#general_description e22be30e-1a0c-4fed-b68c-f6e43d69722b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

V. angusticeps is part of the Angusticeps Division (sensu Poynton 1996), an extremely closely related and morphologically confusing group of toads endemic to southern Africa that also includes V. gariepensis gariepensis, V. g. nubicolus, V. inyangae, V. robinsoni and V. amatolicus (Cunningham and Cherry 2000). Most of these taxa are geographically variable and at some sites it is difficult to assign individuals to a particular species.

Typical individuals of V. angusticeps are distinguished from other species in the Angusticeps Division by their unspotted white ventrum and bright yellow flush over the dorsal surfaces of their feet. However, these characters may be absent in certain areas, making identification difficult. Clearly more research is needed on morphology, colouration and genetic variation within this group, and this will require extensive and systematic sampling across the entire distribution of the Angusticeps Division, including montane populations and contact zones between taxa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1277 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Cunningham http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 9a537bdb-8b9e-4a70-8f07-3ee21eec79e0 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#general_description b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has often been referred to as a subspecies of Alytes obstetricans, but has recently been promoted to the species level (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 03da2563-6250-4ae3-a8b7-8cdda314aa13#general_description b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet “maurus” is Latin for “Moorish” which can be generalized to mean “African.” This name is appropriate, as Alytes maurus is the only African member of its genus (Martínez-Solano et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe fa765e2f-aeed-41b6-9495-0e4d51ada88a#general_description 1bbf40b1-88cb-4058-95d4-bfccde94e09a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was thought to be a member of the Bufo blanfordi (now Amietophrynus blanfordii) group. However, more recently, Amietophrynus chudeaui has been criticized as being “described from postmetamorphic material that cannot be identified as any known species” (Tandy and Keith, 1972). Tandy and Feener (1985) echo this complaint and suggest that this species is probably instead Bufo pentoni, Bufo regularis (now Amietophrynus regularis), or Bufo xeros (now Amietophrynus xeros) (Frost, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1259 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 9b98a7d9-2e90-4f7d-a2e0-ca8c8affbd54#general_description 1bbf40b1-88cb-4058-95d4-bfccde94e09a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet is an homage to René Chudeau, who first collected this species (Chabanaud, 1919).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1259 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 280daeba-c8db-4df6-835b-090e73b17bff#general_description 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Poynton (2003) questioned the distinctness of this species from Arthroleptis xenochirus.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 0086d6c9-6b79-4aaf-98ad-80f54c85c41f#general_description 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named after the Belgian entomologist Auguste Lameere (de Witte, 1921).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#general_description b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Perret (1994) cast doubt on the distinctiveness of this species from Aubria subsigillata. This taxon was discussed and revalidated by Ohler (1996) (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 2ed3d240-d083-473f-9424-d4163a81c76d#general_description b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet comes from the type locality, the Masako Forest near the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s village of Batibongena, 15 km from the city of Kosangani (Ohler and Kazadi 1990, Channing 2001).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#general_description f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is still some dispute about whether Aubria subsigillata and Aubria occidentalis comprise one or multiple species (Perret 1994, Ohler 1996, Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe d129f12c-b81d-44e2-82f6-665056a00a20#general_description f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Auguste Duméril, who first described the species as Rana subsigillata in 1856, called it “Grenouille tachetée en dessous,” or “Frog with the speckled underside.” The specific epithet subsigillata comes from Latin sub, under, and sigillatus, ornamented with small marks (Ohler and Kazadi 1990).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe a70b5f66-ec18-4d22-86ef-635e587b73d0#general_description 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was originally described as Rana beccarii (Boulenger 1911).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 25621c0f-564b-45f0-8e7e-913294d2368e#general_description a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species includes all records of Conraua alleni from eastern Ghana and Togo (Rödel and Schiøtz 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe d5c0e52a-fbe2-4e63-92eb-0aaae758b68d#general_description a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet derooi is a tribute to the ornithologist Antoon De Roo, a member of the expedition that discovered this species (Hulselmans 1972).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#general_description b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet lemairei refers to the Lemaire Mission, a zoological expedition to the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), that collected the type specimen of this species (de Witte, 1921).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f01ed2e3-d4d3-4571-a012-d7e87e1de8ea#general_description 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hyperolius nasicus is in the H. nasutus group, a species complex in which characterization and nomenclature are difficult and still controversial. This difficulty is due in part to the extensive morphological similarity of the group’s members (Channing et al., 2002). H. nasicus has traditionally been considered synonymous with H. nasutus, but Schiøtz (2006b) suggests it may be closer to H. benguellensis.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 774c7fd7-1e57-4588-aa59-f93b3172eb37#general_description 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet “nasicus” comes from the Latin word “nasus” meaning nose and refers to the highly pointed snout of this species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe b59aa922-9aa0-4ec1-9231-43bc74a7d439#general_description 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet “anchietae” refers to the Portuguese naturalist José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta, who sent several specimens of this species to Bocage who first described it.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 805c5295-8289-4ac5-91f3-0995eb2b2af1#general_description 7d8799f5-92d4-40f6-91a7-c604e59d93ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species identified as Ptychadena bibroni in several publications is in fact Ptychadena pujoli (see Lamotte and Ohler (1997) for details; Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1661 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f708fea1-0c1c-491b-8ac0-25249ce2f41e#general_description 7d8799f5-92d4-40f6-91a7-c604e59d93ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The specific epithet bibroni likely refers to the French zoologist Gabriel Bibron.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1661 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe af525338-031a-4bce-9d8f-d3205ddec0ee#general_description 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Noble (1924) expressed doubt as to the distinctness of this species from R. aequiplicata (now Ptychadena aequiplicata), but study has upheld that the species are indeed distinct. However, it is not clear that all specimens reported to be P. christyi are actually the same species (Largen and Howell, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 4b898669-ebc5-498f-9af2-69eb717ce850#general_description 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena christyi is named after Dr. Cuthbert Christy, who led several biological expeditions to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then the Belgian Congo) between 1912-1914 and collected the type series of this species (Boulenger, 1919; Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#generaldescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#morphology d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Vomerine teeth are in two well-separated groups between the choanae. Head is broader than long. Distance between the nostrils is slightly shorter than the distance between a nostril and the anterior border of orbit, rather more than two-thirds the longitudinal diameter of the eye. Canthus rostralis is distinct; loreal region is concave. Tympanum is just distinguishable on both sides of head (possibly an individual character), measuring one-third the longitudinal diameter of eye opening. Inner finger is barely webbed, and the outer finger is one-third webbed. Digital disks are well developed. Toes are webbed to the disks on the inner side of the second, third, and fifth; only an indistinct seam to the disk of the fourth; first toe is half webbed. A small, thinly compressed, inner metatarsal tubercle (considerably different in appearance to that of L. uluguruensis) is present. The tibio-tarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb reaches the nostril. Skin is smooth above and granular beneath except on tibia and sole of foot. Granulations of the throat are noticeable only on close inspection (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).


Colour of holotype in alcohol: Dorsum is light yellowish-brown with very irregular stipples and dashes of dark rufous-brown on the back, besides several light spots. A line of stippling connects the upper eyelids. Loreal region to tympanum and along flanks is mottled with white and brown, as are the forelimbs with four crossbars on the forearm formed by a concentration of the mottling. The tibia also has four cross-bars indicated in a similar manner. The upper aspects of thighs and feet are mottled like the flanks. Venter is immaculate white, except for a little mottling on the extreme edges of the lower jaw (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d61b64f1-f404-44f9-9ecb-a434fb32092d#morphology d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has an undivided omosternum and bony metasternum (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ba4c06d8-2f58-47b9-970c-6322b439283e#morphology ee74d051-d847-400b-9682-0fddf6943a6a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

From original description by Günther (1865):

Similar in habit to C. senegalensis. Head broad and short, with the snout obtusely rounded; canthus rostralis short; loreal region flat, oblique; eye of moderate size, tympanum rather indistinct, much smaller than the eye. Vomerine teeth in two short groups, between the choanae, which are small; tongue broad behind, truncated, with each hinder corner slightly produced; fore limbs of moderate length; hind limbs and toes short; a rather large, compressed, ovate tubercle at the base of the inner toe. Upper parts smooth; all the lower parts, from the chin to the vent, coarsely granulated; skin between the angle of the mouth and the eye granular. Upper parts and throat brownish black, the remainder whitish.

Length of body: 20 lines
Width between the angles of the mouth: 8 lines
Length of fore limb: 12 lines
Length of third and fourth toes: 3.33 lines
Length of hind limb: 26 lines
Length of fourth toe (from the tarsus): 8 lines
Length of fifth toe: 6.25 lines
Distance between vent and heel: 14.5 lines

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1140 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17cfd965-593f-4907-bada-982a16230ef9#morphology 8bd17a7b-97ca-4a41-a9bb-8b3be779fc69 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is translated from the original description by Werner (1898):

In alcohol the green outlines became purple, they are framed in yellow.There is a cross-band between the eyes, a large triangle on the back with the point facing forward; the limbs are banded in the same color. A pure white patch under the eye. Flanks spotted black, underside white color.
Skin on the upper side shagreened.

I call this fine variety for the author, which he first described; Boulenger describes quite agree with all of my present copy of such "with symmetrical dark markings viz. a cross line between the eyes, and a large triangular spot on the middle of the back." The muzzle is quite long in this form, 1 1 / 3 eye diameter; the skin over the tympanum very clearly shagreened.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1151 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b8368c22-9174-439f-a8e2-da2e432ac4dd#morphology 8bd5f05d-8979-45a8-b6f1-00b5f4ff29c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the original description by Boulenger (1906):

Vomerine teeth form a transverse, scarcely interrupted series just behind the level of the choanae. Head is one and one third times as broad as long. Snout is rounded and as Iong as the diameter of the eye. Interorbital space is broader than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers are rather short, barely one fourth webbed, with large disks. Toes are half webbed, with large disks. Inner metatarsal tubercle is strong, compressed, about two thirds the length of the inner toe. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder. The tibia is two fifths the length of head and body. Skin granulate above and on the belly, and smooth on the throat. Dorsum is bluish grey with lichen-like yellowish variegations defining an hour-glass shaped area of the ground colour from the interorbital region to about the second third of the back. Sides are white, marbled with purplish brown; sides of thighs are purplish brown. Venter is white. Throat and breast are dotted with brown.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1160 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 66f63007-cdca-4953-bc37-7babad2c7c60#morphology 776db3ef-28d7-4957-bd96-b605b4c2dd0e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is translated from the original decription by Werner (1898):

Very closely related to H. rufus, but palatal teeth approximated in a very strong, on the line connecting the edges lying behind choanae groups. Snout as long or shorter than the eye diameter, Head shorter and wider than in H. rufus (ratio of its width to total length of the frog is 1:2.9-3.1, in H. rufus is 1:3.4). Snout very clearly visible from below, as are the nostrils, which occurs to some extent in H. rufus and var. notata, while otherwise the mouth and nostrils are not visible in the least from the bottom, Skin of the upper side more or less shagreened. Webbing and subarticular tubercles as in H. rufus, as is metatarsal tubercle, ventral skin, size (1/2 eye diameter) and distance (from eye) to the tympanum, length of the hind limbs, etc.

Dorsal coloration is reddish-brown, light purple-red or silver gray, solid, or (the purple-red type) with purple spots and dots, producing, among other things, a faint cross-barring between the eyes. In this specimen the lower jaw margins, the greater part of the throat and the sides of the body are brown, the belly mottled brown. A white patch under the eye is never present, or even hinted. In the remaining species, the sides of the body are brown dotted or monochrome.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1155 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 512086d2-7fe5-43d1-9f40-2aeb744e6de1#morphology 9a7c5f3e-80e5-4851-a563-e1eb779abdc6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the original description by Boulenger (1912):

Vomerine teeth in two small groups just behind the level of the choanae. Head much broader than long; snout rounded, as long as the diameter of tile eye ; canthus rostralis obtuse; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, three-fourths the diameter of the eye. Fingers rather short, with a rudiment of web; toes half webbed; disks rather large, but much smaller than the tympanum; inner metatarsal tubercle large, compressed, about two-thirds the length of the inner toe. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye; tibia nearly half length of head and body. Skin smooth above; a fine glandular fold running from the eye downwards to the middle of the side. Purplish brown above with rather indistinct dark cross-bands on the limbs; glandular lateral fold and a transverse line above the vent yellowish, dark-edged beneath; two or three dark brown ocellar spots edged with yellowish on the lumbar region; lower parts white.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1187 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2ee8d132-4376-463d-93b2-910532f83a8d#morphology b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original description from Günther (1864):

Tympanum scarcely conspicuous; tougue deeply notched behind; snout short, broad; upper parts quite smooth, dark violet, with rounded yellow spots irregularly disposed; one of these spots on each elbow and heel; the hind margin of the fore arm and of the tarsus yellow. Upper lip yellow, lower parts whitish.

--

Two color phases exist. Juveniles and some adult males are bright green with yellow flecks. Adult females and some adult males are gray-brown with a darker brown triangle pointing forward on the dorsum and a dark band running below the eye and covering the tympanum. Bright white patches are distinctly visible on the heels and elbows of individuals in the green phase, but are less distinct in the gray-brown phase. Adult males have pectoral glands. The snout is short and rounded. The tympanum is large and distinct, greater than ½ the diameter of the eye (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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The following is from the original description by Peters (1875):

Hyperolius dorsalis Schlegel

Unter dem obigen Namen hat das Berliner zoologische Museum vor mehreren Jahren durch Hrn. Schlegel eine Art aus Boutry erhalten, von der in Victoria in einem Wassertümpel mehrere Exemplare gefunden wurden. Sie ist sehr nahe verwandt durch die Körpergestalt, das versteckte kleine Trommelfell, die senkrechte Pupille und selbst durch die Farbung mit H. Fornasinii Bianconi. Die beiden silberigen Seitenbinden fliessen mit einem Dreieck auf der Schnauze und zwischen den Augen zusammen und auf der Sacralgegend befindet sich ein grosser silberiger Fleck, der nach bin ten spitz endigt. Auf dem Unterschenkel zwei und auf dem Vorderarm ein oder zwei silberige Querbinden oder Flecke. Die Grundfarbe der Oberseite ist dunkel olivenbraun oder rothbraun (im Leben gelbgriin), mehr oder weniger deutlich mit silberigen Körnchen, so wie die silberigen Binden mehr oder weniger, dunkle Punkte zeigen, wie bei Hyperolius Fomasinii. Bei einem Exemplare fliessen die Seitenbinden auf dem Rücken zusammen. Das Männchen hat eine grosse Schallblase. Die Unterseite ist weisslich, die Kehle glatt, der Bauch granulirt.

Under the name above, the Berlin Zoological Museum received several years ago from Mr. Schlegel, specimens from Boutry, Victoria, several individuals that were in a pool of water. It is very similar to H. fornasinii (Bianconi) in body shape, the small hidden typanum, the vertical pupil and even in coloration. The two silvery sides flow together into a triangle on the nose, and between the eyes and on the sacral region is a large silvery spot. The snout ends in a pointed manner. On the lower leg and two on the forearms are two silvery transverse markings or spots. The basic color of the upper side is dark olive brown or reddish-brown color (yellow-green in life), more or less uniform. Silvery granules appear more or less like the silvery stripe, dark spots, as in Hyperolius fomasinii with a series of side binding markings. The male has a loud call. The underside is whitish, throat smooth, the belly granular. (Translation of original German text by B. Zimkus)

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The following is the original description of the holotype from Liberia by Cope (1861):

Tympanum concealed. Head elongate:, external nares lateral. Internal nares circular; eustacian orifices elongate oval. Tongue elongate, deeply bifid. Skin of the dorsal region smooth. Tibia longer than femur; fifth toe much shorter than the fourth, and longer than the third. Length of head and body 10.5 lines.

Coloration. Above pale yellowish brown (in spirits), with a light fulvous band upon each side, passing from the end of the muzzle to the thigh. Two bands of the same color extend one on each side of the vertebral line, and passing above the eye, become confluent on the muzzle. These band sare about as wide as the spaces of ground color they enclose. Beneath, light yellowish brown

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Head is slightly broader than long. Snout is obtusely rounded or slightly truncated, slightly projecting, longer than the orbital diameter (reckoning snout from the anterior border of eye). Canthus rostralis is distinct but rounded; loreal region is almost vertical, very slightly concave (in young rounded and not concave). The interorbital space is one and a half times as broad as upper eyelid. The transverse orbital diameter equals the distance from the anterior border of the eye to the nostril (slightly longer in some paratypes), also the distance between the nasal openings. The tympanum is hidden (absolutely in every specimen). Fingers and toes are moderate, dilated at their tips. Fingers are about one-third (certainly less than half) webbed. Toes are fully webbed- to the bases of all the disks, though in the case of the fourth toe this is achieved only by a narrow border of web from the sub terminal joint (unfortunately this delicate, narrow, semi-transparent webbing has not been reproduced well in the accompanying figure). The tibiotarsal joint of the adpressed hind limb reaches the eye in the type and in all paratypes. Skin is smooth above and below, except on the belly and thighs, where it is granular, hardly perceptibly so on the thighs; some scarcely distinguishable granules at the commissure of the mouth (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

Color of male type (MCZ A-13311) in life. Above, head, back and exposed surfaces of fore and hind limbs enamel-white; a pair of black-speckled, reddish-brown flecks on anterior part of back; another pair, more dorso-laterally situated, just in front of junction of hind limbs, and a streak of similar color on each tibia; commencing on snout a black-speckled, reddish-brown network line (the interspaces being enamel-white) passes through nostril and eye and terminates on flank. It will be noticed that when the hind limbs are arranged in the normal attitude of rest, the tibial streaks form a continuation of the lateral network hnes; fingers, thighs and part of feet yellow. Below, transparent yellow except for a broad belt of enamel-white across chest. In alcohol, spots appear brown, while the enamel-white entirely disappears, the frog being flesh-coloured with minute speckes,which may be so numerous dorsally as to give a distinctly brownish appearance to the upper surface (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

The whole Vituri series agreed with above description except for very minor differences. Some have a third pair of spots between eyes. The Bumbuli frog, while structurally agreeing with the Vituri series and having the same appearance in alcohol, differed considerably when alive. The colouring noted in the field was as follows. Above on head, back, fore arms, tibia and edge of feet, white with patches appearing slightly rubbed and showing yellowish-green; black specks are scattered over the whole of the upper surface, including upper arm and thigh, which are yellowish; a more or less transparent, slightly greenish band from snout through nostril and eye to flank shows the black stippling more clearly; fingers and toes clear lemon-yellow. Below, transparent white, more opaque on limbs than on belly, where internal organs show through; fingers and toes lemon-yellow (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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The following is from the original description of two specimens from Tsbiromo (= Chiromo), Malawi, by Günther (1894).

Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique short series, extending to behind the level of the posterior margin of the choanre. Head rather broad, with tbe snout obtusely rounded and rather short; canthus rostralis indistinct; interorbital space rather broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum indistinct, one third the size of the eye. Fingers moderate, the first not extending beyond the second;
toes moderate, almost entirely webbed; a single very small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulat.ion reaches to between the eye and the end of the snout. Skin smooth. Upper parts

either uniform blackish, or olive coloured and marbled with black; lower parts dusky, throat marbled with brown.

Distance of snout from vent 45 millimetres; distance of the angles of the mouth 16 millimetres; length of hind limb 80 millimetres; length of foot., including metatarsus, 35 millimetres; length of fourth toe 2-4 millimetres.

Two specimens, obtained at Tsbiromo in the mouth of November.

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The following is from the original description by Boulenger (1882):

Head rather large, without bony ridges : snout short. rounded, with indistinct canthus rostralis; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid, flat: tympanum distinct, vertically oval, not quite half the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending very slightly beyond second; toes moderate, half webbed, with simple subarticular tubercles; two smail metatarsal tubercles; a tarsal fold. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tarso metatarsa articulation reaches the centre of the eye in the female, in front of the eye in the male. Skin covered with small warts; parotoids none. Olive above, indistinctly marbled with darker; a dark line from the tip of the snout, through the nostril to the eye; a few huge spots on the sides of the head; beneath immaculate. Male with a subgular vocal sac. From snout to vent 43 millim.

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A large toad. The dorsum is warty and brown with darker brown patches. Some individuals have reddish tinges. A black band begins on the snout and passes above the eye, under the large parotid gland and along the side of the body. A single light line runs vertically from the eye to the mouth. The arms and legs are banded with darker brown. The tympanum is distinctly visible, greater than ½ the diameter of the eye and may be slightly oval in larger individuals. The first finger is longer than the second. Toes are webbed only slightly at the base (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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The following is the original description by Boulenger (1899):

Crown without bony ridges. Snout obtusely pointed, truncate; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers slender, first extending considerably beyond second; toes slender, with a mere rudiment of web; subarticular tubercles single; metatarsal tubercles smull , feebly prominent; no tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tympanum, the tarso-metatarsal the tip of the snout. Skin rough with small conical warts ; parotoids very small, fiat, very indistinct. Dark brown above, marbled with reddish,
whitish beneath.
From snout to vent 37 millim.
A single specimen from the Benito River, French.
Collected by Mr. G. L. Bates.

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Crown is without bony ridges. Snout is short and blunt. Interorbital space is slightly concave, broader than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is distinct, measuring three-fifths the diameter of the eye. First finger is much longer than second. Toes are half-webbed, with single subarticular tubercles. Two rather small metatarsal tubercles and a tarsal fold are present. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye. Dorsum exhibits irregular warts, some of which may be conical. Parotoids are elliptic, feebly prominent and rather indistinct (Boulenger, 1900).

Dorsum is olive-brown, with or without a yellowish vertebral line, with more or less symmetrical black markings. Limbs have dark cross-bars. Bright pink spots are present on the back of the thighs. Venter is dirty white. Throat is greyish with small greyish spots present on the breast (Boulenger, 1900).

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The following is from the original description by Boulenger (1887).

The crown does not have a bony ridge, and the sides of the head are nearly vertical. The snout is very short. Upper eyelid has a projecting, angular edge, with the tendency to develop a horn. The interorbital space is flat and slightly narrower than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is small and very indistinct. The first finger is longer than the second. Toes are short with a very short basal web. Subarticular tubercles are simple. Two moderate metatarsal tubercles and a tarsal fold are present. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the angle of the mouth. Dorsum is smooth or with very small warts. Parotids are narrow and prominent and about as long as their distance from the nostril; parotids taper posteriorly to a point continuous with a dorso-lateral glandular ridge that is lost halfway down the side.

Dorsum and upper surface of the head is pale brownish, yellowish, or pink. A dark, usually deep blac, chevron-shaped making is present between the eyes, pointing backwards. Sometimes one or two pairs of black spots are preesnt on the back. A very fine lighter vertebral line may be present. Sides of the head and body are dark grey or brown, forming a sharp contrast with the light colour of the upper parts. The boundary between the two colours runs along the canthus rostrals, the edge of the upper eyelid, the parotid, and the lateral fold. Limbs above are grey or bown with well-defined dark barring, which on the foot, tarsus, inner side of the tibia and front side of the thigh, alternate with a whitish ground-colour. Hinder side of thighs and sometimes flanks are bright crimson. Venter is greyish, speckled with whitish. The lower jaw is edged with white.

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The dorsum of this species is bright yellow with chocolate-brown patches and includes a yellow vertebral stripe.The ventrum is granular and cream coloured, and the throat of males is dark (Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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The folllowing is the original description of Arthroleptis inguinalis by Boulenger (1900), which was synonymized by Boulenger in 1906:

Tongue lacks a conical papilla. Head is moderate, as long as broad. Snout is rounded. Canthus rostralis is obtuse; loreal region is concave. Interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid. Tympanum is distinct, measuring three-fifths to two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes are rather elongate, slender, the tips merely swollen. Subarticular tubercles are very prominent. First finger does not extend beyond the second. An indistinct rudiment of web is present on the toes. A rather large, very prominent, oval, compressed inner metatarsal tubercle is present; no outer metatarsal tubercle or tarsal tubercle is present. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or between the eye and the end of the snout. The skin is smooth (Boulenger, 1900).

Coloration is variable: greyish or brownish above, uniform or spotted or freckled with darker, or with dark symmetrical markings. A black canthal and temporal streak is present. A more or less distinct dark spot or short oblique band is on the groin. Limbs exhibit dark spots or bars. Venter is white, and the throat is usually freckled with brown. Male with an internal vocal sac (Boulenger, 1900).

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The following is the original description by Boulenger (1906):

Tongue with a conical median papilla. Head moderate, as long as broad; snout rounded, as long as the eye, Wilh distinct canthus and nearly vertical loreal region; nostril equally distant from the eye and from the end of the snout; interorbital space broader than the uppur eyelid; tympanum very distinct, two fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers very unequal in length, first and fourth much shorter than the second, which is barely half the length of third (male), the tips dilated into small but very distinct disks; toes slender, nearly free, with a very slight rudiment of web, the tips dilated into rather large disks;j subarticular tubcrcles small and moderately prominent; a small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle, measuring about half the length of the inner toe. The tibio- tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin smooth. Olive-brown above, with a greyish-white, dark-edged streak on each side of the back, beginning behind the upper eyelid and converging towards its fellow on the scapular region; a greyish streak round the snout, above the canthus, and a broader band of the same colour, forming a very open chevron, across the interorbital region; limbs with ill-defined dark cross-bars; sides of head body, and limbs with white dots; lower parts white, throat brown. Make with a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 21 mm.

A single specimen from Zima.

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The following is the original description by Boulenger (1905):

Head moderate, as long as broad; snout obtusely pointed, projecting beyond the mouth; nostril a little nearer the end of the snout than the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum moderately distinct, two thirds the diameter of' the eye. Third finger extremely long, three times the length of the second; toes free; tips of fingers and toes very slightly swollen; subarticular tubercles strong; smail, oval inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tympanum. Skin smooth; sides and lower belly granulate; a strong fold across the chest. Greyish brown above, with a vase-shaped dark marking from between the eyes to the sacral region; some dark spots on the temple and above the shoulder; rather irregular dark brown bars across the fore limb and the tibia; lower part white. Male with a subgular vocal sac.

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The following is the original description by Boulenger (1909) from Amani:

Tongue without conical papilla. Head moderate, as long as broad; snout rounded, as long as the eye, witlI obtuse canthi and nearly vertical nares; nostril equally distant from the eye and from the end of the snout; interorbital space much broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum perfectly distinct, half the diameter of tile eye. Fingers and toes moderate, dilated into small disks, which are produced into a short mucro, as in Sooglossus sechellensis, Bœttg.; first finger shorter than second; toes with a slight rudiment of web; subarticular tubercles moderate; a small inner metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout. Brown above; loreal region dark brown; lower parts white, finely speckled with brown.

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Vomerine teeth are in two small round groups between the choanae. The head is large, much broader than long. The snout is broadly rounded, with short canthi and very oblique, slightly concave lores. Nostrils are equidistant from the eye and the tip of the snout. Eye is large; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid. Tympanum is very distinct, oval, and slightly smaller than the eye. The first finger is longer than second, nearly as long as third. Subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes are feeble. A small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle is present. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin is smooth and shiny; a glandular fold is present above the tympanum. Fingers and toes are free of webbing; tips are slightly swollen. Terminal phalange of all but the inner toe exhibit a sharp curved non-retractile bony claw, projecting through a slit on the lower surface of the extremity of the toe (Boulenger, 1900).

Dorsum is dark purplish brown, and venter is white. A black canthal and temporal streak are present, and a black transverse line is found between the eyes. Two dark bars are on the upper lip: the first under the nostril and the second below the anterior third of the eye. Limbs exhibit rather indistinct dark cross-bars. Lower surface of the crus and tarsus are dark brown (Boulenger, 1900).

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Outer metatarsals are bound together. The omosternum and sternum exhibit a bony style (Boulenger, 1900).

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The following is a translation of the original description of ZMB 13920 from Victoria [now Limbé], Cameroon, by Werner (1898):

Astylosternus n. gen.

Tongue cut deep; palate teeth present. Fingers and toes webbed only at the base. Outer metatarsals separated. Omosternum with bony arm, which sits with a forked end of the procoracoid. Sternum a cartilaginous plate. Pupil unknown (specimen poor).

Astylosternus diademnatus n. sp.
Head broad, snout rounded, as long as the eye diameter. Eye-nostril and nostril-snout tip are same distance. Tympanum 2/3 eye diameter. Fingers and toes long and thin. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Palatal teeth small, on the line connecting the internal choanae. Interorbital space is equal to eyelid diameter. Skin smooth above and below. Upper surface dark brown, broad, dark, bright rimmed across bar between the eyes, a dark spot below the eye; Hind legs banded. Throat and belly whitish. Total length 50 mm, head length 16, head width 21, hind leg 84, front leg 35 mm.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1100 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 df841668-789f-4b91-9923-97e1b2f29a9c#morphology ce78969f-3b3e-4672-bc10-b6eee3f0dfd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tympanum, tympanic annulus and columella are absent. Pupil is horizontal; tongue is moderate, subcircular. Palate crossed by a straight, denticulate dermal ridge just in front of the pharynx and anteriorly by two weakly defined, arcuate, smooth ridges. No evident glandular tissue is present in the roof of the mouth. No dermal papilla are between the choanae. Foot is conspiciously broad; abbreviated outer toe is situated high on the side of the fourth, their juncture far distal to that between toes III and IV. Inner metatarsal tubercle is massive but low, not compressed to form a spade-like flange. The dorsum is covered by conspicuously thick, glandular and deeply pitted skin. The back has a strongly developed colour pattern of pale and dark longitudinal bands. Digits are broad-based and tapering. Inner and outer toes are longer than broad and bear subarticular tuberlcles.

Largen and Drewes (1989) outline extensive details on the morphology of the species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1191 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c372e9b0-df44-4339-92ff-5f46e319b8d7#morphology ce78969f-3b3e-4672-bc10-b6eee3f0dfd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Clavicles well developed and posteriorly curved; omosternum cartilaginous and of moderate size; vertebral column diplasiocoelous; coccyx and sacrum fused; terminal phlanges simple; fifth metatarsal with an elongate proximal epuphysis.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1191 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 474fb827-c5f9-4751-8606-8f3894432200#morphology ddba1054-01b9-4a21-973a-a49a29662f98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adults are bluish-grey above with a darker band along the back. Venter is bluish-grey, except for the throat, which is a pinkish flesh-color. Young are much more worm-like in appearance as they are largely pinkish flesh-color with the dorsal band showing pinkish-mauve (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/898 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17386030-0e95-4c41-8eee-6c6394ae7b69#morphology 98893545-8ad6-465e-80cd-aaaf15fd84c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Habit is slender, vermiform. Snout is obtusely pointed, projecting far beyond the lower jaw. Eye is indistinguishable. Tentacle is round, exsertile, surrounded by a circular groove placed about half-way along the head just above the middle of the upper jaw. Annuli number 147 in holotype (132 to 148 in paratype series); the folds are interrupted on the middle dorsal line in the centre of the body but not on nape and tail. Its general appearance is very worm-like (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

In life, the dorsum and venter are a rather transparent but livid fleshy pink color; posteriorly some white stippling is visible with the aid of a lens. In alcohol, this species is opaque and colourless; with a lens a dorsal band may be detected (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/897 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc1e551b-a37a-45fa-98ff-7fed4c0d4dfc#morphology 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original description from Boulenger (1882):

Head moderate; tympanum hidden. Third finger scarcely more than once and a half the length of second: tips of fingers and toes not dilated: two metatarsal tubercles. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation marks the shoulder. Skin perfectly smooth: a curved fold from the eye to the shoulder. Olive above: a light line from below the eye to the shoulder; in some specimens, a light vertebral line and a broad light stripe from the scapular region to tho groin; transversely dilated dark spots on the legs: belly generally with round black spots; inferior surface of limbs with dark vermiculalions. Male with a large external subgular vocal sac. From snout to vent 19 millim.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e9dbeb01-9b8a-40a4-a9e5-b236b2420f1e#morphology ae2fa812-2015-4250-b05f-5801c9bf0d8a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The head is roughly triangular in dorsal view; the head length is approximately 25% of SUL. The eyes are visible from below, and the pupils are horizontally elliptical. The nostrils are one-fifth the distance from the snout tip to the anterior eye, and inter-nostril distance is three-quarters of interorbital distance. The tympanum is not visible. The upper lip is smooth and thin. The relative finger lengths are as follows: I<II<IV<III. The tips of the fingers are rounded; discs are absent. The inner and outer metacarpal tubercles are clearly visible, and the supernumerary tubercles are small, white and round on a pigmented palm. Two supernumerary tubercles are present between the base of the third finger and the outer metacarpal tubercle. The subarticluar tubercles are distinct and rounded. The thighs are well developed. The relative toe lengths are as follows: I<II<V<III<IV. Toe tips are round without discs. The inner metatarsal tubercle is white and slightly elongated. The outer metatarsal tubercle is small, rounded and pale; webbing is absent. In life the dorsum is rough with regular small warts (Channing et al., 2005).

Holotype coloration: In life, the dorsum and head are dark with two lighter stripes on the flank that extend from the armpit to urostyle. There are irregular small dark marks on the head. Black blotches are visible on the venter. A thin white line runs parallel, and just above, the jaw line. The snout is light beige. A thin vertebral stripe runs from the snout to the urostyle. A thin dark line runs from near the snout to the sacrum on the flanks. A dark irregular line runs from the neck to the legs on each side of the midline and divides the flanks into two parts - pale brown at the top and light beige below. Limbs are pale brown with darker blotches. The thigh, tibia and foot have three round dark spots each; four smaller spots are present on the arm. The venter is white with round regular spots on the belly and some smaller spots under the jaw. Dark speckles are present on the limbs (Channing et al., 2005).

Paratypes differ slightly in coloration; four have light beige areas on the flanks that are much wider than the same area of the holotype. Blotches on the throat are also less visible. Some have dark limbs with light spots on the ventral surface, rather than light limbs with dark spots as in the holotype. One has two lines of light dots running between the eyes at the level of the armpit (Channing et al., 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/797 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0f2a92df-d5a8-4dc8-a3b2-0a4f644ad8b2#morphology f51e46ed-6d2f-4ca0-a8f6-92c9c7d34cf5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original description by Boulenger (1906):

Closely allied to C. leucomystax, but fingers and toes more (section illegible) and more distinctly dilated at the end, and inner metataral tubercle smaller, much shorter than the inner toe.Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the eye or between the eye and the tip of the snout (the tympanum or the eye in C. leucomystax) Greyish brown above with large and small symmetrical dark brown spots with a fine palee outline; the first large spot begins between the eyes and is triangular with the base turned forwards; it is immediately followed by a second and by a third, each subtriangular or cordiform with the point turned forwards; a large oval spot on the lumbar region; a whitish line round the eye and the temporal region; limbs with spots and bars edged with lighter, as on the body; throat and belly brown, or much spotted with
brown.
From snout to vent 37 mm.
Four specimens from Efulen.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1113 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 06a21400-2a7f-43a7-a7aa-cc8916a37ed8#morphology 17b4bf03-06dd-4dff-80df-bd5a73628bef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Head is much depressed and slightly longer than broad. Snout is longer than the orbit, truncate at the end and scarcely projecting beyond the mouth. Canthus rostralis is distinct; loreal region is concave. Nostril is closer to the end of the snout than the eye. Eye is rather small. Interorbital space is much broader than the upper eyelid. Tymanum is very distinct, measuring two-thirds or three-fourths the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes are long and slender, the tips dilated into small disks. Subarticular tubercles are small but very prominent. The first finger does not extend quite as far as second. A rather prominent, moderately large, oval inner metatarsal tubercle is present. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout or slightly beyond (Boulenger, 1900).

Dorsum and venter are dark brown. A black band, edged beneath with white, extends on each side from the nostril to halfway down the side of the body, passing through the eye and tympanum, and widening behind; this band is followed by a large black inguinal spot. Dark symmetrical markings are present on the limbs, those on the front and back of the thighs are black, edged with white. Ventral surfaces are spotted or marbled with white. Males have internal vocal sacs (Boulenger, 1900).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1111 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 692ff246-c648-4c84-8e59-59dab9a9dce7#morphology 17b4bf03-06dd-4dff-80df-bd5a73628bef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Omosternum has a slender bony style. Sternum is a small cartilaginous plate, without a bony style. Terminal phalanges are T-shaped (Boulenger, 1900).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1111 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 450a7d78-45eb-4457-8623-385bdf78a83c#morphology a4ff8a4c-4109-43bf-a5ab-a0a242a7b420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original description by Boulenger (1882):

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choanae. Head broader than long : snout rounded, as long as the greatest orbital diameter, with indistinct canthus rostralis ; loreal region not concave; nostril equally distant from the eye and the tip of tho snout; interorbital space nearely broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum half the width of the eye. Inner fingers webbed at the base, the outer ones one-third webbed; toes short, nearly entirely webbed; disks very small; subarticualr tubercles well developed: a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forwards aloug the body, the tibia-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth, granular on the belly and under the thighs ; a slight fold above the tympanum. Greyish brown above, indistinctly marbled; a dark-brown stripe on the temporal region. Male with an internal vocal sac.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/852 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f836f95c-95dc-43f2-8b28-e0feddba93ef#morphology 0090de49-68a3-44ee-b536-23d7ef736c8a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the original description by Günther (1869, "1868"):

Fingers broadly webbed, the web between the two outer fingers extending to the terminal disk; toes completely webbed, the web leaving only the disks free. Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series commencing; from the anterior angles of the choanae. Snout of moderate length, nearly as long as the eye, with the canthus rostralis obtuse. Tympanum distinct, half as large as the eye; upper parts of the head and sides of the body with very small tubercles. The length of the body is more than the distance between vent and heel. Upper parts brownish. A dark cross band between the eyes. Lower parts whitish. A single specimen, 55 millims. long, was in a collection from West Africa; the length of the hind limb is 85 millims.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/850 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 698c73f4-9649-4e7a-8529-e9d166865375#morphology de630209-c337-48f0-84d0-d8803388e633 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original description by Günther (1869, "1868"):
Uniform green above, white below, a few small brown spots on the sides; upper lip and hind part of the limbs with a white margin. Vomerine teeth in two small patches between the nostrils; tongue deeply notched behind; snout rather obtuse, depressed. Tympanum distinct, half as long as the eye. Disks well developed, fingers slightly webbed, toes one-third webbed, metatarsus with one rather large tubercle. Fourth finger considerably longer than second; fifth toe longer than third.
We have received one specimen; it is 42 millims. long, the length of the hind limb being 60 millims.

--

The following describes Hylambates hyloides by Boulenger (1906), which was synonymized with Leptopelis viridis by Parker (1936):

Vomerine teeth are in two small groups between the chonae. Head is broader than long; snout is rounded, as long as the diameter of the eye. Interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid. Tympanum is moderately distinct, about half tlie diameter of the eye. Fingers are moderate, free of webbing. Toes have a mere rudiment of we. Disks of fingers and toes are rather large. Inner metatarsal tubercle is strong, compressed and shorter than the inner toe. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tympanum. Dorsal skin is finely areolate and coarsely granulate on the venter. Dorsum is green or brownish olive above, uniform or with dark symmetrical spots or streaks often uniting with a triangular or T - shaped marking between the eyes. A dark streak, light-edged above, is present from the end of the snout along the canthus rostralis and above the tympanum to the side of the body, where it may break up into small spots. Limbs sometimes exhibit dark cross-bars. Male with a moderately developed subgular vocal sac.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1171 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1d97a6f7-19fb-4f60-a164-68f3ba6612e9#morphology 62afe0ca-15b4-4cb4-84e1-c24bda83bfa5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the description of the type material by Poynton (1991):

Two phalanges of third toe free of main webbing, although edge of web very serrated, making determination imprecise. Outer metatarsal tubercle rounded, 0.75 or less length of inner. Adult dorsal skin (known only from females) densely covered with light-tipped spines which surmount small, warty bases; larger warts over lateral and urostylar areas and on dorsal surfaces of legs have rosettes of spines, otherwise the spines are single. Dense covering of minute conical asperities conspicuous on the lip of the vent, even in immature specimens of both sexes.

Markings (in alcohol): top of head, parotid glands and central region of back a light brown; darker brown laterally. A dark middorsal V-shaped marking in the scapular region, apex pointing anteriorly, arms usually continuing posteriorly to mark the inner margins of the parotid glands. Also a thin, often broken, dark interocular bar, and a pair of darker sacral spots. A fine light line overlying the urostyle. Dorsal markings are faintly shown in the holotype; the paratypes show the sacral, scapular, and interocular markings more clearly. Ventral surface immaculate or with a single, elongated dark fleck in the anterior pectoral region. There are no regular ventral markings, nor the freckling typical of S. anotis.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/872 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ab4edf65-bf93-4bb9-80e4-070688fc3d66#morphology cfdad484-29b2-45e2-8243-5593b4c5bdfa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is medium-sized tree-frog with slender body, comparatively flat head, slightly pointed snout, and a horizontally oval pupil. Large protruding eyes are approximately same size as interorbital distance. Tympanum is small but distinct andreaches only about one third of eye diameter. Naris much closer to snout tip. Loreal region is very slightly convex, and canthus rostralis is rounded. Upper mandible has minute teeth; prevomerine teeth are absent. Tongue is heart shaped, slightly notched posteriorly, more than two thirds free. Ventral surfaces are granular. Femur and tibia length reach about half SUL; foot incl. longest toe reaches about two thirds of SUL. Finger and toe tips are enlarged to round discs. Finger formula is as follows: 1<2<4<3. Only traces of webbing between fingers. One subarticular tubercle on each of fingers 1, 2 and 3, and 2 subarticular tubercles on finger 3. Small plamar tubercle is present. Toe formula is as follows: 1<2<3=5>4. Toe 2, 3 and 5 have two subarticular tubercles, toe one with one tubercle, toe 4 with three tubercles. Small elongate inner metatarsal tubercle present. Lower side of feet densely beset with flattened tubercles. Webbing formula is as follows: 1 (1), 2 i/e (1-0.5), 3 i/e ( 1-0.5), 4 i/e (1), 5 (0.3). Males with medium sized, medioposterior gular gland a, stretching from middle of the throat onto anterior part of breast; no dilatable skin is present beneath or around gular gland. Small spines are present on back and extremities of males; largest spines densely on lower and outer part of hind feet (Rödel et al., 2009).

The sexes are dichromatic. The females have a uniform brownish red, red-beige or bright orange-red dorsum, including extremities and toe and finger discs. Their throat and belly is colored whitish yellow to orange, the ventral parts of hind limbs are bright yellow or orange. The iris of females is grayish blue to bright blue. The iris of males varies from porcelain white in bright sunlight to grayish or yellowish brown in darker surroundings. Male dorsal surfaces including extremities vary between dark brown or almost black, to clear beige. Males’ backs can be either uniform or covered with smaller blackish and/or yellowish spots. In daytime retreats some males change to almost female orange coloration. At night the basic color of males changes to a clear yellow. Males almost always have dark canthal stripes (not visible in very dark individuals), that sometimes is bordered dorsally by a narrow yellowish stripe. The latter often continues behind the eyes as a dorsolateral band, which however, almost always breaks into spots and vanishes just dorsal to the forearm origin. Males’ throats and gular glands are whitish yellow to yellow. The bellies are white, rarely yellow, the lower surfaces of hind limbs are dark grey, in rare cases orange like in females. Breasts and the ventral parts of males’ forearms are flesh-colored, possibly indicating pectoral and humeral glands. Toe and finger tips exhibit the coloration of the back or are grey. In preservation most males are identical to the holotype. Dorsolateral bands remain visible in preservation, few males have almost uniform brown backs. Females in preservation are uniform brown dorsally and uniform clear pinkish ventrally or almost uniform clear beige with minute small black points (Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/907 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 076ec387-fdc1-465b-bf5f-b5c27ef57bd3#morphology cfdad484-29b2-45e2-8243-5593b4c5bdfa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Skull slightly longer than broad; snout rounded in dorsal and ventral view; surfaces of skull almost smooth; nasals triangular, not in contact with each other, canthal area rounded; sphenethmoid not visible dorsally; ventroanterior portion of sphenethmoid unfused, consisting of two elements; frontoparietal large and rectangular; quadratojugal narrow, contacts maxilla anteriorly; maxilla and premaxilla with minute teeth, prevomerine teeth absent; columella present; thyrohyal bones on cartilaginous stalks; posterolateral process of hyoid absent; anteriormost portion of the anterior horn of hyoid absent, hence horn composed of an anteromedial and a lateral process (staining and microtomography revealed slight differences in the shape of the lateral element of the anterior horn); vertebrae diplasiocoelous; neural arches non-imbricate, not completely roofing the spinal canal; transverse processes of eighth vertebra not angled markedly forward; pectoral girdle firmisternal; medial margins of coracoids entire; omosternum greatly forked, space between arms more than twice width of one arm; sternum ratio of caudal margin to anterior margin is 2.3; sternum completely ossified (microtomography results showed a more compressed sternum compared to staining and clearing); terminal phalanges slender, slightly curved and peniform; intercalary elements between ultimate and penultimate phalanges of fingers and toes present and completely mineralized (Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/907 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 549794e1-29a4-41c6-9e76-9089f2d65530#morphology f5d67cde-bf6e-46d8-a75f-7b1fa09ef002 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium sized Nectophrynoides with slender limbs. Tympanum and tympanic annulus are completely absent. Parotoid glands are present on the scapular region as a slightly raised and weakly discernible mass. Snout is short. Nostrils are closer to the snout tip than eye and situated laterally. Canthus rostralis is slightly concave. Eye pupil is horizontal; eyes are prominent and visible ventrally. Fingers are widely webbed at base with a rib of webbing reaching the second tubercle of the third finger. Three phalanges of fourth toe are free of web on both inner and outer sides, two of the fifth toe. Tips of fingers are expanded and slightly truncated. Two subequal metacarpal tubercles are present. The inner metatarsal tubercle is about twice as large as the outer one. The skin surface is homogeneously covered by coni, lacking pointed tubercles and recognisable superficial glands, except for the abdomen and the inner side of the thigh which are covered by pavement-like glands. The tibia/foot ratio in the holotype is 0.93 (Menegon et al., 2004).

The body appears dark brown dorsally. The dorsum is finely marbled with different shades of brown. The sides are slightly darker than the dorsum with more contrasted and extensive marbling. Hands and feet are lighter in colour. The belly is creamy with sparse condensation of melanophores mainly on throat and limbs. In the living specimen the dorsum and head were light brown. Iris was gold (Menegon et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/893 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a9ba870-e145-414a-83c0-b7707f5a0d46#morphology d420b434-a08f-4212-8bb6-090ef218d160 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A medium sized Nectophrynoides, with slender limbs. Tympanum and tympanic annulus are present, the anterior parotoids are formed by a row of smaller glands aligned antero-posteriorly. The posterior parotoid is located in the scapular region, is twice as long as wide, and as long as the horizontal diameter of the eye. Snout is short. Nostrils are closer to the snout tip than eye and are situated laterally. Canthus rostralis is slightly concave. Eyes prominent and visible ventrally. Pupils are horizontal. Foot is shorter than tibia. The tibia/foot ratio in the type series ranges from 1.07 to 1.13. Webbing is absent on hands. Webbing is present on fourth and fifth toes. tips of fingers and toes rounded, not expanded or truncate (Menegon et al., 2004).

Dorsal ground colour is brown to light brown. black stripe runs from the tip of the snout to the end of the parotoid glands, darkening the outer edge of these glands. The sides of the head are pale beige, as well as the upper part of the arms. The dorsum has a light brown mid dorsal stripe with a black border. The stripe is interrupted in the mid dorsal area by a beige inverted ‘v’ -shaped broad band, which has a black border. Several dorsal glands are marked by condensations of melanophores, often present on the margins of the pale pink areas, forming interrupted stripes. Ventral surface is grey, with a sparse number of melanophores (Menegon et al., 2004).

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Tympanum and tympanic annulus are present and clearly visible. Parotoid glands are absent. Snout is short. Nostrils are much closer to the snout tip than eyes, which prominent and visible ventrally. Canthus rostralis is concave. Tips of fingers and toes are rounded, not or slightly expanded, never truncated. Pupil is horizontal. The foot length is greater than or equal to length of tibia. Hands are not webbed, while fingers are only webbed at their base. The two distal phalanges of the fifth toe are free of main webbing, the three distal phalanges of fourth toe are free of main webbing on both sides. The upper lips often show dark markings on a paler background colour. Prominent, large conical shaped spines cover the head, eyelids, dorsum and hindlimbs. These spines are conical in shape and end with a conspicuous clear keratinized horny tip. A set of six spines, often larger than others, are arranged symmetrically on the region of the head and shoulder. Spines often are concentrated also on the anterior part of the head, dorsum, sacral region and limbs (Menegon et al., 2007).

Colour pattern in life: the dorsal surface of the body and limbs is uniform brown, a broad cream vertebral strip begins between the middle of the eyes almost reaching the urostyle, positioned anteriorly. A light, subtriangular maxillary patch is present, dark edged along the canthus rostralis and toward the tympanum. Small darker patches are present are present in the lower maxillary patch. There are a few sparse condensations of melanophores on limbs, giving a mottled impression. Venter and gular regions are paler with condensations of melanophores regularly scattered (Menegon et al., 2007).

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This is a small forest toad with slender limbs. Head is wide with a rounded tympanum that is less than half a tympanum diameter from the eye. The top of the snout is flat and smooth. The canthus rostralis is concave, with an angular ridge between eye and snout tip. Nostrils are situated near the tip of the snout, below the canthal ridge, about one quarter of the distance from snout tip to eye. Nostrils are slightly raised, vertically in line with the anterior point of the mouth. The snout is pointed and projects beyond the upper lip. The sides of the head at eye level at about 80 degrees to the jaw. Fore limbs are slender, fingertips rounded without expanded tips. Fourth finger is slightly longer than second. Two large metacarpal tubercles are present. Upper surface of hand and arm are granular. Minute spines are visible along the sides of the fingers. Hind limb is slender; tibia is slightly shorter than foot. Foot length is greater than head width, and 39% of SUL. Toes have pale tips that are rounded, not expanded. Webbing is absent between toes. Subarticular tubercles are small andslightly raised. Metatarsal tubercles are distinct, pale, rounded, raised. Rows of small tubercles extend from the base of toes 4 and 5 to the metatarsal tubercles. Hind limb is covered in fine warts. Parotids consist of an interrupted thin ridge of glands, slightly more than twice the length of the upper eyelid, continuous with the upper eyelid. The parotids converge posteriorly towards the sacrum. The upper eyelid is slightly warty, with small glands present posteriorly. Males exhibit a nuptial pad on the upper surface of the basal two phalanges of the thumb. A glandular patch is present below the anterior point of the lower jaw (Channing et al., 2005).

The dorsal and ventral coloration is variable, with many individuals showing a pink tinge. Colour varies from a pale brown to a dark brown overall, with various pale and darker markings. The limbs and sides have darker mottles. A very fine dark vertebral line is present. The underside is darker posteriorly with pale speckles that become smaller anteriorly. The lower jaw is mottled with pale spots. A pale band may runs from the base of the orbit to the angle of the jaw on the right side, but blends into the pale upper jaw on the left. Photographs of living animals show a dark brown throat and belly. The belly has silvery-white irregular speckles, or may be uniformly dark. The pale mottling on the side of the jaw extends to the ventral surface. The holotype and many of the paratypes have a pale patch extending from below the eye to the angle of the jaw. The lower surfaces of the hands and feet are black. The back is dark brown with a yellow-brown to gray-brown patch on the top of the snout, and on the upper arm. Similar coloured small spots are irregularly present on the dark background. Some animals have an hourglass pattern on the back. The iris is bronze (Channing et al., 2005).

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This is a medium sized Nectophrynoides, with relatively short limbs. The SUL/hindlimb ratio is 1.20. Tips of fingers are rounded and expanded. Length of foot is greater than length of tibia. Tympanum and tympanic annulus is absent. No webbing is present on hands. Main webbing on foot reaches the median subarticular tubercle of the fourth toe. Parotoid glands are present in the scapular region as a raised and easily discernible structure. The parotoid gland is twice as long as wide, and longer than the eye. The dorsal ground colour is pale grey with scattered and irregular dark brown to black blotches. A thin, interrupted vertebral line is present. Belly whitish with a thin dark line running from the chin to the vent and on the inner side of upper limbs, absent from hands and feet. At present the holotype is the only known representative of this species. The morphological variation in this species is therefore completely unknown and deserves further research (Menegon et al., 2004).

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This species is small Nectophrynoides with a moderately robust body. Head longer than wide. The tympanum is faintly discernible on both sides of the head. Reflection of the skin on the left side reveals a clear annulus and tympanum. A columella is not clearly visible. The auditory apparatus is evidently partially degenerate. The pupil is horizontal pupil, and the eye is visible ventrally. Sides of the head are vertical. Canthus rostralis is slightly concave, with the snout extending beyond the upper lip. Parotoid glands are absent; skin of the parotoid region with a few small, separated, rounded to oval glands. A glandular ridge on outer edge of eyelids is present. Nostrils are closer to the tip of snout than to eye, below the level of the canthus rostralis and directed laterally. Webbing on hands is absent and only found at the base of the toes. Fingertips are rounded or pointed but not expanded or truncated. One metacarpal tubercle and two sub-equal metatarsal tubercles are present. The tibia/foot ratio is 1.16 in the holotype (Menegon et al., 2004).

The dorsal ground colour is a uniform light brown, with lighter areas corresponding to layers of skin that were probably being shed. The skin is uniformly covered by melanophores, except for the belly and the inferior part of the limbs, where they are less numerous. Light blotches are present on the urostyle region and on the inner side of the thigh. The belly and throat are pale grey with sparse melanophores. Ground colour in life was brown with a faint hourglass pattern. The belly was grey with white speckling. Head and limbs were light brown above and white below. Iris in life was golden (Menegon et al., 2004).

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The following is the description of Rana ruddi from Beira, Mozambique by Boulenger (1907), which was synonymized with Rana ornata ornata by Schmidt and Inger (1959):

Vomerine teeth in two small groups close to the inner borders of the choanae. Head is feebly depressed and as long as broad. Snout is rounded, feebly projecting beyond the mouth, and slightly shorter than the orbit. The canthus rostralis is obtuse, and the loreal region is concave. The nostril is equally distant from the eye and the end of the snout. The interorbital region is narrower than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is very distinct and slightly smaller than the eye. Fingers are very short, obtusely pointed; the first extends as far as thesecond. The toes are short and one-thid webbed. The subarticular tubercles of the fingers and toes are feeble. A large, compressed, very prominent, shovel-shaped inner metatarsal tubercle is present that is at least as long as the inner toe. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the eye. Dorsal skin is flat with smooth warts of unequal size. A very indistinct dorso-lateral fold is present. Venter is smooth, and the sides of the belly are feebly areolate. Males have two external vocal sacs, opening by a slit on each side of the throat.

Dorsum is dark born with light, yellowish streaks on the head and body, namely a narrow vertebral line, a broader band from the end of the snout along the canthus rostralis and the outer border of the upper eyelid to above the tympanum, where it bifurcates, the upper branch extending to above the vent, the lower running obliquely to the groin. A yellowish bar usually present across the occiput. A yellowish streak is resent along the upper lip. A white oblique line is present in front of the eye, and a white circle is present around the tympanum. Limbs have alternating dark and pale bars. The hinder side of the thighs is yellowish, marbles with black. The throat and breast are dark brown, or marbled with dark brown, with a Y-shaped white marking on each side. The belly is white.

Rödel (2000) describes the color pattern as follows: A broad green vertebral band runs from the snout tip to the end of the body. It either covers all of the snout or, in most specimens, it is split up immediately into three separate stripes. In this case, the median one will continue to the end of the body. Like the remaining green parts, it tends to be replaced on adult frogs by clear brown colors, that expand from the flanks. The two lateral green lines run from the outer border of the eyelids to the end of the body. Even on young individuals, they tend to be fragmented, forming various dots and strokes. Wherever the green colors fade, they are replaced by brown ones. The space between those at least partially green lines is occupied by two parallel brown lines. Some young have a back which is completely green. The basal section of the eyelid is pale to dark brown; in the former case, it often bears dark brown spots with black borders. A narrow white stripe begins at the snout tip, i.e. below the green lateral stripe, crossing the eye at a level superior to the pupil and fading out somewhere behind the eye. This stripe is ventrally accompanied by a small dark brown triangle with black borders which stretches from the snout tip to the shoulder. In the caudal section of this triangle, however, only the borders and the tympanum keep their dark coloration, the remaining parts of the skin being rather dark gray. The tympanum partially shows a narrow white border. The upper lip is white up to the armpits. In the sector preceding the eye, a short green stripe occasionally appears. A broad pale to dark red line starts at the posterior border of the eye, i.e. above the dark zone surrounding the tympanum, running obliquely towards the groin. A rather short extension of this line starts above the armpits, bending back first towards the latter and finally pointing down perpendicularly. This extension also crosses the temporal triangle which runs to the belly where it becomes gray, bearing numerous black to dark brown spots and strokes. The diagonal red brown and the greenish dorsolateral lines enclose a triangle pointing towards the head. This area shows a dark brown color, especially on young frogs, whereas adult individuals have only continuous dark borders and a number of dark patches left. The rest of the triangle turning gradually rather pale. The shoulder also bears a dark triangle, and the rest of the upper arm is beige to flesh-colored. Two elongate dark brown triangles pointing towards the hands appear on the lower arms. The hind limbs bear dark brown lines, two on the thigh, three on the lower leg. The outer parts of the thighs are mottled. The proximal parts of the lower legs often show green intervals separating the above-mentioned bars. The foot is clear brown with four to five dark transverse bars. The throat bears two more or less symmetrical y-shaped white markings whose short branch point towards the corners of the mouth. Individuals from the Comoé National Park usually lack the shorter branch of the Y. The white markings are usually framed by dark brown to black bands. The remaining skin areas are paler brown, with the exception of the jaw borders and of the corners of the mouth which are both dark. The venter is whitish. The pectoral region and the flanks may be brown, too. The vocal sacs of the males are slate gray. In alcohol the green colors completely fade, turning red-brown. Some brown areas may turn red or reddish. Many markings either fade or disappear, being replaced at worst by a uniform dark brown. In this case, the frogs can only be identified by means of their throat markings; however, most individuals still show faint traces of the general markings.

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The following is the original description by Boulenger (1909) by material collected in Amani, Tanzania:

Vomerine teeth in two small groups on the level with the posterior border of the choanae. Head broader than long, strongly depressed; snout rounded, as long as the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, with a mere rudiment of web; toes half-webbed; disks well developed; subarticular tubercles moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle rather small, oval, febbly prominent. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches just in front of the eye. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches just in front of the eye. Skin smooth above, granular beneath. Green above, vermiculated with black; upper lip with black and white spots; flanks, upper arm, and sides of thigh black with large white marbling; fingers and toes barred black and white; lower parts white, belly with a few brown spots.

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Vomerine teeth are in two juxtaposed groups between the choanae. The head is broader than long. The distance between the nostrils equals distance between a nostril and the anterior border of orbit, as well as two-thirds the longitudinal diameter of the eye. Canthus rostralis is short and distinct; loreal region is concave. Tympanum is barely visible or indistinguishable; when visible it measures one-quarter the longitudinal diameter of the eye opening. Inner finger is scarcely webbed; outer finger one-third webbed, disks well developed. Toes are webbed to the disks on the inner side of second, third, and fifth; only as a not very distinct seam to the disk of the fourth. First toe is half webbed. A moderate, slightly compressed, inner metatarsal tubercle is present. The tibiotarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb just falls short of the eye (reaches eye in many paratypes but never beyond). Skin is shagreened above, very granular beneath except on tibia and sole of foot (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

In life, the dorsal color is a rich green or greenish-brown. The upper eyelids are brownish, their outside edge yellow. Orange spots are irregularly dispersed on back. Yellow spots may be present on the flanks.Thighs are tranparent yellowish, each with an orange spot; lower arms the same but so liberally besprinkled with minute brown specks as to appear brownish. Throat is blue, rest of the venter is white, more or less tinged with blue, particularly in the axillary region and groin. Iris is white, speckled with black; pupil is black. In alchohol, head is purplish-brown, shading to fawn on back. Spots are yellowish-green, limbs are fawn, and thighs almost colourless. Venter is white (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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These frogs have an undivided omosternum and bony metasternum (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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A light brown Leptopelis, typically with four broad darker brown stripes on the dorsum, although some individuals lack any markings. The snout is short and rounded and there is usually a dark triangle between the eyes. The tympanum is visible and less than half the diameter of the eye. The legs are short (tibia less than ½ SVL). The pupils are vertical. Males lack pectoral glands. The fingers end in small disks. Toes have a small amount of webbing (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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A series of vomerine teeth are present that are nearly straight, widely separated in the middle, and not extending outwards beyond the choanae. The head is much depressed and broader than long. The snout is short and rounded. No canthus rostralis is present. The eye is moderate. The interorbital region is approximately one and a half times as broad as the upper eyelid. The tympanum is indistinct, its diameter about half that of the eye. Fingers are short, with slightly swollen tips. The first and second fingers are equal in length. The toes are moderately long, and the tips are dilated into small discs. Subarticular and inner metatarsal tubercles are feebly prominent. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the posterior border of the eye. The skin is smooth. The dorsum is dark brown or black with small, round, white spots on the sides. Hind limbs have light spots or marblings. The venter is white, and the throat is sometimes marbled with brown (Boulenger, 1905).

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Head is rather large, as long as broad and much depressed. Snout is rounded; loreal region is oblique. Interorbital space is broader than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is hidden. Outer fingers are one-fourth webbed. Toes are two-thirds webbed; disks rather large. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin is smooth, faintly areolate on the belly (Boulenger, 1900).

Dorsum is pale brownish with a large blackish-brown marking with indentations extending from between the eyes to the sacral region. Sides of head, body and upper surface of legs are blackish brown. A whitish spot is present on the leg above the tibio-tarsal articulation. Upper surface of the thigh are whitish, with a narrow dark brown streak. Venter is white (Boulenger, 1900).

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The following is the original description by Cope (1863):

Fam. Polypedaetidae: characters those of Hyperolius, except in the presence of a large vocal vesicle, which is prolonged posteriorly and bound beneath by a median frenum, on each side of which plicate pouch projects deeply into the vesicular cavity.

Head small, muzzle short, truncate; canthus rostralis concave. Tympanum concealled. Tongue obovate, extensively free and deeply notched. Skin above smooth; of the abdomen transversely areolate; of the femora smooth. Fingers one-fourth, toes three-fourths webbed. Many granulations about the angle of the mouth. Length of head and body 10 lines; of hinder extremity 14 lines. Color (in alcohol) pale straw color; a faint brown line on the canthus rostralis.

It may be mentioned in this connection, that the genus Heteroglossa of the Hallowell is a Polypedatid, not a Ranoid as has been hitherto supposed. The statement regarding mandibular teeth, "nine in the lower jaw," should be read "none in the lower jaw." It dffers from Hyperolius in the less developement of the digital expansions and greater tenuity of the median attachment of the tongue.

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The head is wide and flattened, with a blunt snout (profile). The canthus is slightly concave, with the nostrils raised and the elliptical openings directed laterally. The eyes protrude, and in life would have been wider than the jaw, as can be seen in photographs of the live toad. The upper eyelid is glandular. The parotid glands are absent; each replaced by a cluster of about 20 rounded warts tipped with small brown spines on a raised bulge. The margins of this bulge are not distinct. The cluster is rounded, being widest midway in the length. The fingers are long with large truncated terminal discs. The third finger is 36% of the SUL. The disc of the third finger is slightly wider than the length of the inner metatarsal tubercle. The subarticular tubercles are rounded, pale, but only slightly raised. The palm is covered with fine rounded indistinct tubercles. The hindlimb is long, with the tibia length 45% of the SUL. Spatulate discs are present on all toes, largest on the fourth and fifth toes. Inner and outer metatarsal tubercles are present, with the inner being 1.5 times as long as the outer. The back is smooth with many rounded glandular warts that extend on to the limbs; these glands similar to those found on the head but occur on the back at a lower density. The warts coalesce into large glands on the forearm, wrist and the upper surfaces of the fingers, tibia and upper surface of the foot, resembling the condition in Nectophrynoides viviparus. The ventral surface is smooth, except for a granular area on the lower belly and adjacent thigh (Channing and Stanley, 2002).

In alcohol the animal is reddish brown above with yellowish glands on eyelids and limbs. In life the back was a deep metallic yellow, this colour extending irregularly on to the forearms and thighs, and present in small patches on the upper distal surfaces of the limbs, and on the wrist and upper foot. The pigment on the limbs is a brighter yellow than on the back. The small rounded warts are reddish-brown, and stand out, figuratively and literally, above the shiny back. The eyelids are reddish, as is the canthus rostralis. The upper surfaces of the limbs not covered in yellow pigment are red topinkish. The irregular margins of the yellow pigment on the limbs resemble lichen. The top and sides of the snout are finely vermiculated in yellow. The upper jaw is cream, and the lower eye and sides of the snout are dark brown, overlaid with fine yellow vermiculations (Channing and Stanley, 2002). The eye is silvery gold with a horizontal pupil in life. Harper et al. (2010) report that males have a black dorsum with silvery vermiculations, and the limbs are red-orange in color.

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The omosternum is present, rounded and cartilaginous. The terminal phalanges are T-shaped and broadly expanded. There are seven presacral vertebrae. The sacrococcygeal articulation is fused, while the first two vertebrae are not fused. The frontoparietal and prootic are fused. The spenethmoid complex is ossified, and a palatine is present. No tympanum or columella is present. The pectoral girdle is arciferal. The epicoracoid cartilages are not fused. The frontoparietal is well ossified without a fontanelle. The sacral diapophyses are large (Channing and Stanley).

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Vomerine teeth are present in two very strong oblique series, narrowly separated in the middle with their outer extremeties touching the choanae. The head is significantly depressed, a little broader than long. Snout is obtusely pointed, as long as the orbit. Canthus rostralis is very obtuse, and loreal region is deeply grooved. Nostril is slightly closer to the tip of the snout than to the eye. Interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid. According to the original description (Boulenger, 1906), the tympanum is small and hidden, whereas Sabater-Pi (1985) reports that there is a very conspicuous tympanum with an average diameter of 0.5 cm and separated from the eye by approximately 5 cm. A lateral fold is present from the eye to the posterior portion of the tympanum. Fingers are rather short, obtuse, and bordered by a very distinct dermal fold. The first and second are equal, and the fourth is slightly shorter than the third. One large, ovular, flat subarticular tubercle is present under each finger. Toes are moderate; tips are dilated into small but very distinct discs, which are embraced by the very broad, full web. The second toe is the longest; this digit can be as long as 13 cm in specimens larger than 2.500 kg (Sabater-Pi, 1985). Subarticular tubercles on toes are also large, ovular, and flat. A flat, elliptical inner metatarsal tubercle, measuring 3.5 its distance from the end of the inner toe is present. There is no outer metatarsal tubercle. A strong dermal frige is present on the outer side of the fifth toe. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. The tibia is as long as the foot, and slightly more than half the length of the head and body.The skin is finely shagreened above, with small warts, especially on the sides. The upper surface of the thigh and tibia have narrow longitudinal, glandular folds. The throat and belly have small granules. A strong curved fold is present from the eye to the shoulder. The dorsum is dark olive-brown above with small, darker spots. Irregular cross-bars are present on the limbs. The hinder sides of the thighs are blackish, dotted with white. The venter is yellowish-white (Boulenger, 1906).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1d365917-fde4-464c-8a24-e1f0939061b2#morphology 234f8f09-85f6-4062-892a-aafd0ed13048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the description of Atelophryne minuta by Boulenger (1906), which was synonymized with Didynamipus sjostedti by Mertens (1965):

Snout is obtusely pointed, prominent, obliquely truncate, and as long as the eye. Canthus rostralis is angular, and the loreal region is vertical. Interorbital space is broader than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is hidden. Fingers and toes are obtuse. The third finger is twice as long as second. The first and fourth fingers and toes are rudimentary, and fifth toe absent.The third toe is two and a half times as long as the second. A very slight rudiment of webbing is present between the toes. Subarticular tubercles are very large, but feebly prominent. Two obtuse metatarsal tubercles are present. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout, or between the eye and the tip of the snout. The dorsum exhibits small smooth warts above, and the ventral skin is granular. Parotoids are absent. Dorsum is brown, with dark and lighter marblings. A dark streak is present under the canthus rostralis, sometimes continuing through the temporal region and along the side of the body, with or without a lighter streak above it. Venter is dirty white.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/906 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8b2a07f7-67da-4200-ae5d-5c24c5a6760b#morphology 4f9739c4-0635-4a5b-bfb2-c1fe9537f0fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It has a short and rounded snout, and the crown lacks bony ridges. The interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid. The typanum is distinct. According to Boulenger (1895), it measures two-thirds the diameter of the eye, while Baha el Din (2006) reports that it is approximately equal in length to the eye diameter. The first finger is longer than second. Hind limbs are short, and toes are one-third webbed. Single subarticular tubercles are present. Two moderate metatarsal tubercles and a tarsal fold are present. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye. Dorsum exhibits numerous flat, distinctly porous wart. Parotoids are prominent, oval, flat, and as long as their distance from the anterior border of the orbit. The venter is slightly granular. Males have an internal subgular vocal sac.

The dorsum is pale olive or olive gray with small black and light orange spots. Distinctive dark spots are also present below and slightly anterior to each eye. A dark canthal streak and a dark vertical bar may be present below the eye. The venter is whitish, and limbs have dark bands. The male subgular sac is white. According to Baha el Din (2006), juveniles are more brightly colored than their adult counterparts.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/908 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f534b078-71f1-49c5-a5ef-f4bcc3987749#morphology 06b83a3e-6b93-44ec-8849-c4b22df3264a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original description of the type specimen of Hildebrandtia macrotympanum, a single female, by Boulenger (1912):

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae, close to the inner borders of the latter. Head feebly depressed, much broader than long; snout rounded, as long as the orbit: canthus rostralis obtuse, loreal region concave; nostril a little nearer the eye than the end of the snout; interorbital space nearly as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, larger than the eye, Fingers extremely short, blunt, first and second equal; toes short, blunt, half webbed; sub-articular tubercles small; a Iarge, compressed, very prominent but not sharp-edged inner metatarsal tubercle, its length equalling that of the inner toe, Tarso·metatarsal articulation reaching the tympanum; tibia two·fifths the length of head and body. Skin smooth. Pale grayish brown above, with dark brown dots, and a dark brown band extending from the end of the snout, through the nostril and eye, to the groin, where it breaks up into spots, and expanding into a large blotch below the eye and on the temple; a brown line borders the upper lip; lower lip with large brown blotches; lower parts white, with a few brown dots on the throat.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/715 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f398472b-e363-4d9f-a591-2b0c171351e3#morphology d91276f5-a231-4e08-9190-25e391d8e55c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is a translation of the original description by Bocage (1879) by B. Zimkus:

Nearly the magnitude of our R. temporaria of Europe. Head as long as broad, slightly prominent nose, large tongue, scalloped backwards, two groups of vomerine teeth located at the inner corner of the open posterior nostrils separated by an interval nostrils equidistant from the tip of the snout and eye, tympanum distinct, less in diameter than the eye opening, no parotid or glandular folds on the back, finely granular skin above and below; hind limbs and toes moderately long, they meet at the base with a small webbing, the 4th toe much longer than the 3rd and 5th, which are equal, a prominent, flattened tuber on the inner edge of the metatarsal.

Dimensions. Head length 21 millimeters; trunk 45 m.; of forelimbs 33 m.; of hind limbs 98 m.

Coloration. It is very difficult to grasp, otherwise than by a figure, the quite complicated coloring system, of this beautiful species. On the head, its back, the middle part of the flanks and the upper legs are a tinge of green light that in alcohol tends to change to gray; the flanks, part of the side of the head and edges of the extremities are a pink-lilac; lower regions are a greenish-yellow, which is also found on the anus, the posterior thigh and the inside of legs a more lively ocher. Numerous, varied and symmetrical deep black spots present on back and sides, the dorsal surface of the limbs and throat; a wide band present from the end of the snout, through the eyeand ending on the angle of the jaw after passing the eardrum, which is also black; two spots forming an elongated chevron in the middle of the back behind the head, followed further back another pair of elongated spots; various spots on the flanks, spots and transverse bands on the limbs and finally an elongated spot on the center of the throat and two on each side form a pattern very characteristic. Palms and soles blackish.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/713 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0034935b-1c98-48ea-a3eb-5e3cdc231984#morphology fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Habit is moderately stout. Head is moderately small, snout is subacuminate, and mouth extends backwards beyond a vertical line from the posterior border of the eye. Interorbital space is slightly more than twice the width of the upper eyelid, anteriorly twice. Arms are somewhat bent inwards but not so markedly as in H. uluguruensis, and not so as to conceal the chest. This first finger is reduced, somewhat stump-like with a needlelike bone (prepollex) projecting from its truncated end. Second finger is much reduced, measuring half the length of the third (or less than half the length of third in paratype). All four fingers are unwebbed. The second, third and fourth fingers are broadened at the tips without actual disks. Well-developed tubercles are present beneath the fingers and toes. Toes (numbering five) are well developed and entirely free of webbing; second, third and fourth are broadened into squarish expansions at their tips. The first is very small, much less than half the length of second, the second is half the length of third, which is slightly longer than the fifth, the fourth is by far the longest. A very small, flat, ill-defined, inconspicuous, inner metatarsal tubercle is present. The hind limbs are well developed. The tibio-tarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb just reaches the eye (also in all the paratypes, which are males). Skin is perfectly smooth above and below except for minute spines on the back and larger ones on the lips, throat, and limbs; those on the tibia near the knee are exceptionally large. A large group of spines surrounds the first finger and extends backwards almost to the elbow; a small group of eleven spines on the inner aspect of the fore arm close to its base, a larger group of about forty spines on the chest close to, but separated from, its fellow on the other side (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

In life, the dorsum of this species is slate blue, shading to blue-grey peripherally. A black band commences at the tip of snout, bounds the upper lip, envelops eye, passes over forelimb and broadens out on the side, narrows again at hind limb and terminates on thigh at knee. The following transverse black bans are present: two on the thighs, two on the tibia, one on tibio-tarsal articulation and two on foot. The rest of the upper surface of the limbs are blue-grey. Venter is black, vermiculated with white that is slightly tinged with blue. The ground colour of the forelimbs and thighs are brown rather than black. The glands on forearm and breast of males are blue (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

In alcohol, the dorsum of the holotype is greyish to black in color, with lighter patches on the flanks and limbs. Several well-defined dark bands are present on the thighs, tibiae and feet. Venter is white, vermiculated with dark brown (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f160609b-dc83-4a91-bd9b-66e7f5e3ad30#morphology fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Clavicle and procoracoids are absent. Omosternum is reduced to a mere cartilaginous nodule. Coracoids are well developed, bony, united by cartilage on the median line. A small, cartilaginous, expanded metasternum is present. Sacral diapophyses are very well dilated. Terminal phalanges T-shaped.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0864801-ea55-4398-92b3-b5263b7aa6d2#morphology 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Habit is moderately stout and small. Snout is subacuminate, and the mouth extends backwards beyond a vertical line from the posterior border of thfe eye. Interorbital space is three times the width of the upper eyelid, anteriorly a little more than twice. Arms (after preserved) are permanently bent inwards close to breast. The position of first finger is indicated only by a swelling, the second a sllightly shorter than fourth and a little more than half as long as the third. All three fingers are unwebbed and broadened at the tips without actual disks. Toes (five) are well developed and free of webbing. First toe is about half the length of second, which is half the length of the third; third is slightly longer than fifth, fourth is much longer than the rest. A very small, flat, ill-defined, inconspicuous, inner metatarsal tubercle is present. Hind limb is well developed. The tibio-tarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb just reaches the posterior border of the eye. Skin is perfectly smooth above and below but covered with minute papillary tubercles dorsally. Numerous small tubercles border both the upper and lower lips, the region between mouth and forearm and the anterior part of the chest. A rosette of spines with nine points is present on either side of the chest, which is normally hidden by the forearms. A group of three spines is present on the site of the first finger (prepollex region), and adjacent to it on the back of the second finger (first functional finger) is another group of five spines. On the outer aspect of the tibia and foot are additional spines, about thirty-two on tibia and sixteen on the foot. These characters are sexual, and absent in the female (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).


In life, dorsum is black, finely speckled with silvery white. One paratype had a bright, pale green dorsum with hind limbs of orange-brown; two others were dark olive-green, and yet another a reddish, almost orange, brown (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). A series os speckles along the vertebral line almost confluent giving the appearance of a fine dorsal line; a similar line on each side from snout over eye along the side to hind limb. A black band, light-edged on both sides, obliquely crosses the thigh, and continues across tibia and foot (these black bands are not always visible on the limbs as they show only if darker than the body colour). Some white dots on the sides of the face are very conspicuous. Venter is brownish-black with silvery specklings, mostly on chin and throat (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

In alcohol, dorsum is brownish-black with a purplish bloom and indistinct light specks; a concentration of these forms a fine vertebral line, an uninterrupted irregular light lateral line from eye to knee of hind limb. A dark band is bordered on both sides by lighter, crosses the thigh obliquely and is continued on tibia. Venter is grey-brown, spotted with lighter on throat and with whitish vermiculations elsewhere (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 115015bf-ea24-4c5a-a7c2-e968d731c34b#morphology 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Clavicle is represented by a minute moon-shaped nodule just mesial of the acromion process. Procoracoids are present as a thin cartilaginous bar in both sexes of uluguruensis. Omosternum is reduced to a mere cartilaginous nodule. Coracoids are well developed, bony, united by cartilage on the median line. A small, cartilaginous, expanded metasternum is present. Sacral diapophyses are very well dilated. Terminal phalanges T-shaped (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f67e2e5d-a077-4ed6-8dce-dd3277c5eee3#morphology 63e728fb-8f61-4858-9df8-8f4a9ef0ca2c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original description by Hallowell (1856):

Rana albolabris, nob. Char. Head triangular, depressed above ; snout slightly rounded ; eyes prominent ; nostrils latero-superior, two lines apart ; openings for the internal nares small and subcircular ; between them two converging lines of vomerine teeth ; eustachian foramina larger than the openings of the internal nares ; tongue obcordate, attached in front, free at the sides, notched posteriorly ; back more or less granulated ; a raised and well marked lateral fold on each side, extending from the posterior margin of the eye to the extremity of the coccyx ; tympanum circular, of moderate size, fingers free ; subarticular tubercles distinct ; base of toe much swollen ; toe and first finger of equal length, third about a line longer than the fourth ; anterior extremities moderately robust ; posterior also webbed, extending to the distal extremity of the antepenultimate phalanx in all the toes except the fourth, in which it extends to the proximal extremity of the same phalanx ; subarticular tubercles of toes less developed than those of fingers. Coloration. Dark brown above, with obscure transverse bars of a deeper color upon posterior extremities ; anterior extremities blotched with darker brown ; a white stripe extending from the extremity of the snout, beneath the eye, and tympanum as far as the anterior extremity ; a small white spot above the shoulder, which appears to be constant, and in several of the specimens a row of smaller white spots along the sides irregularly disposed. In two of the specimens the back presents a marked tinge of olive ; the brown upon the side of the head is somewhat deeper than upon the back, resembling in this respect the Rana sylvatica, Le Conte, of which indeed it may be considered the representative in West Africa. Under parts whitish, more or less mingled with brown ; in some specimens the brown very greatly predominates ; under surface of thighs more or less spotted with brown. Dimensions. Length of head 9 lines, greatest breadth 8 lines ; length of head, neck and body 1 inch 10 lines to 2 inches 1 line; length of posterior extremities 3 inches 2 lines ; of anterior 1 inch 3 lines ; length of longest toe 9 lines ; of longest finger 5 1/2. Habitat. W. Africa. Four specimens presented by M. Duchaillu. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/843 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44390a60-ccf6-4245-8fb1-d00d36a9f506#morphology 4cb797de-820e-4c93-95e1-fcccd0c1878c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The holotype, an adult male in breeding condition, has a head width of 18.4 mm, approximately one third of SVL, and head length of 21.7 mm. The eye diameter is 6.8 mm, slightly smaller than the diameter of the tympanum (7.3 mm). The interorbital distance (6.5 mm) nearly equals the eye diameter; the eye-snout distance is 10.1 mm. The nostril is closer to the snout (3.9 mm) than to eye (5.6 mm). The canthus rostralis distinct and sharply protruding, and the loreal region is concave. A distinct yellowish lip extends posterior to the angle of mouth. The back and head are a uniform beige-brown, densely covered with round tubercles. The surface of the skin is shagreened with larger tubercles present on the back and upper part of flanks and smaller tubercles on the head, eyelids and dorsal part of the yellowish lip, border of the tympanum and loreal region, the dorsolateral ridges, the upper parts of hind legs and upper arm. Lower parts of flanks and extremities are regularly and densely covered with much smaller spinules. The dorsolateral ridges are distinct and protruding, stretching to the groin. The flanks are dark brown to black on the dorsal half, and the ventral half are marbled in dark grey and yellowish-olive. The arms are nearly a uniform dark olive. There are black glands on anterior part of upper arms (6.5 mm long). The long and thin fingers have very small discs and are without webbing. The finger formula is as follows: 1>2<3>4. Large nuptial pads are present on the external sides of thumbs, almost same colour as rest of the finger. The hind legs are slightly darker than back with indistinct black bars on thighs (5-6) and tibia (2). The femur (29.7 mm) is half of the SVL; the tibia (32.1 mm) is slightly longer than half SVL. The foot, including the longest toe measures 49.1 mm. There is a distinct inner and outer metatarsal tubercle; the outer is much larger and elongated, and the inner one is round. The toes are long and slender with slightly pointed tips that are not enlarged to discs. The webbing formula is as follows: 1 (0), 2 i/e (1-0), 3 i/e (1-0), 4 i/e (1.75), 5 (0). The outer part of toe 5 has a skin fringe covered with spinules. Webbing is dark grey. The ventral surface appears smooth but bears minute spinules; the belly and lower parts of thighs are granular. The throat is dirty dark brown, and there are no traces of vocal sacs. The breast is yellowish brown and belly is beige. Lower parts of the hind legs are yellowish-brown, and the sides have small brown spots.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/840 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 df0d7698-09bf-42cd-977a-1bad78546ff3#morphology 4acf92d0-30c3-4495-a10f-920373605b6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is very similar to H. boettgeri, except that the fingers and toes are fully webbed to the tips. Both dorsum and venter are uniformly blackish-brown (Boulenger, 1906).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/688 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8a1d2b74-70b9-4647-864c-1156b76833f8#morphology 2492ded4-732c-4346-908f-7a74eb933f96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original description of Hyperolius reticulatus by Günther (1865), which was synonymized with H. guttulatus:

Snout broad, rather depressed, of moderate length, somewhat truncated in front, with the loreal region flat and vertical. Tympanum small, but distinct; tongue heart-shaped, notched behind. Limbs of moderate length; fingers one-third, toes two-thirds webbed. Upper parts smooth; belly finely granulated. All the upper parts densely covered with round white spots, as large as the eye, and
separated from one another by the brown ground-colour, which appears as a regular network. Femur entirely colourless.
Length of body 15 lines
Length of hind limb 23 lines
Distance between vent and heel 13 lines
Length of fore limb 9 lines

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1357 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0a16754e-6882-4c96-8648-8e277a1b0a66#morphology 15a9fa61-d43a-4e19-b5b9-6c3f08d8f58c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original description by Günther (1865):

Snout much produced, acutely pointed. with the canthus rostralis angular, and the loreal region flat; diameter of the eye more than half as long as the snout; tympanum hidden; tongue deeply notched;
limbs slender; fingers slightly, toes half webbed. Upper parts smooth; belly faintly granulated. Reddish white, with more or less numerous brown dots on the head and back.

Length of body: 11.5 lines
Length of hind limb: 17.5 lines
Distance between vent and heel: 11.5 lines
Length of fore limb: 8 lines

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1443 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e04e250-8a73-4a46-af1f-add88d0187a6#morphology 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Head is slightly longer than broad. Snout is rounded, slightly projecting, longer than the orbital diameter (reckoning snout from anterior border of eye). Canthus rostralis is distinct but rounded; loreal region is vertical, very slightly concave. Interorbital space is twice as broad as upper eyelid (one and a half times in some female paratypes). Transverse orbital diameter equals the distance from the anterior border of the eye to the nostril, also the distance between the nasal openings (or longer than the internasal distance in some female paratypes). Tympanum is hidden. Fingers and toes are moderate, dilated at their tips. Fingers are about two-thirds webbed, the web extending to the base of the disk of the outer finger, to the last joint but one on both sides of the third finger, between the last joint but one and the distal joint of the second, to the last joint but one of the first. Toes are fully webbed, that is to say, to the bases, or almost to the base of the disks. The tibio-tarsal joint of the adpressed hind limb reaches the end of the snout in the type (usually the eye, or between eye and nostril in all female paratypes). Skin is smooth above and below except on the breast, belly, and thighs, where it is granular. One or two hardly distinguishable granules are present at the commissure of the mouth. In the paratypes, the interorbital space is from one and a half to twice as broad as the upper eyelid. Fingers are only half webbed. Tibio-tarsal articulation of the adpressed hind hmb reaches to the eye, or slightly beyond. The skin of the gular disk is markedly granular (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

Colour of the holotype in life: Dorsum is uniform greyish-white on head, back, tibia, and outside edge of foot. A black speck is present on the snout. Nostrils are ringed with black. Edge of upper eyelid is black, and an indefinite broad cream-coloured stripe is presen on the side with a broad black one below it. Thighs are flesh-pink or blood-red. Lower lips are tipped with blood-red, throat is white and rest of the under surface blood-red (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

In alcohol, the seven female paratypes exhibit a gradation from light to dark on the backs; two specimens (23 and 26 mm. long), which are very pale above and show no pink, have a light canthal band of the argus type, passing through the eye to some distance along the flank. There is a very slight concentration of black pigment above and below this colourless line. The remaining six (25 to 28 mm. in length and which are breeding females) do not show any light canthal band, but its place is taken by a dark spot around the nostril and another spot behind the eye, which exhibit a tendency to develop with age until they almost meet to form a very black canthal streak. There is also an isolated broad black lateral band of a different character, being subdermal rather than superficial like the nasal spots. The colourless thighs and feet still appear very pinkish in alcohol a year after being collected. The smallest male (20 mm.) is also pallid and without any pink on limbs, and shows a light canthal band combined with heavy pigmentation around the nostrils, with the pigmentation extending along the flank. The four remaining males (23 to 26 mm.) are like the adult females in having a dark ring round the nostrils which may unite with the black postocular spot to form a rich black canthal band. No. 13265 alone has a corresponding black, or sepia, spot on each elbow and knee, and a pair of them above the anal opening. The throat of the juvenile male is immaculate white; those of the others heavily speckled with black on the gular disk and usually, but not invariably, on the lips as well (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4e95ec5d-c3a2-4740-8c75-0176ecea6a20#morphology 2baa120f-f738-4648-b6ab-b6387e3aac88 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the original description by Roux (1906):

Habit slender. Head moderate, as long as broad. Snout short, scarcely prominent, obliquely truncate, quite as long as the eye; canthus strong; loreal region vertical, slightly concave in the uppepart. Interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Tympanum exposed, vertically oval, about one-third the diameter of tbe eye, The distance between the anterior border of the tympanum and the posterior corner of the eye equal to half the distance between the anterior corner of the latter and the nostril. Fore limb slender, equal in length to the distance between vent and tympanum. Fingers moderate, much depressed, webbed at the base, dilated and truncate at the end, first a little shorter than second. The hind limb being carried forward along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the posterior border of the eye. Toes half-webbed, but the three distal phalanges of the fourth toe free. The tips of the toes less stlrongly dilated than those of the fingers . Subarticular tubercles well marked. Two well-developed metatarsal tubercles, the inner the larger. Skin of the upper party of the body and limbs covered with numerous small warts, irregularly distributed; the largest situated behind the tympanum and on the middle of the back; beneath feebly granulate. The granulations are visible on the posterior part of the belly and on the under part of the thighs, and disappear on the throat.

Brown above, with darker markings, especially two pairs on the back: one between the fore limbs, the other on the sacral region. A large lateral dark band from the eye, surrounding the tympanum, which is lighter in colour, and extending on each side of the body. A dark streak from the end of the snout passing below the canthus rostralis, through the eye, and above the tympanum to the commissure of the mouth. Loreal region brown; a light spot below the eye between yellowish-brown parts of the upper lip. Limbs brownish in colour, with darker markings arranged in indistinct large cross bars. Sides of the body below the dark lateral band lighter than the back, more or less speckled with dark brown. Sometimes a yeliowish-brown vertebral stripe extending along the middle of the back, from snout to vent. Beneath entirely white or with a few small dark spots on the
throat and belly.

Dimensions.-From snout to vent, 27 mm.; hind limb, 38; fore limb, 20; length of head, 9; breadth of head, 9.5.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/884 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cbd8b4dc-9340-4de7-96ff-aa2886c8c4e8#morphology 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This medium sized Nectophrynoides exhibits slender limbs. Tympanum and tympanic annulus are easily discernible. Parotoid glands are present as a discrete raised elongated mass from the angle formed by the squamosal and prootic to the scapular region. Snout is short. Nostrils closer to the snout tip than eye and situated laterally. Canthus rostralis is slightly concave. Eye pupil is horizontal, and eyes prominent and visible ventrally. Trace of web is present on hands; two phalanges of fifth toe are free of main webbing, three and half of fourth toe free on outer side, four free on inner side. Tips of fingers and toes are rounded, not expanded or truncated. Two subequal metatarsal tubercles are present on feet. The body skin is completely covered by coni with scattered glandular humps surmounted by small clear spines on eyelids, tympanic area, body sides and limbs, but almost absent from body dorsum and head. The tibia/foot ratio in the type series varies between 0.89 to 1.00 (mean 0.93 ± 0.04; (Menegon et al., 2004).

In preservative the body appears always bicoloured, with sides darker than dorsum. The pale brown colour appearance is the result of a mixture of a very pale surface together with very small condensations of melanophores. A light maxillary patch is usually present and may be conspicuous. Outer edge of parotoid glands is darkened. A clearly raised glandular ridge on outer margin of eyelids is discernible. There is almost always a fine dark mid dorsal vertebral line from snout to urostyle present (Menegon et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 61661187-f8dc-4e2e-91c6-a959c58330b2#morphology 41251ba4-d3aa-4f51-ab8f-05e04bdc3985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Habit is moderately stout. Head is small; mouth is rather small, extending backwards a little beyond an imaginary vertical line from the middle of the eye. Interorbital space is twice the width of the upper eyelid. First finger is shorter than the second, which is half the length of the third and slightly shorter than the fourth. Webbing is absent on the hands, and digit tips are not dilated. Well-developed subarticular tubercles are present beneath the fingers and toes. Toes are entirely free of webbing. First toe is very small, about half the length of second, and second is more than half the length of the third, which projects beyond the fifth. The forth being by far the longest. Toes tips are not expanded. A strongly developed, rounded, almost spade-like, inner metatarsal tubercle is present, and almost equally strong outer tubercle, measuring two-thirds the length of the inner metatarsal tubercle, is present. Hind limbs are rather short. The tibiotarsal articulation barely reaches the axilla when adpressed. Skin is perfectly smooth above and below without trace of spinosities; however, is is covered with many short rugose folds (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

In life, the dorsum of this species is slate blue, shading to blue-grey peripherally. A black band commences at the tip of snout, bounds the upper lip, envelops eye, passes over forelimb and broadens out on the side, narrows again at hind limb and terminates on thigh at knee. The following transverse black bans are present: two on the thighs, two on the tibia, one on tibio-tarsal articulation and two on foot. The rest of the upper surface of the limbs are blue-grey. Venter is black, vermiculated with white that is slightly tinged with blue. The ground colour of the forelimbs and thighs are brown rather than black. The glands on forearm and breast of males are blue (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

In alcohol, the dorsum is purplish-grey, and flanks are darker. Dark purplish blotches are present on a greyish ground of the fore and hind limbs and digits. A white bar is present from the eye to base of fore limb. Venter is white, blotched and spotted with dark brown (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/896 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f7e3d60c-97c5-485e-9dc1-0bc36d0ab1ef#morphology 41251ba4-d3aa-4f51-ab8f-05e04bdc3985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Parhoplophryne usambarica differs from those species of Hoplophryne by the presence of a clavicle (Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/896 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5567a471-2bff-4f83-8fd3-64965b5d0071#morphology fdc88bc5-d5eb-4da7-bd77-5c87832751a2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large-sized Petropedetes with a robust body. The mean head width in males is 40% of the SUL, in females it is 39%. Snout in lateral view is generally rounded and obtuse. Canthus rostralis is distinct but slightly rounded; loreal region is concave. Eye diameter is approximately 1.5 times the eye-nose distance. The nose is closer to the snout tip than to the eye. The tympanum is distinct and usually flattened on upper and lower border of tympanum (tympanum / eye in males: 0.97–1.19, in females: 0.49–0.85). The tympanum is surrounded by minuscule white warts. The tympanic papilla is broad and fleshy with oval basis and is located close to upper border of tympanum papilla. The supratympanic fold is distinct. Fingers are slender, generally with T-shaped fingertips. Relative length of fingers is as follows: III > IV > II > I. Manual subarticular tubercles are single. Manual webbing is absent. Palmar tubercle and thenar tubercle are present. Males exhibit strongly developed forearm hypertrophy, a carpal spike, spinosities on the throat, upper lips and forearms, and fewer spinosities on dorsolateral parts of flanks. Larger warts are found on the flanks, and larger longitudinal warts present are on dorsum, in some specimens arranged in lines. The ventral skin is smooth. Mean femur length in males is 51% of SUL, in females about 53%. Mean tibia length in males is 60% of SUL, in females about 62%. Mean foot length in males is 80% of SUL, in females 82%. The upper hind limbs are moderately slender. The lower hind limbs have very small femoral glands (smallest in genus), of similar size in both sexes (femoral gland / femur in males: 0.12–0.21, in females: 0.10–0.16). Relative length of toes is as follows: IV > III > V > II > I. Webbing is rudimentary: 1 (1) 2 (1-1) 3 (2-2) 4 (3-3) 5 (2) (Barej et al. 2010).

Dorsum is brown-black or almost uniformly marbled brown-olive. A thin white band is present between eyes, partly proceeded posteriorly by broader dark band. The femora have dark spots, divided by thin pale lines; the lines continue on the lower legs. Venter is whitish. Femoral glands are coloured pale orange or brown, as hind legs. In preservative, the dorsum is uniform, mainly blackish-grey, and the belly is whitish with minuscule spots (less dense than in other species). The throat is dark or whitish with darker pigments in males, of same colour as belly or slightly darker pigmented in females (Barej et al. 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1517 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 50031fba-e4ce-4166-898d-89f2518e476e#morphology a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized Petropedetes with a slender body shape. A conical papilla is present on the tongue; vomerine teeth are in two slightly oblique series behind the the line of the choanae. The snout is rounded to slightly pointed in lateral view. Canthus rostralis is sharp. Loreal region is concave. The nostrils are closer to snout-tip than to eye (Boulenger, 1887). Mean head width in males is about 41% of SUL, in females about 38%; eye diameter about 1.5 times eye-narial distance (Barej et al., 2010). A distinct, round tympanum is present, which is smaller than the eye in both sexes (tympanum / eye in males: 0.49–0.63; in females: 0.45–0.48). The tympanic papilla of breeding males is close to upper border of tympanum and is comparatively slim. A supratympanic fold is present and distinct. Fingers are slender with T-shaped fingertips. The relative length of fingers is as follows: III > IV > II >I. Manual subarticular tubercles are single; palmar tubercle and thenar tubercle are also present. Manual webbing is absent. Forearm hypertrophy is weakly developed. Carpal spikes are present in males, and spinosities are found on the upper arm, throat and breast. A few minuscule spines are preesnt on supratympanal gland. Dorsal skin is granular and covered in small warts; fewer larger warts are arranged in more or less longitudinal rows on the dorsum, and the flanks exhibit few large warts. The ventral skin is smooth. Mean femur length in males is 53% of SUL, in females about 51%. Mean tibia length in both sexes is 61% of SUL. Mean foot length in males is 79% of SUL, in females 78%. Pedal subarticular tubercles are single and according to Boulenger (1887), rather feeble and oval in shape. Hind limbs are slender. Femoral glands are very large in males; these are larger and more prominent in males than in females (femoral gland /femur length in males: 0.28–0.46, in females: 0.25–0.27). Relative length of toes is as follows: IV > III > V > II > I. Webbing is rudimentary with the following formula: 1 (1) 2 (1-1) 3 (2-2) 4 (3-3) 5 (2) (Barej et al., 2010).

According to Amiet (1973) the tympanic papilla is shorter than the tympanum diameter and thickened at its tip, but Barej et al. (2010) state that this character is hard to verify in preserved specimens, as the papilla is then often shrunken. Amiet (1983) remarked that skin on throat and basis of the arms is smooth, showing no trace of spinosities, but this observation was not consistent with some specimens examined by Barej et al. (2010).

Dorsum is brownish with small dark spots, marking larger warts. The color on the flanks is the same as the back, often with larger spots than on back. Iris is speckled with gold and silver. Throat is marbled blackish. Belly is whitish with minuscule dark speckles (recognizable only under the microscope). Hind limbs dorsally with large spots that are almost bar-like dark. Femoral glands are bright orange in males. Color after preservation is as in life, but color is pale. Boulenger (1888) mentioned a dark interorbital bar; Barej et al. (2010) noted that this bar was often incomplete.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6bf3773a-91e4-41b8-9f9a-b10f3bf48833#morphology b9b20f5d-8490-4814-9284-ae7b56ac01ca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tongue is rather feebly notched behind, without conical papilla. Vomerine teeth are in two small groups close together behind the level of the choanae. Head is strongly depressed, a little broader than long. Snout is rounded, shorter than the orbit, with obtuse canthus rostralis and nearly vertical, concave loreal region. Interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid. Tympanum is moderately distinct, barely half the diameter of the eye. Fingers are moderately elongate, much depressed, with large, cordiform terminal disks. First finger is shorter than the second. Toes are rather short, broadly webbed to the disks, which are a slightly smaller than those of the fingers. Subarticular and inner metatarsal tubercles are feebly prominent. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches to between the eye and the tip of the snout. The tibia is half as long as the head and body. The foot is about two-fifths the length of the head and body. Dorsum is covered with round granules intermixed with elongate warts. Ventral parts are smooth. Males have an internal vocal sac, a sharp tooth-like process at the symphysial extremity of each ramus of the mandible, and a more or less distinct large oval gland on the lower side of the thigh. Dorsum is olive-brownwith round darker spots on the body. Cross-bars are present on the limbs. Ventral parts are brown (Boulenger, 1905).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1523 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#morphology 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the original description by Boulenger (1905):

Tongue is rather feebly notched behind, with a conical papilla in the middle. Vomerine teeth are in two short transverse or oblique series behind the level of the choanae. Head is strongly depressed, as long as broad. Snout is obtusely pointed, a little shorter than the orbit, with obtuse cathus rostralis and a very oblique, concave loreal region. The interorbital space is narrower than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is rather indistinct, about one third the diameter of the eye. Fingers are rather elongate, with large, cordiform terminal disks. The first finger is shorter than second. The toes are moderately elongate, webbed to the discs, which are a little smaller than those of the fingers. Subarticular and inner metatarsal tubercles are feebly prominent. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches beyond the tip of the snout. The tibia is three-fifths to two-thirds as long as head and body. The foot is nearly half as long as head and body.

--

Mean head width in males is about 41% of SUL, in females about 37%. Eye diameter is about 1.7 times eye-narial distance. Tympanum is very small and indistinct (tympanum / eye in males: 0.18–0.23, in females: 0.20–0.25). Tympanic papilla is absent. A supratympanic fold is present and distinct. Fingers are slender, with typically T-shaped fingertips. The relative length of fingers are as follows: III > IV > II > I. Manual subarticular tubercles are single. Manual webbing is absent. Palmar tubercle and thenar tubercles are present; palmar tubercle may be indistinct. Forearm hypertrophy is moderately developed in males. Carpal spike is present in males. Spinosities cover the entire body. Skin structure is heterogeneous with some larger warts on the flanks and back, otherwise skin texture on flanks and dorsum is similar. Ventral skin is more granular than in other species. Mean femur length in males is 53% of SUL, in females 51%. Mean tibia length in males is 58% of SUL, in females 57%. Mean foot length in males is 73% of SUL, in females 72%. Upper hind limbs of moderate size. Lower hind limbs are slender. Femoral glands larger in males than in females (femoral gland / femur length in males: 0.26–0.38, in females: 0.22–0.31) Relative length of toes is as follows: IV > III > V > II > I. Toes are fully webbed (Barej et al., 2010).

Skin is shagreened or glandular above with a more or less distinct glandular line along the middle of the head and body. The ventral parts are smooth. Males exhibit an internal vocal sacs and a well-defined large oval gland on the lower side of the thigh. Dorsum is dark olive, spotted or marbled with darker and lighter. Limbs have broad, dark and narrow, light cross-bars. Venter is whitish (Boulenger, 1905). According to Lamotte et al. (1959) adults are of a glossy black colour in life, and therefore hard to find between stones.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1522 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5984543b-ba52-4bb6-8c3a-01d52f9b7084#morphology ea940e5f-8027-497a-9db3-af5833096412 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large-sized Petropedetes with a robust body. Mean head width in males is approximately 44% of SUL, in females about 42%. Snout in lateral view is short and rounded. Canthus rostralis is slightly rounded but distinct. Loreal region is concave. Eye diameter is approximately 1.3 times the eye-narial distance. Nostril is closer to the snout-tip than to eye. The tympanum is usually larger than eye in males and is always smaller in females (tympanum / eye in males: 0.73-1.39, in females: 0.60–0.89). The supratympanic fold is distinct. Fingers are slender with T-shaped tips. Relative length of fingers is as follows: III > IV > II > I. Manual subarticular tubercles are single. A palmar tubercle and thenar tubercle are present; the palmar tubercle may be indistinct. Dorsum with smaller warts than flanks, and a few larger, elongated warts are present on the dorsum. The ventral skin is smooth. The femora are long; mean femur length in males are 50% of SUL, in females 51%. The mean foot length in both sexes is 74% of SUL. The upper hind limbs are of moderate width, and the lower hind limbs are slender. Relative length of toes is as follows: IV > III > V > II > I. Webbing is rudimentary with the following formula: 1 (1) 2 (1-1) or 2 (1.25-1) 3 (2-2) 4 (3-3) 5 (2). The tympanic papilla in males is broad and fleshy with oval basis and is closer to upper border than centre of tympanum. Forearm hypertrophy is strongly developed in males. A carpal spike is present in males. Spinosities are well-developed on the throat and forearms, and they are scattered on the flanks and dorsum in males. Femoral glands are small in both sexes; these glands are slightly bigger in males (femoral gland / femur in males: 0.18–0.27, in females: 0.16–0.22; Barej et al., 2010).

Dorsum and flanks are olive or brownish and dark marbled with diffuse brown-olive spots. The throat is dirty whitish and can be darker than belly, which is whitish and slightly translucent. Femora and lower legs have large darker spots divided by thin, bright transversal bars. The ventral surfaces of the limbs are whitish or pale greenish. Iris is golden with white-green shades. Femoral glands are the same color as the hind limbs: pale orange or greenish. Coloration in preservation is similar to that in life: dorsum is uniform brown; belly is whitish, with minuscule speckles (only recognizable under microscope); throat is dirty whitish or pale brown (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1515 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0213af3f-75d4-49ac-b5a6-c26ebe436248#morphology 1f151ad0-b597-481f-a90a-43c7b34466ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium sized Petropedetes with a slender body. Females are slightly larger than males (SUL in males: 29.4–42.6 mm, in females 32.2–48.5 mm); the mean head width in males is approximately 40% of SUL, in females about 38%. The snout is rounded in lateral view, and the canthus rostralis distinct but slightly rounded. The loreal region is concave. The eye diameter is about 1.7 times the eye-nose distance. The nose is closer to snout tip than to eye. There is a distinct, round tympanum that is smaller or almost equal to eye in males and smaller in females (tympanum / eye in males: 0.77–1.06, in females: 0.47–0.71). The tympanum is encircled with minuscule white warts, and a tympanic papilla is positioned in the centre of tympanum. The supratympanic fold is distinct. Fingers are slender, with typically T-shaped fingertips. The relative length of fingers are as folows: III > IV > II > I. Manual subarticular tubercles are singular. Manual webbing is absent. A palmar tubercle and thenar tubercle are present; the palmar tubercle is sometimes indistinct. Males exhibit the following characteristics: moderate forearm hypertrophy, carpal spikes, spinosities on inner side of arms and forearms (not on throat). The skin texture is heterogeneous on dorsum and flanks, while the ventral skin is smooth. Mean femur length in males are about 53% of SUL, in females about 51%. Mean tibia length in males are 58% of SUL, in females 56%, and mean foot length in males 75% of SUL and 73% in females. Upper and lower hind limbs are moderate. Femoral glands are distinct, but flat in both sexes. Glands are larger and slightly more prominent in males (femoral gland / femur length in males: 0.24–0.41, in females: 0.18–0.28). The relative length of toes is as follows: IV > III > V > II > I. Toes are fully webbed (Barej et al., 2010).

Dorsum is marbled brownish or greenish with black parts or more or less uniformly dark. Dorsum is speckled with white minuscule spots. The iris speckled with gold and green. and larger warts on flanks can be coloured brighter than surrounding parts. Legs are darker than dorsum. Belly is whitish, and the throat whitish or marbled with dark. Femoral glands exhibit dark marbling; femora above have large dark spots (almost bars), continuing on lower legs. In preservation the dorsum is mainly uniform brownish or black with very small white spots, and the belly is yellowish (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1514 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51815546-aa98-44e5-aeaf-d0c3aabbd8b7#morphology c10ad5c4-67b3-44f8-8a5f-85775fc7166c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium sized Petropedetes with a compact body. Mean head width in males is 41% of SUL, and in females it is 39%. Snout is generally rounded in lateral view. Canthus rostralis is sharp. Loreal region is concave. Eye diameter is aprroximately 1.6 times the eye-narial distance. Nostrils are closer to snout tip than to eye. Tympanum is distinct and larger than the eye in males, smaller in females (tympanum/eye in males: 0.86–1.13, in females: 0.48–0.68); tympanum is usually flattened on upper and lower border. The tympanic papilla is closer to the center than to upper border. The tympanic papilla is broad and fleshy. The tympanum is surrounded by minuscule white warts. The supratympanic fold is distinct. Fingers are slender, with T-shaped fingertips. The relative length of fingers are as follows: III>IV>II>I. Manual subarticular tubercles are single. Manual webbing is absent. Palmar tubercle and thenar tubercle are present. Forearm hypertrophy is well developed in males. Carpal spikes present in males. Spinosities are present on throat, forearms, as well as on almost every wart on flanks and dorsum. Dorsal skin is predominantly uniform with small regularly scattered warts, a few larger, partly linearly arranged warts present. Granules on flanks are larger than on dorsum. Structure of ventral skin is smooth. Mean femur length in males is 53% of SUL, in females about 51%. Mean tibia length in both sexes is 60% of SUL. Mean foot length in both sexes is 76% of SUL. Upper hind limbs are of moderate width; lower hind limbs are slender. Femoral glands are more prominent in males, while in females the glands can be indistinct. Gland values of the two sexes overlap, which can be misleading without the relation of tympanum to eye diameter (femoral gland /femur length in males: 0.16–0.40, in females: 0.21–0.29). Relative length of toes is as follows: IV>III>V>II>I. Webbing is rudimentary with the following formula: 1 (1), 2 (1-1), 3 (2-2), 4 (3-3), 5 (2) (Barej et al., 2010).

In life, the dorsum is marbled in brown, green and whitish. Larger warts are present on dorsum and are usually dark in colour. The iris is whitish-golden. Hind limbs have large dark spots, similar to transverse bars; the large transverse bars are divided by thin light lines. The large bars and thin light thin lines may continue on the lower leg. The throat in most specimens is dark, although it can be whitish with dark pigments. The belly is usually whitish. Femoral glands are yellowish or orange. Coloration after preservation is as in life, but pale. Dorsum is generally brown and belly whitish with minuscule black speckles that are recognizable only under a microscope (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1513 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a696eaaf-3c82-481c-84b0-5e83bb89902e#morphology bc285b82-46e3-4042-91c1-dd3f202a98ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Vomerine teeth are in two small groups just behing the level of the choanae. Head is slightly broader than long; snout is rounded, as long as the diameter of the eye. Interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid. Tympanum is two fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers are rather long, free, with large disks (as large as the tympanum). Toes are half webbed, and discs are slightly smaller than those of the fingers. The inner metatarsal tubercle is small, oval in shape and feebly prominent. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin is smooth on dorsum and granular on the belly and under the thighs. Dorsum is brown with or without small black spots. Groin is marbled with black and yellow. Upper surface of arm and thigh, and inner surface of tibia are more or less regularly barred with black and yellow. Venter is brownish in color. Males exhibit two black external gular vocal sacs, and a small gular disk between them (Boulenger, 1906).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1497 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3af821b8-aa5b-4a95-95a2-e2e569fe05cb#morphology fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This small species has moderately warty skin. The average index head width / SVL is 0.31 ± 0.04 (N = 16). A prominent eyelid spine is present. The tympanum is very small and barely discernible. A distinct supratympanal fold is present. Tips of fingers and toes are not enlarged into discs. Manual webbing is absent, and only rudimentary pedal webbing is present on the feet with 3-4 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV. A small inner metatarsal tubercle, an outer metatarsal tubercle, and a tarsal tubercle are present. Males have single subgular vocal sacs.

The frogs are usually uniform olive to light brown, and warts may have darker borders. Some animals have a vertebral band starting behind the eyes that is almost invariably red with yellow or orange borders. A rarer morphotype includes frogs with a red transverse band on the back, and in some specimens, two bands form a cross on the back. The thighs either lack any pattern, or they bear 1–2 dark transverse bands. The posterior parts of the thighs never bear a light longitudinal line. A feebly marked black lateral stripe may be present on the flanks. Many animals have dark bars on the edges of their lower jaws. The vocal sac of the male is dark violet to black. The throats of the female bear some marginal dark spots. The breast, flanks and ventral edges of the thighs and shanks are similarly spotted black. Two dark patches are frequently present in the pectoral region. The rest of the venter is white. Guibé & Lamotte (1963) quote four dark bars on the thighs and a light vertebral band with dark borders. In alcohol, the warts often turn smoother, and the surrounding areas frequently appear darker. The vertebral bands also fade, and the throat in males almost loses its pigmentation.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef6cbd15-907e-498d-aee3-a4f3478bce05#morphology cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Dorsum colour varies from grey or brown with a dark band between the eyes and a lighter occipital patch in some specimens. A light intervertebral line is present in some specimens (50% in Pickersgill, 2007). Banding on the legs is brown, although often incomplete, and banding is also often present on the lower jaw. The venter is pale to white; males have a dark grey gular region with white asperities and lateral vocal folds. The post-ocular glands are elongate and either meeting or approaching a pair of oval scapular glands, creating the X-shaped pattern. Males have prominent light-colored asperities over the dorsum; females have aperities over the posterior of the dorsum. The tympanum is distinct and round, 50-60% of the eye diameter, and the eye diameter is approximately the snout length (Pickersgill, 2007). The nostril is closer to the snout tip than the eye. The head is approximately 37% of the snout-vent length (SVL). The tibia, foot, and femur are approximately 46%, 46%, and 43% of the SVL, respectively (Pickersgill, 2007). Webbing is moderate to extensive with 1-2 phalanges free on toe II, 2 phalanges on toe IV, and 1-2 phalanges free on toe V. Digital discs are absent. No femoral glands are present.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a394f79e-79e0-4482-9979-cd6512a3645f#morphology 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a small species (SVL < 17.5 mm) of puddle frog that is considerably stocky with a short, blunt head, representing 41% of the SVL. The canthus rostralis is rounded and the loreal region sloping. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and metatarsal tubercle. The tibia is 52%, the foot is 49%, and femur is 47% of the SVL. The tympanum is hidden. The eye diameter is more than the eye-snout distance with the nostril equidistant between the eye and snout. A small, weak tubercle is present on the eyelid. Two pairs are oval scapular warts are present, creating an X-shaped pattern. Manual webbing is absent. Pedal webbing is moderate with 3 digits free of webbing on digit IV. Toes are swollen but not dilated into discs. Dorsum is almost uniformly grey-brown with larger warts partially outlined darker. The upper lips is weakly barred. Minute asperities are not present. Large, flattened femoral glands are present over 2/3 of the thigh in males and a swollen thenar gland or nuptial pad is visible. Venter is white with some black punctations anteriorly. The throat is almost black in the male holotype with a median and posterior fold (Pickersgill, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 24813f47-b493-48db-85bb-637f9aeafea7#morphology 8986d907-d4cd-4ec5-8d9c-6a871b166970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Habit is moderate. Tongue is as broad as long or slightly longer than broad with a median conical papilla. Snout is rounded, projecting slightly beyond the mouth, and shorter than the diameter of the orbit. The nostril is equidistant from the orbit and snout top. The interorbital space is considerably broader than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is very distinct. Fingers are moderate with the digit I shorter than II, which is slightly shorter than III. Digit III is approximately twice the length of the first. Manual webbing is absent. Toes are moderate, approximately one-third webbed, except for toe IV which exhibits a narrow fringe, leaving 2 phalanges free of web. Zimkus (unpublished) examined speciments with 3-3.5 digits free of webbing on toe IV. Tips of the fingers are toes are slightly expanded. Subarticular tubercles are well developed. Small inner and outer metatarsal tubercles, as well as a tarsal tubercle, are present. The tarsal tubercle is as far from the inner metatarsal tubercles as the inner is from the outer. A slight skin fold is present from the tarsal tubercle to the inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the nostril, eye, or somewhere in between when the hind limb is bent. Boulenger (1929) reports that the dorsal and ventral skin is smooth, but Grandison and Howell (1983) note that the dorsum male paratype in the British Museum exhibits minute spiny tubercles. De Witte (1941) also reports that prominent tubercles exist in a female, although they are less developed.

Dorsum is uniform brown with or without a vertebral stripe from snout to vent. Dorsum of limbs may be barred. Venter is white, mottled, and vermiculated with dusky brown on the throat and chest. The throat may exhibit some large spots or minute speckling as to appear dusky. The belly and thighs are immaculate. The edges of the lower jaw, as well as the soles of the hands and feet, are grey (Boulenger, 1929).

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Tongue with a conical median papilla present. Head is moderate, as long as broad. Snout is obtusely pointed, as long as the eye. Cathus rostralis is distinct, and loreal region is concave and nearly vertical. Nostril is slightly closer to the tip of the snout than the eye. The interorbital region is as broad or slightl broader than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is rather indistinct, approximately half the diameter of the eye. Fingers are rather short, the first and the second being equal. The toes have a short but very distinct basal web, extending as a fringe on either side (Boulenger, 1906). Perret (1959) found 3.75-4 phalanges free on the toe IV; Zimkus (unpublished) found 3-4 phalanges free on toe IV. The tips of the fingers and toes are dilated into well-developed discs. The sub-articular tubercles are prominent. An inner metartarsal tubercle is ovular, while the outer metatarsal tubercle is smaller and round. A small tarsal tubercle is present, its distance from the inner metatarsal tubercle is less than that between the two metatarsal tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eyes and the tip of the snout. The skin is smooth with small warts on the upper eyelids and flanks. According to Boulenger (1906) in the original decription, two curved glandular folds are present on the dorsum, behind the eyes and converging on the scapular region. Zimkus and Blackburn (2008) examined specimens with glands traveling from behind each eye, straight down the back, creating a thick band. A strong supratympanic fold is present from the posterior of the eye to the hindlimb insertion. According to Perret (1966) nuptial pads are present on the thumb in males, and although the throat is weakly wrinkled, the vocal sac does not present any localized pleats; vocal slits measure 1.2-1.5 mm in length.

Dorsum is brown, sometimes with a reddish tint. The outer edges of the dorsal glands are sometimes blackish. A light cross-bar is present between the eyes. An oblique bark brown band, edged with whitish behind, travels from the eye, over the temple, to the front of the arm where it terminates at a point. Zimkus and Blackburn (2008) found a number of specimens with a thick, dark brown band down the back, as well as a dark tympanic region and head creating a mask. The loreal region is sometimes reddish. The limbs have oblique dark banding. A triangular dark brown patch is present on the anal region. Venter is uniformly yellow or with small, brown blotches on the breast and on the sides of the belly. A series of brown spots, sometimes forming an almost continuous dark line, is present on the lower jaw. Perret (1966) claimed that males exhibited dark throats, but this was seen only in a photograph of a specimen.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0021e28-c4a8-4ddd-9a26-8271f94f4e94#morphology b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aspect is raniform with a slender habit and long, robust hind legs. A conical papilla is present in the middle of tongue. Head is moderate, as long as broad. Snout is pointed, projecting beyond the mouth. Canthus rostralis is angular, and loreal region is nearly vertical. Nostril is equidistant from the eye and the tip of the snout. The interorbital space is narrower than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is distinct, measuring nearly half the diameter of the eye. The first finger is as long as the second. Subarticular tubercles are small. The fingers and toes are dilated into large disks with well-defined circummarginal grooves. Toes are two-thirds webbed. According to Lamotte and Xavier (1966), 2 phalanges are free of webbing on toe IV, although a fringe is present. Zimkus (unpublished) found that specimens had more extensive webbing with only 1 phalange free of webbing. Tips of fingers and toes are dilated into small discs. An ovular inner metatarsal tubercle, and small, round outer metatarsal tubercle are present. A small, round midtarsal tubercle is also present behind the inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. The dorsal skin smooth with very small warts. A pair of narrow glandular folds is normally present that begin behind the eyes, converge in the scapular region, and continue down the back to the sacral region. These glandular cords may or may not meet and can be shorter in length or more rarely, absent. A similar supratympanic fold is present, traveling from the eye to the shoulder. In males, there are a number of longitudinal vocal folds, indicating the presence of a single median vocal sac, with many whitish asperities. A nuptial pad is present on the dorsum and inner side of manual digit I. No femoral gland is visible.

Dorsum is greyish or reddish brown, darker in the middle of the back. The top of the head and the area between the glandular portions are sometimes lighter. In some specimens, the top of the head and shoulder region is tan in color, while the rest of the body is mottled in brown. A thin, light vertebral line may be present, which is continued along the middle of the upper surface of the thigh and the inner side of the leg. Glandular folds are edged with a dark to black color. A few round black spots may be present on the pelvic region. Limbs exhibit rather indistinct barring. Outer sides of thighs are blackish brown, edged with whitish near the vent. Inner sides of legs are also blackish brown. Venter is white. Small brownish spots are present on the throat and breast in the female. The throat is blackish in males. Males have an internal subgular vocal sac.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc41b6b5-54ae-4106-89df-2c78717e9636#morphology 82f8055b-501c-4e3c-bb5e-860804803ccb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Rather robust habitus. Dorsum is warty with two elongate pairs of tubercles in the scapular region, forming an X shape. Additional tubercles of various shapes and sizes are present on the dorsum of the head, between the eyes, and on the back. Additionallly, there is a fine verrucosity present over the entire dorsum. Ventral skin is smooth. Tympanum is indistinct. Tips of fingers and toes are widened into small discs. A midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle are present. Manual webbing is absent. Pedal webbing is absent or rudimentary, hardly reaching the level of the proximal sub-articular tubercles (4 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV). Tibia is slightly longer than half of the body. Femoral glands are present in breeding males.

Dorsum is light brown with darker tubercles. A vertebral line may sometimes be present, beginning at the level of shoulder up to the vent. The upper and lower lips are mottled black and white. The venter is more or less covered with black circles with white centers, including the chest and the belly, and sometimes the mandibular margin and under the thighs. These rings can be greatly reduced with only one pectoral pair present or replaced by regular variable spots. The throat in males is white, lacking both pigment and gular folds.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1548 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b167cc25-b9ea-4b64-a478-17db5d5d9c50#morphology 052e5310-cb87-43a9-a0ba-6448de19f762 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aspect is raniform. A conical papilla is present in the middle of the tongue and is clearly visible. Head is as long as broad; the snout is largely rounded and as long as the length of the eye. Canthus rostralis is slightly angular; frenal region is slightly concave. Nostrils are closer to the tip of the snout than the eye. Interorbital space is slightly broader than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is distinct, measuring two-thirds the diameter of the eye. First finger is shorter than the second; the third is 1.5 times as long as the second. Fingers are slightly dilated into distinct discs. Toes are two-thirds webbed and dilated at their ends into small but quite distinct discs. Subarticular tubercles are moderately prominent. The inner metatarsal tubercle is oval shaped and well developed; the outermetatarsal tubercle is oval in shape and well-developed. A small, rather indistinct, tubercle is present on the inner side of the tarsus in the form of a fold. The inner metatarsal tubercle is located at longer distance from the tarsal tubercle than the external metatarsal tubercle. (Note: B. Zimkus examined the very poorly preserved type specimen and found that a prominent inner metatarsal tubercle and tarsal fold were present but an outer metatarsal tubercle was not obvious.) When the rear limb is brought forward, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches beyond the eye. The tibia is 1 and 1/2 times in the snout-vent length; the width of the tibia is approximately 1/5 its length. When the hind limbs are folded up in right angles with the center of the body, the tibiae overlap. Dorsal and ventral skin is smooth. A cutaneous fold is present, leaving behind eye and extending until the insertion of the forelimb (de Witte, 1933).

Dorsum is clear brown clearly. A broad, white with rather irregular contour is present, starting behind the eyes and extending until the insertion of the hind limbs. The cutaneous fold that extends from behind eye and to the insertion of the forelimb is dark brown. The inner sides of the thighs and tibiae and below the tarsi and metatarsi are brown dark.The venter is whitish and irregularly mottled with brown (de Witte, 1933).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1564 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3f5af35e-71a7-4fec-a310-119c1aff9b14#morphology 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tongue with a conical papilla in the middle. Habit is moderately slender. The head is approximately as broad as long, triangular in shape, rounded in front, and depressed above. Eyes are of moderate size. Interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid. Canthus rostralis is distinct, and the loreal region is concave. Nostril is equidistant from from the eye and the snout tip. Tympanum is distinct, measuring 3/5 the diameter of the eye, and is situated over the angle of the jaw. Posterior nares are suboval and small. The fingers lack webbing. The first and second fingers are of approximately equal length, although first finger may not extend as far as the second. The fourth is longer than these, and the third is the longest. The subarticular tubercles are distinct. Tips of fingers and toes dilated into small discs. Toes I and II are nearly in line with each other. Toe II is longer than toe II, toe IV is the longest, and toe V is longer than I and II. Pedal webbing extends to the middle of the antepenultimate phalanx. Zimkus (unpublished) found that webbing was moderate with 3-3.5 phalanges free on toe IV. An ovular inner metatarsal tubercle and a small, round outer metatarsal tubercle are present. Although Drewes and Perret (2000) found this species to lack a tarsal tubercle, Zimkus and Blackburn (2008) found the tarsal tubercle present, albeit rather reduced in size. A tarsal tubercle was neither mention in the original description of this species by Hallowell (1868) nor the description of P. latirostris by Boulenger (1900), which was later synonymized, but it was mentioned in the description of Arthroleptis africanus, also by Boulenger (1900). The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the end of the snout. There is a slightly curved fold behind the eye, converging towards its fellow on the scapular region. According to Hallowell (1868) and Boulenger (1900; P. latirostris), the dorsum and abdomen are smooth, while Boulenger (1900; A. africanus) notes small, flat warts. Femoral glands are absent (Böhme; 1994). Prominent nuptial pads on manual digit I and lateral vocal folds are present in males (Zimkus and Blackburn, 2008). Böhme (1994) states that enlarged “teeth” are present in the lower jaw followed by smaller mandibular teeth in both sexes; Noble (1931) reported that the ‘‘teeth’’ in this species are the hypertrophied margins of the prearticular bone. Scott (2005) did not consider these structures to be homologous with mandibular odontoids (sensu Fabrezi and Emerson, 2003) and suggested that these tooth-like tusks are used in male combat.

Dorsum is brown or greyish. The body appears to be blotched all over with dark brown on a much lighter brown when examined when magnified. A dark triangular spot may be present between the eyes. Glandular folds are edged with a slightly darker color. Upper jaw exhibits several chocolate colored spots or vertical bars upon a lighter ground. Lower lip brown in males, with a series of small white spots. Posterior extremities barred with bark brown approaching a black. Anal region is blackish, edged with whitish above. Belly and lower surface of the limbs are white, breast spotted with brown. Throat is dark grey in the male, spotted with brown in the female (Hallowell, 1868; Boulenger, 1900).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 baa1d954-57a0-4305-83e2-12922ddcdd14#morphology 6e284a6d-7f0a-41bf-b607-255866ae0c63 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aspect is raniform with a sharply pointed snout. A clearly visible conical papilla is present in the middle of the tongue. The head is approximately as long as broad, The obtusely pointed snout is rather flattened, sharply exceeding the mouth. Canthus rostralis is very angular. Loreal region is slightly concave. Nostrils are close to the tip of the snout than the eye. The interorbital space is much wider than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is distinct, measuring about 3/4 of the diameter of the eye. First finger is shorter than the 2nd, and the 3rd about 1.5 times as long as the previous one. Digit tips are dilated at their ends into small distinct discs. Manual webbing is absent. According to de Witte (1941), the toes are 3/4 webbed; Zimkus et al. (2010) finds that webbing is moderate and somewhat variable with 2-3.5 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV. Toes are also dilated into small discs. Sub-articular tubercles are moderately prominent. The inner metatarsal tubercle is ovular in shape and well developed, connected to the smaller tarsal tubercle by a raised ridge. The outer metatarsal is also less prominent and round. The internal metatarsal tubercle is located equidistant from the tarsal tubercle and outer metatarsal tubercle. According to de Witte (1941), the internal metatarsal tubercles of females seem less well developed, and there is no trace of skin fold on the inner side of tarsus. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the nostril, the tip of the snout or beyond when the hind limb is brought forward; Nieden (1913) did not state this in the original description regarding the female holotype. The tibia is 60% of SVL, and the tibia is 20% of the SVL. When bent at right angles to the axis of the body, tibiae strongly overlap. The head is separated into dorsal and lateral sections by a ridge that runs from the upper lip through the canthus rostralis. This line continues behind the eye as a prominent dorsolateral glandular cord, extending into the lumbar region. A 2nd fold may be present below the previous, starting behind the eye, bypassing the eardrum and extending into the shoulder region or into the sacral region, either interrupted or continuous. Glands forming an X-shape may be visible on the dorsum. The skin of males is dotted with minute asperities, especially toward the sacral region, the lateral side of the head, the lateral side of the body, the inner thighs (where they are most numerous and most developed) and the inner sides of the tibia. In females there are some asperities may be present, especially on the lateral sides of the body and in close proximity of the vent, but nothing like those of the male. According to de Witte (1941), the gular sac is absent in males; however, a single lateral vocal fold on each side of the throat of MCZ A-26503. A prominent nuptial pads is present on the base of finger I in males.

The coloration is extremely variable; dorsum brownish, reddish brown, dark brown or yellowish gray, uniform, mottled, spotted or mottled with blackish brown. There is often a clear difference between the coloration of the upper (lighter) and the lateral side of the body and head (dark brown), or there may be lighter colored lateral band separating a dark dorsum and dark tympanic region. The sides of body are blackish brown, edged sharply with the color of lighter upper parts, although in some specimens, the color is generally lighter, and this difference is not as marked. The sides of head are a uniform blackish brown. In some individuals the upper lip is lighter in color, sometimes white, more or less spotted or speckled with blackish brown. Scapular glands are often the same dark color as the dorsum, but sometimes may be outlined darker. A lighter transverse band may be present between eyes. A clear, thin vertebral line sometimes extends from the tip of the snout to anus. Anterior and posterior limbs are the same color as the body, with transverse bands of blackish brown. Ventral coloration is also variable, although always mottled, speckled or dotted and never uniform. The color may be yellowish, brownish, purplish or white. The throat is mottled and appears darker, often with longitudinal band that is the same color as the breast and belly separating it in half. This longitudinal line may also separate the chest and belly, with spots are present in both these areas, although less numerous in the latter. Region surrounding the vent is mostly dark brown. Forelegs and hind legs may be spotted, and a band of blackish brown is present, extending from the ankle along the tarsus and to part of the metatarsus.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1574 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#morphology b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The profile from the front is convex. Canthus rostralis is obtuse, straight. Snout is narrowed, rounded, and lightly prominent. The head width, femur, tibia, and foot are 33-37%, 43-53%, 47-56%, and 43-53% of the snout-vent length, respectively. The diameter of the orbit is equal to the distance from the eye to the snout tip. The tympanum is round and equal to 40-50% of the orbit, although sometimes it may be indistinct (Cope, 1867, Pickersgill, 2007). According to Cope (1867) pedal webbing is moderate with three phalanges of toe IV are free of webbing; Pickersgill (2007) reports that webbing can be more substantial with 2-3 phalanges free on toe IV, and toes III and V are webbing to the last phalanx. Digital tips are swollen or exhibit small discs. A midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle and small outer metatarsal tubercle are present. The tibiotarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb reaches the middle of the orbit to beyond the tip of the snout (Cope, 1867; Pickersgill, 2007). Skin with weak or flattened tubercles on dorsum, although fairly smooth. Two dorsal glands convergent from orbits to scapular region and diverge. Males exhibit asperities on the throat, and a single or multiple lateral folds are present on each side of the gular region, visible when the vocal sac is deflated; females exhibit asperities only in proximity to the vent (Pickersgill, 2007).

Dorsum is greyish-olive or greyish-brown, often with a narrow pale or green vertebral band. According to Pickersgill (2007), 70% of specimens exhibit the plain morph with dorsal glands often outlined in black and a "W" shaped mark behind the head, while the dorsal stripe occurs in 15%. A dark supratympanic streak is present, curving towards the axilla. A dark band is present on the side, front and hind faces of the femur; a pale band is present above the latter. According to Cope (1867), the lip exhibits three broad blackish bars: one from the canthus rostralis and orbit and two below the orbit; Pickersgill (2007) reports that the upper lip is uniformly grey with weak dark and light barring and Channing (2001) describes the upper jaw as having light speckling. Limbs are barred. The venter is white with a yellowish hue near the groin, and a pale stripe occurs no the back of the thigh (Channing, 2001; Harper and Vonesh, 2003). The throat and breast are white with punctuations of brown or generally darkened in both sexes, and therefore can not be used to distinguish the sexes (Cope, 1867).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 97f2ed0d-3c88-41da-a4c1-99d538248649#morphology b854003a-8e29-4cb0-95a7-777bda079229 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has an oval, compact body shape and slender limbs. The head is slightly longer than wide. Canthus rostralis is rounded but distinct; loreal region is straight to slightly concave. Distance from naris to rostral tip is less than half that from naris to the anterior portion of the eye. Internarial distance is approximately equal to interorbital distance. Tympanum is indistinct and much smaller than the diameter of eye. A supratympanic fold is present. Premaxillary and maxillary teeth are present, as well as a conical median papilla on the tongue. Relative length of fingers are as follows: III > IV ³ II > I. Large and oval palmar and thenar tubercles are present on the hand, and round subarticular tubercles are present on the fingers. Manual webbing is absent. Finger tips are not expanded or only slightly bulbous. Tibiofibula is slightly longer than femur. The relative length of toes are as follows: IV > III > V > II > I. A midtarsal tubercle, a conspicuous and elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and smaller outer metatarsal tubercle are present. Pedal webbing is absent or rudimentary, present only on toe bases. Expansion of pes digit tips varies from bulbous to slightly expanded into small discs; circum-marginal grooves are variably present. Dorsal skin is smooth with chevron-shaped glands forming an ‘X’ or “W” pattern present in the scapular region. Small, white asperities are found on the flanks extending from above the eye and supratympanic fold to anterior of the hind limb; often these spots may be present on the upper lip from the rostrum to the insertion of the forelimb. The venter (gular, pectoral, and abdominal regions) in males may be partially or completely covered with small spines or asperities that appear whitish in the pectoral and abdominal regions; ventral asperities are not present in females. The gular skin in males is slightly thickened, causing multiple lateral folds, and the asperities in this region are black (Zimkus, 2009).

Colour (in ethanol) varies from medium to dark brown with some darker, brown spots. A thin, cream, vertebral line may be present as in the holotype. A paler triangle is often present on the snout. Dorsal sides of hind limbs are barred; ventral sides vary in pigmentation with regions appearing cream or mottled. Chevron-shaped scapular glands are often outlined in darker brown but may difficult to detect because of dark dorsal coloration. A light coloured area is present on the proximal hind limbs anterior to the cloaca, and other portions of the limbs in close proximity to the elbows and knees are often light coloured in males, whereas the remaining portions are brown. The lower jaw is often lined with lighter brown or even white. Males have a black throat, as well as dark brown to black pectoral and abdominal regions. The venter of females is immaculately white or cream, and the lower jaw is normally lined with the brown dorsal colour (Zimkus, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1591 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7ce8847-5a3a-428c-879b-f03473ed987a#morphology 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has a moderate-sized head, approximately as long as it is broad. The snout is rounded with an obtuse canthus rostralis and a concave loreal region. The nostril is slightly closer to the snout tip than the eye. The interorbital space is narrower than the upper eyelid. The typanum is indistinct. The fingers are rather short; finger I and II are approximately equal in length. Manual webbing is absent; pedal webbing is absent or rudimentary with 3.75-4 phalanges free on digit IV. Tips of both fingers and toes dilated into small discs. A midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and metatarsal tubercle are present with the former two connected by a narrow ridge. The distance between the two metatarsal tubercles equals the distance between the inner and outer tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Dorsum has prominent warts of unequal size. A prominent spine is present on the posterior eyelid. A conical median papilla is present on the tongue.

The dorsum is grey with darker spots, and more or less distinct cross-bars on the limbs. A light vertebral stripe may be present. The posterior thighs with a more or les distinct whitish dark-edged stripe. The upper and lower mandible are white. The venter is white with large, round spots.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7e6c7d0b-4039-4cc4-9c74-100ba99a3bd9#morphology 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aspect is raniform with a moderately slim body. A conical papilla is present in the middle of tongue that is notched at its distal end. Snout is blunt, the same length as the orbit and exceeding the jaw lower by approximately 1 mm. Cathus rostralis is not marked. Loreal region is slightly but definitely concave. Head is slightly more broad than long. Tympanum is distinct and half of the horizontal diameter of the eye. Fingers are blunt and hardly dilated in disc. Sub-articular tubercles are average. Manual webbing is absent. Inner metatarsal tubercle is ovoid, measuring approximately one the third of the length of toe I. A conical tarsal tubercle is present on the same side as the inner metatarsal tubercle, approximately in the middle of the tarsus. An external metatarsal tubercle is followed by three to four additional tarsal tubercles, distributed along the length of the tarsus. A small, pointed spur is present on the heel, approximately twice the size of the other tarsal tubercles and measuring approximately 1 mm in height. Toes are slightly but definitely dilated in discs. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the middle of the eye. Tibia measure 11-13 mm in males and 17-18 mm in females (N=54; Perret, 1966). Toes are 3/4 webbed with 2.5-3 phalanges free on toe IV (Perret, 1966). Zimkus (unpub.) found that pedal webbing was more variable with 1-3 phalanges free on toe IV. Skin is finely granular on the dorsum, lateral sides and top of the limbs, more coarsely granular on the head and eyelids. Two prominent V-shaped scapular glands are present, and a pair of smaller folds is present behind the most prominent glands, approximately three quarters down the back. Other less prominent folds are present on the sides of the body and the limbs. Ventral side, including limbs, is smooth. Prominent nuptial pads on manual digit I are present in males. A subgular sac without localized folds is present in males; slits measure 1 mm in length (Perret, 1966).

Dorsum is brown-black, uniform or with some large brown-red scapular spots. Hind limbs barred with brown red; half-bars present in the middle of the thighs and three bars on the tibiae. Venter is cream. Throat is grey with a cream-coloured median spot near the chest; gular coloration can be very dark in the males. Belly is decorated with a small central dark circle, which can be either white or dark in the center, and surrounded by a complete or incomplete concentric circle that abuts the chest and groin.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3949b720-f3e8-4d4d-8d0a-2c30d5f4bd3f#morphology f6b6b38a-b52d-4de2-85d1-1720e16124e2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Proportions of this species are squat. Conical papilla is present on the tongue. Head a little longer than broad. Snout obtusely pointed, beyond the mouth at the anterior, longer than the eye. Cathus rostralis is obtuse or slightly angular; loreal region is concave. Nostrils are closer to the end of snout than to the eye; interorbital space at least as large as the upper eyelid. The tympanum is distinct, measuring two-thirds to three-quarters of the eye. Digits are dilated to distinct discs; the 3rd finger is 1.5 times to 1.75 times broader at the tip compared to the base. The first finger is shorter than the 2nd, and the 2nd is slightly shorter than the 4th. The length of the 3rd finger (without the metacarpal) is 1.97 to 2.13 times the head. Toes are two-fifths webbed; one-half a phalange is free of webbing on toe I, 2 phalanges are free on toe III and V, and 3 toes free on IV. Discs on toes are smaller than those of the fingers. External metatarsal tubercle is small and round, sometimes pointed; inner metatarsal tubercle is ovular. Tarsal tubercle is more or less distinct, thorny in the male, and connected by an oblique cutaneous fold to the internal metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or exceeding its, but does not reach the nostril. Tibia approximately twice as long as the snout-vent length, 3.25 to 3.6 times as long as broad; sometimes the tibia is slightly shorter and sometimes slightly longer than the foot. The heels overlap when the limbs are placed at right angle with the body. Skin is moderately warty in the females and more strongly so in the males. A number of glandular folds are present: two oblique dorsolateral folds in the scapular region, a horseshoe-shaped median dorsal fold, and a supratympanic fold, similar to that observed in P. dendrobates. In the males, many minute, pointed, white asperities are present on the tarsi, the metatarsi, and under the toes; they are more abundant towards the external sides. An interal vocal sac is present in males with the gular skin folds similar to P. versicolor.

Dorsum is brownish-gray olive, very indistinctly mottled with black, and glands are slightly darker. Dark transverse bars are present on the thighs, tibiae and tarsals. A dark zone surrounding the vent is present, framed by two curved clear lines that is oblique at the base of thighs near the posterior side. A narrow vertebral band can exist (present in a juvenile of the type series). Venter is greyish-white, more or less strongly stippled with a darker grey (more in the females that in the males), leaving a clear median line on the throat and the chest that is quite distinct in juveniles and only subtle in females.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1543 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5c66f737-5a2d-4c94-9b72-f37c0dd25704#morphology 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aspect is slim. This species has an obtusely pointed snout; the snout tip protrudes further than the lower jaw, and its length is slightly more than the diameter of the eye. The head is as long as it is broad. A small conical papilla is present in the middle of the tongue. Canthus rostralis is marked well or only slightly angular; the loreal renal region is folded almost vertically and very concave. The nostril is slightly closer to the tip of snout than to the eye. Interorbital space is slightly wider than upper eyelid. Tympanum is distinct, measuring two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers are rather elongated and dilated at their ends into distinct discs, with the largest disc measuring close to the double the diameter of the finger at its base. The first finger is shorter than the second. The sub-articular tubercles are moderately large and slightly projecting. The tibiotarsal articulation reaches the tip of the nose or between the tip of the nose and the eye when the hind limb is extended. The heels overlap greatly when the limb is bent at right angles to the body. The tibia is 4-5 times as long as it is wide. The tibia is 37.5%-57.1% the SVL (Boulenger, 1919), or the SVL is 1.75-1.84 times the SVL (de Witte, 1941). Digital discs on the toes are slightly smaller than those of fingers. Webbing is moderate with toes 1/3 webbed (Boulenger, 1919); de Witte (1941) notes that the webbing hardly exceeds the metatarsals, but is present as a fringe all the way to the discs. Zimkus (unpublished) found that specimens examined had 3 phalanges free of web on toe IV. Sub-articular tubercles are moderately large and slightly projecting. Small, ovular internal metatarsal tubecles and small, round external metatarsal tubercle. A small tarsal tubercle, not very projecting, is connected to the inner metatarsal tubercle by a fold. The skin is more or less finely granular with many prominent glandular folds. Dorsolateral glandular cords start behind the upper eyelid and extend, more or less continuously, into the area scapular where they meet. A second glandular fold extends from the area behind the eye over the tympanum until the forelimb insertion point. Ventral side is smooth, except at the rear of the abdomen and the thighs, which are covered with large flat granules. In some individuals, there exists a median furrow, more or less marked, extending from the sternal area until the pubic region. Male have an internal vocal sacs, and well-developed minute spines on the dorsal and lateral surfaces, including the feet. De Witte (1941) reports that the spiny tubercles are present on the internal side of digits I, II, III, and IV, and both the internal and external sides of digit V. According to Boulenger (1919) males have spiny, white tubercles on the outer edges of toes IV and V, and toe III to a lesser degree. Zimkus (unpublished) found that males exhibit these spines on either sides of digits, and the entire venter of the foot and tarsus.

Dorsum is dark brown or dark green, mottled with brownish red and brown dark. A yellow bar is present between the eyes. The dorsolateral glandular cords are often bordered in brown dark. The forelimbs and hinds limbs are brownish, finely mottled with brownish red, creating transverse bars. Sometimes a thin dorsal line is present, extending from the snout to the vent. Venter is purplish in color. The throat and the thorax are very dark in color and vermiculated or mottled with white. Belly and hind limbs are mottled or marbled with a purplish colour. A more or less defined white line of extends from the center of the throat to the pubic region. Lower lip is dark purple, finely mottled with a whitish color. A supralabial white lip is often present.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef495710-c5dd-4410-8fed-7841e2804d30#morphology 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Dorsum coloration is quite striking, including dark barring on the thigh and leg, and numerous prominent asperities. Scapular glands are present, forming a broken X-shaped pattern. Phrynobatrachus dispar males have distinct white-tipped conical asperities and a clear, cream colored throat. Female P. dispar have numerous minute asperities on the flanks of the body, and ventral coloration varies from large, distinct brown blotches against a cream colored background to diffuse mottling of light brown spots. Distinct vertical barring is present on the thigh and leg (Uyeda, Drewes, and Zimkus, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f4f839ba-f3c3-4df7-88bc-9d9172883765#morphology 3aa3fd2c-87fb-4cca-9fe3-500133cf3507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the original description by Boulenger (1912):

Tongue with a conical papilla in the middle. Habit ranoid. Hearl monderate; snout short, rounded, projecting, without canthus; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, about half the diameter of the eye. First finge r not extending quite so far as second; toes two-thirds webbed; tips of fingers and toes obtusely pointed; subarticular tubercles small; two small, rounded metatarsal tubercles and a small conical tubercle in the middle of the tarsus. Tibia-tarsal articulation reaching the end of the snout; tibia half the length of head and body. Head and back with small smooth warts and short glandular ridges, limbs and lower parts smooth. Brown above, with a dark brown band between the eyes, two pairs of large dark brown spots on the back, separated by an interrupted yellow vertebral line, and dark cross-bars on the limbs; white beneath.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1540 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0d77adc-c012-43a2-a772-dd0bc7394726#morphology 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small, stout-limbed species with a moderately pointed snout and almost completely smooth dorsal skin. The nostril is nearer to the tip of the snout than the eye with its distance from the eye less than half of the ocular diameter. Upper eyelid width is almost equal to interorbital distance. The tympanum is indistinct. Manual webbing is absent. The tarsal tubercle is small, white, and located on the ventromedial surface near the middle of the tarsus, but closer to the metatarsal tubercles. An outer metatarsal and slightly larger and ovular inner metatarsal tubercle are present. Finger and toe tips are expanded into discs, with lateral and slight distal expansion of the dorsal surface. Webbing between toes is absent with 4 phalanges free on toe IV. Four inconspicuous, flat glands are present on the smooth and shiny dorsal surface. The first pair of glands form a V shape, and the second pair are larger and directed in the opposite direction. Males exhibit elongate, ovoid femoral gland on the posterior femur. The thumb of reproductive males is swollen at base and on medial surface of hand, extending complete white upper lip onto the dorsal surface.

The dorsum is grayish brown, and a thin, white vertebral line may be present. A conspicuous brown-black band extends from snout tip, through the eye and tympanum and along the lateral side of the body to the insertion of the thigh. A white band borders this thick band both anteriorly and posteriorly, although the posterior band is significantly thicker. Brown-black spots are present in the inguinal region and are bordered by white. The dorsal surface of femur is brown and separated into anterior and posterior sections by a white band running that begins at the vents and continues to the ventrolateral surface of the knee. The ventral surface is white with scattered spots. No distinct bar is present on the femur; one medium brown bar on tibia-fibula is incipient or absent. The upper lip is completely white. The throat is dark slate grey (medium brown after preservation). Males exhibit two lateral gular folds and a prominent posterior gular fold, forming a U-shaped pouch for the vocal sac.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00f6a751-9e85-4b2f-9d90-e785767ee5c6#morphology 8d2102a5-eba7-44dd-b2ce-5373bebc502d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized species with stout habitus and obtusely pointed snout. A median conical papilla is present on the tongue. The head is as long as it is broad; both measurements are 10 mm in the holotype. The canthus rostralis is rounded, and the loreal region is scarcely concave. The nostril is much closer to the tip of the snout than the eye. The interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid. No fold is present at the posterior border of the eye. The tympanum is visible. The large tarsal tubercle is connected to the large inner metatarsal tubercle by a narrow skin fold. A small, round outer metatarsal is also present. Finger and toe tips may be slightly dilated but are not expanded into discs. Subarticular tubercles are well developed. Manual webbing is absent. Pedal webbing is moderate with one-quarter to one-third webbed (approximately 3 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV). The tibio-tarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb reaches the anterior border of the eye. The skin is rugose and warty on the dorsum with a pair of prominent glands in the scapular region at the level of the forelimb insertion. The skin on the venter is smooth (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

Dorsum is grayish-brown, marbled with slightly darker color. A lighter transverse band is present in the interorbital space. The sides of the head and limbs are lighter than the back. The limbs are conspicuously barred. The venter is white, and the throat is finely stippled with dusky specks, which coalesce to form irregular patches on the upper and lower lips and a band across the chest (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1542 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ee51143e-8ebb-4d28-93e9-81f3f720b744#morphology 5b5590b6-c71f-452a-814d-9804cfd5a6e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The original description is quite brief, mentioning the presence of an inner metatarsal tubercle, outermetatarsal tubercle, and tarsal tubercle, distinct discs on the fingers and toes, slight pedal webbing, and a first finger that is shorter than the second (Nieden, 1911). The snout is short, slightly longer than the eye. Nostrils are equidistant from the snout tip and eyes. The tympanum is distinct and equal to one-half the eye width (Channing and Howell, 2006). Loveridge (1936, Field Museum of Natural History- Zoological Series) notes than 3 phalanges are free of webbing on toe IV and 2-2.5 phalanges of free on toe V). Scapular glands are present, running from the behind the eye towards the midline.

Dorsum is dark olive above with a darker band from the nostril to forearm. A narrow or wide vertebral stripe may be present, and a pair of light lines flank the vent. The throat is black in males, and the base of the hind limb is often yellow (Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1528 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02816618-adc9-4f8a-9659-1bec3176673f#morphology eed8f395-72d0-43f9-8a00-c2f3368c1824 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The size and shape of the chevron-shaped glands of Phrynobatrachus are variable; they can originate and terminate in the scapular region or extend almost the entire length of the body (Zimkus and Blackburn, 2008). Only in some species exhibit circummarginal grooves on the manual or pedal digit tips; in some species, these furrows are found only on the longest digits (Zimkus and Blackburn, 2008). Extent of pedal webbing is variable among Phrynobatrachus species; it ranges from (0) absent or rudimentary with 3.0–4.0 phalanges free on toe IV, to (1) moderate to extensive with 0–2.9 phalanges free on toe IV (Zimkus et al., 2012).

Males of some species possess a nuptial excrescence or thickened pad of skin on the medial and dorsal surface of the first finger. Breeding Phrynobatrachus males have a single subgular vocal sac, which, when not distended, may form one or multiple folds, roughly parallel to the lower jaw, on the lateral margins of the throat (Stewart, 1967; Zimkus and Blackburn, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1028 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 80eb7914-7bd8-4dbc-81f4-05bb438e0d46#morphology d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has a rather pointed snout, and the skin is warty, particularly on the dorsum. The warts surrounding the center of the back are particularly prominent. No eyelid cornicle is present. The mean index head width/SVL is 0.28 ± 0.03 (N = 7). The tympanum is indistinct. Manual webbing is absent. The tips of fingers and toes may be slightly enlarged, but digital discs are not present. Rudimentary webbing is present on the feet with 3-4 phalanges free on toe IV. A small inner metatarsal tubercle, an outer metatarsal tubercle, and a tarsal tubercle are present. Males have a single subgular vocal sac, and when deflated, it forms a gular flap whose edges converge towards the mouth. These gular folds of the males may become indistinct after preservation. During the breeding season, nuptial pads also develop on digit I.

Numerous dark patches, or patches with black borders, are scattered on the beige to dark yellow back, especially in the vicinity of the larger warts. The warts are often slightly darker in color than the rest of the dorsum. A light interorbital line is often visible. Well-defined dark transversal bars are present on the thighs, shanks, lower arm, upper and lower lips. A yellowish to red vertebral line or band often runs from the eyes to the vent. The temporal triangle does not pass over into the lateral band; the latter only begins behind a light area above the arm. A smaller black triangle is found in the groin area; it sometimes stretches a short distance towards the back. The interval between these dark patches is light colored or even white. The lower edges of the posterior part of the thighs bear broad yellow longitudinal lines, which are bordered black. The latter neither turn upward in the vent region nor do they fuse above the anus. The throat in males is black. Most females have dark throats marked with white spots, while some have throats similar in color to males. The remainder of the venter is white.

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Warts present on dorsum, most often on the upper flanks, posterior back and hindlimbs. Scapular glands forming an X-shaped pattern. Tympanum is indistinct with a triangular streak overlying it. Nostril is situated closer to the snout tip than the eye. Webbing is rudimentary or absent. Digit tips may be swollen but not expanded into discs defined by circummarginal grooves. Adult males exhibit femoral glands situated posteroventrally on the distal half of each thigh. Gular skin does not normally form a U-shaped pouch; lateral and posterior portions are ill-defined or absent. Dorsum is brown, often with a pale vertebral line or broad mid-dorsal stripe present. A dark triangle may be present immediately behind a pale interorbital bar. Upper lip occasionally barred, and lower jaw regularly patterned with bands. A pale streak or row of spots may extend from below the eye towards the forelimb. Throat coloration of females characterized by uniformly distributed melanophores, creating a mottled or vermiculated appearance. Gular region in males dark grey in color, scattered with pale warts. The breast and abdomen are cream or white with clustered spots (Largen, 2001)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1530 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d284b7ea-912f-4541-ba74-473727460241#morphology c94a42a5-4a94-4200-b3e8-4250a6067713 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species have an oval, compact body shape and a short snout, rounded in dorsal and pointed in lateral view. Canthus rostralis is distinct and sharp; loreal is region plain. Nostril is closer to snout than to eye. Tympanum is present but indistinct, and smaller than diameter of eye. Femur is only slightly shorter than tibio-fibulare. Hands have large, oval palmar and thenar tubercles; fingers have small roundish subarticular tubercles. Relative finger length: 1=2>4>3. Palmar webbing is absent. Tarsal tubercle, large ovular inner metatarsal tubercle, and small, round external metatarsal tubercles are present. The inner metatarsal tubercle is approximately one third of shortest toe length. Relative toe length: 1<2<5<3<4. Webbing formula: 1 (1), 2 (1- 0.5), 3 (2-1), 4 (2.5), 5 (1). Toe and finger tips slightly expanded without forming discs. Dorsal skin is grainy, and eyelids are smooth. Back with inconspicuous dorsal ridges that start behind the eyes on the level of the tympani, converge slightly and end shortly posterior to the bases of the forelegs, and no other warts are discernible. Ventral skin is smooth. Overall coloration of the dorsum is reddish-brown, slightly fading towards the belly to a grayish-brown. Small bluish spots are present in the middle of the back, positioned on both sides in line with the dorsal ridges. Dark bars absent from the dorsal parts of forelegs. Three indistinct dark bars present on the femur and tibia dorsally. The outer, posterior parts of thighs are uniform reddish-brown. The anterior parts of thigh are lighter and slightly mottled with brown. Vent in the middle of a black triangle that is dorsally bordered by a fine white line. A very conspicuous dark chocolate-brown to blackish triangular face mask is present, starting at snout tip and covering loreal and tympanal region. Dorsally this mask bordered by fine, irregularly bordered white line. Posterior to tympanum the face mask curves down to bases of forelegs, following fine supratympanal ridge. The upper and lower mandible is slightly darker than the face mask and throat, with very few minute white points. Irregular white spots are present on a dark brown throat. The breast and upper part of belly white are patterned with dark brown vermiculation, and the remainder of belly and ventral part of thighs is white to beige. The dark color of the throat extends to the anterior parts of upper arm. The lower arm and lower leg have fine darker mottling. Color in preservation is slightly faint, otherwise not very different to life, and dorsal bluish spots in life are green.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1531 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51526ed2-ca51-4ff5-90ec-16e9ae89df88#morphology 13890b85-01d3-45a9-8fad-266d50d401d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a robust frog with stout habitus. The snout protrudes but is rounded, not sharply angled. The diameter of the eye is slightly more than half the distance to tip of snout, nearly equal to interorbital space. Tympanum visible and ovalular in shape; its diameter approximately three-fourths that of eye and situated beneath a dermal fold that originates from mid-point of posterior margin of eye, curves ventrally around tympanum and terminates midway between angle of jaw and origin of forelimb. Tip of fingers and toes rounded, only slightly dilated. Tip of each toe in males with one or two lateral spines. Webbing between fingers absent. Webbing between toes reduced with approximately 3 phalanges free on toe IV (webbing formula I2-2+II1-2+III3-3IV3+-2+V; Savage and Heyer, 1997). Single subarticular tubercles are present on both hands and feet. Palmar surfaces are smooth, while plantar surfaces have numerous, small, pale-colored spinose asperities, especially conspicuous along axes of fourth and fifth metatarsals. The tarsal tubercle is a pale-colored eminence capped by white spine. Fore- and hindlimbs are stout and muscular. Hindlimb length is 2.5 times greater than snout-vent length. The inner metatarsal tubercle is white, small, and approximately one-third the diameter of the eye. The dorsum is generally smooth, but males are covered in very small, white-pointed tubercles that extend laterally to mid-lateral surface of body. A thin, glandular ridge extends from the posterior margin of each eye, angling medially to level above posterior extent of tympanum but not converging with its fellow; a second, more posterior pair of slightly shorter also present. These glandular ridges diverge obliquely in reverse direction to position above mid-point of forelimb insertion, forming an X-shaped configuration. The dorsal skin of the forelimbs is smooth. Hindlimbs are smooth in the femoral region but become increasingly tuberculate from midpoint of tibio-fibula to foot. The posterior surface of thighs is generally smooth with white-tipped, small spinous tubercles interspersed with larger flattened warts. The ventral surface of the body is smooth, except for the gular region in males, which consists of series of longitudinal, unpigmented, distensible folds comprising the vocal pouch. Males have large, thick greyish, granular nuptial pad extending from origin of thumb to just beyond proximal subarticular tubercle.

The dorsum is dark brown with entire snout light orange-brown (pale-colored in preservation), sharply demarcated by transverse line running between eyelids. This pale area extends ventro-laterally and obliquely onto the upper lip from the anterior margin of eye. A large patch of the same contrasting color is present on the shoulder, upper arm and elbow. The upper lip is dark from posterior margin of pale patch and below eye to anterior margin of tympanum. The tympanum is dark. Rounded, pale patches extend antero-dorsally from anterior margin of origin of forelimbs to lateral margins of anterior pair of glandular ridges, and distally onto anterior surfaces of forearms to point near wrists. Dorsal aspects of hands are dark with darker band near each wrist. Hindlimbs have dark bands extending from thighs to feet, roughly equally-spaced. Hind limbs are pale brown with dark, thick transverse bands. Ventrum is immaculate or with diffuse grey mottling and yellowish tan or pale beige. The gular region is somewhat grayish.

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The body is slender with the head narrower than body. Maxillary teeth are present, and vomerine teeth are absent. Tongue is as long as wide, free for about two thirds of its length, tip is bifurcated, and a papilla is present. Nostrils are closer to tip of snout than to anterior corner of eye, and the canthus rostralis is slightly concave from tip of snout to nostril and straight from nostril to eye. The horizontal eye diameter is larger than the distance from nostril to anterior corner of eye, and the tympanum is invisible. Dorsal skin is finely coarse and ventrally smooth. Manual webbing is absent. Fingertips may be slightly swollen but not expanded to digital discs. Pedal webbing is rudimentary with 3-3.75 digits free of webbing on digit IV. Toe tips may be slightly swollen but not expanded to digital discs. Dorsum is light brown with semi-regular dark brown markings on each side, and a light vertebral line may be present. The back of thighs is banded. Venter is translucent to cream, occasionally with dark marks in the pectoral region. In males the throat is grey, and small femoral glands are absent. The iris is golden brown.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1578 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5e517975-dfaa-4df5-955a-a0d85293a9c9#morphology 6211e78d-d368-496e-8674-7dc9a4acf105 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a moderately sized frog with a stout habit. A median conical papilla is present on the tongue. The head is as long as it is broad. The snout is rounded or very obtusely pointed and only slightly projecting beyond the mouth. The canthus rostralis is rounded, and the loreal region is slightly concave. The nostril is equidistant from the tip of the snout and the eye, possibly closer to the former. An indentation or skin fold is present at the anterior border of the upper eyelid. The interorbital space is broader than the upper eyelid. No raised skin or glands visible from the posterior borer of the eye to the scapular region. The tympanum is hidden. The fingers are well developed. The first finger is shorter than the second, which is equal to the fourth. The third finger is the longest. Manual webbing is absent. The toes are moderate and only slightly webbed at the base, approximately one-third webbed (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). Channing and Howell (2006) report that three phalanges are free on toe IV, while Zimkus (unpublished) found that webbing was only rudimentary with four phalanges free on toe IV. Finger and toe tips are not dilated. Subarticular tubercles are well developed. A large, rounded inner metatarsal tubercle and a small, outer metatarsal tubercle are present. A still small tarsal tubercle is present, which is as far from the inner metatarsal tubercle as the inner is from the outer. The tibio-tarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb falls short of the eye, but the tarsal tubercle reaches to its posterior border. The skin is smooth on both the dorsum and venter with some indications of flattened warts on the dorsum. Some small warts are present around the vent (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

Dorsum is purplish to purplish-brown with a clear brown patch in the interorbital region. A vertebral line is often present. The venter is white, spotted with purplish brown, especially in a broad band across the breast, on the flanks, and on the tibiae. The color has been compared to that of Cacosternum boettgeri (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). Razzetti and Msuya (2002) found at least three different color patterns within individuals from Arusha National Park. Dorsum was usually brown, grey or beige with a golden tinge and either uniform, faintly mottled or marked with dark blotches. Some individuals have a yellow vertebral line extending from snout to vent, and most had a dark lateral band on both sides of the head and on the flanks.

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Its omosternum is notched but not forked. The sternum is bony. Terminal phalanges are swollen but not T-shaped. The clavicle is very narrow and extends towards the omosternum as a very fine needle overlying an attenuated procoracoid (Noble in Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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Canthus rostralis is indistinct; loreal region is slightly concave. Nostril is equidistant from eye and end of snout. The interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid. The tympanum is distinct; diameter is approximately two-thirds that of the eye. Fingers are moderately long, the first shorter than the second. Subarticular tubercles are small. Digital discs are strongly developed. Pedal webbing is extensive with 1-2 phalanges free on toe IV. Skin is smooth according to Boulenger (1909), but Barbour and Loveridge (1928) noted that there are dorsal asperities in males. Dorsum is brown or olive with darker spots. A darker cross-bar with a light edge in front is present between the eyes. Limbs have indistinct cross-bands. Venter whitish with belly and lower surfaces of limbs dotted with brown. A brown band present across the throat. The lower jaw is edged with dark brown. Breeding males have a sharply projecting snout, thickened nuptial pad on toe I, toes with plantar tubercles developed as sharp spines, and a darkly outlined lower jaw with bright yellow throat. Females and immature males have a white or greenish throat (Boulenger, 1909; Barbour and Loveridge, 1928; Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#morphology dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has a rather pointed snout, and the skin is smooth with a number of large and rounded warts on the dorsum, particularly on the anterior part of the back, and central outer parts of thighs. Additional large comma-shaped warts converging towards the snout are found behind the eyes. The mean index head width/SVL is 0.26 ± 0.03 (N = 57). The tympanum is visible but very small and feebly defined. No eyelid cornicle is present. The tips of fingers and toes may be slightly enlarged, but digital discs are not present. Manual webbing is absent, and rudimentary webbing is present on the feet with 2-2.5 phalanges free on toe IV. The pedal webbing formula is: 1 (0) or (0.5); 2 i/e (1–0) or (0.75–0.5) or (0.5–0); 3 i/e (1) or (1–0.5); 4 i/e(2) or (1.5); 5 (0.5) or (1). A small inner metatarsal tubercle, an outer metatarsal tubercle, and a tarsal tubercle are present. Males have a subgular vocal sac that is not always clearly discernible.

The basic color of the dorsum varies from light gray brown, or darker brown to almost black. Almost black animals are found on darker soil, whereas those encountered on lighter substrates are beige. Breeding males may be bright yellow or green. Parts of the back, especially the warts, may be darker or even black. Dark transverse bands are always present on the thighs and shanks. A fine light mediodorsal line or a broad band, starting just at the snout tip or between the eyes may be present or lacking. These lines or bands may be white, orange, red or green. If they are red they usually show white or orange borders. Very rarely, the lines may be broken, sinus-shaped, zigzagged or ramified. The intensity of the colors apparently depends on the physiological status of the frog, e.g. the backs of breeding males with green dorsal bands may become plain green. However, this color may be "withdrawn" to the center of the back within a few minutes. A dark stripe starting at the snout tip extends above the nostrils to the eyes. Behind the eye, it crosses the tympanum and extends diagonally towards the belly, being occasionally interrupted above the base of the forearm. Another short dark band sometimes stretches from the groin to the back. The lower edges of the posterior thighs bear yellow longitudinal lines with black borders. These lines turn upward in the vent area, fusing occasionally above the anus. The throat and the rest of the venter are usually white; only a few females have throats mottled with black and white. The throats of breeding males are deep yellow. Black points occasionally appear on the throat and in the pectoral area (compare Ahl 1924a). The edge of the lower jaw often bears dark bars. The webs may be slightly pigmented. In alcohol, both the pattern and the warts often fade, so that it becomes difficult to distinguished them from other Phrynobatrachus species. However, the black lateral lines and the vertebral bands and lines usually remain visible, but being less distinct or faded.

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Dorsum is a dark grayish-brown with indistinct dark splotches. Two dark blotches over the front legs extend diagonally toward the eye. A faint light inter-orbital stripe is followed by a faint dark patch in the center of the dorsum behind the eyes. Only one or two faint dark bars are found on either the thigh or the tibio-fibula of the hind limb. Ventrum is pale cream-colored and clear except for the throat and a few darkly pigmented spots extending along the flanks to just beyond the front legs. Distinct dark brown bars line the lower jaw. Undersides of the hind limbs are clear, slight yellowish hue. Males have small and sparsely distributed dorsal asperities, a darkened vocal sac and small spicules on the underside of the throat. Most females lack dorsal asperities entirely (Uyeda, Drewes, and Zimkus, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 27806236-72ce-48d0-99a9-cf6804d158c2#morphology d623aa2b-0fc1-4310-9fc1-b06763fcf3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a moderately stout species. A conical papilla is present on the middle of the tongue. The head is as long as it is broad (each 11 mm in the holotype, MCZ A-1193; Barbour and Loveridge, 1927). Snout is obtusely pointed and projecting slightly beyond the mouth. Cathus rostralis is rounded, and the loreal region is slightly concave. The nostril is noticeably nearer to the tip of the snout than the eye, and the interorbital space is slightly narrower than the upper eyelid. A fold from the posterior border of the eye borders the tympanum and extends to the base of the forelimb. The tympanum is visible. Manual webbing is absent. Tarsal and outer metatarsal tubercles are scarcely visible; inner metatarsal tubercle is well developed and a fold or groove is adjacent posteriorly. Webbing is moderate with 3 phalanges free on toe IV. Toe tips are expanded and some may be dilated into small discs. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. The skin above is finely granular and warty in some specimens.

Dorsum is uniformly brown or grayish brown. Tympanic region may be slightly darker, creating the appearance of a facemask. A conpicuous vertical white stripe is present on the nose. A darker triangular patch surrounds the anal region and is bordered on the upper sides by two white lines. Some faint barring may be present on the limbs. The venter is white with brownish, white-blotched lower lips. Some brown mottling or stippling is present on the throat, breast, and limbs. The belly is immaculate. Rödel et al. (2009) reports that males have very distinct folds on a completely black throat.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1571 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9db299e3-260e-4c84-b774-d424031ceb56#morphology d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A small Phrynobatrachus with elongate body, very long hind legs, and short pointed snout that is rounded in dorsal and lateral view. The canthus rostralis is rounded, and the loreal region slightly concave. The head-width directly behind the eyes is 0.3 times the snout-vent length (SVL); eye-snout distance is slightly larger than eye diameter. The nostril is closer to snout than to eye. The tympanum is present but indistinct with a diameter less than half of the eye. A short but distinct supratympanic fold is present, stretching from posterior edge of eye to the base of forearm. The femur is shorter than the tibio-fibulae and approximately half of the SVL. The foot, including the longest toe, is about 0.8 times the SVL. The hand has large oval palmar tubercles and two smaller thenar tubercles. Small and round subarticular tubercles are present on the fingers. The relative finger lengths are as follow: 4<1≤2<3. Manual webbing is absent. The tarsal tubercle is approximately the size of the outer metatarsal tubercle. The inner metatarsal tubercle is oval and larger that the rounded outer one. Pedal webbing is present among the basal phalanges (Barbour and Loveridge, 1927 reported no trace of webbing), and toe and fingertips are slightly expanded. The thumb of reproductive males has a large nuptial pad on dorsal and external side. Ovoid femoral glands, about half of femur length, are present in males. The dorsal skin is smooth without any dorsal ridges or warts. Eyelids are smooth, and no eyelid cornicle is present. The ventral skin is smooth. Vocal sac of males is about 0.75 times head width, extending over almost the entire length of the throat and anterior breast area, and bordered by two almost parallel folds of skin. The skin of the vocal sac is slightly granular.

The dorsum is a uniform dark brown or slate, almost black. Flanks have a well delimitated black stripe, starting behind the eye and stretching towards the hind legs and separated by a white line from a black spot in the groin area. This white line may extend anteriorly as of dorsolateral line. The dorsal surface of the forelegs is almost uniform dark brown; one dark blotch on the external surface of the upper and lower arms is present. The outer, posterior surface of thighs has a longitudinal and well defined white line over the second third of the thighs, stretching from the vent to the back of the knee (line sometimes shorter, not reaching knee). This line is bordered by uniform black. The anterior surface of the thighs are light brown with two to three black transverse bars. The lower leg dorsally is light brown with two black transverse bars. The loreal region is dark brown. The upper mandible is the same colour as the back, interrupted by three clearer blotches, one of them below eye. The lower mandible is dark brown with irregular small clearer spots. The vocal sac is almost uniform black. The belly has very large irregularly shaped dark brown blotches, separated by fine white lines, and the ventral side of thighs, lower leg and foot white have large dark brown blotches.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44167320-d7b8-413a-bf8e-fb776a637cf6#morphology a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A median papilla is present on the tongue. The head is as long as broad. The snout is somewhat pointed, longer than the diameter of eye and protruding beyond the lower jaw. The nostril is equidistant from the eye and the tip of snout. The Interorbital space is 1.5 times broader than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is barely visible, measuring half of diameter of eye. Small but distinct discs are present on the fingers. Manual digit I is shorter than II, and II does not reach the level of the 4th. Toes are rather long, with a simple rudiment of skin at their base (4 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV). Toes exhibit well-developed discs. Small, projecting sub-articular tubercles are present. An elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, round outer metatarsal tubercle, and round tarsal tubercle are present. The length of the inner metatarsal tubercle is that toe I less its disc. Toe III longer than V. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye when the hind limb is folded back. The heels overlap slightly when one places the hind limbs at a right angle on the body. The tibia is 3.5 times longer than broad; its length equal to that of the foot without the tarsus and is contained 2.25 times in the snout-vent length. Skin is smooth on all the parts of the body, including the limbs. A strong fold of the skin, under the throat, skirts each branch of the jaw inferiorly and extends up to the insertion of the forelimbs.

Dorsum is gray-blackish, slightly more yellowish on the limbs. A white or grey dorsal band equal to the width of the superior eyelid is present from the snout to the vent. Two additional light bands may be present, the first traveling from the posterior angle of eye up to the insertion of the forelimb and continuing down the arm, and the second over the femur and the tibia. Yet another line, parallel to the one on the femur and tibia, is on the posterior face of the thighs. Faint transversal bars are visible on the hind limbs. Sides are marbled with small, dark spots. The ventral sides of the hind limbs are uniformly yellowish with some fine brown-reddish punctuations. Females exhibit a pale venter. Males exhibit a black throat. The chest and anterior belly may also exhibit some darker pigmentation in males, while the posterior part of the belly is white.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b76b6209-6b80-4e37-a8cb-d0d2627fb34b#morphology f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the original description by Boulenger (1895):

Tongue exhibits a free papilla in the middle. Head is moderate, as long as broad. Snout is rounded, slightly little shorter than the diameter of the orbit. Canthus rostralis is rounded. Tympanum is hidden.
Fingers and toes are blunt. First finger is shorter than the second. Toes are webbed at the base, with the web extending as a fringe to the tip. A tarsal tubercle, as well as small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle are present (Note: no outer metarsal tubercle is mentioned, but one is present- B.Z.). The subarticular tubercles are prominent. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the posterior border of the eye. The skin is smooth. Color is blackish brown above and whitish beneath. A fine whitish vertebral line is present. Male with a subgular vocal sac (Boulenger, 1895).

Largen (2001) decribes this species as follows:

Tympanum barely discernible below the skin. Nostril is situated closer to the snout tip than the eye. Webbing is rudimentary or absent. Digit tips may or may not expanded into discs defined by circummarginal grooves. Adult males exhibit femoral glands situated posteroventrally on the distal half of each thigh. Gular skin forms a U-shaped pouch with one or more lateral folds and a somewhat deeper transverse fold posteriorly. Dorsum is brown, often with a pale vertebral line accompanied by a pale line on the hindlimbs from the vent to heel or broad mid-dorsal stripe present. A dark triangle may be present immediately behind a pale interorbital bar. Upper lip occasionally barred, and lower jaw regularly patterned with bands. A pale streak or row of spots may extend from below the eye towards the forelimb. Throat coloration in both sexes pale with uniformly distributed melanophores, creating a mottled or vermiculated appearance. Gular region in males is bright yellow in life. The breast and abdomen are cream or white with clustered spots.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2c1d1907-9122-491e-8b13-dd803f2a8af2#morphology f1c7701c-7f95-4056-af79-17f9defd1518 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tongue with a median conical papilla present. Head is moderate, as long as broad. Snout is obtusely pointed, as long as the eye, with obtuse canthus. Nostril is equidistant from the eye and from the tip of the snout. The interorbital space is broader than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is hidden. Fingers are moderate with the first and second equal, and these more than half as long as third. The tips of the fingers are feebly dilated. Toes are moderate, nearly half webbed with the web extending as a fringe on the sides to the tips. Toe tips are dilated into small but very distinct discs. Subarticular tubercles are small but very prominent. Two small but very prominent metatarsal tubercles, an inner oval and outer round, are present. A small rounded tubercle is present on the inner side of the tarsus, connected with the inner metatarsal tubercle by a narrow dermal ridge. The distance between the two metatarsal tubercles is cosiderably less than the distance between the inner and the tarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Dorsal skin is smooth or with small warts. A fold is present from the eye to the shoulder. Dorsum is brown with indistinct darker markings on the back and cross-bands on the limbs. A light vertebral streak may be present. Jaw margins exhibit large dark brown spots. Hinder side of thighs with a more or less distinct white, black-edged stripe. Venter is white. Throat is dark brown in the male and sometimes spotted with brown in the female. Males have a subgular vocal sac (Boulenger, 1906).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1551 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a83db5db-bd48-4779-9e0d-9602fff9ae7d#morphology 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is rather stocky and has an obtusely pointed snout. The head width, femur, tibia, and foot are 34-37%, 43-50%, 48-56%, and 48-51% of the snout-vent length, respectively. The eye diameter is approximately the same as the snout length, somtimes slightly less. The tympanum is visible, measuring 40-60% of the diameter of the eye. Fingertips are swollen or exhibit small digital discs. Well-developed digital discs are present on all toes. Pedal webbing is moderate with 2-3 phalanges on toe IV free of web, and up to 1.5 phalanges free of web on toes III and V. The tibiotarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb is somewhat variable, reaching midway through the eye, anterior to the eye, ot just passed the tympanum. The skin is almost smooth with scapular glands in a "W" shape. Males exhibit asperities on the throat, and weaker asperities over the head and anterior trunk. Weak lateral folds are visible when the vocal sac is deflated. Females exhibit asperities in proximity to the vent and on the sacral region of the dorsum only. Males do not exhibit femoral glands (Pickersgill, 2007).

Dorsum is grey or brownish grey, more or less uniform. A lighter triangle is often present on the snout. A broad, light vertebral area may be present. A broad, transverse interorbital bar may be present. Darker brown patches are superimposed on the scapular warts. Hind limbs may be uniform or transversely barred with broad, light-edged dark bands. The upper lip is either uniform grey or with barring. Venter is whitish with some minute, brown spots. The palms and soles of the feet are grey in colour. The throat in males is dark grey, and females are marked with brown blotches, which may give a dark cast to the throat (Loveridge, 1941; Pickersgill, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 916f0418-fc27-4822-b015-78128ce6cf82#morphology 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The body is slender with the head width being 29-33% of the SVL. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and metatarsal tubercle. The tibia is 53-54%, the foot is 47-53%, and femur is 46-47% of the SVL. Scapular warts form a W-shape with an ovular anterior pair and a more elongate posterior pair. No minute asperities are present. The tympanum is hidden or barely discernible. Manual webbing is absent. All toes have discs, and there are discs on the outer two fingers. Pedal webbing is rudimentary with 3-4 digits free of webbing on digit IV. Dorsum is greyish to brown with semi-regular dark brown markings on each side, and an interorbital triangle. A light vertebral line may be present. There is a dark streak along the side of the face but no subtympanal light streak. The upper lip is speckled but not barred, while the lower jaw exhibits weak barring. A dark strip runs from the axilla down the side of the body. Venter is white with some light pigmentation in the pectoral region in both sexes. Males exhibit pronounced lateral vocal folds. There is a weak swelling on the back of the thigh of the male paratype, suggesting femoral glands (Pickersgill, 2007)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ca07d98f-ba74-4d91-bdd3-419182822f97#morphology 8c23a261-06b0-4171-841f-a75b6370c029 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aspect is raniform. A conical papilla is present in the middle of the tongue and is clearly visible. Head is longer than broad. Snout is short and as long as the eye. Canthus rostralis is obtuse; frenal region is concave. Nostrils are equidistant from eye and tip of snout. Interorbital space is slightly broader than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is hidden. First finger is shorter than the second; the third is 1.5 times as long as the second. Fingers are slightly dilated into small but quite distinct discs. Subarticular tubercles are prominent. The inner metatarsal tubercle is oval shaped and well developed; a round tarsal tubercle on the inner side of the tarsus is joined together with the outer metatarsal tubercle by a cutaneous fold. The outer metatarsal tubercle is located at longer distance from the tarsal tubercle than the inner metatarsal tubercle. (Note: de Witte (1933) confused the inner and outer metatarsal tubercles in his description, the description given here has been corrected by B. Zimkus.) When the rear limb is brought forward, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. The tibia is 1 and 5/6 times in the snout-vent length; the width of the tibia is approximately 1/4 its length. When the hind limbs are folded up in right angles with the center body, the tibiae overlap. Dorsal skin is granular, strewn with many more prominent warts. Dorsolateral glandular cords start behind the upper eyelid and extend until in the scapular area. Ventral parts are smooth with the exception of the males' external vocal sac in the gular region, which is granulous (de Witte, 1933).

Dorsum is grayish and mottled blackish; spots more or less form the shape of transverse bars between the eyes and on the limbs. A thin yellowish vertebral line is present between the eyes and extending until anus. Ventral parts are whitish and slightly punctuated with black (de Witte, 1933).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1561 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8298682f-c627-4fd0-bd63-75d043d488c2#morphology 9c528af0-017d-4c79-aec9-c4eb755372a6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the original description by Boulenger (1905):

Head moderate, as long as broad; snout rounded, projecting beyond the mouth, shorter than the diameter of the orbit; nostril a little nearer the end of the snout than the eye; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum hidden. Fingers moderate, third about once and a half as long as second; toes one fourth webbed; tips of lingers and toes very slightly swollen; subarticular tubercles strong; a tarsal and two metatarsal tubercles, small and round. The tibia-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth or with small warts on the back. Greyish brown above, with blackish spots and a triangular blackish marking between the eyes, with or without a light vertebral line, or with a broad whitish area, edged with black, covering the top of the head and the back; limbs with dark cross-bars; a white, dark-edged streak along the back of the thighs; lower parts white, with or without brown spots on the breast.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1562 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4443e716-0aa5-4304-808a-5f3feb5d1300#morphology 07286bb6-00b0-4bbe-9180-d6a8ca553d40 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tongue has a conical median papilla. Habit is ranoid. Head is small; snout is short, subacuminate and without canthus. Interorbital space is convex and slightly narrower than the upper eyelid (Boulenger, 1898). The eye diameter is smiliar to the snout length, and nostrils are equidistant between the eye and snout tip (Pickersgill, 2007). The tympanum is visible; Channing and Howell (2006) report that the tympanum is two-thirds the size of the eye diameter, while Pickersgill (2007) reports that it is 40-50%. The first finger is shorter than the second. The toes are almost completely webbed with 1-1.5 phalanges on toe IV are free of webbing and 0-0.5 phalanx of toes III and V are free of web (Channing and Howell, 2006; Pickersgill, 2007). Boulenger (1898) reports that digital tips are slightly swollen, but small discs have been reported to be on both fingers and toes (Channing and Howell, 2006; Pickersgill, 2007). Subarticular tubercles are small. An inner metatarsal tubercle, outer metatarsal tubercle, and tarsal tubercle are present. According to Boulenger (1898) the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye, and the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches beyond the tip of the snout, but Pickersgill (2007) states that the tibio-tarsal articulation can sometimes fall short of the eye. The skin is feebly warty above. No femoral glands are present in the male, and the throat of males is unpigmented and without distinct folds (Channing and Howell, 2006).

Dorsum is brown with small, dark spots. A dark, light-edged streak is on each side from the eye to the groin, involving the tympanum. A dark cross-bar is present the thigh and tibia. The hinder side of the thighs is white with a wavy, blackish band. Venter is white. Some brown dots are on the throat. Two brown streaks or a series of spots are present on the lower surface of the thighs (Boulenger, 1898). A pale band is present below the vent, running from knee to knee with a second band interrupted at the vent (Channing and Howell, 2006). Dark speckling is present under the throat forms gular patches in females, and the throat in males is generally sprinkled with melanophores (Pickersgill, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1560 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 07e574d7-55f6-4772-9ade-fe7692b52d60#morphology 26bb0093-48bd-48e1-b7e9-fc0f31bf631b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The head is as long as it is broad. A small conical papilla is present in the middle of the tongue. Canthus rostralis is distinct; the loreal renal region is rather steep and somewhat concave. The nostril is slightly closer to the tip of snout than to the eye. Interorbital space is broader than upper eyelid. Tympanum is distinct, measuring 3/5-2/3 the diameter of the eye. The snout is 1/2-3/4 the diameter of the eye. Fingers are dilated at their ends into distinct discs. The first finger is shorter than the second, and finger III is longer than the snout. The sub-articular tubercles are somewhat weak. The tibiotarsal articulation reaches between the rear border of the eye and the nostril when the hind limb is extended. The heels overlap when the limbs are bent at right angles to the body. Webbing is moderate with toes 1/3 webbed, with broad web reaching only the proximal sub-articular tubercle on toes III-V. A small, ovular internal metatarsal tubercles and small, round external metatarsal tubercle are present. The small tarsal tubercle is somewhat hardly visible, and it is as far from the inner metatarsal tubercle as the inner is from the outer metatarsal tubercle. The SVL is 2.2-2.5 times the femur length. The femur is shorter than the tibia. The tibia is 2.75-3.5 times longer than broad. The SVL is 2.75-4.5 times tibia length. The tibia is approximately the same length as the foot. The dorsum is covered with many warts arranged in longitudinal rows. Prominent glands are present in the scapular region. The venter is smooth. Males exhibit shallow, lateral gular folds, nuptials pads on manual digit I, and spines on the venter of the foot, including the inner sides of digits I-V, the outer side of digit V, and between metatarsal V and the outer metatarsal tubercle.

The dorsum is brownish grey with lighter patches, and there is often a darker band present between the eyes. Some specimens may exhibit a vertebral line.The upper jaw is black and white. The venter is white and marbled with darkish brown. The throat is darker than rest of venter. The limbs are banded.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1559 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 38e7e457-805b-4ca6-bd40-bfcd676c22ce#morphology 011a684f-0e28-40dd-854d-71c266e64a66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has a small and compact body, as well as a moderately pointed snout. Nostrils are closer to the snout tip than to the anterior corner of eyes. Canthus rostralis is distinct; loreal region is slightly concave. A small but distinct tympanum is present. The relative finger length: 1 = 2 < 3 > 4; relative toe length: 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 > 5. Distinct subarticular tubercles are present. Finger and toe tips are enlarged to discs, clearly surpassing width of subarticular tubercles. Webbing absent on fingers, but toes moderately webbed with 3 toes free of webbing on toe IV. A web hem reaching discs (pedal webbing formula: 1 (0), 2 i/e (1-0), 3 i/e (2-1), 4 i/e (1), 5 (1)). Tarsal tubercle, inner metarsal and outer metarsals tubercles are present, although the outer metatarsal tubercle may be indistinct. The skin of back may be smooth, granular or warty; reproductive males normally have smooth skin. Two larger dorsal warts are present in the scapular region. The ventrum is smooth. Males have distinct femoral glands (not visible in males that have been preserved in formaldehyde), and several vocal folds that run almost parallel to lower jaw. The thumb of reproductive males is not swollen.

Dorsal color ranges from beige to dark brown, and a black lateral band is present, stretching from behind the tympanum to the belly and vanishing before reaching the hips. Dorsal warts are bordered black. Clear spots on flanks are normally lacking, but when present, they may be white, yellow, yellow with a red central part, or red with a fine orange border. These clear patches may be restricted to the hip area or stretch from behind the eyes to the femur. Rarely a broad orange to red transverse band may cross the back, and one dark transverse bar is present on the femur and tibia. A very faint black transversal line may be present, and dark transversal bars may be present on arms and fingers. The anal region is bordered by a black triangle with a white line stretching from this triangle to outer parts of femur. Foot and toes with black transverse bars. Toe and finger tips are gray. The upper and lower jaw have black and white bars. The pectoral region and belly are white, sometimes with a few small black spots laterally to pectoral region. Ventral parts of femur and tibia are dark gray; knee and border of tibia with black points. Throats of breeding males are black, while nonreproductive males may be almost white with a few black spots. Females have white to gray throats with irregular dark spots and patches that occasionally may nearly cover the whole throat; a few small black spots may be present in pectoral region, two dark spots are almost always present in this region in females.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1580 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00436892-8636-4021-b2be-18535b4a3060#morphology 3f316c90-be90-4a38-bb2c-18b4b1be784d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. pintoi has a oval, compact body shape, rounded snout, indistinct canthus rostralis, straight to slightly concave loreal region, indistinct tympanum that is much smaller than diameter of eye, and nostril closer to the snout than eye. The femur is slightly shorter than tibio-fibulare. The hand has large and oval palmar and thenar tubercle, and small round subarticular tubercles are present on the fingers. Palmar webbing is absent, and only rudiments of webbing are present on toe bases. Neither toe nor finger tips expanded to discs. The dorsum skin is grainy with warts present on the back and eyelids, and a larger pointed wart in posterior corner of eyelid, resembling eyelid cornicle of various other small Phrynobatrachus species but is less distinct. Small whitish warts are present between the posterior corner of the eye and forearm bases. Two symmetrical pairs of dorsal warts are especially pronounced, and comma-shaped warts are present directly posterior to these symmetrical pairs. Smaller warts are also present on the neck, back and hind legs. The skin of throat is corrugated, but otherwise, ventral skin is smooth.

The dorsum is brown with indistinct darker bars on upper lip. Unpaired roundish spots are present between the posterior eyelids. Dark bordered spots are irregularly spread on the posterior portion of back. A pair of large, symmetrical, black-bordered spots is present between base of hind legs. Flanks have a dark blotch originating dorsal to base of forelimbs, extending ventrally to the middle of body. Dark spots are present in the groin area, just extending to back. The lower arm has one black bar, and thighs and lower leg have three black bars each. The vent is bordered black. Outer parts of thighs have a clear longitudinal band, bordered black posterior ventrally. Throat is white, and the mandible has eight black spots. The throat and breast have with three symmetric pairs of large blackish spots, increasing in size posteriorly. The belly has eight irregularly spread blackish spots. Ventral thighs are white with blackish spots with the posterior part near the vent speckled with brown spots. Ventral portions of the lower leg are whitish, bordered by dorsal black bars.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 da405e57-2e2c-4a4c-97cc-afa2868395fd#morphology b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aspect is slim. Tongue with median papilla. Head slightly longer than broad. Snout is rather prominent and obtuse; pointed and longer than the eye diameter. Nostril is close to the tip of the snout than the eye. Canthus rostralis is somewhat angular; loreal region is slightly oblique and faintly concave. Interorbital space is broader than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is somewhat indistinct, raised in centre, and greater than half the eye diameter. First finger is shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth. The third finger is the longest, its length equal to the distance from snout to orbit. Fingertips are dilated into discs with a circummarginal groove. Tibiotarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb reaches the end of the snout. Length of the tibia contained about 1 3/4 times in the snout-vent length. Toes have small but distinct discs. According to Lamotte and Xavier 1966) webbing is moderate; toes I and II are webbed to the disc, toe III has 1.5-2 phalanges free of web, toe IV has with 3 phalanges free, and toe V fifth has 1 phalanx free and only a narrow seam of web on the next phalanx. Zimkus (unpublished) found webbing also be moderate, but somewhat variable with 1-3 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV. Toe III extends beyond toe V. A round outer metatarsal tubercle and an oblong inner metatarsal tubercle are present, which are as far from each other as is the inner is from the small tarsal tubercle. Skin of head and dorsum is grainy. Dorsal glandular folds are in an X shape, beginning behind the upper eyelids, converging to an imaginary line connecting the forelimbs and diverging on the dorsum. Blackish, round verrucosities are present on the lateral sides, the sacral region and the tibiae. Lateral vocal folds are present in males. The nuptial pads on digit I occupy the dorsal and internal faces. Femoral glands are absent.

The dominant dosal colour is gray-brown. A light canthal line is present. A dark band or mask begins at the snout tip, travels through the nostril and eye, and ends at the insertion of the forelimb. Flanks are pale grey with a few conspicuously small flecks of white and darker grey. The hind limbs are transversely barred. A conspicuous light longitudinal line between two darker bands, extending from the vent to the back of the knee, is present on the hinder side of the thighs. A linear series of light-edged dark dashes or blotches is present on the thigh anteriorly, and posteriorly with a light (golden yellow in life) longitudinal line, more or less edged with dark brown above. The throat and the chest are pigmented in the females, and black in the males. The belly is white, but the lower surfaces of tibia are covered in irregular, large brown spots.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b4d0f711-f727-4371-ab23-62dc6c64860b#morphology 5f8a7839-be0d-4e8a-97d1-3b6e545d47bb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A median conical papilla is present on the tongue. The head is approximately as broad as it is long. The snout is as long as the eye diameter and barely pointed. Canthus rostralis is indistinct. The nostril is equidistant from the eye and the snout tip. The interorbital area is considerably broader than the upper lid. The tympanum is only slightly visible. The tips of the fingers and toes are only slightly widened. The first finger is significantly shorter than second. The toes are moderately long and half webbed. Channing and Howell (2006) report that 3 phalanges on toe IV are free of webbing. An oval internal metatarsal tubercle and a small round outer metatarsal tubercle are present. A smaller tarsal tubercle is also present at the interior edge of the tarsus. The tarsal tubercle is connected to the inner metatarsal tubercle by a fine skin fold; the distance between the tarsal and inner metatarsal tubercles is somewhat smaller than that between the two metatarsal tubercles. The tibiotarsal joint reaches the eye when the leg is bent. A short glandular fold and small warts are arranged in longitudinal rows are found behind each eye. The ventral surface is smooth (Nieden, 1912). Minute spinules are present on the tibia, tarsus, and underside of the foot, and asperities are present on the flanks (Channing and Howell, 2006).

Dorsum is dark-brown, and a thin vertebral line may be present. Warts are a somewhat lighter brown, making them noticeable. Hind limbs have dark transverse banding. Ventral surface of the throat and chest is brownish. The belly and underside of limbs are yellowish (Nieden, 1913).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1603 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 33b6578b-bc10-4703-9864-d92a86b1e13b#morphology 57ab534d-f71a-4278-b62d-0a2b772a1026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A conical papilla present on the middle of the tongue. The snout longer than the horizontal diameter of the eye. The nostril is closer to the end of the snout than to the eye. The interorbital space is equal to, or slightly wider than, the upper eyelid. The tympanum is not visible. Loveridge (1932) described the tips of fingers and toes as tapered but not dilated, while Poynton and Broadley (1985) report that the middle toes are expanded into small discs with circummarginal grooves sometimes present. Finger I is much shorter than II, which is shorter than the IV; finger III is the longest. A rather indistinct tarsal tubercle present. while Inner and an outer metatarsal tubercles are present. The toes are webbed with three phalanges free of webbing on the 4th toe, and only two terminal joints free on the other four toes (Loveridge, 1932; Poynton and Broadley, 1985). Zimkus (unpublished) found that webbing was absent or rudimentary with four phalanges free of webbing on the 4th toe. The tibio-tarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb reaches the eye. The skin of back smooth with flattened warts (Loveridge, 1932) The male gular sac is bounded posteriorly by a marked fold, and elongate, flattened femoral glands are present (Poynton and Broadley, 1985).

In alcohol, the dorsum is dusky brown, heavily overlaid with black. No light band is present below the tympanum. Distinct cross bars are present on the hind limbs (Loveridge, 1932). Upper and lower jaws are also barred (Poynton and Broadley, 1985). The venter is white. The posterior face of the thigh exhibits a light band bordered below by a complete or almost complete dark border. The throat in females is blotched with brown as far back as the forearms and also along the flanks (Loveridge, 1932). The gular region in males is greyish or speckled (Poynton and Broadley, 1985).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1547 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e15fa537-a034-451c-82e6-a7795593bc9b#morphology caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tongue is deeply notched with a median papilla. There are maxillary teeth but no vomerine teeth present. The head is naroow, much longer than broad. The snout is pointed, prominent, and obliquely truncate in profile, slightly longer than the eye. The canthus rostralis is anguular, and the loreal region is vertical and slightly concave. The nostril is equidistant from the eye and the tip of the snout. The tympanum is half the diameter of the eye. The first finger is shorter than the second, which is shorter than the fourth. Manual webbing is absent. Digital discs are well developed, trapezoid or T-shaped. The disc of the third finger is approximately 2/3 the diameter of the tympanum. Toes are 1/3 webbed; Zimkus (unpublished) examined specimens with 3 phalanges free of webbing on toe iV. Toe V is shorter than the toe III. Digital discs of the toes are slightly smaller than those of the fingers. Subarticular tubercles are flat. A flat, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle and a small, prominent outer metatarsal tubercle are present. An indistinct, short, curved fold is present from the inner metatarsal tubercle to the tarsus. Drewes and Perret (2000) found Phrynobatrachus (Phrynodon) sandersoni to lack a tarsal tubercle, while Zimkus and Blackburn (2008) found this tubercle present, albeit rather reduced in size. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the nostril. The dorsum has a few, small, scattered tubercles, while the venter is smooth. A curved supra-tympanic fold is present. Males exhibit nuptial pads on finger I, long mandibular pseudo-teeth, termed odontoids, and femoral glands that are as long as the snout on the posterior thigh (Parker, 1935). The pair of peudo-teeth that are half the diameter of the tympanum. Lateral vocal folds are present when the vocal sad is deflated. According to Böhme (1994), the femoral glands are closer to the knee than to the vent, and they are present in both sexes.

Dorsum is brown with a darker cross-bar between the eyes and a chevron-shaped marking from the occiput to the scapular region. Tympanic region, as well as the anterior part of the flanks, is dark brown with white flecks. The limbs exhibit distinct cross-bars. A diagonal white stripe is present on each side of the vent. The ventral surface is white, and the chin and throat are dusted with brown.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2686346c-1719-4582-a24c-b5cf9342cf66#morphology caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Clavicles are straight and slender. The omosternum is bony and simple, and the sternum has a long, bony style (Parker, 1935).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 82be3e37-ffe2-433a-9b8b-2318405b34ed#morphology a0df547b-94ad-40bf-b514-cb5ba189158e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A conical papilla is present in the middle of the tongue. Head is as long as broad and as long as the diameter of the eye; head hardly exceeds the lower jaw. Canthus rostralis is obtuse; frenal region is slightly concave. Nostrils are closer to the tip of snout than the eye. Interorbital space is as large as the upper eyelid. Tympanum is completely hidden. Fingers are very slightly dilated at their ends. Finger I is even length in with II; the third is 1 1/2 times as long as II and IV. Foot is 1/2 the snout-vent length. Toes have a rudiment of palmation at the base and are very slightly dilated at end, although more strongly than the fingers. Subarticular tubercles are not very projecting. An oval-shaped internal metatarsal tubercle is somewhat prominent, much shorter than internal toe. A round outer metatarsal tubercles is much smaller. A small tarsal tubercle is connected to the internal metatarsal tubercle by a cutaneous fold. The inner metatarsal tubercle is situated equidistant from the tarsal tubercle and the external metatarsal tubercle. When the rear limb is brought forward, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye. Dorsal skin is very warty, especially in the scapular region where there are two large oval warts that are laid out in the shape of reversed 'V.' Zimkus (unpublished) found a tubercle on the eyelid of the holotype, but no spine was present. Upper parts of the limbs are granular and slightly warty; ventral parts are smooth (de Witte, 1933). Two lateral folds were present on the gular region, suggesting that the holotype was male (Zimkus, unpublished).

Dorsum is greyish and mottled with blackish. A blackish spot is present, starting above the forelimb and extending in the form of poorly defined band down the sides and in the lumbar area where it goes up slightly on the top of the body. Upperl sides of limbs are brown with transverse blackish bars. A poorly defined whitish line extends from each side of the vent along the internal sides of thighs. Ventral parts whitish with irregular brown spots; these spots are especially abundant on the hind limbs. Throat is blackish-brown (de Witte, 1933).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1601 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d13abef2-275a-4cde-8b11-ba64632879e3#morphology 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The body is slender with the head narrower than body. Maxillary teeth are present, and vomerine teeth are absent. Tongue is as long as wide, free for about two thirds of its length, tip is bifurcated, and a papilla is present. Nostrils are closer to tip of snout than to anterior corner of eye, and the canthus rostralis is slightly concave from tip of snout to nostril and straight from nostril to eye. The horizontal eye diameter is larger than the distance from nostril to anterior corner of eye, and the tympanum is invisible. Dorsal skin is finely coarse and ventrally smooth. Manual webbing is absent. Fingertips may be slightly swollen but not expanded to digital discs. Pedal webbing is rudimentary with 3-3.5 digits free of webbing on digit IV. Toe tips may be slightly swollen but not expanded to digital discs. Dorsum is brown with semi-regular dark brown markings on each side, and a light vertebral line may be present. The upper arm is of lighter colour, the back of thighs is banded. Venter is translucent to cream, with dark marks in the pectoral region. In males the throat is greyish brown, transverse gular folds are present, and small femoral glands are visible. Minute asperities sparsely but evenly covering the dorsum and venter in males, and asperities are restricted to the peri-anal region in females. The iris is golden brown.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 971993b1-526d-46c8-8cc7-b31f0a5c619d#morphology a6894435-ce55-424c-8877-327f893bc668 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Body is compact with very strong limbs. A conical papilla is present in the center of the tongue. Head is longer than broad. Cathus rostralis is sharp. Interorbital area is only slightly broader than the upper eyelid. Tympanum is clearly visibly. Finger and toes are slim with small but distinct discs. First finger is shorter than the second. Pedal webbing is extensive with only 2 phalanges free of web on toe IV. An inner and outside metatarsal tubercle, as well as a smaller tubercle on the inside of the tarsus is present; the latter is approximately as far from internal metatarsal tubercle as the two metatarsal tubercles are from each other. The tibiotarsal articulation reaches beyond the front edge of the eye. The skin is smooth or with very small asperities. A pair of chevron-shaped glands are present behind the eyes, converging in the scapular region (Nieden, 1910). A subgular vocal sac covered with small round and clear warts, and lateral vocal folds are present on the throat (Perret, 1966).

Dorsum is grey-green or olive-brown with some individuals appearing veined or mottled. Scapular glands may be outlined with a darker coor. Hindlimbs have dark cross-banding. Ventral surface of the body white with brown or blackish mottling. There is tendency to leave a clear median zone in the males (Perret, 1966). Ventral surface of the limbs yellowish.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1598 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0bbe384-2a2a-4dbb-b1d4-987b2b835149#morphology 268e04ea-0940-461f-b335-720360a16d37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a small species (SVL < 23 mm) of puddle frog that is like other dwarf Phrynobatrachus in proportions but has a number of characteristics that allow its identification. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and metatarsal tubercle. Manual webbing is absent. Pedal webbing is moderate with the broad web extending 1/3 to 2/3 of way between subarticular tubercles of toe IV and extending beyond the proximal subarticular tubercle on toe IV on the inner side. Margin of web reaches the distal tubercle of toe III and middle tubercle of toe IV, continuing as a fringe. Toes not dilated into discs. Dorsum is brown with a dark triangle between the eyes. The upper and lower jaws are barred. Large, flattened femoral glands are present in males and are conspicuously yellow in life. The male throat is grey with a saggy gular sac that exhibits a clear posterior fold (Stewart, 1967; Poynton and Broadley, 1985; Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1605 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ad10b6a3-4c6f-487c-bbe3-2ebc85c5da8c#morphology 011b2060-aea3-4675-8e83-9cdcb7adc91c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ranoid habitus, rather squat. Dorsum warty with a pair of oval scapular glands. Manual webbing absent. Pedal webbing rudimentary and present until just beyond the proximal sub-articular tubercles of the third and fourth toes. Digit tips barely widened; digital discs are absent. The tympanum is indistinct. Males possess fermoral glands, but gular folds are absent.

Dorsum is brown, somewhat marbled in the holotype but uniform in the paratype. The holotype exhibits a vertebral line from the snout to vent. The limbs are barred with slightly darker brown. The upper and lower jaws mottled with black and white. The venter includes dark spots forming curvilinear, transverse rows on the throat. Smaller spots are strewn on the chest and the edges of the belly. The stomach is immaculate. A blackish group of spots are concentrated on the external quarter of each thigh. The male holotype is the only adult of this species, and, therefore, the coloration of the female is unknown.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1606 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 20eec41a-1803-44a2-a45a-4540c031ed43#morphology acdf2da2-7cd8-471e-8c8f-3514a4ec8465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus tokba was originally described using a series of syntypes that were mostly juveniles (MNHNP1921.144-152). Rödel et al. (2005) synonymized P. alticola with P. tokba and designated MNHNP1921.144, an adult male, as a lectotype.The colour of back, belly and extremities is uniform clear brown, and the throat is dark brown. Warts or glandular ridges are not discernible, but there are three pairs of warts on the neck, sometimes fused to smaller ridges. Webbing is absent and the toe tips are not enlarged.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1608 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c13191-5401-4e5f-b6ad-002fd3a552f9#morphology f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tongue with a conical papilla present in the middle. Snout is moderate, much longer than the horizontal diameter of the eye. The nostril much close to the snout tip than the eye. The interorbital space is much broader than an upper eyelid. The tympanum is hidden. Tips of fingers and toes are dilated into small but distinct discs, although Loveridge (1932) notes that this is more apparent in live animals than that preserved specimen, which have had some shrinkage of the discs due to frequent removal from alcohol. Poynton and Broadley (1985) also note that circummarginal grooves are weak or absent on the toes.The first finger is shorter than the second, which is shorter than the fourth, and the third is by far the longest. Two metatarsal tubercles (inner and outer), as well as a tarsal tubercle are present. Toes are rudimentary with the four phalanges free of webbing on toe IV, three phalanges free on toes III and V, and two phalanges free on toe I and II. Zimkus (unpublished) examined specimens with 3-4 phalanges free on toe IV. The tibio-tarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb reaches the eye. The skin of the back is smooth with inconspicuous flattened warts (Loveridge, 1932). Dorsal skin glands are weakly developed. Glands are also present on the upper leg. When the male's vocal sac is deflated, it often forms a tranverse fold (Poynton and Broadley, 1985).

Dorsum is mainly brown or olive, minutely mottled with dusky brown. A light vertebral line may be present from snout to anus with similar lines on thighs and tibiae. Barring may present on the upper and lower jaws (Poynton and Broadley, 1985). A continuous light subtympanic band, extending from the lower eyelid to the base of the arm, is present, typically bordered by an irregular dark band. The venter is largely transparent posteriorly. In females, the throat presents dusky specklings or freckling, which may extend to the breast well between the forearms. In males, the throat is dusky to black in color, and a patch is present across the belly at midbody, which is cream colored with a satiny gloss (Loveridge, 1932).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 58b7f558-aed8-4e39-a9fe-bca3bd151974#morphology cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a miniature species (SVL < 16 mm) of puddle frog with very warty dorsum, including snout and eyelids, and the presence of a small conical protrusion on the eyelid. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and metatarsal tubercle. The head represents 38-39% of the SVL, which is considered broad compared to other dwarf species. The tibia is 55-61%, the foot is 48-53%, and femur is 48-53% of the SVL. Two pairs are oval scapular warts are present. The tympanum is hidden. Manual webbing is absent. Pedal webbing is rudimentary with 3.5-4 digits free of webbing on digit IV. Small but distinct discs are present on the toes, often terminating in points. Dorsum is grey to brown with a dark triangle between the eyes. Vertebral lines are not present. Some specimens have a light-colored saddled-shaped region on the back, while others have a bright orange or yellow stripe over the back, ending abruptly at the occiput. The upper and lower lips are weakly barred black and grey, although the lower jaw barring in males is obscured by duskiness. Minute asperities are present in males only in the mental region, while females exhibit weak peri-anal asperities. Males show little evidence of bagginess in the throat but do exhibit a swollen thenar gland or nuptial pad. Femoral glands are barely discernible on the distal portion of the thigh in males. Venter is white and unmarked, except for a pair of dark gular patches which may be present in females (Pickersgill, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5f7c3079-7141-4199-8212-7d98415d2704#morphology 7f95029a-c6fd-4267-b367-1203696bda0d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has a stocky build. A conical papilla is present on the tongue. The head width is slightly more than the head length. The tibia is slightly longer than the length of the foot (measured form the tip of toe IV to the proximal edge of the outer metatarsal tubercle). The canthus rostralis is rounded and rather indistinct. The loreal region is oblique. The tympanic annulus was barely visible externally; by reflecting the temporal skin, it was measured and found to be two-thirds the distance from the anterior border of the eye to the naris and one-half the internarial distance. The tip of the snout is slightly pointed in both dorsal and lateral view. The length of the snout is equal to the eye length. The nares are closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes. Terminal phalanges are expanded with circum-marginal grooves; the tips of the toes are more expanded than the tips of the fingers. Toes are broadly webbed with the web reaching the discs on the extermal sides of toes 1,2, and 3. The inner and outer metatarsal tubercles are well developed, th latter being ovular in shape. The tarsal fold is barely discernible except at its proximal extremity where it meets a conical tarsal tubercle. A small heel tubercle is also present. Small, white conical spinules cover the dorsal surfaces of the head, body, and limbs of adult males; these asperities are more sparsely distributed in females. The upper eyelids also bear spinules with the rest of the head being smooth. The ventral surfaces are smooth, except in breeding males, which exhibit tiny white asperities on the glands and gular region. A nuptial pad is also present in males with greyish-brown asperities covering the dorsal and media surfaces of the thumb. No vocal folds are visible in males, and no femoral glands are present (Grandison and Howell, 1983)

The dorsum is a rich, reddish brown, and large, pale transverse zone, which is red or orange in life, may be present, passing from one arm insertion across the shoulders and behind the eyes to the other arm insertion point. A darker brown or blackish transverse band borders this light-colored zone. A dark interorbital band or inverted triangle, as well as chevrons or dark transverse bands at the level of the axillae, may be present. A pale area in front of the interorbital band and a pale spot between the shoulders are also usually evident. The limbs are barred, except for the upper arms. The upper arms are orange in life, and the tips of the digits are bright red. The lower jaw is blackish with the pigmentation being interrupted medially. The gular skin is whitish or with faint scattering of greyish marks on a white ground with boldly contrasting black blotches that tend to be concentrated paramedially in the pectoral region. In males, the vocal sac is not pigmented; nuptial pads are lightly pigmented (Grandison and Howell, 1983)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1588 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0375a4de-9aff-43dc-81c2-6adcd2292a04#morphology 5e0a7b2f-882c-40ea-863f-1d0814b8dff7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This small-sized species has a head that is as broad as long, approximately 1/3 of the total snout-vent length. The space separating the nostrils is hardly broader than the eye-nostril space, broader than the interorbital space, and equal to the half diameter of eye. The canthus rostralis is indistinct, and the area loréale is high, subvertical, and slightly concave. The tympanum is barely discernable and narrower than the half diameter of eye. The fingers terminate in small discs; a circummarginal groove is present but may be difficult to detect without magnification. Finger 1 is shorter than the 2. The toes terminate in small discs with a clear circummarginal groove. Toe V is slightly shorter than toe III, toe IV is clearly shorter than the length of the head. Manual webbing is absent. Pedal webbing is absent or rudimentary with only a narrow fringe between the toes. The tarsal tubercle is round; it is not connected to the inner metatarsal tubercle by a raised fold. An external metatarsal tubercle is also present. The length of the tibia is slightly longer than that of the femur. The length of the tibia plus the femur is equal to or slightly less that the total body length (snout-vent length). The length of the foot is more than that of the head. The posterior edge of the eyelid exhibits a cutaneous spine. In the center of the scapular region there is a small pair of V-shaped glands. A second pair are present behind them, opening in the opposite direction, with a small verrucosity centered between the two pairs.

The dorsum is brownish with warts slightly darker, and a more or less distinct transverse bar between the eyes. The upper lip is marked with 3 white bars separated by brown intervals. The posterior legs are barred transversely. Femoral glands are present on the posterior face of the thigh in males. The ventral pattern is quite striking and unique. On a basic cream background, two longitudinal, thick and parallel dark brown to black bands are present across the throat. Large amorphous spots are also present on the belly. The cream-colored background often forms a cross on the chest. In the anterior abdominal region there are two brown spots, separated one from the other in some specimens and joined together by a narrow point in the third. On the posterior abdominal area some irregular spots are similarly present. The cream color between these spots draws a cross with the branch on the throat and chest longer than the one on the abdomen. The posterior legs are barred transversely. The throat in males is more intensely pigmented, and the two pectoral spots may be united. The vocal sac is hardly indicated by gular folds. Femoral glands are present on the posterior face of the thigh.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1594 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 bca8f904-771c-4773-af84-9967d2a9a4c4#morphology 358a7b95-4e1c-46b6-bd4d-b10ce4748a38 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original description of a single female from Caconda, [250 km inland from]
Benguella, Angola by Boulenger (1907):

Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series commencing from the inner front edge of the choanae. Head moderate; snout pointed, as long as the orbit; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region deeply concave; interorbital space much narrower then the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, blunt, first not extending beyond second; toes moderate, one-thid webbed; subarticular tubercles small but very prominent; a small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle, no outer tubercle. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching a little beyond the tip of the snout. Back with very prominent, tectiform, large warts, forming irregular longitudinal series; no lateral fold. Olive-grey above, with large roundish black spots on the body and cross-bars on the limbs; a fine light vertebral streak; a light cross-bar between the eyes and a light spot on the tympanum; lips black; hinder side of thighs reddish brown, dotted with white; lower parts white.

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The following is from a description of Rana aequiplicata by Boulenger (1900):

Vomerine teeth are in two short oblique series, commencing from the inner front edges of the choanae. Head is moderate, as long as broad or a little longer than broad. Snout is pointed, longer than the diameter of the orbit. Canthus rostralis is distinct; loreal region is deeply concave. Nostril is equidistant from the eye and the end of the snout. Interorbital space is nearly as broad as the upper eyelid. Tympanum is distinct, measuring two-thirds or three-fourths the diameter of the eye. Fingers are moderate, obtusely pointed; the first does not extend beyond second. Toes are broadly webbed; web reaches the extremity of the third and fifth toes, leaving two phalanges of the fourth toe free. Subarticular tubercles are moderate. A very small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle is present; no outer tubercle is present. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches far beyond the tip of the snout. The tibia is more than two-thirds the length of head and body. This skin is more or less distinctly granular above, with numerous, interrupted, glandular, longitudinal folds on the back. A glandular fold is present from beneath the eye to the shoulder. Males have two black external vocal vesicles projecting through two slits below the lower jaw.

Dorsum is olive-brown, with small dark spots. A broad whitish or pink vertebral band may be present. A dark cross-bar is normally found between the eyes. A black cantlhal streak and a black temporal spot are present. The tympanum is reddish brown. Limbs have dark cross-bars; hinder side of thighs are black, spotted or marbled with white or pink. A series of black spots are present on the lower jaw. The throat and belly are yellow, immaculate.

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The following is from the original description of the type, a single female specimen, by Boulenger (1905):

Vomerine teeth in two short transverse series close to the inner front edges of the choanae. Head once and a half diameter of the orbit, very strongly projecting beyond the mouth; canthus rostraiis feebly marked; loreal region slightly concave; nostril midway between the eye and the end of the snont; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, three fourths the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, obtusely pointed, first not extending quite as far as second; toes very long and slender, barely half webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate; a small, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches far beyond the tip of the snout. Foot nearly two thirds the length of head and body, tibia rather more than two thirds. Back with eight glandular longitudinal folds, outer strongest; a glandular fold from beneath the eye to the shoulder. Greyish olive above, with black spots; limbs with regular blackish cross-bars; a black band on the side of the head, passing through the eye and covering the temple; a vertebral stripe, the outer glandular fold, and a streak on the upper lip, from the end of the snout to the shoulder, yellowish white; lower parts white, edge of lower jaw and side of throat black.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1663 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0d075326-80f8-458d-8ce5-209d2fbc6892#morphology 85cb37e4-636b-491e-86d2-6cec918e976b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the original description by Smith (1848):

BUFO VERTEBRALIS.-SMITH.
REPTILIA.-PLATE LXVIII.-FIG. II. AND II A.
B. superne flavo-griseus fasciis maculisva griseo-brunneo variegatis, illis labeculis griseis ornatis; infra ochreus maculie parvis nigris notatis; scuta palpebrali postice, dorso, estremitatibusque externe tuberculatis; partibus inferioribus granulosis. Macula interscapulari magna grlseo-alba.

COLOUR. The upper surface of the head, back, and the sides intermediate between ash grey and yellowish grey, the two last named parts variegated with waved longitudinal streaks or irregular blotches of a colour intermediate between broccoli-brown and brownish red. The dark blotches are thinly sprinkled with small circular ash-grey spots, some of which, in every specimen, are surrounded with a narrow liver-brown ring. The outer surface of the fore-legs are pale yellowish grey, faintly barred with livid green; the outer and posterior surfaces of the hinder Jegs the same colour as the back, and distinctly banded transversely with broccoli-brown. From the nose, a narrow blackish green line extends on each side of the head to theanterior extremity of the ocular shield, where it divides into two branches, one extends downward in front of the eye, the other inwards and backward along the inner edge of the shield; the latter is also crossed by a narrow bar of the same colour. Spot between the forelegs in the course of the vertebral column bluish white. Eyes deep blackish green, the pupil surrounded by a narrow ring of brassy green. The under surface of the head and body ochrey yellow; the inner surface of the extremities pale greenish yellow; the breast and belly anteriorly speckled with small liver-brown spots.

FORM. Head small, subconical and rather narrow; sides of body protuberant; extremities short and slender. The first or outer, the third and the inner toes of the forefeet, nearly of equal length, the second considerably longer; the outer and third toes of the hinder feet of equal length, the fourth rather shorter, and the fifth or innermost still shorter, the second about double the length of the first; they are all free at their base. The under surface of the feet is thinly sprinkled with small oblong hard tubercles, and two on each foot are larger than the rest, one a little behind the base of the inner toe, the other of the outer toe. Nose slightly rounded, the nostrils at its apex, one on each side, the opening directed outwards and forwards. Eyeshields rather prominent, eyes small and rather deeply set, tympanum small, projecting, and almost completely encircled by a prominent ring. Parotid glands rather indistinct, irregularly shaped, and close to the tympanum. Ocular shields posteriorly covered more or less with small tubercles. Back, in some individuals, with numerous small hemispherical warts, in other with only a few towards the head; the outer surface of the extremities also more or less warty. The under surface of the body granular, the granulations of the hinder part of the abdomen and the pubic region largest. Tongue full, ovate, the last half free, and behind entire; inner opening of nostrils circular, and immediately in front of the floor of the eyes. Opening of Eustachian tube rather large, and a little behind the angle of the mouth. Length from the point of the nose to the hinder extremity of the back, one inch four lines.


In the interior districts of Southern Africa, north-east of the Cape Colony, specimens of this species were obtained in considerable abundance. They were usually found in situations abounding with brushwood, generally under or amongst decayed leaves. They had all the habits of a true toad: fully twenty individuals came ander my observation, the majority of which were about an inch and a qaarter in length; the others were mach smaller and evidently yoang. As so many specimens were seen of the largest size, and as not a few of them were obtained at different seasons of the year, I am disposed to believe the individual figured had attained mature age.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1268 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 35e09abe-2412-47e2-9241-7e66f9334f08#morphology 2b3ea716-b427-4a89-bde2-e9854a93107d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the decription of Breviceps usambaricus (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928), which was synonymized with Probreviceps macrodactylus by Parker (1934):

Habit is short and stout; head is small. Snout is fairly prominent, measuring 8.1 (6.1 to 8.4 in registered paratype series) times into body length and projecting beyond the lower lip, which is nearly vertical. Eye is small, diameter is 11 times into body length (9 to 15 times in paratype series). Interorbital width is one and a third times the width of the upper eyelid. Tympanum is distinct but ill defined (round and well defined in some paratypes, very difficult to distinguish in young), sub-circular, its diameter about two-thirds that of the eye-opening. Fingers and toes are moderately slender, bluntly rounded at the tips. A series of pads are present beneath the fingers and toes, and a very small tubercle is at each articulation of fingers and toes. Palms of hands have larger blister-like folds; soles of feet have small, rounded, rather indistinct granules. Fourth finger is minutely longer than second (equal to or slightly shorter in paratypes); fifth toe is longer than first. A large (4 mm.) pebble-like inner metatarsal tubercle and a flat, inconspicuous, separated outer metatarsal are present. The tarsal tubercle of the adpressed hind limb reaches the eye (also in 20 of 25 paratypes examined, the tympanic region in No. 13717, the nostril in Nos. 13723, 13724 and 13729). Dorsal skin is rugose or granular frarely almost smooth. Skin on venter is smooth, except edges of chin and soles of feet, which have numerous scattered granules. Coloration in alcohol is uniformly purplish above and on throat. Venter is lighter, variegated with brown and purplish-brown. Some light spots are present on the purplish throat.

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A median papilla is present on the tongue. The body is slim. The head is longer than it is broad. The nostril is closer to the snout tip than the eye. The interorbital space is broader than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is visible. Tips of fingers are toes widened slightly or expanded into small discs. Toes have a simple rudiment of skin at their base (4 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV). An elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, round outer metatarsal tubercle, and round tarsal tubercle are present. Skin on the back is smooth, and the sides are somewhat finely granulated. A supratympanic fold is present from the eye to the forelimb insertion. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the anterior border of the eye when the hind limb is folded back. Perret (1959, 1966) reported that the vocal sac projects, and when deflated, the lateral folds are strong and rectilinear or slightly curved.

Dorsum is brownish-grey, often with reddish tinge. A slightly darker interorbital bar is present, and the snout and region of the head in front of this line is lighter in color. A darker tympanic region is present on the side of the head with a line traveling from the posterior eye to the forelimb, separating this area from the rest of the dorsum. Limbs are light brown dorsally with dark transverse bars. Females exhibit a pale venter. Males exhibit a black throat. The chest and anterior belly may also exhibit some darker pigmentation in males, while the posterior part of the belly is white.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7ea184f1-def4-4fb8-9961-de5f8556c866#morphology 41f6b4db-ffb6-4253-b108-57a4edfcf3b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is a translation of the original description by Duméril and Bibron (1841) from French by B. Zimkus:

Vomerine teeth form two small oblique rows far apart from each other, and touching each of his sides of the lateral edge of the nostrils. Fingers and toes cylindrical, slender, and subarticular tubercles weak. Webbing of the feet does not extend to the toes; fourth toe is a third longer than third and fifth; plantar surface with a single tubercle at the root of the first toe. Upper eyelid completely smooth. Dorsal skin without pustules, but with six or eight longitudinal folds. Tympanum distinct, medium in size. Upper parts gray, red or brown, spotted or not spotted, with or without a dorsal stripe dorsal stripe of a lighter shade.

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Vomerine teeth are in two short oblique series commencing from the inner front edges of the choanae. Head is nearly one and a half times as long as broad. Snout is acutely pointed, longer than the diameter of the orbit, and strongly projecting beyond the mouth. The canthus rostralis is feebly marked. the loreal region is concave. Nostrils are midway between the eyes and the end of the snout. The interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid. The tympanum is distinct and measures two-thirds or three-fourths the diameter of the eye. The fingers are moderate, and obtusely pointed. The first does not extend beyond the second. The toes are very long, slender and one-third webbed. The web extends to the base or middle of the basal phalanx. The subarticular tubercles are small. A small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle is present. A very small, more or less indistinct outer metatarsal tubercle is present. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches beyond the tip of the snout. The tibia is approximately two-thirds the length of the head and body. The back has six or eight glandular longitudinal folds with the outer being the strongest. A glandular fold is present beneath the eye to the shoulder (Boulenger, 1901). No middorsal skin ridge is present (Channing and Howell, 2006). Males have two blackish external vocal sacs, projecting through slits below the lower jaw (Boulenger, 1901); the male vocal pouch splits align below the arm (Channing and Howell, 2006).

The dorsum is olive-brown with blackish spots and longitudinal streaks on the body. A black stripe is present from the tip of the snout to the flank, passing through the eye. A broad orange vertebral stripe is often present. The upper lip and outer glandular dorsal fold are yellow in color. No cross-bars are present on the limbs. The venter is white and immaculate. Rödel (2000) states that the anterior part of the vocal sac is black, the rest somewhat brighter.

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The following is from the original description by Smith (1848):

BUFO CARENS.-SUNDERWALL.
REPTILIA.-PLATE LXVIII. FIG. 1.
B. supeme, subgranulosus ; lateribus plica longitudinale verrucisque magnis rugosis ; glandulis parotideis nullis; extremitatibus poaterioribus exteme verrucosis; dorso maculis circularibus duabus verido-nigris notato; extremitatibus parae fasciis subnigris variegntis.
COLOUR.-The upper surface of the head anteriorly, the eye-shields, and the sides of the head intermediate between oil-green and ochre-yellow; the ground colour of the hind-head, the back, the upper portion of the sides, and the outer surface of the hinder legs, light blackish green, freckled with ochre-yellow or yellowish brown, the warts or granulations on the surface being the one or otber of these colours; many of the larger warts have a small reddish orange spot at or about their centre. Besides these variegations, the back is also marked with two circular spots of a greenish black colour, about a line and a half in diameter, one on each side of the vertebral line and situated about the commencement of the last third of the back. The fore-legs are crossed by two bars of the same colour as the spots of the back, and at the commencement of the tarsus there is also an irregular indistinct blotch of the same hue. The upper surface of the tarsi, and the outer surface of the forelegs dull oil-green, the second joint of latter variegated with two transverse greenish black bars, and the upper surface of the feet sparingly freckled or clouded with a lighter tint of the same colour; tubercles of the under surface of the feet and toes sienna-yellow. The cuticular fold which extends along each side of the body, the inner snrface of the extremities, and all the under parts, intermediate between ochre-yellow and yellowish brown; the fold is edged above by a narrow, irregular greenish line which commences at the tympanum and terminates a little in front of the base of the hinder extremities. Tympanum pale greyish brown, tinged with green. The iris appears to have been greyish green with a metallic lustre.

FORM, &c.-Figure moderately robust; head short, broad posteriorly, anterior to eyes rather narrow, the nose truncate and nearly vertical; nostril ovate, one at each angle of the muzzle, the opening directed outwards and back wards. Eye-shields convex and raised; tympanum large, nearly circular, close to the eye, its upper margin almost in contact with the outer canthus; parotid glands wanting. When the fore-legs are placed along the sides of the body, the point of inner toe reaches to the base of the hinder legs, the first or outer toe is a little longer than the third or fourth, which are nearly of equal length, the second a little longer than the first. The hinder extremities when directed along the body, have the second toe projecting beyond the nose. On the under surface of each of the fore-feet, there are two large subovate tubercles and a number of smaller ones between them and the origin of the toes. The under surface of each of the hinder feet has two large oblong tubercles parallel to each other, -one behind the outer, the other behind the inner toe; also, before and behind these, many smaller warts of a roundish form; under each joint of the toes there is also a rounded tubercle. The toes are slightly depressed, rather narrow at the point, and at the base connected by a rudimentary web: the first or outermost, and the third nearly of equal length, the second more than double the length of the first, the fourth considerahly shorter than the third, and the fifth, or innermost, much shorter than the fourth, (vide fig. 1 a). On each side of the body, between the fore and hinder extremities, a raised fold of skin giving cover to a series of small glands. The skin of the head is smooth and closely adherent to the parts underneath, that of the back and fore-legs slightly granular; the sides ahove the cuticular fold, and the outer and hinder surfaces of the posterior extremities studded with large rough depressed warts, the surface of each finely granular; the sides below the fold, and all the under parts rugose from the existence of numerous, small, closely set granulations and irregular wrinkles. The parotid glands are long, rather narrow, and rounded at each extremity, the hinder one rather the broadest. The internal openings of nostrils subovate, one close to each side of the upper jaw. The openings of the Eustachian tubes triangular, and immediately inside of the angles of the mouth. Gape moderately large; upper jaw with a slight notch at its apex for the lodgment of a small protuberance which exists at the point of the lower one. Length of specimen described, from nose to anus 3 inches 3 lines, length of anterior extremities, to point of longest toe, I inch 9 lines ; length of hinder extremities, to point of longest toe, 3 inches 6 lines.

Inhabits the interior of Southern Africa. For the opportunity of describing and figuring this species, I am indebted to the kindness of Professor Sunderwall of Stockholm. It was obtained through the zealous exertions of Mr. Wahlberg, a Swedish naturalist, who visited the districts where it occurs at a more favourable season of the year than I did, and, in consequence, obtained several very interesting reptiles, which were not to be seen as I passed over the country. It differs from the true toads only in not possessing parotid glands, and if this deficiency be found to exist, when the opportunity occurs of examining more individuals of the species, it may be necessary to regard it as the type of a new group. It does not appear to me it could be classed with propriety in any of the groups yet constituted which have as characters, a visible tympanum, and no parotids.

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The following is from the original description by Boulenger (1883):

Scolecomorphus, g. n.
Squamosals separated from parietals. A single series of teeth in the lower jaw. Eyes overroofed by bone. Tentacle flap-shaped, situated below and slightly behind the nostril. No scales.

Scolecomorphus kirkii, sp. n.
Teeth very small, subequal. Snout very prominent, rounded. Tentacle on a large oval swelling situated on the lower surface of the snout. Body slender; 152 circular folds, all interrupted on the dorsal and ventral lines. Tail indistinct, rounded. Dark olive above, brownish olive beneath. Total length 270 millim.; greatest diameter of 7 millim.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1709 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fefbee1f-da53-40c1-b446-843ec2d01f90#morphology 0180c2aa-a67c-4d0e-bfdd-0643a86705c4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Head is very small; body is round, thick and heavy, tail blunt. Snout is prominent and obtusely acuminate, projecting far beyond the lower jaw. Teeth are well developed: 16 upper, 12 lower and 6 strongly recurved palatine teeth. Eye is hidden. Tentacle is round and exsertile; it is situated in a horseshoe-shaped groove opening anteriorly, just behind an imaginary line connecting the nostril with the apex of the lower jaw, below and behind the nostril but much nearer the mouth than the nostril. There are 133 annuli in the holotype (124 - 151 among 40 paratypes). It appears probable that annuli of males range from 124 to 139 and females from 140 to 151, but some overlapping may occur. Annuli on the nape are very pronounced, giving an upward tilt to the head in adults (in the young this area is as smooth as in adult B. vittatus). After first 14 to 20 rows on nape, the annuli are interrupted on the vertebral line to the end of the tail; they are not interrupted on the last inch of body and tail in most. The anal opening is close to tip of tail (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

In alcohol, dorsum is a dull blue-grey (sometimes glossy in males) inconspicuously merging into the somewhat more plumbeous grey of the ventral surface. Throat, and a similar or more extensive area in front of anal opening, is white. In life this is bright flesh-pink (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). Channing and Howell (2006) report that the dorsum is blue to jet black, sometimes glossy, the venter is grey, and the throat and anal region are bright pink.

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Annuli vary from 122-148. Very strong palatal teeth are present, numbering from four to six. Ossification develops with age so that the eyes of adults are concealed.The younger the specimen, the sharper its snout. The position of the tentacles alters in relation to the apex of the lower jaw; in the young they lie well in front, while in the two largest specimens they are on either side of the apex. The type is in poor preservation, little more than skin and vertebrae, hence the 'much flattened' habit; though living specimens are depressed, the impression is not nearly so marked (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

In life, dorsum is glossy purplish-black. Venter is pink or mauve, except under side of tail, which is cream or white. In alcohol, specimens apear blue-black; the upper surface is most often sharply defined from the yellowish under side (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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Vomerine teeth are in two small groups on a line with the posterior borders of the choanse. Head is rather large, as long as broad. Snout is obtusely pointed with a feeble canthus rostralis; loreal region is slightly concave. Nostrils are equidistant from the eye and the tip of the snout. Eyes are large; the interorbital space is narrower than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is not quite half the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes are moderately elongate, with slightly swollen tips and very strong subarticular tubercles. The first finger extends as far as second. Toes are half-webbed. An oval inner metatarsal tubercle is present. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the nostril. Skin is smooth or with small flat warts on the back. Male have internal vocal sacs (Boulenger, 1900).

Dorsum is olive-brown with small blackish spots. A dark cross-band is present between the eyes. The upper lip has a blackish vertical bar; the one below the anterior third of the eye extends onto the lower lip. Limbs exhibit dark cross-bars. Venter is white (Boulenger, 1900).

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From the original description by Gray (1864):

Mr. Moore, of the Free Museum, Liverpool, has kindly sent to me for examination some young frogs and their larvae which he has lately received. They are peculiar for having a very long heard, like the cirri of a Silurus or Cat-fish, on each side of the mouth. The larva has the flat head and much the appearance of that genus of fish.

Silurana (Fam. Dactylethridae)

The mouth with an elongated beard on each side, at the angle of the gape. Tarsus with a spur at the base of the firsdt toe; the rest like Dactylethra.

The larva with a very broad flat head, and a very long bear at the angle of the mouth on each side: this beard in the larva is as long as the body; it is shorter and thicker in the specimens which have their fore and hind feet well developed but still retain their tail. The tail is compressed, finless above, but with a broad well-developed membranaceous fin extending the whole length of the lower edge.

Silurana tropicalis

Olive-green, smooth, pale beneath. The webs of the hind feet are broad, white, semitransparent; the claws on the three inner toes are well developed and black.

Hab. West Africa, Lagos. Brit. Mus. Collected by R.B.N. Walter, Esq.

The Dactylethra mülleri of Dr. Peters, from Mozambique, and of Mr. Cope, from the Gaboon, most probably belong to this genus: but the beards are described as being placed "below the eyes;" in this animal they are far in front of the lower part of the eye, and situated at the angle of the gape, as in many Siluri and other fishes with bearded mouths.

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Pupil round; tongue large, oval, clipped posteriorly and freely liftable; vomerine teeth missing; two skin folds between the choanae; one smooth skin fold in front of the pharynx; ear drum conspicuous; finger and toes without webbing; metatarsalia firmly connected; finger and toe tips hardly thickened, clipped; praecoracoids present, sternum cartilaginous, very weakly developed; transverse processes of the sacral vertebra not very strongly broadened. Upper jaw toothless.

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The following is from the original description by Lönnberg (1910):

Vomerine teeth in two transverse but somewhat oblique rows, beginning almost on a level with the front-edge of the choanae and with their inner ends, which are directed a little backwards, not reaching on a level with the middle of the choance. Greatest posterior breadth of head about equal to 3/4 of its length. Canthus rostralis indistinct. Snout rounded yery little projecting much longer than the orbit. Loreal region concave. Nostril about equally distant from eye and tip of snout. Interorbital space nearly twice as broad as upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, its diameter about one half the diameter of the eye. Fingers pointed, long, second longer than first, fourth longer than second, third much the longest. Toes very long and slender, pointed, not webbed, the web being confined to the metatarsals. Distance from tarsal joint to tip of longest toe equal to the distance froni snout to vent. A rather small metatarsal tubercle. Length of tibia equal to 2/3 of the length of the foot from the tarsal joint, and about equal to the fore limb; tibia-tarsal articulation reaching far beyond the snout. Skin smooth. dark brownish grey aboye. A black band from nostril over eye and tympanum to forelimb; another irregular band from axilla to groin. Flanks grey, some dark spots across forearm and tibia. Under parts white almost unspotted but lips dark brown. One specimen from the Meru mountain; 3,000 m. above the sea, caught the 21st of Dec. 1905.

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Tongue is rather feebly notched behind. Vomerine teeth are present in two oblique groups between the choanae. Habit is very stout. The head is short, and the snout rounded. The interorbital space is narrower than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is completely hidden under the skin. The fingers are short and pointed. The first and second are equal. The toes are short, one-third webbed. The subarticular tubercles of the toes are very prominent and conical. The inner metatarsal tubercle is very large. prominent, shovel-shaped, sharp-edged, and at least as long as the inner toe. A small, round, outer metatarsal tubercle is present. A round tarsal tubercle is present just below the tibio-tarsal articulation. The tarso-metararsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin is smooth (Boulenger, 1907).

Dorsum is pale greyish or brownish with dark-edged grey or brown spots disposed with greater or less symmetry. An interrupted, dark cross-bar is preent between the eyes. The back sometimes has white or pink dots. A light vertebral streak is often present. The hind limbs have dark transverse spots, not forming complete cross-bars. The venter is white (Boulenger, 1907).

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The following is a translation of the original description of Arthroleptis (Tomopterna) elegans by E. Calabresi (1927) from the original Italian by B. Zimkus.


The tongue lacks a median papilla. The head is as wide and long with its snout broadly rounded in front and equal to the diameter of the orbit, nostrils closer to the snout tip than the anterior margin of the eye, interorbital space as wide as upper eyelid and tympanum indistinct. In the hand, fingers are moderate and not dilated at the ends, the median subarticular tubercles are significantly protruding, the first finger is very slightly shorter than the second, and more than half of the third. In the foot, the fingers are joined by a membrane for approximately half their length, the subarticular tubercles are
small and conical, there is a single metatarsal tubercle that is oval, protruding and longer than the internal digit, tarsal tubercle lacking. When hind limb is bent forward the tibio-tasal articulation reaches between the armpit and the posterior margin of the eye. The skin is mostly smooth, with rare and minute tubercles in the posterior region of the back, along the hips and below the thighs. The top color is light gray mottled with brown, with white spots and black veins variously distributed. There are particularly strong and consistent a large spots on the head between the eyes, and a few short semi-circular lines that meet at the backside of the head. Both limbs are crossed by wide brown bands in parallel. Ventral parts are uniformly white. Size: length from tip of snout to anal fissure, 19 mm; length of head, 7 mm; width of head, 7 mm; length of snout, 3 mm; eye diameter, 3 mm; interorbital space, 2 mm; forelimb, 10 mm; hind limb, 24 mm; tibia, 7 mm. Four specimens collected in the well of Hongolò (Uadi Hoor). The new species is distinct from several previously described of the genus, and the tympanum is not visible and the absence of tarsal tubercle is enough, in particular, to differ it much from A. boettgi Blgr. as from A. minutus Blgr. representing the only two species previously known in the adjacent regions (Territory of Galla).

The following redescription by Zimkus and Larson (2011) is based on an adult male specimen (CAS 190562) as the type series included only juvenile specimens.

Body shape compact and toad-like; habit stout; vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the moderately large choanae; tongue notched with two uneven sides; median papilla on the tongue absent; head short, 1.75 times broader than long; snout rounded; canthus rostralis sharply angled; loreal region slightly concave; nostrils closer to the snout tip than the anterior margin of the eye, eye-nostril length almost two times the snout-nostril length; tympanum distinct and circular, measuring less than one-third the maximum eye diameter; interorbital distance much less than the width of the upper eyelid; subarticular tubercles single and distinct; digit tips not expanded; first finger extending beyond basal subarticular tubercle of second; fingers without webbing; relative length of fingers: IV < II < I < III; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent and shovel-shaped, longer than the first toe; small, round outer metatarsal tubercle present; tarsal tubercle absent; toes with one-third webbing, two phalanges free of webbing on the fourth toe; relative length of toes: I < II < V < III < IV. Skin on upper surface smooth, with some small, isolated warts; some tubercles surrounding the vent; discontinuous glandular ridge present below the tympanum, trailing from the back edge of mouth; nuptial pad on manual digit I; skin on throat thickened, making U-shaped gular flap.

In preservative (alcohol), orange-brown with irregular darker markings, except for symmetric pair of curly bracket-like markings encircling a paler occipital blotch; incomplete, dark interorbital bar is present; glandular ridge from the angle of the mouth to forearm is slightly lighter than the surroundings; upper and lower arm, and hand have a dark transversal bar; upper part of flanks colored like the back (darker), lower like the ventrum (lighter); ventrum cream; thighs, lower legs and feet show three, four, and two darker transversal bars, respectively; throat dark in color.

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The following is a translation of the original description of Chiromantis (Tomopterna) kachowskii by A.M. Nikolskii (1900) from the original Latin by B.M. Zimkus.

No 2077. Ferad in Abyssinia 1898 (2).
Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choanae; the distance between the groups is the size of one group, equal with the inner margin of the choanae; the width of the head is wider than the length; snout rounded, snout length is greatest longitudinal diameter of the eye, loreal region of the head concave; distance from the nostrils to the snout tip less than the distance to the anterior eye; tympanum diameter 1/2 the longitudinal diameter of the eye; interior palmar digits scarcely
webbed, exterior as long as 1/3 palm; toes long, almost completely webbed, digital discs small, or indistinct; large subarticular tubercles, inner metatarsal tubercle large, scaphoid; small external metatarsal tubercle; with the hind leg placed forward, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the anterior margin of the eyes; olive-gray color above, with spots of brown on the back, on the male a long, white line that extends from the snout to anus. underside white, with the front margin of the
mandible black in the male; total length 35 mm. Collected near Ferad in Abyssinia.

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The following was translated by B. Zimkus from the original description by Angel (1922).

Essential characteristics: hidden tympanum, a single metatarsal tubercle. no tarsal tubercle; toes half-webbed.

Description. - No conical papilla on tongue. Head a little more long as wide. Snout obtusely pointed, slightly longer than the eye. Nostril located halfway between the front corner of the eye and tip of the snout. Interorbital space broader than upper eyelid: tympanum indistinct. First finger slightly shorter than the second; the third, one and one third longer than the second, and twice longer than the fourth, their ends without any trace of digital expansion. The foot is included twice in the snout-vent length. Toes, half-webbed, terminate obtusely; sub-articular tubercles well marked. Internal metatarsal tubercle, prominent, slightly shorter than inner toe; no metatarsal tubercle external or tarsal tubercle. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching the eye when bent forewards. Skin smooth above and below. No sub-gular vocal sac.

Coloration.- Upper part of the trunk, uniform blackish brown; inferiorly slate gray. Limbs, yellowish brown, indistinct brown spots are marked on the upper side; uniform bottom.

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Translation of the original description (Fischer, 1884) by Rödel and Hallermann (2006). One specimen (no. 388) caught at the Wasso-Njiro creek in the collection of the Natural History Museum —Upper jaw is serrated. Vomerine teeth are absent. Tongue is free at the end, deeply notched, without protruding papillae. Fingers are free, toes more than half connected, both without distal dilatations. Body is compact in shape, toad-like; there is small head, short snout, and no canthus rostralis. Interorbital distance is smaller than upper eyelid. Tympanum is completely hidden. First finger is half as long as second; lower subarticular tubercle is strong. At inner side of foot articulation there is a large rounded protuberance; a skin fringe is present at the tarsus. Skin dorsally exhibits a few short longitudinal folds and single scattered protuberances; skin is smooth ventrally. Dorsally skin is dark olive green and irregularly marbled black. A black transversal band is present between eyes. On the back there a number of scattered longish small streaks.

Redescription.—Tomopterna monticola (Fischer, 1884) comb. nov. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 1:26. Holotype: ZMH A04402 formerly ZMH 388). This is medium sized, compact frog with short and rounded snout and short and sturdy extremities; specimen is slightly dehydrated. Tongue is free distally, deeply notched and smooth without protruding papillae. Vomerine teeth are small but distinct; upper jaw is finely serrated. Loreal region is slightly concave. Nose is slightly closer to snout-tip than to eye. Tympanum is difficult to see, vertically elliptical, and better visible on left side. Ridge present from angle of mouth below tympanum to about position of forearm insertion, interrupted on left side. The following measurements were taken: head width at the angles of the mouth 14.5 mm; snout length, measured from anterior angle of the eye to snout tip 4.8 mm; snout tip-nose distance 1.6 mm; internarial distance 3 mm; eye-nose distance 2.4 mm; interorbital distance 2.5 mm; upper eyelid 5.7 and 5.8 mm; eye diameter 4 mm; eye-tympanum distance 1.5 mm; tympanum 2 mm in horizontal and 2.5 mm in vertical length. Finger formula is as follows: 4<2<1<3. Finger without broadened tips. Third finger length, including distal palmar tubercle 7 mm. Traces of web present between second and third and third and fourth finger. Fringes of web reaching finger tip on second and first subarticular tubercle on third finger. Hands with large and pronounced subarticular and other additional tubercles. Skin of back is smooth with short elongate ridges and roundish or elongate warts, none of them very prominent. Warts present in the middle of the back arranged in two longitudinal rows. Skin of flanks and outer part of thighs coarsely granular. Ventral skin is smooth (folded because of preservation). Femur lengths are 18.3 and 19.2 mm, respectively; tibia-fibula lengths are 16.5 and 16.4 mm. Toe formula is as follows: 1<2<5<3<4. Toe tips not are broadened. Webbing formula is as follows: 1 (0.5), 2 i/e (1/0.5), 3 i/e (2/1), 4 i/e (2.25), 5 (1.25). The webbing notch between the fourth and fifth toe reaches the distal subarticular tubercle of the fifth toe. Fringes of web reach the toe tips of all toes; these fringes are especially pronounced on the third and fourth toe; Huge spade-like inner metatarsal tubercle is 3 mm in length. Outer metatarsal tubercle is absent. Small round tarsal tubercle.

The specimen in exhibits very faded coloration. The back is greyish brown with darker blotches, almost arranged symmetrically. Two of these blotches extend from the anterior corner of the eyes to the snout tip. A darker band was present between the posterior parts of the eyelids. On the shoulder there is a symmetric pair of curly bracket like darker figures visible, that may have encircled a paler occipital blotch. A dark transversal bar is also present on the upper mandible below the anterior part of the eyes. The glandular ridge from the angle of the mouth to forearm is slightly lighter than the surroundings. Upper and lower arm, and hand have a dark transversal bar. The region of the tympanum with a darker blotch. Caudal of this blotch a row of smaller, dark blotches extending to about one third to half of the body length. Upper part of flanks coloured like the back (darker), lower like the venter (lighter). Venter almost uniform greyish brown. The thighs, lower legs and feet each show two darker transversal bars.

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Vomerine teeth are in two short transverse series betweent he rather large choanae. Head is larger, broader than long, and much depressed. Snout is very short, rounded, and with a distinct canthi and very oblique, slightly concave lores. Nostril is slightly nearer to the eye than the end of the snout. The interorbital space is slightly broader than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is moderately distinct and half of the diameter of the eye. The limbs are robust. The tips of digits are slightly swollen. The first finger is much longer than the second and as long as the third. The toes are half-webbed. The sub-articular tubercles and large. A feebly prominent, elongate, inner metatarsal tubercle is present. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. The skin is smooth. Boulenger (1900) notes that the sides of body, back of thighs, and a stripe along the upper surfaces of the latter have hair-like papilla that are more developed in the female than in the male. However, Kükenthal (1927) examined specimens and notes that these hair-like appendages are found only in males.

Dorsum is olive-brown in color. A darker, black-edged broad band is present along the back, fading away behind and sharply defined in front by a black cross-bar between the eyes. A black canthal and temporal streak is present. Sides of the body and limbs are blackish. The lower parts are white; female has brown dots on the throat. Male has a pair of internal vocal sacs and three short ridges (two longitudinal and one transverse) of small horney black spines on the inner side of the first finger (Boulenger, 1900).

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Outer metatarsals are bound together. Omosternum has a bony stype. Sternum is a cartilaginous plate, with style (Boulenger, 1900). Terminal phalanges are simple and obtuse; the terminal phalanges of toes II–V are distinctly claw shaped and bear markedly downturned, pointed tips (Blackburn et al., 2008).

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The following is translated from the original description by Werner, 1898:

Differs from Nectophryne afra Peters, 1875 by the short, albeit significantly webbed fingers.

Snout truncated obliquely backward and downward, up in the middle with a longitudinal furrow, 1 1 / 3 eye diameter in length. Snout edge curved significantly, but not sharp, but rounded, almost bulging stepping forward. Nostrils very close to the tip of the snout. Loreal region (Zügelgegend) is quite steeply sloped. Tympanum hidden. Interorbital space twice as wide as the upper eyelid.

First finger extending barely beyond the metacarpal joint of the second; webbing between the first and second fingers 1/2, otherwise only 1/4. Fingers 2-4 long, slender, flat, the ends do not expand, but the whole finger evenly surrounded with a border. Front and hind legs long, the latter slender, tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the back edge of the eye and the tarsometatarsal joint reaching the tip of the snout. The first through third digits webbed to the last phalanx, the fifth digit webbed to the penultimate phalanx, the fourth digit webbed to the third last phalanx. Two very faint metatarsal tubercles. Dorsum of head with some larger, temporal region with numerous small warts, as the top of the extremities; otherwise only rough. Underside of thighs granular. Brown above, yellowish below. Length 33 mm, 12 mm upper arm, forearm and hand to the tip of the fourth finger 16 mm.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1715 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0c12303-ea07-42fc-883e-d396745b6479#morphology b8820aef-e547-491e-a133-b827e4997e6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsal colouration varies from uniform light brown or yellow-green to brick red, and is slightly paler on the snout. A distinct, dark band passes from the nostril through the eye to the shoulder and then continues along the flank. Faint barring on the legs and a narrow, pale vertebral stripe may be present (Wager 1965; Lambiris 1989). S. wageri may be distinguished from S. grayii, which sometimes has a similar dorsal colour pattern, by the extent of the webbing on the longest toe: in S. wageri no more than three phalanges are free of webbing, whereas in S. grayii, four or occasionally three phalanges are free of webbing (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1681 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e a32a7ba5-2604-4eaa-8319-924be5b3664a#morphology 320d2999-9c01-4402-922d-2f6f045851f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Juvenile V. gariepensis in rocky habitats frequently show the bright colour patterns attributed to B. robinsoni (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1276 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 0686d42b-30d5-4ab9-81f3-91487de7df0e#morphology 448ff954-ab4c-4bd1-aca4-9e7674e8512a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles feed on algae growing on submerged rock surfaces in streams and pools, and they take refuge under loose pebbles and boulders when disturbed. Their colour closely matches that of the water and the substrate on which they feed (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1283 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 a4e1cd05-e620-4549-9947-e5f9f0b6f380#morphology 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tongue has two lobes (Measey et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 a4246c44-549f-44c2-ad46-41e2c62eb5ae#morphology af4652df-db1e-473d-8c0e-d9a19cb44026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The adults are brown with a distinctive ‘hourglass’ pattern on their backs (like the dwarf squeaker, Arthroleptis xenodactyloides). They have very prominent eyes that appear to bulge out of their heads. They use these to search for prey in the low light levels of morning and evening (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1147 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 fc562a56-527b-4806-9c5c-354a5e955ca0#morphology 2c8ab9f7-5b90-45eb-acf0-f1c3abe9f892 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Evans et al. (2008) described the doral color of the holotype in preservative as a homogeneous dark brown, transitioning laterally on flanks to a cream-colored venter; dorsal surface of head dark brown; dorsal surface of limbs dark brown; underside of head speckled with gray; venter cream colored with sparse small brown spots on ventral surface of hind limbs; ventral surface of hind feet cream-colored. In life, two dorsal color patterns are evident; the difference between these patterns is more subtle in preserved than in live specimens. The first pattern, which is present in the holotype, is a uniform brown to dark brown coloration that is similar to X. wittei. The second pattern is a brown dorsal pattern with darker brown spots, sometimes with a dark dorsal band that is perpendicular to the body axis and situated caudal to the eyes but rostral with respect to the forearms.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1620 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 478c7a2b-95a7-4e06-859d-487da11af17e#morphology 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. lenduensis is a medium-sized species with three claws, a small but prominent metatarsal tubercle without a claw and a sub-ocular tentacle that extends beyond the margin of the head. The snout shape is somewhat variable but is generally rounded rather than triangular. Males may exhibit nuptial pads that extend from the base of the arm to the tips of the fingers (Evans et al., 2011).

The dorsal coloration is light green to olive. Dark olive, dark brown or black spots are usually present on the dorsum. The ventral surface varies from orange or yellow on the legs to orange and dark creamy color over the ventral surface of the arms, legs, body and head. There are pink or purple pigment patches visible on the medial portion of the legs and belly (Evans et al., 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 28eeff2c-e7c3-4aa6-b6e6-06a437054b3e#morphology 5354d848-787d-4d04-b9ab-fd88bc569080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The small size of the adult frog (16–22 mm), coupled with the softness of its call, probably explain why this species remained undetected until fairly recently. The dorsal colouration is fairly consistent with no sexual dimorphism, being a sandy to golden brown background with four indistinct stripes composed of small dark brown spots. A broad, dark brown stripe (bordered ventrally and dorsally by a thin white/silvery stripe) begins at the tip of the snout and passes through the nostril, eye and tympanum to end at the axilla. The belly is white, while the ventral surfaces of the limbs and throat are pale yellow (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/790 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 4eccaa4a-a5b3-4f97-bcc7-e98cfec80827#morphology 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There are many subspecies of H. marmoratus which are distinguished from one another by differences in dorsal colour patterns (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 d674b475-2cdd-414d-ad53-2f2c37622e83#morphology 4832a5e9-d683-459c-9fe6-528b064a3d6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The males and juveniles are light to dark brown, often with small black spots on the dorsum, and a dark-edged, white to silver dorsolateral stripe extending from the tip of the snout, over the eye, to the groin. The lower surfaces of the limbs are yellow, while the abdomen and throat are yellowish to white. Adult males have a bright yellow gular sac. As females mature, the dorsal colouration becomes a brilliant light to yellowish green and the dorsolateral stripe disappears (Text modified from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1471 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 033c0a58-5543-47b3-858d-7294f5c6f204#morphology 43e3607b-c011-4c9f-aba7-8c1dece09151 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In this species, the arms and head are covered in asperities (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1284 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce e86be902-d32d-4f4a-a686-cfcfb8e503a1#morphology 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is usually uniform dark grey or olive-brown with a distinct, pale, vertebral stripe. Well developed parotoid glands and numerous small, flattened warts are present on the dorsal surface (Boycott 1988d; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce d00052a9-5d6f-44fb-9679-fa31c5d1d058#morphology 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is one of southern Africa’s smallest frog species with females attaining a body length of 22 mm (Wager, 1963, 1986; Passmore and Carruthers, 1995; Channing, 2001). The snouts of males are calloused, slightly flattened, usually whitish and presumed to be adapted for excavating nests. Body colour and pattern are variable: the dorsum varies from light grey to dark brown or copper-coloured. Irregular dark mottling and a thin, light vertebral line are sometimes present. A dark mask extends across the eyes from nostrils to armpits. The white ventrum is marbled with dark blotches that do not extend onto the throat (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 9709f330-7089-4607-9e3e-d8f837ad7f6f#morphology 9b25d1d1-8b33-45e6-891d-8efa0859d4b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

L. xenodactylus is a large tree frog, reaching 50 mm in snout–vent length. It has a uniformly green dorsum and a creamy white belly (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1156 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 668ccfcb-a382-4309-b6f3-605327e12ff3#morphology 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has long hind legs and a fair amount of webbing between the toes and is well adapted to jumping and swimming (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 7554efeb-61d6-4b53-9456-1457894bc589#morphology 9e6241db-9d3c-47c8-89b5-07efc187892a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Visser and Channing (1997) describe this species as reaching a body length of 54 mm in males and 56 mm in females. A. vandijki may be distinguished from A. fuscigula by the presence of a large pale mark in the middle of the back, and a prominent skin fold running from the back of the eye to the arm, obscuring the upper or entire tympanum. In A. vandijki, 2–3 phalanges of the fourth toe are free of webbing, whereas in A. fuscigula only half to one phalanx is free of webbing (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/776 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 6d1a7a9b-606c-4d7c-a090-849f2ab56d90#morphology d62c945f-2d69-4305-a569-68a643bfbee4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species barely exceeds 20 mm in length. The outer metatarsal tubercle takes the form of a small ridge in A. drewesii, but is well developed in the sympatric A. villiersi (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/788 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 db2c9dc3-b425-46d7-b821-9e930a685b0b#morphology 6bb364d7-bb7b-4f99-864f-6d71bb896c49 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The colouration and markings of this species vary considerably, but its small size and characteristic insect like call make identification relatively easy (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1569 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 6329f804-beda-4e66-b065-165d147ff01c#morphology 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Stewart (1974) suggests that the polymorphic colour pattern may be a means of protection against predators, and specific patterns have been correlated with particular habitats (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9e76eea8-935b-42c1-ab23-d793796ecc64#morphology 7d79febc-c73d-4793-a98b-492f8215ca6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has very granular skin. Behind the eye there is a raised glandular area that resembles the parotoid gland in toads, and a glandular ridge runs from the top of the head to the angle of the jaw. The dorsum is grey-brown, often with a pale vertebral stripe. One to three pale stripes run from the lower margin of the eye to the upper lip. These frogs are beautifully camouflaged when among the mosses that are typical of their habitat (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1680 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 08863587-a1c0-4463-89ed-822390016963#morphology 66a08355-5ce1-4d77-a208-35926b1c78ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (2001) states that S. springbokensis resembles S. grayii in overall shape, but in profile it has a sharper snout. In S. springbokensis, the foot length is less than twice the head width, whereas in S. grayii it is more than twice the head width. The dorsum is yellowish brown with darker markings edged in dark brown. A narrow vertebral stripe is often present. Breeding males have small spines along the back of their legs and webbing develops along the margins of their fingers, making them broad and paddle-shaped (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1690 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 ae6456c2-2b8f-44c1-ab71-0f065e0e07e9#morphology d3318857-5abe-4b77-975a-cd7f6952b0b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. capense is the largest member of the genus, attaining a maximum snout-vent length of 39 mm. It has an elongated body with a relatively small head and a horizontal pupil. The fingers and toes lack webbing. The palmar tubercles are poorly developed, the outer metatarsal tubercles are absent, and inner metatarsal tubercles are prominent and flange-like. A pair of large blister-like glands is present on the lower back, at the level of the urostyle, with another pair on the flanks, while numerous smaller glands are often scattered over the rest of the dorsum. The dorsum varies in colour from grey to cream or light brown, with speckles and flecks of dark brown, orange or green. The ventral surface is creamy white, distinctively marked with large, irregular, olive to black blotches, and males have a dark throat (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/792 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 149513d9-2d58-4928-802c-d9c85cfa4f39#morphology f3efada9-26d4-4406-a931-02570f5fe17e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is smooth and soft with scattered blister-like ridges and warts on the back and sides, while the posterior region of the ventrum has heavily granulated skin. The parotoid glands are distinct and have an inverted pear shape (when viewed from the rear). There is no webbing between the toes and the hind limbs are relatively short and better adapted for walking and running than for jumping (Poynton 1964; Wager 1965). Power and Rose (1929) explain that during the breeding season a bright pink, oval patch appears below the vent in both sexes (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

C. rosei body is shaded in a variety of colours from grey to brown; there are also several light coloured bands present. Red and orange colouring are found on the parotoid glands. The underside of the frog is white with dark markings (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1265 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 47edb759-ae01-4e4d-bbc1-aa8cc0ef60a7#morphology ee2daf70-7c9e-4d9b-be0e-1a47abc73509 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males reach 50 mm and females 63 mm in snout-vent length, and resemble other Heleophryne species in their body shape and posture, long limbs, and large, spatulate, adhesive pads at the tips of their fingers and toes. H. rosei differs from other Cape Heleophryne species in having an enlarged, thumb-like, inner metacarpal tubercle, and in the absence of a conspicuous, dark, transverse band across the eye. The dorsum is green with reddish-brown to purple mottling, while the ventrum is generally white with pink shading, particularly on the undersides of the limbs. The skin of the flanks and underside has a granular texture (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

The distinctive tadpoles attain a length of 40–50 mm and are adapted to torrents. They have large, sucker-like oral discs which enable them to cling to rocky substrates in fast-flowing streams and to climb slippery, vertical rock faces. The tadpoles feed on algae covering the rock surfaces, and their feeding trails can be seen on rocks in quieter pools (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1287 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 5d9372ad-6388-40f5-b297-36792dd304f5#morphology 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The upper body is light to yellow-brown with elongated, dark brown patches, sometimes paired, that begin between the eyes and extend backwards, breaking up into smaller patches on the lower back and upper surfaces of the hind limbs. The underside usually has clear blackish and yellow mottling, but this may be pale and indistinct in some individuals (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

X. gilli can be distinguished from X. laevis by the following morphological features: its smaller size (<60 mm in body length); a narrower, more acutely pointed head; the absence of a subocular tentacle (present but inconspicuous in laevis); a poorly developed inner metatarsal tubercle (a distinct ridge in laevis); and less conspicuous lateral line sense organs (Poynton, 1964; Picker and De Villiers, 1988; Passmore and Carruthers, 1995; Kobel et al., 1996; Channing 2001; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#morphology b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The authors of the original description were unable to distinguish Alytes maurus from its close relative A. obstetricans based on adult morphology (Pasteur and Bons 1962). Alytes obstetricans is a small, stocky frog with relatively large head. The eyes are large and have a vertical slit-shaped pupil. Parotid glands are small, and the tympanum is mostly visible. The skin is warty, and a row of large, often reddish warts extends from the tympanum to the loin area. Other large gland complexes are present on the underarms and the ankles. Three metacarpal tubercles are present (Noellert and Noellert 1992).

Males and females can be distinguished by size (males smaller than females), the distance between nostrils, the distance between the anterior end of the middle metacarpal tubercle and the tip of the third finger, and the distance from the elbow to the third finger tip. These variables should be corrected for the size of the animal (Bosch and Marquez 1996).

Dorsal coloration can varies with individuals exhibiting small black dots, brown dots to olive or green spots. The venter is whitish, and the throat and the chest are often spotted with gray (Noellert and Noellert 1992).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 03da2563-6250-4ae3-a8b7-8cdda314aa13#morphology b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The frontoparietal bone has an absent or poorly developed medial process, not extending to the sagital axis. It has a paraoccipital process, a double fontanelle separated by the medial processes of the frontoparietal with a slight constriction at the point of separation, and the lateral margin in the orbitary area clearly protrudes with respect to the anterior portion of the lateral margin. The maxillar lacks a posterior process, a zygomaxillar process, a pterygoid process, and a palatine process, and there is no longitudinal groove in the base of the teeth row. The nasal bones have short maxillar processes that do not reach the maxillar, rostral processes roughly one-fourth of the length of the nasal, and the ratio of total length to maximum width, measured at the level of the maxillar process, is slightly greater than or equal to one. Paraoccipital crests are absent. The parasphenoid has a long posterior process that clearly surpasses the posterior margin of the parasphenoid allae. It also has a uniformly wide, generally pointed cultriform process and lacks transverse keels in the allae, which are uniformly wide or narrowing distally. The number of premaxillary teeth is between ten and thirteen. The prootic process is elongated and narrow, extending over the external border of the orbital fossa and reaching the internal border of the pterygoid fossa. The pterygoid possesses a ventral expansion. The sphenethmoid consists of two paired pieces incompletely fused together, with a short anterior process that does not surpass the anterior margins of the lateral processes of the sphenethmoid. These lateral processes narrow distally. In a dorsal view, the zygomatic rami of the squamosals diverge rostrally in posteromedial-anterolateral orientation. The otic and interior rami are well developed, grown to one-third to one-half of the total length of the squamosal (measured from the apical end of the zygomatic ramus to an axis connecting the distal ends of the otic and interior rami), with the zygomatic ramus elongated over twice the length of the otic ramus. The posterior choanal process of the vomer is uniformly wide and bifurcated.

Adapted by Dietterich from a character matrix developed by Martínez-Solano et al. (2004).

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The skull of Amietophrynus chudeaui lacks bony edges. The snout projects rather prominently in front of the mouth, but it is truncated and barely longer than the largest diameter of the orbit. The canthus rostralis is absent. The interorbital space is lightly convex and almost twice as wide as the upper eyelid. The tympanum is indistinct. The fingers are moderately elongated with the second finger longer than the first, and webbing is present over about half the length of the toes. The subarticular tubercles are simple, and there are two rather pronounced metatarsal tubercles. A fold is present on the tarsi. The tarso-metatarsal joint reaches the posterior edge of the eye. Parotoid glands are absent (Chabanaud, 1919).

The skin is finely and uniformly granular. The dorsal side of the body is covered in closely packed granulations; the granulations on the ventral side are more widely spaced. The dorsal skin is colored olive green with several large blackish spots and a black vertebral line that may be more or less visible in different specimens. The limbs have brown transversal bands. The ventral side is an immaculate reddish-yellow (Chabanaud, 1919).

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The skull of this species lacks bony edges (Chabanaud, 1919).

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This species has a conical papilla in the middle of the tongue. The head is slightly wider than it is long, with a truncated snout that is slightly shorter than the eye. The canthus rostralis is obtuse. The nostril is closer to the tip of the snout than to the eye. The interorbital space is wider than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is distinct, measuring half of the diameter of the eye. The fingers are moderately long and simply obtuse. The first finger is shorter than the second, and the third is 1 1/2 times as long as the second and over twice as long as the fourth. The length of the foot is half of the snout-vent length. The toes are rather short and simply obtuse, and they possess only a rudiment of webbing at their bases. Subarticular tubercles are small but rather prominent. There is a very prominent oval-shaped internal metatarsal tubercle that is as long as the internal toe. External metatarsal tubercles and tarsal tubercles are absent. The hind limb is folded anteriorly, and the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye (de Witte, 1921).

The skin is granular dorsally, dotted with more prominent tubercles that sometimes form a fragmented line from the tip of the snout to the anus. The ventral surfaces are smooth. The dorsal skin is dark brown, spotted or mottled with black (de Witte, 1921). Channing (2001) reports that a “darker double-hourglass pattern” may be present on the back. Sometimes a thin, light line extends from the tip of the snout to the anus. The limbs are more or less distinctly barred or spotted with black. The lips and flanks are sometimes ticked with white and brown. The throat is sometimes marbled or streaked with brown (de Witte, 1921). Sexually mature males have a single vocal sac with denser gular pigmentation (Channing, 2001).

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The holotype is an adult male with a snout-vent length of 80.9 mm. The head is longer (31.7 mm) than it is wide (28.4 mm). The snout is round and longer (13.2 mm) than the length of the eye (8.7 mm), projecting well in front of the buccal opening. The canthus rostralis is rounded. The loreal region is concave. The distance between the nostrils (4.8 mm) is larger than the distance between the orbits (3.6 mm), which is less than the width of the upper eyelid (6.0 mm). The nostrils are slightly closer to the eyes (7.0 mm) than to the end of the snout (7.3 mm), their rounded openings with two dermal outgrowths on the posterior border. The tympanum is rather round, with diameter (6.8 mm) less than the length of the eye (8.7 mm), but greater than its distance from the eye (5.3 mm). A trace of the pineal ocellus is present. Vomerine teeth occur in two series of four teeth between the posterior parts of the choanae, oriented at an angle of 100˚ open from the front; the posterior distance between the two series of teeth is less than the length of either series. Maxillary teeth are present and well developed. Three points at the extremity of the lower jaw correspond to cavities in the upper jaw. The tongue is oval-shaped, narrow, and very indented in its free posterior part. There is a supratympanic fold from the tympanum to the shoulder. The forearm is slightly longer and very slightly thicker than the upper arm. The digits are rather robust, with digit II the shortest, digit I longer than digit IV, and digit III the longest. The ends of the digits are rounded but not expanded. There is a dermal fringe on the internal side of digits II and III. There is a terminal bead at the level of the distal joint in the dorsal position on each digit. Sub-articular tubercles are rounded and moderately developed. The internal metacarpal tubercle is elongated. Two palmar tubercles are little developed and elongated.

The hind legs are short and robust. The heels do not touch each other when the thighs are placed at a right angle to the axis of the body. The thigh (32.2 mm) is longer than the lower leg (28.7 mm), and the foot, measured from the proximal edge of the internal metatarsal tubercle to the end of toe IV (36.0 mm) is larger than the lower leg. Toe IV is the longest, with toe III longer than toe V. The ends of the toes are rounded and not enlarged. There is a terminal bead at the level of the distal joint in the dorsal position on each toe. Webbing is moderately developed, leading up to the distal sub-articular tubercle of toe IV and curving in between toes III and IV and toes IV and V midway between the proximal and intermediate sub-articular tubercles. The toes possess no dermal fringe. Sub-articular tubercles are well developed and elongated. The internal metatarsal tubercle is well developed (3.6 mm), with the distal part taller than the proximal part, about half the length of toe I (8.3 mm). There is no external metatarsal tubercle. A pronounced tarsal fold runs from the metatarsal tubercle to the tibio-tarsal joint. The skin of the back has small roughnesses and some isolated roughnesses that are more pronounced, but nevertheless the general aspect is smooth. The skin on the sides of the ventral part is folded and rougher. There are no latero-dorsal folds. Many glandular cells occur underneath the arms, but there are no glands under the thighs. Male secondary sex characteristics are absent.

The central area of the back is brown with darker regions surrounding the more prominent roughnesses. There is a fine, light beige medio-dorsal line. Light spots are present at the proximal base of the thighs and their lateral internal parts, forming the typical Aubria design. The sides are marbled with light and dark spots. The ventral surface of the throat, chest, stomach, arms, and thighs is a creamy beige color, and the ventral surface of the legs and feet is marbled beige and brown. There is a trace of the brown network pattern on the edge of the throat. In live specimens, the edge of the snout around the upper jaw is bright red and the axilla region is yellowish. The dorsal skin is strewn with darker spots on a background of brown tending to gray-brown. The stomach is bright yellow in the largest specimens. The throat, chest, and stomach of juveniles and sub-adults are strewn with yellow-white spots on a light grey background.

The paratypes vary in the possession of sub-brachial lands which, especially on the smaller specimens, might be absent. None of the paratypes possesses a gland under the thighs. The medio-dorsal line is present in 15 of the 23 specimens (65.2%) examined by Ohler and Kazadi (1990); when it is present it is always thin and a light cream color. The network pattern is clearer on smaller specimens; on larger ones, it is only visible under the throat. In frogs just past metamorphosis, the pattern on the stomach is present but less pronounced because it is very light. The pineal ocellus is often present. Two rather pronounced palmar tubercles of the same size are present in most specimens.

Translated/adapted from Ohler and Kazadi (1990) by Dietterich (2010).

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The original description by Duméril (1856) is incomplete, so the following section is adapted from a thorough redescription by Ohler and Kazadi (1990).

The holotype (specimen 1566 at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris) is an adult male with snout-vent length (SVL) 77.8 mm, collected in Gabon by Charles-Eugène Aubry-Lecomte.

Description of the holotype. – The head is longer (32.0 mm) than it is wide (28.4 mm). The snout is rounded and longer (13.7 mm) than the eye (9.5 mm), projecting in front of the buccal opening. The canthus rostralis is rounded and the loreal region is concave. The distance between the nostrils (5.9 mm) is greater than the interorbital distance (3.5 mm), which is less than half the width of the upper eyelid (7.3 mm). The nostrils are closer to the eye (7.4 mm) than the end of the snout (7.7 mm), with their openings somewhat rounded with two small dermal outgrowths on the external border. The tympanum is rounded, with diameter (4.9 mm) about half of the diameter of the eye (9.5 mm) and less than its distance to the eye (6.4 mm). The pineal ocellus is absent. Vomerine teeth are present at the level of the internal side of the choanae in two rows each containing four teeth. The angle between these rows is approximately 100° opening anteriorly, with the distance between their posterior ends equal to their length. Maxillary teeth are well developed. Three points at the end of the lower jaw correspond to cavities in the upper jaw. The tongue is oval and elongated, with a deep indentation in its free posterior part. A weak supratympanic fold runs from the eye to the shoulder. The forearm is slightly longer and wider than the rest of the arm. The fingers are robust, with digit II the shortest, digit I slightly longer than IV, and digit III the longest. The tips of the digits are rounded and not enlarged. There is a dermal crest on the internal edge of digits II and III. There is a terminal bead at the level of the distal joint in dorsal position on each digit. Sub-articular tubercles are rounded and moderately developed. Metacarpal tubercles are elongated. Just one elongated palmar tubercle is present but it is little developed.

The hind legs are short and robust. The heels do not touch when the thighs are placed at a right angle relative to the axis of the body. The leg (30.0 mm) is slightly shorter than the thigh (34.9 mm) or the foot, measured from the proximal edge of the internal metatarsal tubercle to the tip of toe IV (38.2 mm). Toe IV is the longest, with toe III longer than toe V. Toe tips are rounded but not enlarged. There is a terminal bead at the level of the distal joint in dorsal position on each toe. Webbing is moderately developed, up to the proximal edge of the distal sub-articular tubercle of toe IV, and curving in between toes III and IV and between toes IV and V midway between the proximal and intermediate sub-articular tubercles. There is no dermal fringe anywhere on the toes. Sub-articular tubercles are well developed and elongated. Internal metatarsal tubercles are short (2.4 mm) but very prominent, less than half the length of toe I (8.4 mm). There is no external metatarsal tubercle. There is a light tarsal fold from the metatarsal tubercle to the tibio-tarsal joint. The skin on the dorsal surface has miniscule roughnesses, but maintains a smooth aspect. The skin on the sides of the stomach is folded. There is no latero-dorsal fold. A round gland is present on each thigh at two-fifths of the distance between the anus and the knee, of diameter (5.2 mm) larger than that of the tympanum (4.9 mm). There is a heap of glandular cells under the base of each arm. No male secondary sex characteristics are visible.

The color of the dorsal surface is blackish brown, with the ventral surface dirty beige and grey-brown, with a regular design of light round spots on a dark network on the chest and belly. Under the thighs, the tibias, and the feet, there are lighter spots placed in a more irregular manner on a dark background, and there is no marked pattern on the throat.

Specimens determined to be Aubria subsigillata vary in the possession of sub-brachial glands that are not always prominent. Femoral glands are always distinct under the thighs, even in juveniles and sub-adults. A medio-dorsal line has never been observed in this species. The reticulated ventral design is usually very clear on adult specimens. Certain ventral regions can lack this design, but no marked relation between this phenomenon and the age or sex of specimens could be determined. The pineal ocellus is present in almost all specimens but it is absent in the holotype. The medial palmar tubercle, which is also absent in the holotype, is present in most specimens but it is often short and poorly developed.

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The osteology of the skull has been thoroughly described by Procter (1919). The skull is “strongly ossified, rather depressed, and broader than long, the general shape being typically frog-like. The interorbital portion of the brain-case is slender. Seen in profile, the cranium slopes upwards from the nasal region to a point in line with the posterior orbital borders, from which there is an abrupt decline to the foramen magnum."

In terms of membrane bones, “The nasals are large, well-developed triangular bones, and somewhat rugose. They meet each other in the median line almost throughout their length, which is nearly two-thirds that of the fronto-parietals. Anteriorly each is obtusely pointed; posteriorly they form short oblique sutures with the anterior borders of the fronto-parietals, exposing in the centre a minute diamond shaped area of the ethmoid. The distal ends do not reach the maxilla proper, although they rest upon the maxillary processes in conjunction with the palatine cartilages. The vomers are oblique, presenting an acute angle backwards and inwards, where they approach the proximal ends of the palatines, and the parasphenoid. Anteriorly they are deeply notched, the anterior processes reaching the maxillae. These bones overlie the subnasal laminae and the adjoining border of the ethmoid. The vomerine teeth are arranged in a simple line of four, springing from a prominent ridge on the outer oblique edge of each bone. The fronto-parietals are strongly ossified, and somewhat rugose on the anterior surface. The sagittal suture commences almost at their anterior extremities, but does not persist beyond a third of their length. Their combined width, anteriorly, is about a quarter of their length. At the postero-inner corner of the orbit they form small sharp projections, and then reach double the width. Posteriorly there is a slight sagittal crest, with two oblique lateral wings which form the commencement of the mastoid processes. The parasphenoid is of the usual dagger shape, but rather more shapely than that of [Rana] temporaria, and has an extremely tapering point. The lateral limbs of this bone are partially hidden beneath the superimposed inner limbs of the pterygoids."

As for cartilage-replacement bones, “the ethmoid, as compared to that of [Rana] temporaria, is elongated…[up to] almost one-half the length of the entire skull. Anteriorly it is trilobate, or fleur-de-lys-shaped; dorsally this portion is overlain by the nasals, and ventrally the central lobe is partially obscured by the vomers and the proximal ends of the palatines. The main tubular portion of this bone, which reaches almost to the optic foramen, is covered by the fronto-parietals, but is visible on the ventral side through the semi-transparent parasphenoid. As already stated, only a minute diamond-shaped area of the ethmoid is exposed to view on the dorsal surface, where it is bounded by the postero-median notch between the nasals anteriorly, and by the antero-median notch between the fronto-parietals posteriorly. In the antero-inner corner of the orbit the ethmoid is pierced on each side by a small foramen for the orbito-nasal nerve."

"The prootics. – The dorsal surface of each is largely covered by the inner branch of the squamosal, and its inner borders underlie the fronto-parietals. In the anterior wall below the flange of the fronto-parietals is the foramen for the fifth and seventh cranial nerves. The prootic forms the roof and anterior wall of the auditory capsule. The exoccipitals meet each other in the median line both dorsally and ventrally. The prootic-exoccipital suture proceeds along the crest of the mastoid process; the fronto-parietal-exoccipital suture is difficult to trace. Ventrally the anterior borders of these bones are bounded by the parasphenoid. The exoccipital condyles are well developed, and are visible from three aspects; at the base of each are two foramina, the upper minute and the lower larger and internally divided; these give exit to the ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The nasal cartilages consist of a roundly-pointed nasal roof above and a trifid sub-nasal lamina below. Small triangular praerhinals are attached to the septum nasi. The palatine cartilages extend from the ethmoid to the maxillae, and are not peculiar in any way. Owing to the thickness of the fronto-parietals and the extreme delicacy of the chondrocranium, I have not satisfied myself as to the size and exact positions of the fontanelles. It is clear, however, that there is a large median fontanelle, the anterior portion of which is bordered by the ethmoid, which at this point has a slightly bilobular tongue-shaped area carved out of it. The posterior wall of the otic capsule is cartilaginous; it is bounded by the parasphenoid below and by the prootic above. The columella auris is strongly developed. The inter- and medio-stapedial portions are not unusual in any way; the extra-stapedial section is strongly developed and has a fan-shaped terminal of considerable size, which is applied in an inverted position to the tympanic membrane. The squamosal, at the junction of the interior limb with its stem, forms a deep arch over this delicate cartilage, and also gives support to the annulus tympanicus, which is somewhat funnel-shaped, broader than deep, and slightly notched above."

As for the maxillary arch, “the palatines are straight, semi-transparent bones, placed at right angles to the axis of the skull. They do not meet each other. The squamosals differ widely from those of Rana (sensu stricto). They are enormously developed. The zygomatic branch, slightly rugose, forms a suture with the maxilla which is prolonged forward to the naso-palatine bar. This process tapers considerably at its anterior end, and is about half the length of the entire skull [processes measured from their junction with the shaft of the bone, not from the right angle from where they join each other]; the suture is about four-fifths of this length. The inner limb, just over one-third the length of the zygomatic, with which it forms a right angle, is superimposed on the prootic, of which but a small border is exposed on each side. The posterior limb, or stem, of this bone is somewhat oblique, flat, and rounded at its distal end; it is applied to the pterygoid and the quadrate cartilage. The pterygoids are the most remarkable bones in the skull. The inner processes overlap the lateral processes of the parasphenoid almost to their junction with the blade-like portion. At the junction of the anterior and posterior limbs, and opposite the root of the interior limb, is a large rounded process, which, when the skull is in its natural position, is directed outwards and downwards; when the jaws are closed the outer face of this process is presented to the coronary process of the angulo-splenial, which it resembles in size and shape. This process seems to be very rare in the Anura, and until now has remained unnoticed. The quadrate cartilage projects in two strong condyles, well beyond the extremities of the pterygoid, squamosal, and quadratojugal bones. It is of massive build, and in the specimen figured strongly ossified. The praemaxillae have rather long processes. Ventrally, at the suture which they form with each other, there is a shallow oval pit. The maxillae are wide, strong, and slightly rugose. Ventrally, and close to the sutures which they form with the praemaxillae, are round shallow concavities. Posteriorly each is slightly bifid, the inner border of the inner limb completing the squamoso-maxillary suture, and the outer and longer branch forming a wedge-shaped suture with the quadrato-jugal. The quadrato-jugal is a small short bone; its suture with the maxilla is very difficult to trace in old specimens."

As for the mandibular arch, “Meckel’s cartilage, where it articulates with the quadrate, ends in a prominent down-curved knob. The angulo-splenial leaves much of Meckel’s cartilage exposed to view; its coronary process is well developed, and, as before stated, lies face to face with the peculiarly similar process of the pterygoid, from which it is only separated by the elevator temporalis muscle. The dentary at its distal end is raised into a slight tooth-like projection, which, when the jaws are closed, fits into the shallow pit at the anterior end of the maxilla which I have already mentioned. The mento-meckelian bone forms a similar but larger projection which fits into the median pit situated across the praemaxillo-praemaxillary suture." Finally, “the hyoid apparatus, though differing slightly from that of [Rana] temporaria, is not peculiar in any way” (Procter 1919).

In summary, the most relevant features of the skull of Aubria subsigillata are its prolonged squamoso-maxillary suture, the fourth pterygoid process, and a pitted pattern on the nasals, the dorsal plane of the fronto-parietals, the zygomatic processes of the squamosals, and the maxillae. Some dermal bones also overlap markedly, in particular, “the interior branch of the pterygoid on the transverse limb of the parasphenoid,” “the interior limb of the squamosal on the prootic,” and “the nasals and fronto-parietals almost entirely obscuring the ethmoid” (Procter 1919).

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Clarke (1981) provides an extensive treatment of the osteology of Conraua in relation to other “ranine” genera and species. However, while he discusses C. alleni, C. beccarii, C. crassipes, and C. goliath as well as members of several other genera, (Clarke 1981), his analysis does not include material from C. derooi, potentially limiting the extent to which his conclusions for Conraua apply to this species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#morphology b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Vomerine teeth are well developed in this species, and they occur in short, oblique rows that are largely separated from each other, extending from between the choanae to the posterior borders of the same (de Witte, 1921). In this way, the vomerine tooth rows are equidistant from each other and the choanae (Schmidt and Inger, 1959). The head is as long as it is wide, and it is highly depressed. The snout is truncated and extends considerably past the mouth anteriorly. The snout is 1 1/2 times as long as the eye. The canthus rostralis is straight and rather prominent. The frenal region is slightly oblique and deeply concave. The nostril is farther from the eye than it is from the tip of the snout. The distance between the nostrils is equal to the interorbital distance, which in turn is equal to the width of the upper eyelid (de Witte, 1921). The tympanum is very distinct, with diameter less than or equal to that of the eye and three times the distance between it and the eye (de Witte, 1921; Schmidt and Inger, 1959). The fingers are rather long and end in small but distinct discs that are longer than they are wide, very slightly wider than the penultimate phalanx, and with a transversal diameter less than half of that of the tympanum. The adhesive pad of the disc is horseshoe-shaped (de Witte, 1921). The tips of the outer fingers and all of the toes have circummarginal horizontal grooves (Schmidt and Inger, 1959). The first finger is slightly longer than the second, and the third is much longer than the snout. Subarticular tubercles are small but rather prominent. The hind limb is rather slender. The tibio-tarsal joint reaches the eye, and when the thighs are placed at a right angle to the axis of the body, the heels barely overlap. The tibia is 3 1/2 times as long as it is wide, and its length is half of the snout-vent length. The tibia is longer than the foot, and much shorter than the forelimb. The toes also have small, little-developed discs that resemble those of the fingers. The webbing reaches the discs on the third and fifth toes, although two phalanges on the fifth toe are free. The external metatarsals are separated almost all the way to the base. Subarticular tubercles are rather large and prominent. There is also an oval-shaped internal metatarsal tubercle measuring one-third of the length of the internal toe, and a round external metatarsal tubercle that is so small it is barely visible. There is no tarsal fold (de Witte, 1921).

The dorsal skin is granular, dotted with glandules behind the sacrum and on the flanks. There is a large, glandular dorsolateral fold, extending from behind the eye to near the cloaca, where it narrows. The shortest distance between the glandular dorsolateral folds is about one-seventh of the snout-vent length. Another glandular fold runs from below the eye to the shoulder. Ventral surfaces are smooth from the chin to the pectoral girdle, then with strong transversal folds all the way to the pubis. The hind limbs are smooth, although the posterior half of the thighs is granular. This frog is colored blackish brown dorsally. The upper lip and the flanks are lighter brown, as are the thighs, which are ornamented with several blackish brown transversal bands. Ventral surfaces are lighter brown, although the undersides of the limbs have blackish brown spots (de, Witte 1921).

In specimens preserved in alcohol, the dorsum is slate gray and may contain small, irregular dark spots. The flanks are blackish and the venter is whitish, although the latter may darken in adults, especially the throat and the chest. A white streak on the upper lip extends to the groin in juveniles; in adults this streak may end near the axilla or it may be completely obscured. The dorsal and lateral surfaces may be scattered throughout with white spinules, which vary in number but may be more numerous and strongly developed in males than in females (Schmidt and Inger, 1959).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f01ed2e3-d4d3-4571-a012-d7e87e1de8ea#morphology 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The head is as wide as it is long. The length of the body is 3 1/4 to 3 1/2 times the length of the head. The snout is pointed and sometimes slightly raised at the tip, and it strongly surpasses the lower jaw. It is truncated in profile as in H. oxyrhynchus, greater than or equal to the diameter of the eye, and comprises 1 2/5 to 1 1/2 times the distance of the anterior ocular angles. The canthus rostralis is well pronounced and somewhat rectilinear. The frenal region is vertical and almost planar. The distance between the eye and the nostril is equal to 1 1/3 to 1 1/2 times the distance from the nostril to the tip of the snout, and less than or equal to the internasal space. The internasal space, in turn, is included 1 1/3 to 1 2/5 times in the interorbital space, which is slightly greater than or equal to twice the width of the upper eyelid (Laurent, 1943). The anterior webbing is 1/3 to 1/2. Adhesive discs and sub-articular tubercles are normal. The fourth digit is longer than the second, and the third digit is slightly greater than or equal to the length of the snout. The posterior webbing is 2/3, leaving one phalange free on the fourth toe, 3/4 on the first toe, and 1/2 on the other toes. The fifth toe is longer than the third. The external metatarsals are fused. There is a small medial metatarsal tubercle but no lateral metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal joint exceeds the anterior side of the eye. The thigh is shorter than the tibia, which is longer than the foot, about 3 to 3 3/4 times as long as it is wide, and about half the length of the body. The heels overlap when the hind limbs are bent perpendicular to the axis of the body. The skin is slightly shagreen on the dorsum and granular on the venter (Laurent, 1943).

The pigmentation is made up of melanophores and guanophores dispersed on the dorsum and on the parts of the limbs that are visible in the frog’s resting position. The melanophores form somewhat longitudinal lines and a subcanthal concentration. The guanophores are particularly numerous along the canthus and on the upper eyelid, and they comprise a white dorsolateral ray. This ray is vague on adults but quite distinct on juveniles, which also have concentrations of melanophores along these rays and in the middle of the back (Laurent, 1943). In life, members of the genus Hyperolius have translucent green skin that fades to white or light yellow after preservation (Schiøtz 2006b). When preserved, the green color fades to white or light yellow, but the dorsolateral lines of H. nasicus juveniles remain visible, unlike those of most other members of the H. nasutus group which become indistinguishable from the faded ground color.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#morphology f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The vomerine teeth occur in two small groups between the choanae. The head is half as long as it is broad. The canthus rostralis is indistinct, and the tympanum is about half the diameter of the eye (Boulenger, 1903). The tongue is cordiform and free in back (Laurent and Combaz, 1950).The distance from the nostril to the tip of the snout is about half of the difference from the nostril to the eye. The loreum is somewhat concave in both the vertical and horizontal planes (Schiøtz, 1967). The limbs are somewhat short and slender, especially in comparison to the body which is plump. The fingers are free of webbing. Toes three, four, and five are webbed at the base, and dilated into small but very distinct disks the size of the subarticular tubercles (Boulenger, 1903; Schiøtz, 1967; Rödel, 2000; Amiet, 2007). The fourth finger is longer than the second, and the fifth toe is slightly longer than the third. There is a moderately large oval-shaped inner metatarsal tubercle, and a very small one located relatively medially on the base of toe four. The hind limb is very short, with the tibio-tarsal articulation barely reaching the axil. There is no tarsal tubercle. The skin is smooth dorsally, but the belly and the ventral surface of the thighs are granular (Boulenger, 1903; Schiøtz, 1967; Rödel and Spieler, 2000).

The dorsum is silver-gray to yellow, with six dark brown longitudinal stripes, the median pair of which is narrowly separated and may be partially confluent mid-dorsally (Boulenger, 1903; Schiøtz, 1967, 1999; Rödel, 2000). These bands extend from between the eyes to the vent, and while they are occasionally discontinuous, they always retain the appearance of bands rather than spots (Rödel, 2000). There is also a dark brown canthal streak. The limbs have regular dark brown crossbars, although their ventral surfaces are white (Boulenger, 1903). The dorsal skin is smooth but the ventral and lateral skin is “rather coarsely chagreened” (Schiøtz, 1967). The sides of the head are marked by the fusion of most of the spots characteristic of other Kassina species (Amiet, 2007). Rödel (2000) describes this pattern as bands stretching from the nostril to the eye, behind which they split into a dorsolateral band that extends to the vent and a lighter band extending to the groin along the border between the flank and the venter. The coloration changes little when specimens are preserved in alcohol, although the yellow or gray areas may turn beige or olive (Rödel, 2000). The venter of this species is white.

The throats of males may be darkly pigmented or only slightly darker than the rest of the venter, and they are highly wrinkled and missing most or all of the protective throat flap found in most other Kassina species. The gular gland may also be reduced or absent, and there is no interbrachial fold even though the vocal sac, which is bilobate and subgular, extends relatively far posteriorly (Schiøtz, 1967; Rödel, 2000; Amiet, 2007). Other male secondary sex characteristics include conspicuous, unpigmented, and somewhat swollen glands on the inner surface of the forearm, extending onto the first finger. Females have smooth skin ventrally except for some granulations or transverse wrinkles on the posterior side of the abdomen (Amiet, 2007), and they have swollen anal lobes (Schiøtz, 1967).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 9d7897c4-e2a3-49df-983d-4d3de9fcefa0#morphology f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The hyoid apparatus of Kassina cassinoides is relatively unique among the kassinoid genera. In most of these frogs, “the thyrohyals are widely spaced and borne on cartilaginous stalks … and the anterior horn (hyale of Trewavas) … has both anteromedial and lateral processes” (Drewes, 1985). K. cassinoides, however, has a unique additional process shared only by K. fusca.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe b59aa922-9aa0-4ec1-9231-43bc74a7d439#morphology 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original description by Bocage (1868).

The head is wide, with a long pointed snout. The nostrils are slightly closer to the tip of the snout than to the eye. The tympanum has almost 2/3 the diameter of the eye. There are two small series of vomerine teeth, situated precisely in front of the hind openings of the nostrils and separated by a substantial interval. On the forelimbs, the second and fourth digits are equal in length, with the third the largest. The toes are webbed up to the base of the last phalange, except on the fourth toe where the last two phalanges are free. The metatarsal bears a single tubercle on its internal edge. Four narrow and distinctly granular longitudinal folds of skin are present on each side of the back. The top of the head and the space between the dorsal folds are dotted with small tubercles; larger confluent tubercles cover the flanks, the cloacal area, and the posterior half of the underside of the thigh. The skin is smooth ventrally with no trace of granulations or pores.

The dorsal regions are grayish or olive in color, marbled or spotted more or less distinctly with brown. Darker brown transversal bands mark the external sides of the limbs. A small blackish line extends from the tip of the snout to the eye via the nostril; an elongated spot of the same color extends from the eye to the shoulder via the dorsal side of the tympanum. The posterior side of the thighs is reddish brown to chocolate brown, with small, round yellow spots or narrow, wavy yellow stripes. Ventral parts are white or yellowish-white. On some individuals, the undersides of the thighs are bright yellow.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 805c5295-8289-4ac5-91f3-0995eb2b2af1#morphology 7d8799f5-92d4-40f6-91a7-c604e59d93ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the original description by Hallowell (1845):

The head is large, triangular, slightly convex dorsally, and truncated anteriorly. The nostrils are distinct and situated nearer to the snout than to the orbit. The tympanum is very distinct, circular, and bronze in color with a dark point in the center. The eyes are very large but not remarkably prominent. The tongue is large, cordiform, and notched posteriorly; it also bears a slight indentation at its point. The opening of the mouth is large. The upper jaw bears numerous, finely pointed teeth of approximately equal size. There are seven or eight palatine teeth on each side, situated on a line with the anterior margin of the posterior nares, which are large. The eustachian foramina are very distinct. The body and limbs are slender. The webbing on the toes extends as far as the distal extremity of the antepenultimate phalanx, except on the fourth toe which is much longer than the third or fifth toes, which are approximately equal in length. Distinct subarticular tubercles are present. The skin is smooth with numerous longitudinal dorsal folds. No glands or pores are visible on any part of the body.

The dorsum is grayish, with numerous dark blotches on the head and back. A band of white extends from the tip of the snout to the extremity of the body. This band is very narrow along the sacrum but much broader on the body and head, where it occupies the whole of the space between the orbits. The throat, chin, and underside are white.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1661 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe af525338-031a-4bce-9d8f-d3205ddec0ee#morphology 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The vomerine teeth are very close to the anterior side of the choanae, arranged in oblique rows that are about as far apart as they are long. The head is very flat and slightly longer than it is wide. The snout is pointed, extending markedly past the lower jaw, and it is 1 1/6 to 1 1/3 times as long as the eye. The canthus rostralis is well marked. The frenal region is not very oblique but it is highly concave. The nostril is equally distant from the eye and from the tip of the snout, or it may be slightly closer to the latter. The interorbital space is slightly narrower than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is very distinct, with a diameter between 2/3 and 5/6 of that of the eye and 2 to 3 times the distance between it and the eye. The tips of the fingers are slightly enlarged. The first and second fingers are equal in length and both are longer than the fourth. The third finger is as long as or slightly longer than the snout. Subarticular tubercles are very large and prominent. The hind limb is folded anteriorly and the tibio-tarsal joint passes the tip of the snout. When the hind legs are bent at right angles to the axis of the body, the heels overlap strongly. The tibia is 4 to 4 1/2 times as long as it is wide; it comprises about 3/5 of the snout-vent length and it is longer than the foot. The toes are largely webbed, with the webbing reaching their slightly enlarged tips except on the fourth toe, where the last two phalanges are free. Subarticular tubercles are rather large and very prominent. The internal metatarsal tubercle is oval-shaped and moderately prominent, measuring 1/3 to 2/5 of the length of the internal toe. A rounded tubercle is present at the base of the fourth toe. A fold along the tarsus is absent or barely indicated (Boulenger, 1919).

The skin is smooth dorsally. There is a narrow and very prominent glandular fold on each side of the back, beginning behind the upper eyelid and extending to the leg, entirely independent of the supra-temporal fold. Sometimes other discontinuous folds are present on the coccygeal region. A glandular bulge begins under the eye and extends to the base of the forelimb. The ventral skin is smooth, although the thighs are granulated near the cloaca (Boulenger, 1919). The dorsal skin ranges from “a pale yellowish gray to a dark reddish brown” (Noble, 1924), either uniformly or with small darker spots. The superior frenal region and the temporal region are black, bordered below by a thin white streak. The tympanum is sometimes reddish-brown. There are several black spots on either side behind the temples. A dark bar is present between the eyes. The upper lip is whitish. The limbs have more or less distinct dark crossbands. The thighs are dark brown posteriorly, or they may be blackish with small yellow spots. The throat and belly are yellow, although the throat may be a lighter cream color. The male has black external vocal sacs which protrude through a slit about as long as the eye on either side of the throat anterior to the forelimbs (Boulenger, 1919; Channing and Howell, 2006). The dorsal fold is marked with black dashes, and the posterior surface of the thighs is mustard-colored and marbled with black. The undersides of the hands and feet are light and dark, respectively (Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 4b898669-ebc5-498f-9af2-69eb717ce850#morphology 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The terminal phalanges of this species often pierce the skin of the fingers and toes as in Ptychadena mascariensis, especially on the inner digits (Noble, 1924; Frost, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe ea81f25e-2f78-426d-afe3-4746ce1c96f9#morphology cea0ab91-8d10-49bc-8b4e-8266b6b2a6b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is the original decriptions from Boulenger (1920):

Vomerine teeth occur in very short oblique series close to the anterior corners of the choanae. The head is substantially depressed and slightly longer than it is broad. The snout, slightly longer than the eye, is obtusely pointed and projecting. The canthus rostralis is rounded. The loreal region is very oblique and feebly concave. The nostril is equidistant from the eye and the tip of the snout. The interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid. The tympanum is very distinct, sized two-thirds to three-fourths the diameter of the eye. The fingers are obtusely pointed, with the first, second, and fourth equal. The subarticular tubercles are moderately large and moderately prominent. The hind limbs are rather short, with the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the eye, and the heels meeting or very feebly overlapping when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body. The tibia is slightly longer than half the snout-vent length. The toes are obtusely pointed and two-thirds webbed, with three phalanges of the fourth toe and one of the fifth toe free. The subarticular tubercles are rather small and moderately prominent. Two small metatarsal tubercles are present. The inner one is oval and about one-third the length of the first toe, and the outer is round. A final small round tubercle is found on the tarsus just below the heel. The skin can be either smooth or granulate dorsally, with four interrupted narrow glandular folds along the back and a stronger dorso-lateral fold. There is a glandular fold from the eye to the shoulder, and the sides are granulate.

Coloration is grayish olive dorsally, with a whitish vertebral band or narrow streak. The dorso-lateral folds are also whitish. The back has dark spots or a dark band on each side of the light vertebral stripe. A dark brown band reaches from the end of the snout to the eye, past which it continues as a large temporal spot. The tympanum is reddish brown. There is a white streak along the upper lip. The limbs bear dark cross-bands. There is a white line along the inner side of the tibia, while the hinder side of the thighs is brown and may contain two interrupted white streaks. The throat and belly are white, and the ventral surface of the limbs is flesh-colored. The male has a blackish external vocal sac on each side of the throat, close to the mandible.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1648 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe c2a256de-a5e7-418d-a5a7-b3445f30767d#morphology 1852a73d-46b7-498f-8f79-b5eb55136c1f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

N. bonebergi is usually brown, but may be light to greenish brown. The snout is pointed, projecting markedly over the lower jaw. The fingers and toes are long with large, truncated, terminal discs, and the toes are slightly webbed. The back has elongated skin ridges, and a light vertebral stripe is often present. A distinct black stripe runs from the tip of the snout, through the lower part of the eye to the arm (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/804 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be f8e45493-1e35-4c0a-8c27-16dc20ba72f7#morphology ad36a0c5-4d90-4ade-9761-1536ef76d516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The head is broader than long. Vomerine teeth are absent, although a female paratype exhibited a single vomerine tooth on the left side close to the inner anterior corner of the choana. The upper lip is white or greyish. The snout is prominent and rounded terminally, measuring one and one-third or one and one-half the diameter of the eye. There is a dark streak from the end of the snout through the nostril and eye, broadening behind the eye to include the whole of the tympanum. This species exhbits a short and white glandular ridge from the angle of the mouth to the front of the shoulder. Canthus rostralis is obtuse, and the loreal region is very oblique and not concave. The nostril is midway between eye and end of snout. The interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid. The tympanum is distinct and 3/5 the diameter of the eye. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the end of the snout. The tibia is three times as long as broad, its length contained once and four-fifths in the distance from snout to vent. The lengh of the tarsus may be half the distance between the snout and the vent. The first finger is the shortest, followed by the second, which is shorter than the fourth. The third finger is slightly longer than the snout. The toes are half-webbed and the third is slightly longer than the fifth. Presence of a small inner tubercule and without an outer metatarsal. Has a slight tarsal fold and lacks a tarsal tubercule.

The back has longitudinal rows of short, very indistinct or well defined, glandular folds and is brownish grey with small indistinct dark spots, and a fine white mid-dorsal stripe from snout to vent. The underside is smooth, and coloration is white with pale brown reticulation. A fold is present across the chest. The hind limbs have indistinct crossbars. The hinder side of thighs is dark, with numerous small, round, white spots. Small vocal sacs show externally, through short slits close to the angle of the mouth, but not extending backwards beyond it.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1666 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Harith Farooq http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 82a46d6b-9cb6-485e-b7b1-fb7b132dd1cf d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#morphology 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The head and body of this frog are very strongly depressed. The depth of its snout is less than the diameter of its eye. The interorbital space is less than the breadth of the upper eyelid or the internarial space. Its eye diameter is just over 3.5 times the breadth of the head, and the internarial space is equal to the distance between the nostril and the eye, or to the breadth of the upper eyelid. The leg, from the vent to the heel-fold is subequal to the distance from the tip of the snout to the vent. It has expanded terminal disks on its fingers, especially on the 3rd and 4th fingers, where the transverse diameter is subequal to the interorbital space. It has completely webbed toes.

There are small horny asperities over the entire upper surface of the frog, but more on the snout, margin of the lips, and the anterior part of the arm. These asperities don't go through the skin on the back, hindlimbs and sides, but rather are marked by raised white dermal points. The belly of the frog is granular, and the asperities on the lower side of the body are only on the edges of the lower jaw, the sides of the belly, and one mesial patch on the chest. In males, the cloaca is directed ventrally whereas it is directed posteriorly in females. Breeding males have loose dorsal skin, swollen forearms, and spines and its chest and inner fingers (du Preez and Carruthers, 2009).

The frog ranges from light to dark olive on the dorsal surface, with many large patches of deep marroon or purplish brown. These blotches are irregular and edged narrowly with white. In addition, there are white specks scattered on the back and limbs, corresponding to the aforementioned asperities that have not yet pierced the skin. The limbs have dark crossbars that are narrower than the space between them. The lower surface is cream to yellow, and the underside and back of the thighs are bright yellow to orange (Fitzsimons, 1946).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 83b31854-1dc3-4380-9f24-8161ea6faf7b#morphology ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The head is rather short and broad and the eyes are positioned rather dorsolaterally (Barbour and Loveridge, 1927). The snout is rounded and is about 1.5 times longer than the diameter of the orbit. The tympanum is small and indistinct, and its diameter is about one third that of the orbit. The vomerine teeth in Conraua alleni form two oblique rows; anteriorly, they touch the inner posterior edge of the choanae, and they converge posteriorly (Loveridge, 1941). The species exhibits a strongly developed fringe on the third finger and no dermal fold on the forearm (Parker, 1936). A conspicuous groove runs from the posterior border of the eye to the insertion of hind limb. The body is strongly depressed and rather Xenopus-like. The fingers, four in number and of equal length, are long, slender and poorly developed. The fingers have sharp apices that are probably tactile, another Xenopus-like feature. The thighs and tibia are expanded and depressed. The feet are large and completely webbed. The toes are long and slender and the tibio-tarsal articulation of the adpressed hind limb reaches the posterior border of the eye (Barbour and Loveridge, 1927). The tips of the toes are dilated into distinct, though small, disks (Loveridge, 1941). The skin is covered with subequal warts on all dorsal surfaces. The warts are best developed over the dorsal region, but are present, although smaller, on the head and limbs. The belly is smooth, with a faintly outlined discoidal fold, and the lower side of the limbs is smooth (Barbour and Loveridge, 1927).

Coloration: Dorsally, C. alleni is ashy gray, with five dark dorsal areas: the first on the nasal region; the second a band connecting the orbits; the third a band across intertympanic region; the fourth a fainter band across the back just posterior to the insertion of the forelimbs; and fifth, a curved marking across the sacral region. The fore and hind limbs are mottled and irregularly cross-barred with dark gray on the light gray field. All ventral surfaces are immaculate white (Barbour and Loveridge, 1927).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 ed82d478-5297-4ea1-be80-0a17db9ce294#morphology ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In dorsal view, the sphenethmoid is visible between the nasals and frontoparietals. The nasals do not meet medially, and the zygomatic ramus of the squamosal does not project anteriorly to meet the postorbital process of the maxilla. An otic flange projects medially from the corpus of the squamosal and dorsally invests the crista parotica. The articulation between the maxilla and premaxilla is typical of most neobatrachians in that the articulation does not seem to be ossified and probably allows a relatively high degree of motion of the premaxilla. The cartilaginous plate of the Y-shaped omosternum is expanded distally, achieving a width equal to that of the proximal heads. The metasternum is approximately twice as long as it is wide. The sternal plate is bilobed and projects posteriorly. The scapula is robust, nearly twice as wide as it is long (Sheil, 1999). The distal ends of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes are rounded, but with lateral extensions, making the outline of the distal phalanx mushroom-shaped in appearance (there is no median notch) (Clarke, 1981).

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Vomerine teeth appear to be absent from most specimens of Conraua beccarii (Scortecci 1931, Spanò 1971), although Boulenger (1911) found that they may be very subtly present in two groups just behind the level of the small choanae. The head is substantially depressed and may be 2.5-3.0 times wider than it is long, and the snout is broadly rounded. The canthus rostralis is indistinct, the loreal region is grooved, and the distance from the nostrils to the orbits is slightly less than or equal to the distance from the nostrils to the tip of the snout. The eyes are supero-lateral, and the interorbital space is as broad as or slightly broader than the upper eyelid. The tympanum is hidden externally (Boulenger 1911, Scortecci 1931, Spanò 1971).

The fingers are moderately long, with slightly swollen tips and a distinct narrow dermal margin on the first and fifth fingers. The subarticular tubercles are well developed. The first finger is shorter than the second, and the fourth finger is slightly shorter than the third. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the commissure of the mouth in females, and extends to the posterior margin of the eye in males and juveniles. The tibia is contained 2.25-2.33 times in the snout-vent length. The toes are rather short, fully webbed, and terminate in rather large rounded disks embraced by the webbing. A broad fold is present along the outer edge of the fifth toe, and the subarticular tubercles are well developed and quite prominent. An elongate, blunt inner metatarsal tubercle is present and measures 2/5 to 2/3 of the length of the inner toe. A narrow tarsal fold is present.

The skin may be smooth or bear small, flat warts dorsally. A strong fold traverses the interorbital region, passes behind the eyes, and extends on each side to the point of insertion of the hindlimb. Coloration in this species is blackish or purplish brown dorsally, off-white ventrally, and with grayish brown spots or marbling on the flanks, throat, and chest. Juveniles may be lighter shades of yellowish gray or grayish brown dorsally, with darker streaking or mottling on the back and dark transversal bars on the limbs (Boulenger 1911, Largen and Spawls 2010). While males of this species have no vocal sacs, they are larger than females, and may have grayish nuptial pads on the dorsal surface of the four fingers (Boulenger 1911, Spanò 1971), although these may be lacking in some specimens (Scortecci 1931). Other sexual dimorphisms in this species include that the heads of males are strikingly wide, and the muscles on top of the head are so enlarged as to take the form of two globular masses separated longitudinally by a profound depression. These traits are either absent or weakly expressed in females. Furthermore, in males, but not in females, the width of the head is always more than half of the snout-vent length, and the interorbital space is always wider than the upper eyelid.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 fb304172-b730-4785-aa5f-100d00743634#morphology 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Clarke (1981) gives a thorough comparative analysis of many osteological characters between Conraua and several other African ranine frog genera, including several characters in which C. beccarii differs from the other members of its genus. In particular, in this species, the zygomatic ramus is “much longer than [the] otic ramus, curving down towards the maxilla but not articulating with it; [with] the distal end of the zygomatic ramus curving upward, away from the maxilla” (Clarke 1981). This character appears to be unique to Conraua beccarii and therefore represent an autapomorphy. The pterygoid process of the maxilla is “moderately developed, and slightly overlapping or abutting [the] anterior ramus of [the] pterygoid” (Clarke 1981), unlike the other Conraua species, which lack the pterygoid process of the maxilla entirely. Finally, the terminal phalanges of the fingers are “simple [and] knob-like” distally, with the toes slightly T-shaped, and “the anterior distal border of the phalanx perpendicular to the axis” with no median notch (Clarke 1981).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 5217ffdf-874f-474e-a0f7-ff466a7e4f74#morphology a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The head is as wide (35.6 mm) as it is long (35.4 mm), and the horizontal diameter of the orbit (10.1 mm) is barely greater than the length of the snout (9.6 mm). The nostrils are closer to the tip of the snout than to the eye, and the distance between the nostrils (5.9 mm) is slightly less than the interorbital distance (6.9 mm). The tongue is widely indented, and the vomerine teeth are present but poorly developed. The loreal region is rather oblique, the canthus rostralis is rounded, the tympanum is invisible externally, and the postoccipital and suprascapulary regions are significantly swollen. A dermal fold extends from the eye to the shoulder, where it is continued by a few fine warts. The front legs bear very fine granular folds. Finger 1 is almost 1.5 phalanges shorter than finger 2, which is in turn 1.5 phalanges shorter than finger 3. Finger 3 is the longest, and has a distinct external dermal fringe. Finally, finger 4 is one phalanx shorter than finger 3. All of the fingers have a large subarticular tubercle except for finger 4, which has two. The internal metacarpal tubercle is rather large but not very prominent. The external metacarpal tubercle is narrower, and the elbow lacks a dermal fold (Hulselmans 1972).

The hindlimbs are very long and robust. The dorsal surfaces of the femur, tibia, and tarsus bear fine, granular longitudinal folds. The toes end in very distinct disks, although the disk on toe 5 is slightly less developed than the others. On toe 1, an internal cutaneous fold extends from the disk to the internal metatarsal tubercle. Toe 5 bears an external cutaneous fold. The internal metatarsal tubercle is very large and quite prominent, and the tarsal fold covers two-thirds of the internal side of the tarsus. The subarticular tubercles are prominent and elongated. The skin is fairly smooth dorsally and granular laterally (Hulselmans 1972).

In alcohol-preserved specimens, the dorsal and lateral surfaces are dark brown, marbled with small, irregular darker spots. The ventral surfaces are a dirty white color, except for the throat and chest which are a smoky, dirty brown color. The dorsal surfaces of the femur and tibia have faint transversal bars, and the undersides of the arms and legs are largely colored dirty brown. In terms of sexual dimorphism, males are larger than females. The male’s nuptial pads are not chitinous, and they cover the entire dorsal surface of the thumb except the terminal phalanx. Compared to the female, the male also has well-developed white verrucae on the snout and jaws; this same verrucosity is present to a much lesser degree on all of the dorsal surfaces. The male of this species lacks a vocal sac and there is no buccal opening (Hulselmans 1972).

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This species is a medium sized toad with pronounced sexual dimorphism; the female can attain a snout to vent length of up to 65 millimeters, while the male may reach only 40 millimeters. Skin color is an almost uniform hue, without a pronounced patterning. Parotid glands are prominent, and a serrated tarsal fold and tympanum are present. Two indistinct rows of tubercles mark the locations of under forearm glands. Parotid glands are also distinct. Webbing is moderate (Channing, 2001).

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The head of D. pictus is strongly depressed and narrow, evincing a rounded or pointed snout. The species tongue is disc-shaped. Fingers are abbreviated, with the first being shortest, the third longest, and the second and fourth of roughly equal intermediate length. The hindlimb architecture manifests considerable length, with some webbing in evidence betwixt the toes. A small inner metatarsal tubercle is visible. There are three palmar tubercles and subarticular tubercles are absent. The dorsum presents small glands, with overall skin-tone being smooth.

Color of the dorsum exterior is brown, olivaceous or gray, with a dark temporal band running from the tympanum to snout. There are dark spots of irregular size and shape in evidence on the dorsum; moreover, these spots may sometimes assume a form of longitudinal striping. The iris is bronze or golden. Venter is white or a yellowish color, less frequently olivaceous red. Males exhibit black corneous excrescences on the limbs, throat and belly (Salvador, 1996).

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D. scovazzi manifests a pointed snout and round eye pupils. Subarticular tubercles are lacking, and the tympanum is inconspicuous. Dorsum exhibits a dorsolateral fold on each side, usually extending only from eye to shoulder. Dorsal skin shows irregular dark spots or longitudinal stripes (Salvador, 1996).

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H. occipitalis is a sizable flat ranid manifesting protruding eyes, numerous dorsal warts, and a minute inner metatarsal tubercle. This anuran exhibits complete webbing between all the toes and fingers. This large dorso-ventrally flattened ranid frog features warty skin, with eye and nostril dorsal placement. Viewed from above, the eyes are completely contained within the outline of the frog's head. Owing to the presence of numerous glands, the exterior skin is extremely slippery. (Rodel. 2000)

The colour of the body and limbs is a yellow-green, olive or drab brown. Large dark green to blackish spots occasionally form rows, are exhibited on the dorsum. Spots of this same dark green to black present on the upper lip and on the extremities. A light green to yellow transverse line behind the eyes is exhibited in juvenile frogs,and often in adults as well. The outer elements of the thighs are marbled. The venter is white, occasionally punctuated with black spots.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1280 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 f653ff05-ee90-410b-90d3-ff5f8f471693#morphology 3949bf83-98f5-4d0c-b489-f3fee0dfbfc6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. cinnamomeoventris exhibits a pronounced sexual dichromism with the male typically brownish to green, usually with a white dorso-lateral line and somewhat diminutive gular flap. The female manifests a uniform green dorsum delimited from the white ventrum by an irregular black lateral line. Pupils in both sexes are horizontal (Schiøtz 1999).

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External colour in female adults: dorsum opaque mustard yellow to orange or mustard brown, uniform or mottled. Some adults from Meru have a green to green-gold dorsum. Lateral areas sometimes with a border of white or black or both. Hidden parts of limbs manifest a translucent blue, or more rarely translucent pink. Males similar, but ventrum more often translucent pink. Adult eye pupils exhibit as horizontal (Schiøtz, 1999).

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H. vilhenai is considered a small Hyperolius occurring in northeastern Angola with a squat body and a sizeable, broad head, exhibiting a rounded snout. Colour in vivo is a pale green; after preservation, the dorsum presents a light background with large dark spots. A dark band extends from snout tip to upper eyelid. This description is based upon the single holotype specimen. According to Laurent's original description, the holotype is a male with developed gonads. If this description is accurate, this anuran does not exhibit a gular flap or gular sac (Laurent, 1964; Schiøtz, 1999).

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K. fusca is a brown anuran occurring on the West African savanna. Its dorsum displays scattered, sometimes indistinct small darker spots with a larger, irregular, X-shaped spot at the shoulder region. There are small discs on the fingers. It is generally an inconspicuous terrestrial species, with locomotion via walking rather than leaping. K. fusca is thought to be the only member of the genus with brown rather than grey/black colours. It also differs from other members of the family in having a tarsal tubercle. (Schiøtz. 1999)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1479 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#morphology f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species head is wide, with a concave element between the eyes. Nostrils are equidistant between the snout and anterior eye edge. The eyes are prominent, with horizontal diameter greater than distance between eye and nostril. The iris is a yellowish-copper or greenish with black spots. Digits lack articular tubercles. Three inconspicuous palmar tubercles are present. The metatarsal tubercle exhibits a whitish base. The exterior skin is smooth, with small reddish warts on the eyelids and dorsum. The dorsum itself is grayish-brown with irregular dark spots; the venter is whitish.

Some P. varaldii individuals exhibit a metatarsal tubercle that is totally keratinized. Furthermore, a number of the adult population may manifest red spots on their upper eyelids, although such spots are lacking in most individuals (Salvador, 1996).

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Nostrils are equidistant from the eye to the tip of the snout. The tibio-tarsal articulation may reach the tympanum (Angel, 1924). Pedal webbing is moderate to extensive with 1-2 phalanges free of webbing on digit IV (Zimkus et al., 2012). A dark band is present from the nostrils to the typanum, and a silvery streak may border it. Dorsal asperities are present in both sexes. The underside has "fine, dark, even stippling over the throat and abdomen" (Channing and Howell, 2006). Sexually mature males have small, white asperities on the posterior half of the body, and the throat is speckled.

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Like all of its genus members, P. beiranus has parotoid glands which are not prominent and do not form a continuous platform with the top of the head. As a genus diagnostic this toad lacks any dorsal hourglass patternation, and no conspicuous tarsal fold. Again, as with all genus members the ventral skin is granular. The inner metatarsal is inconspicuous and not flanged for burrowing. There are no adhesive terminal discs on either the fingers or toes. There are no hard claws and eye pupils are never vertical (Du Preez et al. 2009).

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P. brongersmai adults have a rounded snout with a head approximately 2.5 times in length versus height. The horizontally measured eye diameter is slightly less than the distance between snout and eye; moreover, that horizontal eye diameter is about 2.5 times the horizontal diameter of the tympanum. The interorbital area is quite flattened. Subarticular tubercles on digits are single, except for the distal occurrences, which are frequently double. Subarticular toe tubercles are also single, other than the the double distal tubercle on toe three, and the distal two on the fourth toe. The dorsum is a pale brownish gray, overlain with small green patches and black spots. The paratoid glands, upper eyelids and dorsal warts are reddish. The venter is whitish with green spots (Salvador, 1996).

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P. mapacha is a short legged frog with minute dark doral markings. The unbroken distinct ridge beginning at the upper lip extending back almost to the upper arm insertion is a diagnostic feature that allows discrimination from P. schillukorum. The adult snout is sharp and nostrils exhibit an oval shape. The eyes are smallish, about two millimetres in diameter; tymphanum is also small and rounded. Vomerine projections present anterior to the interior nostrils. Toes are only partially webbed (Channing, 1993).

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The somewhat discontinuous dorsal ridges of P. schillukorum are black. The light-colored remains of the dorsolateral ridges have fine black borders. A black patch marks the eyelids. A dark V-shape is present between the eyes. The anterior border of the vocal sac and the canthal area are both somewhat darker, and the upper lip is light coloured, evincing no markings. This white colour extends to the upper arm where an isolated white bulge is found. The arms are faintly mottled. Black bars are present on the legs: three bars usually appear on the thighs, and three to four bars on the shanks. These bars are frequently paler centrally. The outer part of the thigh is speckled, adorned with irregular light lines or else densely spotted with black. The lower jaw is either faintly spotted or mottled. The throat is mottled or shows no coloration at all. The underside of the foot is dark, and the webbing is slightly pigmented dark. The remainder of the venter is a uniform whitish (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1650 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 fc6788bd-eadb-4bf0-8ad7-2bfd6d2f181b#morphology 8a55c275-c931-4693-beb2-d6ce3fdb5b9e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum of P. tellinii is nearly a uniform red-brown to red. More rarely, a vaguely defined dark marking may be exhibited in the center of the back, manifesting more distinctly in breeding males. The red back is delineated from the belly by a dark band. Several dark patches of different sizes are frequently present on the caudad sections of the flanks. The dark bars on the hind legs are often indistinct. Snout and tympanum region are dark to deep black laterally. The temporal triangle stretches to the base of the arm. Some animals have paler upper lips. The upper part of the iris is silver or golden, the rest is dark. The anterior part of the thigh is dark bordered, at least in its proximal section. The posterior part is mottled in yellow and black. On some individuals, the yellow patches of the pattern form one or two longitudinal rows. The venter is white to gray, and the border of the lower jaw may be black. The anterior parts of the male’s vocal sacs are black, the rest being pale beige. The webbing is pigmented darkly (Rödel, 2000).

There are several rows of vaguely defined dorsal ridges, two of which stretch from the eyes to the center of the back where they gradually fade; two further ridges emerge anterior to the center of the back, stretching backward towards the vent, which they rarely touch. Two pairs of abbreviated ridges are typically located further outward. The tympanum is clearly visible and reaches 0.5–0.8 (usually 0.7) of the eye diameter. Males have paired lateral vocal sacs, enlarged thenar tubercles and swollen first fingers. Fingertips and toetips are not expanded. The inner metatarsal tubercle almost reaches the shortest toe length (0.5–0.8, most often 0.7). The outer metatarsal tubercle is well-defined. The thighs reach 0.5–0.6 of the SVL, the shank length is 0.55–0.69 of the SVL. The feet, including the longest toe, usually reaches more than 0.75 (0.68–0.85) of the SVL. The webbing formula is 1 (0), 2i (1) or (0.5), 3 i/e (1–0) or (1–0.5), 4 i (1), 5 (0) (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1675 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 72fc3594-1172-422b-a041-0e14854d5fc3#morphology 267e6b61-81e9-4168-b837-5163b2d996fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Description of lectotype.-Adult female (MWNH 135/1); body moderately robust, head slightly wider than body; snout rounded in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view; vomerine odontophores distinct, in two rounded patches, medially to choanae; choanae medium-sized, rounded; tongue longer than wide, bifurcated posteriorly, posterior third free; nostrils directed laterally, visible from dorsal view; canthus rostralis slightly curved, rounded in cross-section; loreal region concave; eye relatively large with ED slightly less than twice the END; pupil vertical; tympanum distinct, round, TD half of ED, tympanic annulus present; skin of all dorsal surfaces finely granular, with scattered small tubercles on dorsum; skin on ventral surfaces coarsely granular; hind limbs relatively long with TL reaching almost half SVL, tibiotarsal articulation reaching anterior corner of eye when hindlimb adpressed forward along body; foot webbing formula 1(0.5), 2i(1) 2e(0.25), 3i(1.5) 3e(0.25), 4i(2) 4e(1.5), 5(0.75), all toes with lateral fringes; relative length of toes, IV>V>III>II>I; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; inner metatarsal tubercle well developed, ovoid, elongated; well-developed dermal spur on heel; distinct dermal fold on outer tarsus; plantar surfaces tubercular; well-developed subarticular tubercles under all toes, with distal tubercles being bifid; tips of all toes bearing round discs, each about 1.3 times wider than width of adjacent phalange; hand webbing formula 1(1.75), 2i(1.5) 2e(1), 3i(2) 3e(1.5), 4(1.25), all fingers with lateral fringes; relative length of fingers: III>IV>II>I, Finger I<II when adpressed; outer metacarpal tubercle absent, inner small, ovoid; palmar surfaces strongly tuberculate; well developed subarticular tubercles under all fingers, with distal tubercles being bifid; tips of all fingers bearing discs, each about 1.3 times wider than width of adjacent phalange; distinct dermal fold on outer edge of lower arm; enlarged ulnar tubercle.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1146 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jörn Köhler http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 80b5edb8-93c0-439f-a2a0-e8d50557e601 2d9052d8-a5a8-46b7-ace0-d2ce9bff41eb#morphology 0531d12f-d4a5-4459-a679-34387c906787 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Body is stout, and a pale, continuous infratympanic always exists. Palmar tubercles are flattened and subarticular tubercles are well-developed and single. The comparative finger length is as follows: 3>2>1>4. Foot is approximately half of the body length. There is a robust inner metatarsal tubercle. No outer metatarsal or tarsal tubercle are present. Subarticular tubercles are rounded. The fourth toe has 3.5 phalanges free of webbing. The dorsum and ventrum are smooth, except for a granular region around the vent. The dorsum is reddish-brown with darker brown patches; no dorso-ventral lines are present. Three interorbital bars are present. Fingers I and II have a pale dorsal surface. Males have a dark gular area (Dawood and Channing, 2002).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1696 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 ba9c72b0-7116-44b7-9530-673ac56d33f5#morphology ad07e6ca-65ca-46b7-b192-9adfca5dbda7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Body is stout body, and head is much broader than long. Internarial distance is greater than the distance from the anterior corner of the eye to the nostril. Tympanum is most often indistinct, but when visible it is oval. There is a continuous infratympanic glandular ridge, wider posteriorly, beginning from below posterior third of eye and terminating at anterior face of forearm. Relative finger lengths are as follows: 3>1>2>4. Two palmar tubercles are flattened. Two subarticular tubercles are prominent on each finger; the proximal tubercles are always double (divided longitudinally) on digit I, frequently on digit II, rarely on digit III, and never on digit IV. Relative toe lengths are as follows: 4>3>2=5>1. A robust inner metatarsal tubercle is present. The outer metatarsal and tarsal tubercle are absent. Webbing is rudimentary with 3.5 phalanges free of weebing on toe IV. Dorsum is smooth in alcohol, but glandular in life. Ventrum is smooth, but granular around vent. Males have a dark gular region (Passmore and Caruthers, 1975).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1703 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 bec5c4cf-3de2-4c5a-b7ff-c6320f80d401#morphology 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tympanum is visible and elliptical, measuring nearly twice the size of the eye-tympanum distance. The distance between the anterior corners of the eyes is greater than the internarial distance. Nares are situated closer to the eyes than to the tip of the snout. Fingers have conspicuous round subarticular tubercles. Relative length of fingers is 3>1>2>4. The inner metatarsal tubercle is robust, and both the outer metatarsal and tarsal tubercles are absent. Webbing is reduced, with the notch between toes 3 and 4 reaching to the proximal subarticular tubercle of toe 3, but not reaching the middle subarticular tubercle of toe 4. The notch between toes 4 and 5 reaches the distal subarticular tubercle of toe 5, and reaches half way between the basal and middle subarticular tubercle of toe 4. A continuous, orange infra-tympanic membrane is present. The dorsal skin has small, flat, rounded warts and the flanks and lower femur are glandular. The dorsum is reddish orange with dark red warts. A pale occipital blotch behind the eyes is finely outlined in black. A broad pale tan dorsolateral line extends from the occipital patch to the vent. Males have dark gular areas and females may or may not have mottling (Channing et al, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 c4cc29c0-e47d-4ff2-99b2-033dc383c33d#morphology a057293a-229b-4a37-ab14-28ab15233048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum and ventrum are mostly smooth, except for a granular area around the vent. There is continuous infra-tympanic membrane. Subarticular tubercles are single and well-developed. Palmar tubercles are flattened. The foot is half the snout-vent length, and there are rounded subarticular tubercles. A robust inner metatarsal tubercle is present, but this species lacks both an outer metatarsal and tarsal tubercle. Three phalanges are free of webbing on the fourth toe. The dorsum has grey or olive patches on a lighter background, reddish-brown warts, and a dark interorbital bar. Coloration is retained in preservation (Channing and Bogart, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1700 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 1c9f6838-617e-4a54-ab5b-bfded8663391#morphology 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Broad head. Green in life with two color patterns: White triangle on snout with thick, broken dorsolateral lines or lacking a triangle and instead having thing yellow or pale canthal and dorsolateral lines. Black horizontal pupil. Hands and feet are pale yellow with green digital discs. Ventral surface is pale, translucent blue-green becoming silvery white over the abdomen.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lucinda Lawson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b4178447-99c1-4644-b52d-b23ed2b34ca5 b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#morphology 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species is assigned to the genus Callulina based on the following characteristics: Truncated or expanded terminal phalanges (simple in Spelaeophyrne, Probreviceps, Breviceps, and Balebreviceps); single posterior denticulated row in the palate of Callulina (two denticulated rows in Probreviceps, and a glandular mass in Breviceps); moderately sized wedge shaped lobes on the mentomeckelian elements, posteroventrally directed (in Probreviceps, Balebreviceps, and Breviceps variously reduced and enlarged, Largen and Drewes, 1989); cultriform process of the parasphenoid with broad based but narrow alary processes, tapering laterally (cultriform process of the parasphenoids in known brevicipitids show wide diversity, Largen and Drewes, 1989); nasals almost meet at midline (broadly separated in Breviceps and Balebreviceps); clavicle well-developed and straight though slightly curved anteriorly at the point of contact of the coracoid and scapulae (clavicle straight in Breviceps, Probreviceps, and Spelaeophryne) (see Figure 3a in original description); omosternum large (rudimentary or small in Breviceps, Probreviceps, and moderate in Balebreviceps, Figure 3a in original description); tympanum present and usually well-differentiated (absent in Balebreviceps and Probreviceps uluguruensis); double condylar articulation between the urostyle and the sacral vertebra (fused in Balebreviceps, Breviceps, and Probreviceps, Figure 3b in original description).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 5e7a7ebf-5e5b-4dd6-a465-eb60ac32e75c#morphology 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

(as diagnosis) The species is assigned to the genus Callulina based on the following characteristics: Truncated or expanded terminal phalanges (simple in Spelaeophyrne, Probreviceps, Breviceps, and Balebreviceps); single posterior denticulated row in the palate of Callulina (two denticulated rows in Probreviceps, and a glandular mass in Breviceps); moderately sized wedge shaped lobes on the mentomeckelian elements, posteroventrally directed (in Probreviceps, Balebreviceps, and Breviceps variously reduced and enlarged, Largen and Drewes, 1989); cultriform process of the parasphenoid with broad based but narrow alary processes, tapering laterally (cultriform process of the parasphenoids in known brevicipitids show wide diversity, Largen and Drewes, 1989); nasals almost meet at midline (broadly separated in Breviceps and Balebreviceps); clavicle well-developed and straight though slightly curved anteriorly at the point of contact of the coracoid and scapulae (clavicle straight in Breviceps, Probreviceps, and Spelaeophryne) (see Figure 3a in original description); omosternum large (rudimentary or small in Breviceps, Probreviceps, and moderate in Balebreviceps, Figure 3a in original description); tympanum present and usually well-differentiated (absent in Balebreviceps and Probreviceps uluguruensis); double condylar articulation between the urostyle and the sacral vertebra (fused in Balebreviceps, Breviceps, and Probreviceps, Figure 3b in original description).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 27cc10e2-2fda-4e6d-adf2-2826d5d183b3#morphology ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In life, the holotype was brown with irregular dark brown marbling and a thin cream middorsal line; warts on the lateral surfaces of body were clearly white. Ventral surface was cream with brown marbling on edges. In preservative, the overall coloration is similar to that in life; however the warts on side of body are less pronounced, both relative to their color and their size. Warts on the edge of the eyelid tend to be more pronounced in larger specimens; however, this is difficult to detect in old museum specimens. Coloration is mainly uniform, however some specimens may also have three to four dark bands across the back. The middorsal stripe may be poorly defined. The extent of dark marbling varies slightly on the ventral regions (de Sá et al., 2004).

In some individuals, the first and second toes are subequal in size instead of having a smaller first toe. Tympanum diameter is always at least equal to the distance from the tympanum to posterior edge of the eye; however, this distance may be larger than the tympanum diameter itself. Tympanum is partially hidden in some individuals (de Sá et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f a3b5be05-ac40-492a-bf5d-91eff8c0749e#morphology ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species is assigned to the genus Callulina based on the following characteristics: (1) triangular-shaped terminal digits (simple, not expanded, in Balebreviceps, Breviceps, Probreviceps, and Spelaeophyrne); (2) expanded terminal phalanges (simple in Spelaeophyrne, Probreviceps, Breviceps, and Balebreviceps); and (3) a double condylar articulation between the urostyle and the sacral vertebra (fused in Balebreviceps, Breviceps, and Probreviceps).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 475d062b-cfe9-481e-9e27-0dd32cc02a9b#morphology 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Body is very stout. Snout is short, triangular if seen from above, with a rounded tip, as long as the horizontal eye diameter. Interorbital space is approximately 1½ times as wide as the upper eyelid. Nares much further away from the anterior eye margin than from the tip of the snout. Finger and toes are short, with strongly broadened tips. The first finger is half as long as the second. Toes are nearly without webbing, only the 4th and 5th being connected by skin webbing between the first toe segment. Subarticular tubercles are very conspicuous. At the tarso-metatarsal joint there are two broad, “flatrounded” metatarsal tubercles, which are in contact in the middle line of the foot. With adpressed hind limbs, the tibio-tarsal joint reaches approximately to the middle of the fore leg and the eye. Skin is very rich of glands, on all sides of the animal very granular, in most specimens the back is stronger granulated than the vent, but the opposite condition does occur.

The colour is very different in all examined specimens. The strongly granulated ones are blackish grey above, and whitish or yellowish below with unconspicuous dark marks [mottling?]. Another specimen is greyish brown with greenish toning, that is most obvious on the back. Again another one is rust-brown, in the anterior part of the back greenish grey. The two specimens mentioned lastly do have a somewhat longer and a shorter spot on each side in the region of the shoulder girdle, and in the middle of the back several, partly inconspicuous spots arranged in 2 or 3 horizontal rows. The ZMB additionally houses one specimen collected by Prof. Vosseler in Amani as well, and one specimen collected by the already mention head of the station, Martienssen, collected in Tanga; the latter being characterised by especially strongly developed glands on the back.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 5df89402-53bd-44ec-98da-3d4452b47699#morphology 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A very small soft omosternum is present. Sternum is absent. Articular processes of the sacral vertebra strongly are broadened. Terminal phalanges of fingers and toes are T-shaped.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b822d27a-4ae9-4971-8d38-757966e33ea2#morphology 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Body is robust and stout. Tips of fingers are truncate (equal to width of distal subarticular tubercle) and have rounded edges with lateral circummarginal grooves. First finger is shortest, second and fourth finger are equal, and third finger is longest. Inner metatarsal tubercle is large, rounded and raised, separated by a middle palmar tubercle from an even larger, rounded outer metatarsal tubercle, which is raised and elongated along the margin of the hand. A smaller palmar tubercles is present. Subarticular tubercles are present at the base of each finger, and large subarticular tubercles are present on third and fourth finger at the phalangeal joints. Third finger exhbits two small tubercles between basal articular tubercle and subarticular tubercle. Toe tips are truncate and dorso-ventrally swollenwithout any lamellae on the ventral surface; tips of toes are not expanded laterally, with circummarginal grooves. First toe is same length as second. Third and fifth toes are equal, fourth toe longest. Inner metatarsal tubercle is large, rounded and raised, touching a smaller, rounded, raised, outer metatarsal tubercle. Palmar tubercles are present on base of foot. Subarticular tubercles are present at the base of each toe, and large subarticular tubercles are present on third and fourth toe at the phalangeal joints. All tubercles on hands and feet are bluish/grey against a brown/grey background. Dorso-lateral and dorso-ventral aspects of arms and legs have a raised glandular area. Slightly raised glandular mass is present on the arms from the wrist to the elbow joint on dorsal and dorso-lateral surface, and a slightly raised glandular mass is present on the legs from one part from knee joint to the tibiotarsal joint on the dorsal, lateral and ventral surface, and on the tibia to the tibiotarsal joint to the base of the foot on the dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces to the foot (Loader et al., 2010).

Dorsum is dark brown with a bright red interocular bar that has faded to dull orange in preservative. This band connects each eyelid, marking precisely their anterior and posterior edges. Body surface is relatively smooth; dorsum is only slightly granular, with granular glandular masses on lateral and ventral sides and posterior end around the thighs and urostyle region. These glandular masses marked by slight pale cream colour. Ventral surface is pale brown. Flanks are darker brown with yellowish/grey mottling. Tympanic region is greyish/brown. A door-like incision on surface of skin around tympanic region reveals underlying musculature and absence of any tympanum or vestigial elements. Weakly defined but darkly edged tympanic region. Loreal and canthal regions are pale grey. Nostrils, snout tip, jaw angle are slightly darker grey. Snout is visible from ventral view (Loader et al., 2010).

In genera,l the morphological features outlined in the holotype description are present in all paratype material. All specimens show truncate toe and finger tips. T-shaped distal phalangeal bones clearly seen in cleared and stained specimen and radiographs. Male paratype MTSN 8648 has a slightly more raised glandular mass on the legs, though not as distinctive as in C. shengena. Some specimens have a less clear interocular band, and this has become even more faded in preservation (e.g., MTSN 8648; 8613; 8622). Interocular band green instead of red in life in BMNH 2002.41 (faded to pale orange/brown in preservative). In some juvenile specimens (e.g., MTSN 8640; 8612) the dorsum is reddish (Loader et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 56996461-de4d-4fd4-8a4b-eab9038920d7#morphology 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

de Sá et al., (2004) and Loader et al., (2009) provided assessments of the internal morphology of the new Callulina species they described. These two studies utilised characters previously identified in Parker’s (1934) review of the morphological diversity in microhylids (brevicipitids were previously classified in Microhylidae). Largen & Drewes (1989) provided additional data in their description of the new brevicipitid genus Balebreviceps. Largen & Drewes (1989) and Parker’s (1934) studies provided important characters for differentiating primarily among breviciptid genera, less so among species (de Sa et al., 2004; Loader et al., 2009). For this study we investigated the skeletal morphology of all the new species, and provide brief summaries.

Characters common to all Callulina species: (1) Palate with denticulate ridge in front of pharynx, and anteriorly two weakly defined, broad arcuate smooth ridges. (2) Parasphenoid cultriform process broad based but narrower, almost wing-like structure tapering medially, the anterior end tapering only slightly. (3) Mentomeckelian – posteroventral processes smaller than those of Probreviceps; wedge-shaped as in Balebreviceps but with a more acute angle. (4) Procoracoids and clavicles present, well developed, straight, slightly curved distally at the joint between coracoid and scapulae. (5) Large omosternum. (6) double condylar articulation between the urostyle and the sacral vertebra. (7) Diplasiocoelous vertebrae.

Character varying among Callulina species: Bony part of finger and toe tips expanded clearly beyond the width of the base of the terminal phalanx in C. kreffti, expanded marginally in C. stanleyi and C. kisiwamsitu, about same width of the base of the phalanx in C. dawida, C. laphami, and C. shengena.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 97fd2775-117f-45c4-9b64-5e9756d5d441#morphology dd3c7a91-807e-411c-bb27-824f9cca9489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Body robust and stout. Tips of fingers truncate, only very marginally expanded laterally (equivalent to width of distal subarticular tubercle), rounded edges, with lateral circummarginal grooves; first finger shortest, second and fourth equal, third longest. Inner metatarsal tubercle large, rounded and raised, separated by a middle palmar tubercle from an even larger, rounded, raised, outer metatarsal tubercle. Smaller tubercles present on palm. Subarticular tubercles at the base of each finger, large subarticular tubercles on third and fourth finger at the phalangeal joints. Third finger with two smaller tubercles between basal articular tubercle and subarticular tubercles. Truncate, slightly dorso-ventrally expanded toe tips without any lamellae on ventral surface; tips of toes not expanded laterally, with circummarginal grooves posterior to distal phalanx. First toe same length as second, third and fifth equal, fourth longest. Inner metatarsal tubercle large, rounded and raised, touching a smaller, rounded, raised, outer metatarsal tubercle. Smaller palmar tubercles present on base of foot. Subarticular tubercles at the base of each toe, large subarticular tubercles on third and fourth toe at the phalangeal joints. All tubercles on hands and feet bluish/grey against brown/grey background. Dorsal, lateral and ventral aspect of arms and legs with large, conspicuously coloured, continuous glands; on the arms continuous from the wrist to the elbow on dorsal and dorso-lateral surface; glands on the legs bifurcate, one part from knee joint to the tibiotarsal joint on the dorsal, lateral and ventral surface, the second part continuous from tibia to the tibiotarsal joint to the base of the foot on the dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces to the foot, the gland attenuating on a diagonal angle on the dorsal surface of the foot ending at the base of the fifth toe.


In life, dorsum dark brown with a pinkish/reddish interocular bar, connected to a larger continuous, roughly diamond shape pink/reddish area extending over the anterior part of the dorsum, paler brown on shoulders to elbows. Relatively smooth dorsal surface, only slightly granular, with larger glandular masses on lateral sides and posterior end around the thighs and urostyle region. Large glandular mass marked by slightly paler cream. Ventral paler yellow to cream-tan. Lateral sides darker brown/grey, mottled. Right hand side of mid ventrum with irregular grey patch, left hand side of mid ventrum shows a conspicuously marked vein, directed diagonally posteriorly and laterally spanning out from mid area. Edges of chin slightly greyish. Tympanic region greyish/brown. Door-like incision on both left and right surface of skin around tympanic region reveals underlying musculature and absence of any tympanum or vestigal elements. Weakly defined but darkly edged tympanic region. Loreal and canthal regions pale grey. Nostrils, snout tip, jaw angle slightly darker grey. Snout visible from ventral view.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1212 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 39b6b6ff-6fb7-431f-947d-6c5c70c7e528#morphology dd3c7a91-807e-411c-bb27-824f9cca9489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

de Sá et al., (2004) and Loader et al., (2009) provided assessments of the internal morphology of the new Callulina species they described. These two studies utilised characters previously identified in Parker’s (1934) review of the morphological diversity in microhylids (brevicipitids were previously classified in Microhylidae). Largen & Drewes (1989) provided additional data in their description of the new brevicipitid genus Balebreviceps. Largen & Drewes (1989) and Parker’s (1934) studies provided important characters for differentiating primarily among breviciptid genera, less so among species (de Sa et al., 2004; Loader et al., 2009). For this study we investigated the skeletal morphology of all the new species, and provide brief summaries.

Characters common to all Callulina species: (1) Palate with denticulate ridge in front of pharynx, and anteriorly two weakly defined, broad arcuate smooth ridges. (2) Parasphenoid cultriform process broad based but narrower, almost wing-like structure tapering medially, the anterior end tapering only slightly. (3) Mentomeckelian – posteroventral processes smaller than those of Probreviceps; wedge-shaped as in Balebreviceps but with a more acute angle. (4) Procoracoids and clavicles present, well developed, straight, slightly curved distally at the joint between coracoid and scapulae. (5) Large omosternum. (6) double condylar articulation between the urostyle and the sacral vertebra. (7) Diplasiocoelous vertebrae.


Characters varying among Callulina species: Bony part of finger and toe tips expanded clearly beyond the width of the base of the terminal phalanx in C. kreffti, expanded marginally in C. stanleyi and C. kisiwamsitu, about same width of the base of the phalanx in C. dawida, C. laphami, and C. shengena.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1212 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f d76ee7fd-a74b-4151-8c9a-6c66e32cb581#morphology bd3ccb09-7ea6-4ff7-a324-4bf84f5a6017 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Body robust. Tips of fingers expanded, distal width of terminal phalanx 0.85 of the width of distal subarticular tubercle. Tips of fingers expanded laterally, with circummarginal grooves posterior to distal phalanx. First finger shortest, second and fourth equal, third longest. Inner metatarsal tubercle rounded and raised, separated by a middle palmar tubercle from an even larger, rounded, raised, outer metatarsal tubercle. Slightly smaller palmar tubercles present on palm. Subarticular tubercles at the base of each finger, large subarticular tubercles on third and fourth finger at the phalangeal joints. Third finger with smaller tubercles between basal articular tubercle and subarticular tubercles. Slightly dessicated but dorso-ventrally expanded toe tips with slightly folded but smooth ventral surface. Tips of toes slightly expanded laterally, with circummarginal grooves posterior to distal phalanx. Toe tips with smooth ventral surface. First toe same length as second, third and fifth equal, fourth longest. Inner metatarsal tubercle large, rounded and raised, almost touching a similar sized, rounded, raised, outer metatarsal tubercle. Smaller palmar tubercles present on base of foot. Subarticular tubercles at the base of each toe, large subarticular tubercles on third and fourth toe at the phalangeal joints. All tubercles on hands and feet bluish/grey against brown/grey background. Dorsum brown with scattered, darker brown/black symmetric vermiculations. Skin granular, with slightly larger glandular masses on lateral sides and posterior end around the thighs and urostyle region. Large glandular mass slightly paler brown. Ventral surface paler brown, cream-tan. Tympanic region pale brown/cream. Dark edged tympanic ridge from posterior edge of eyelid to arm insertion. Incision around tympanic region on right side. Loreal and canthal regions dark brown. Snout visible from ventral view (Loader et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1208 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 8d90b89a-6314-4852-bc48-5b27739041a4#morphology bd3ccb09-7ea6-4ff7-a324-4bf84f5a6017 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

de Sá et al., (2004) and Loader et al., (2009) provided assessments of the internal morphology of the new Callulina species they described. These two studies utilised characters previously identified in Parker’s (1934) review of the morphological diversity in microhylids (brevicipitids were previously classified in Microhylidae). Largen & Drewes (1989) provided additional data in their description of the new brevicipitid genus Balebreviceps. Largen & Drewes (1989) and Parker’s (1934) studies provided important characters for differentiating primarily among breviciptid genera, less so among species (de Sa et al., 2004; Loader et al., 2009). For this study we investigated the skeletal morphology of all the new species, and provide brief summaries.

Characters common to all Callulina species: (1) Palate with denticulate ridge in front of pharynx, and anteriorly two weakly defined, broad arcuate smooth ridges. (2) Parasphenoid cultriform process broad based but narrower, almost wing-like structure tapering medially, the anterior end tapering only slightly. (3) Mentomeckelian – posteroventral processes smaller than those of Probreviceps; wedge-shaped as in Balebreviceps but with a more acute angle. (4) Procoracoids and clavicles present, well developed, straight, slightly curved distally at the joint between coracoid and scapulae. (5) Large omosternum. (6) double condylar articulation between the urostyle and the sacral vertebra. (7) Diplasiocoelous vertebrae.

Characters varying among Callulina species: Bony part of finger and toe tips expanded clearly beyond the width of the base of the terminal phalanx in C. kreffti, expanded marginally in C. stanleyi and C. kisiwamsitu, about same width of the base of the phalanx in C. dawida, C. laphami, and C. shengena.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1208 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f e5a55413-7d56-4059-bab3-06497ff94906#morphology 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Snout is pointed. Canthus rostralis is distinct. Loreal region is slightly concave. Snout is slightly longer than the eye diameter. Nares is positioned below the canthus rostralis, directed a bit caudally. The interorbital space is as wide as the upper eyelid. Pupil is horizontal. Tympanum is present but not very distinct, small (about 1/3 of eye diameter), and coloured dark brown. Head is comparatively large, markedly separated from body. Fingers are considerably long, widely splayed from each other and in life certainly not laying together. First finger is much shorter than second; second only half the length of third finger. Fourth finger is shorter than third and slightly longer than the second. Skin below fingers is without prominent bulges but swollen. First toe is much shorter than second, second much shorter than third, third shorter than fourth, fifth shorter than fourth and third. Below toes and on soles of feet, the tubercles are only almost plain, roundish bulges, as are the outer and inner metatarsal tubercle. When hind legs pulled forward, hock extends beyond snout tip, and toes extending snout by far. Skin is smooth. Parietal glands are remarkably large but not very prominent. No fold of skin along the chest. As juveniles they are uniformly blackish brown, bur as they grow older, the color fades. First the belly gets branching clear yellow spots, which extend in size in a way that finally a white-yellowish venter is covered with numerous blackish brown points. Dorsum of back and legs fade as well to chocolate brown, and finally the dorsal surfaces are irregularly blackish brown and clear chocolate brown (Tournier, 1905).

Description of the lectotype (measures in mm). ZMB 21775, adult female. Dissected at lower mid ventral region. Embryos presumably removed and separately stored in small jar (18 embryos, 2.0-2.2 diameter= head and body including yolk; total length variable: 4.8-6.4). Distance from tip of snout to urostyle 32.9, width of head at jaw articulation 12.6, length of tibia 15.0, length of foot 14.4; tympanum and tympanic annulus easily discernible, ovoid shape 1.5 in diameter; parotoid glands present as a smooth glandular mass, 7.8 in length and 5.4 at widest point starting on the dorsal surface just behind the eye, directed posteriorly; snout relatively short, nostrils closer (2.2) to the snout tip than to each other (2.7) and also to the corner of the eyes (3.5); interorbital distance 6.7; eyes sunk and just about visible ventrally; eye diameter 3.2 right and left, width of eyelid, right 2.7 and left 2.3; interorbital distance 3.8 (difficult to measure as eyes are almost sunken into skull); canthus rostralis concave; arms and legs relatively slender; continuous glandular mass on both arms and legs; on arms, glands are continuous on dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces of radius/ulna, not present on humerus; on legs, glands are continuous on dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces of tibiofibulae and tarsal joints, not present on femur; continuous glandular mass on lateral and dorsal margin of the foot, attenuating to the margin of the phalange; rudimentary webbing on hands and feet; first finger shortest with second and fourth equal in size shorter than third finger which is the longest (6.4); first and second toe equal in size, third and fifth toes equal and larger, with fourth toe longest (10.5); small inner metatarsal tubercle, and large expanded outer metatarsal tubercle (1.8), shortest toe 3.0; the body skin is smooth both on glandular and non-glandular areas.

Barbour & Loveridge (1928) noted colour variation in Uluguru material of Nectophrynoides viviparus and hinted at a correlation with the habitats they were found – or “very slowly” changing their colouration to suit their habitat. Colour range from jet-black dorsal and ventral regions with glands marked rusty brown. Variations of this include dorsal regions coloured greenish, rufous-brown, bright yellow, in patches. The colour of the glands vary from rusty brown, to a lighter cream colour. In topotypic material colours from the original type series are all discoloured but Tornier (1905) provided some brief comments on their colour at the time of their descriptions and remarked that juveniles are uniform blackish brown. Dorsal parts of back and legs fade as well to a colour that is clear chocolate brown. Dorsal surfaces are irregularly blackish brown and clear chocolate brown. From a recent collection in the Southern Highlands Loader et al. (2009) noted colour variation. For dorsal and ventral surfaces we observed specimens jet black with cream light brown coloured glands. The chin region was often also lighter coloured being a cream light brown. Differences to this pattern included specimens with a mid dorsal reddish-brown colouration and ventral region reddish brown. Loader et al. (2009) also observed specimens with a light brown/yellow colouration completely covering dorsal and ventral aspects.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 82a6a3c8-9490-487b-a5ad-d740cdeb0a20#morphology 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Description of holotype: The SUL is 34.3mm. The head is flat on top with a protruding snout, 5.0mm, the canthal ridges, tip of snout and the upper lip are white and hardened. The canthal ridges, which form an apex at the anterior of the snout are continuous with the ridged skin of the eyelids. The apex of the snout is ridged and slightly raised and pointed in profile. Loreal region is almost vertical, slightly concave. Snout tip to mouth 3.0mm. Maximum head width 14.0mm. Nostrils are round, situated midway between lip and top of snout, with the openings visible laterally. Tongue longer than wider, posterior half and lateral edges not adhered to the lower jaw. Choanae are small and round. Internostril distance 3.3. Snout tip to nostril 2.2mm, and nostril to eye 2.5mm. The eyelid (4.7mm) extends back as a strong supratympanic ridge to above the arm as a fold in the dorsal skin. The eyes are visible from below, eye 3.6mm. Interorbital distance measured across the top of the head 4.3mm. The anterior corners of the eyes are 6.2mm apart. The tympanum is round, 2.8mm, placed 2.5mm from eye, and aligned vertically when viewed from the front. The tubercles of the hand are pale, large with faint skin ridges. First finger is the shortest, with second and fourth toe slightly larger, the third being the longest. Length of third finger to include basal tubercle 7.25mm. The legs are relatively short, with a tibia length 17.2mm. First toe is the shortest, with second and fifth toes slightly longer, roughly similar in length, third toe is nearly twice as long as second and fifth, with the fourth the longest. The length of the fourth toe, including the outer metatarsal tubercle 18.6mm. The subarticular tubercles of the toes are rounded, pale, with faint skin ridges. Inner metatarsal tubercle well developed, rounded, length 2.9mm, while outer is large but flattened. Skin rough with small distinct glands that tend to merge on the lower back and upper legs. They are small anteriorly, becoming bigger posteriorly. The only parts not covered with glands are the plantar surfaces of the hands and feet. The vent opens posteroventrally. The following are the body proportions: Maximum head width/SUL 0.35, snout/eye 1.39, eye/ SUL 0.09, eye-tympanum distance/horizontal tympanum 0.89, tympanum/SUL 0.07, anterior corners of eyes/head width 0.44, snout tip to mouth/internostril distance 0.91, internostril/nostril-eye 1.32, third finger/head width 0.52, tibia/head width 1.23, tibia/SUL 0.43, fourth toe/SUL 0.40, inner metatarsal tubercle/fourth toe 0.16.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 3c54b137-9d04-49f3-8213-8fc5491bc2f9#morphology 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species is a brevicipitid on account of the following combination of characters, mainly associated with the retention of the shoulder girdle (Parker, 1934, see Fig. 3): (1) Omosternum cartilaginous (2) Fully developed clavicles and procoracoid cartilages (3) Dilated coracoids (4) Cartilaginous sternum (5) Expanded vomer. The species is assigned to the genus Probreviceps based on the following characters, which separate it from other brevicipitines: (1) Fusion of the urostyle and the sacral vertebra (unfused in Callulina and Spelaeophryne). (2) Palate smooth with two serrated denticulate ridges sensu Parker, (1934); Largen and Drewes, (1989) (absent in Breviceps, single row in Callulina, Spelaeophryne, Balebreviceps). (3) Omosternum moderately large (reduced/vestigal in Breviceps and Spelaeophryne) (4) Moderately dilated coracoids (as in Spelaeophryne and Callulina but strongly in Balebreviceps, Breviceps) (5) Terminal phalange simple (expanded in Callulina). 

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 1bbcf246-3330-4ce3-80ff-cb0cd2dba767#morphology 78b73904-0081-4fee-98a6-131e29bbecd7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The hind feet are very large and fully webbed with prominent black claws on the tips of the first four toes (hence the name ‘clawed frog’). They appear to be covered in ‘stitches’ which are sensory organs which can detect movement in the water around them. They are also very smooth and slippery, quite hard to keep hold of, and can scratch hard using their claws (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1624 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ John Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 06ed9708-c00d-431d-b595-29a60e8616e4 737042da-ef06-41ea-80c1-d0951ac5250c#morphology d9275a58-df60-448c-b94a-9863bfd38758 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The males of B. sopranus range from 22–26.2 mm (N = 14) in body length. This species is morphology similar to B. mossambicus and B. bagginsi (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1201 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 5d7f9e4f-11a0-4b47-ad9c-c06cf50783eb#morphology bfee30ab-90ec-4311-81ff-2de6fbfd02ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Minter (1998) notes that the granular texture and mottled markings of the skin of the abdomen, and the presence of a pair of longitudinal glandular ridges on the dorsum, distinguish both B. sylvestris and B. verrucosus from B. adspersus and B. mossambicus, which have a smooth, immaculate abdomen and lack dorsal skin ridges. In B. sylvestris, the tympanum is indistinct and, in most cases, cannot be distinguished from the surrounding granular skin, while in B. verrucosus it is usually smooth and fairly obvious. B. sylvestris is further characterized by a broad, light margin to its down-turned mouth, giving its face a clown-like appearance (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1197 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df f51521d6-d054-4692-9491-f559e4707328#morphology 7f6fe033-eb82-49be-9c0d-e666ed2a68fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The great variation in colour and markings present in different populations of this species is attributed to crypsis. For example, individuals living in forest and along the forest fringe at Graskop are black with fine, cream speckles, while those living on light sandy soils at Eshowe are uniformly light brown (Minter 1998). Populations from grassland habitats in Eastern Cape Province exhibit a varying degree of light brown mottling on a dark brown background (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1195 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 1355c430-1dfe-4216-9bd1-ada25e2b7af7#morphology afcc65ec-cc55-4e1f-adf3-467d4cd80a54 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Branch (198), and Lambiris (1988, 1989) describe this species as having a body length of 15 mm and differs from other Cacosternum species in its colour and markings: a bold reticulated pattern of dark brown blotches on a yellow background, both dorsally and ventrally (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/801 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df ca995e8a-ef5d-4ad9-88ef-6bc51c856551#morphology 2e726e98-053f-42c3-800d-1c7b6071a362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. guttatus resembles other Hemisus species in having a small head, small eyes and a pointed snout with a hard tip. Other adaptations to its burrowing lifestyle include a lack of webbing between the toes, muscular legs and arms, and thick, strong fingers. H. guttatus reaches 80 mm in body length. Lambiris (1989) found the dorsum of H. guttatus to be uniform olive to dark brown with scattered, small yellow spots; with a ventrum that is white (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1290 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df d58e0a5d-715a-4993-b12c-f05fae3ea488#morphology 7c0a0aa0-855a-4caf-bd83-83823e27e5c3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Boycott et al. (2002) describes C. karooicum as dorsoventrally flattened. The dorsum is usually covered in small glandular warts. The dorsal colouration is uniform olive-brown to khaki-brown, sometimes tinged with red or orange, and the tip of the adpressed fifth toe reaches or extends beyond the second subarticular tubercle of the fourth toe. In breeding males, the gular region is a mustard yellow, whereas in females it is white with small dark patches (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/791 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 cea4c383-4d44-4a09-b4a4-d27f576d9c2f#morphology 4a2fcc57-e898-4cf1-9361-82b75fcbb517 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. namaquense is highly cryptic with blotches of beige, brown and stippled markings that break up its outline, enabling it to blend with the granite substrate (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/795 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 40127b6d-a16c-4ab8-9bad-9c4881bed37b#morphology 9f616a72-a78b-4031-ad26-aae34f8c2d4c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Wager (1986) reported that metamorphosed froglets of C. nanum leave the water 17 days after hatching, which may be the quickest growth to metamorphosis known in any frog (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/799 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 fe982a8e-2468-4ccb-bdb9-462f439b8844#morphology 6f3d04c1-a0fa-4721-8272-f6934a474f93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species vies with C. striatum for the title of the smallest frog in South Africa. Its small size reflects a marked trend in the genus towards size reduction in high-altitude forms (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/800 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 49067e29-3392-4a41-ad9d-7116f4c81be2#morphology b5969fa0-4b78-4981-bc74-2996cd893a04 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is light brown to orange-brown or even green, with a pair of dark brown dorsolateral stripes that extend from behind the eye to the groin. The flanks and dorsal surfaces of the limbs are somewhat spotted, while the ventrum is generally immaculate white, although sometimes marked with pale grey blotches. Lambiris (1989) found that the carpal tubercles are less prominent than those of C. boettgeri (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/798 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 f585bedd-cafd-492f-960f-fa4401838a40#morphology 28ac42bc-d4a0-438f-a524-2a7a71df833b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Head not flattened, as long as it is wide. Body round in cross-section, somewhat depressed middorsally. Conspicuous gular fold. Has no prominent warts on the sides. Tail laterally compressed, as long or longer than the head and body. No tail crests. Warty skin except on the abdomen. Males with poorly developed black keratinous pads on inner side of forelimbs when breeding (Text from Salvador, 1996, © Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/855 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und ca04c37d-ec2f-40c5-95ba-92ebf60c94e7 bf5f5a09-d968-4143-a768-b05bd925b73b#morphology 80b581fe-66ce-4bdb-8004-820c8e194fa9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Strongly depressed head, slightly longer than wide; round snout; small, dorsolateral eyes. Conspicuous gular fold. Body, except abdomen, covered with tubercles. Tail laterally compressed; its length approximately equal snout-vent length. Tail tip blunt. Dorsal and ventral crests on tail, somewhat more prominent in males during reproductive period. Males have black keratinous pads on the inner side of the forelimbs when breeding. Each side of body with a series of ochre or whitish protuberances. During breeding season, crests turns orange. Cloacal opening similar in both sexes; pappilate appearanced in males and ridged in females. Coloration olive green, brownish or yellowish grey. Venter yellowish or orange-coloured with scattered dark marks (Text from Salvador, 1996, © Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service).

Adults from Morocco are smaller than those from the Iberian Peninsula. Also when breeding, crest development is less and of shorter duration than in the Iberian ones. The tail is shorter than or the same as snout-vent length in metamorphic individuals and longer in adults. Individual or geographic variation in Morocco has not been described (Text from Salvador, 1996, © Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/854 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und ca04c37d-ec2f-40c5-95ba-92ebf60c94e7 93f4ed14-4d02-44cf-897d-1d63a64f95ac#morphology cbcc5466-9663-4227-ae89-a72acff37ed9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Narrow, somewhat depressed head with rounded snout and conspicuous paratoids. Gular fold present. Subcylindric tail, somewhat laterally compressed. Smooth dorsum with parasagittal and lateral row of pores on each side. Cloacal opening similar in both sexes, lips somewhat larger in males. Background color blackish with yellow spots variable in form and arrangement (Text from Salvador, 1996, © Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service).

The North African populations are characterized by their relatively small size, and a long and narrow tail, and a short, narrow, flattened head with short, narrow paratoids. Pattern varies from two rows of rather long marks on the dorsum to a single row of circular marks or to scattered, isolated spots.The venter is black, sometimes with yellow spots (Text from Salvador, 1996, © Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1707 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#morphology und ca04c37d-ec2f-40c5-95ba-92ebf60c94e7 ddd538e4-5e35-4479-ae68-d42a6d7e1b81#behavious cccdbd87-aa74-46db-b5e8-7a2cc67847aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is fossorial, or burrowing.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1709 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fefbee1f-da53-40c1-b446-843ec2d01f90#behavious 0180c2aa-a67c-4d0e-bfdd-0643a86705c4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adults probably move around on the surface of the ground; the tentacles are presumed to carry the eyes out of the skull (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1708 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 80eb7914-7bd8-4dbc-81f4-05bb438e0d46#behavious d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

During the dry season this species is nocturnal and can be are found in under rotten wood, in the tracks of buffaloes and elephants, and in crevices at the bottom of dried-up ponds. During the rainy season this species is diurnal with males calling during the day (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51526ed2-ca51-4ff5-90ec-16e9ae89df88#behavious 13890b85-01d3-45a9-8fad-266d50d401d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is diurnal (Drewes and Perret, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1536 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a394f79e-79e0-4482-9979-cd6512a3645f#behavious 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was heard calling in chorus with a dominant male initiating and nearby males joining in (Pickersgill, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02be8d1b-fd88-401a-b417-c185d1b488e6#behavious c8f9e655-dc5e-4c7c-9b89-209e45ea0791 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. asper is largely aquatic (Laurent, 1964).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1555 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 baa1d954-57a0-4305-83e2-12922ddcdd14#behavious 6e284a6d-7f0a-41bf-b607-255866ae0c63 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This frog is rests alongside streams, jumping directly under the overhanging bank when alarmed (de Witte, 1941).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1574 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#behavious b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This frog has been recorded as the food of the sand snake Psammophis sibilans and the vine snake Thelotornis capensis (Channing, 2001).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b5e56ae-affe-4a77-bdc2-1991fdefe6c3#behavious 43687184-84ff-4a1c-877d-3ec86a5673b6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was found active at night.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1578 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#behavious dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

During the dry season, P. latifrons lives on the riverbanks and near those forest ponds that still contain water. The frogs inhabiting forests, particularly the humid tracks of large mammals, are diurnal, while those living on the riverbanks are strictly nocturnal. During the day, these frogs seek refuge under stones and dead wood or in crevices on the very edges of water bodies where the temperature may be 35 °C at most, compared to 40 °C outside these refuges. At night, the frogs forage for prey in a very limited area bordering open water, feeding mainly on arthropods. Some individuals always seem to hunt in the same area. Complexly structured bank sectors usually harbor more frogs. Habitat choice and activity period are apparently humidity dependent (Rödel ,1995). After rainfall, many individuals leave the river area, cross the gallery forest, and arrive at the savanna ponds recently filled with water. This “migration” or habitat shift may be a result of many factors. First, rising water level of the river may directly threaten the frogs. Second, the soil is much more humid after rain, and these frogs may therefore not be restricted to foraging at the edge of the river. Lastly, when the savanna ponds are full, P. latifrons may begin its reproduction phase. During extended dry periods, P. latifrons is found more frequently in the forest, particularly on the edges of pools and on riverbanks, waiting to mate with those females that contain mature eggs during the dry season. This species is mostly diurnal during the rainy season, although males may call at night when sympatric species are less common and their voices are not drowned out (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 31156049-076b-4e88-98bb-f0de189a7779#behavious ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus krefftii is diurnal.

It is the first species of anuran amphibian reported to perform nonaudible vocal-sac inflations during intraspecific male-male signaling behavior (Hirschmann and Hödi, 2006). Interactions between adult males are highly dominated by inflations of the bright yellow subgular vocal sac without sound production. Most (77%) inflations of the vocal sac were purely visual, while the remainder (23%) of the signals were accompanied by sound production. This behavior is presumably territorial (Harper and Vonesh, 2003).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4443e716-0aa5-4304-808a-5f3feb5d1300#behavious 07286bb6-00b0-4bbe-9180-d6a8ca553d40 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

According to Pickersgill (2007), these frogs were seen at the edges of rice paddies where "the water was so hot from thesun you could've probably brewed a cup of tea from it." Frogs would jump in and out of water from the surrounding vegetation.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1560 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a3a7621-725d-446b-8f88-6a234cc4d087#behavious c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a fossorial species, generally living underground except when breeding (Largen, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1296 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 421eb40a-c4f8-44cf-9067-5831e7475042#behavious 5c0c371f-0c6f-4997-858d-0f26aed1c6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a fossorial species that comes above ground only during the breeding season (Harper et al., 2010). Aquarium experiments have demonstrated that the larvae of H. ornata are carnivorous, preying successfully on other tadpoles (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/714 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 891d0985-665c-4b28-80d9-ac0845fcd86e#behavious f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The common name “running frog” comes from this species’ habit of favoring a running or walking gait over jumping, presumably because of the small size of its legs relative to its body.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b64ed5ea-737f-4db6-9c66-2d55bc884d9c#behavious 270692a7-685b-4b9a-b7d7-349a1f1158cc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The skin of K. maculata contains a variety of toxins to deter mammalian predators (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1488 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6308393e-05d3-4bec-959e-4f4ad35b32a0#behavious 6cc25cc8-a3cf-42c8-ba28-44b754364bf8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is considered a ‘tree toad’ for its ability to climb. The vent of the male is spiny and protruding. Fertilization is internal. Eggs are laid in clutches of 8 – 12 often in tree holes, snail shells or coconut shells (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/870 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4e95ec5d-c3a2-4740-8c75-0176ecea6a20#behavious 2baa120f-f738-4648-b6ab-b6387e3aac88 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found perching on low vegetation (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/884 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cbd8b4dc-9340-4de7-96ff-aa2886c8c4e8#behavious 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is probably terrestrial as some animals were found inside a rotten log (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6bf3773a-91e4-41b8-9f9a-b10f3bf48833#behavious b9b20f5d-8490-4814-9284-ae7b56ac01ca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The frog is a powerful swimmer and jumper, and clings to rocks, roots of trees, by means of its digital disks (Boulenger, 1905).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1523 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 32445f18-8c37-470b-aba5-9ac93459955c#behavious 483b48cd-bc0b-4f0a-a41a-0e4f0155804e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a very common and familiar species which can be found in smallholdings, around and even in houses. These toads often congregate around lights in the evenings to pick up insects which are attracted to them. When attacked by predators B. gutturalis exudes a toxin from the parotid glands which contains epinephrine and can be fatal to small mammals. Despite this defense, adults may still be preyed upon (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1247 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 474fb827-c5f9-4751-8606-8f3894432200#behavious ddba1054-01b9-4a21-973a-a49a29662f98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is predominantly a fossorial, or burrowing, species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/898 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 202a7792-d7eb-4e88-bf2b-baced1375ef9#behavious 3945176f-73a8-4adc-a9f5-887f2169af18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is fossorial, or burrowing.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/903 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 870d41e8-99a7-4832-acb3-aee9bb63c95e#behavious 409af6f0-c2a2-4da8-81b5-6efad0a2fa5e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a fossorial species that is active at night. When threatened, it inflates its body and ellicits a shrill scream (Boulenger, 1907).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1193 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f13960b4-7e68-4eeb-abf7-f258a63c47bb#behavious d3318857-5abe-4b77-975a-cd7f6952b0b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species aestivates underground during the dry season. Its survival in regularly cultivated lands suggests that the frogs may burrow to depths below the reach of conventional ploughs (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/792 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 876e6664-2ae1-457f-900d-b67543cc3918#behavious 9f616a72-a78b-4031-ad26-aae34f8c2d4c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Wager (1965) found that during dry periods these frogs aestivate below the surface, sometimes emerging in large numbers after heavy rain (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/799 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ab4edf65-bf93-4bb9-80e4-070688fc3d66#behavious cfdad484-29b2-45e2-8243-5593b4c5bdfa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a nocturnal tree-frog, active after dark. Males and females sit at heights of 0.4–1.8 m on leaves of herbs and shrubs in swampy areas close to creeks and rivers. During daytime they sometimes hide in the leaf litter, but usually between leaves of herbs and shrubs. In the lab (12/12 light cycle) the frogs spend the day well hidden in leaf axils (Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/907 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44a7b114-1d04-4d04-8b8a-a5b963b9b5b6#behavious d63fde15-3f27-48a2-8d75-190e64b00e92 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In captivity, this species has been observed feigning death and ejecting water from its bladder when disturbed (Lee et al., 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/889 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 549794e1-29a4-41c6-9e76-9089f2d65530#behavious f5d67cde-bf6e-46d8-a75f-7b1fa09ef002 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hides under logs during the day and perch on vegetation approximately 1 m off the ground at night (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/893 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a9ba870-e145-414a-83c0-b7707f5a0d46#behavious d420b434-a08f-4212-8bb6-090ef218d160 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Individuals hide under logs during the day and perch on vegetation approximately 1 m off the ground at night (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/886 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f40f0126-0086-4152-848b-81bc662c830c#behavious 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

During the dry season, these frogs are found sitting on large leaves at the edges of steams in forest with their eyes are closed and limbs tucked under their bodies (Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a29e291e-015e-414b-860b-25f3d63691e2#behavious 29d26587-dc4d-4417-924d-6d7610ef92d5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This frog conserves water by tucking its limbs under its body, thereby reducing its surface area. It also is uricotelic (organism that produces uric acid) to concentrate its wastes and can secrete a waterproof cocoon during the dry season (Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/851 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 79776144-f7bb-4459-84e3-f84a2777dcfa#behavious 1641854e-2440-4c74-af07-5770105722af http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is assumed to be arboreal because of its large toe pads (Harper et al., 2010).

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Young (<1000 g) spend 60 % of the day under the water with only the anterior part of their heads above the surface, specially during hot and sunny days. Adults (>2000 g) rest on rocks emerging from rapids, exposing their backs to the sun but keeping their skin moist via splashing water. They periodically change their positions, most likely to adjust their heat and water balance, and they remain exposed for periods of about 35 min, returning to the water for about 15 min. The frogs are active during the night., coming out of the water to jump around in the humid river margins. Animals weighing 2 to 3 kg have been seen making 1.2 to 3 m jumps. Adult specimens may be territorial; Hunting grounds within the rapids of the Mbia river range between 20 and 40 square meters (Sabater-Pi, 1985).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8b2a07f7-67da-4200-ae5d-5c24c5a6760b#behavious 4f9739c4-0635-4a5b-bfb2-c1fe9537f0fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species aestivates for long periods in humid microhabitats during dry spells. This generally means deep fissures among rocks or wells. It emerges immediately after rainfall, at which point it breeds in temporary pools. Breeding does not generally occur in permanent water bodies due to the large number of potential predators capable of consuming eggs and tadpoles (Baha el Din, 2006).

In the Egyptian neighborhood of Gebel Elba, specimens have been found in and near wells among rocks at night during winter and spring. These frogs often sit in elevated positions on rocks and small boulders looking out for moving prey. In captivity, this species feeds on relatively large prey, including "pinkies" that are half their own size. During periods of extended drought, individuals may retreat to higher elevations, for the higher relative humidity (Baha el Din, 2006).

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All species in the family are arboreal and have prominent digital disks with the exception of the running frogs, Kassina maculata and Kassina senegalensis (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Barej et al. (2010) caught this species at night in primary forest among stones in a stream. The full webbing of adults suggests that this species is primarily aquatic (Barej et al., 2010).

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Sanderson (1936, referred to as P. johnstoni) calls this species arboreal, because he found them on lower, broadened leafs, in shade.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1515 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51815546-aa98-44e5-aeaf-d0c3aabbd8b7#behavious c10ad5c4-67b3-44f8-8a5f-85775fc7166c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is predominantly active at dawn, and it is only active during day when the climate is very humid (Amiet 1989; Barej et al., 2010).

Barej et al. (2010) note that some individuals in Gabon avoided jumping in fast running water while trying to escape, while those who fell in the water were quickly exhausted.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1513 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 38e7e457-805b-4ca6-bd40-bfcd676c22ce#behavious 011a684f-0e28-40dd-854d-71c266e64a66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is diurnal (Rödel and Ernst, 2002).

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Amiet (1981) asserted that the expansions of the digital discs facilitate climbing and the maintenance of this species on its perches on low plants where it breeds and females lay and guard clutches.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d13abef2-275a-4cde-8b11-ba64632879e3#behavious 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is nocturnal (Schick et al., 2010).

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Males call from under vegetation in marshy areas (Channing and Howell, 2006). The call is a typical dwarf puddle frog advertisement with a long buzz, terminating with one or more ticks, but it has not yet been recorded. It is similar to Phrynobatrachus mababiensis, but it is longer, faster, and louder.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1605 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7a8605e5-3819-4880-9b5c-ddd58d755434#behavious cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. versicolor is largely aquatic (Laurent, 1964).

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They have been found in mud close to water in the dry season, but it is not known whether they also aestivate deep in the soil (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1712 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 835d004c-ecbf-4faf-995b-d74e3e1fe50c#behavious 1c825b4b-2ec8-41ef-8d19-c593154428d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

These caecilians are very good swimmers and may use this to disperse within the aquatic habitats alongside which they live. They can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and are capable of burrowing into the sticky black soil of river deltas (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1712 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 75a5e7d3-863a-42e2-b85a-d6032b2fa28e#behavious 883b8fed-3808-4cce-b2f0-2dc58617867e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species exuded a sticky substance in considerable quantities when captured (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c8f9885a-3927-4c0e-b557-91e919a15aeb#behavious 883b8fed-3808-4cce-b2f0-2dc58617867e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adults can be found moving on the surface of the leaf litter (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c6b05df0-3799-4f81-95a5-cfabe49d52ac#behavious 31966cf5-acd6-48e8-9368-f4aa3ef431fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a secretive species that burrows into rotting logs (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1220 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c9a48b-c603-4cac-811f-94c3a6760a82#behavious 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Blackburn et al. (2008) showed that the bony claws of Trichobatrachus and Astylosternus are different both anatomically and functionally from those in all other vertebrates. Noble (1931) speculated that these "claws" might provide a ‘surer grip before leaping,’ while Durrell (1954) suggested that these claws are for defence as they can inflict ‘deep bleeding wounds.'

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d9a5b9e7-143b-4aa0-843f-7bf2764c9345#behavious 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Frogs of the genus Xenopus are fully aquatic and have a lateral line system that allows them to detect water movements along their body for navigation and catching prey.

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Adults can apparently remain submerged for a few days at a time (Bush 1952) because they are able to breathe efficiently through their skin, whereas juveniles spend more time foraging at the edge of the water (Lambiris 1988b). Both adults and tadpoles have been observed moving about under ice during winter and are intolerant of high temperatures (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/780 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 55bb0372-3919-444c-96ea-b914adb751bf#behavious 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles have been found in slow moving streams as well as in dammed ponds for community water schemes (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 1ce38ac5-7146-44a5-8b7e-acaaf1512a5b#behavious 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

These frogs are strong swimmers with prominent webbed feet (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 1c8a336c-da2a-4db9-adeb-97ff80b791a3#behavious b8278059-f90d-4025-83f6-a36988104fd2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

During the day these frogs are able to withstand full sun by sitting with their legs close to their bodies to minimise water loss and even turn a very pale colour to reflect the heat (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1356 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 208fa792-7829-4d34-b795-d26db170147a#behavious 8955509a-528e-4254-99d0-9f40be9d987f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Once they have bred, the small toads disappear into the surrounding area and are rarely seen again until the time they breed again in November. Some animals have been found on shambas, but little is known about this species away from its breeding site (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/874 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 4de36567-fc29-4029-bccc-a4498ee79de1#behavious 8955509a-528e-4254-99d0-9f40be9d987f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The adults have a curious habit of sometimes walking on the tips of their toes. It is not known why (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/874 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 3766afec-6bf9-4338-9ec0-af39016272bc#behavious 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This frog is a keen jumper that will catapolt as soon as it is disturbed. If it reach the water on the first jump, it will either jump again, or disappear into the bottom of the grass (Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 824dc7e2-1253-4ea1-b735-3308308fd183#behavious 139776c3-bfe7-4240-b5ca-04b1b4a534be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

When disturbed, they inflate their bodies to such an extent that they are difficult to remove from the tunnels probably an adaptive strategy to escape predation (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1203 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 668ccfcb-a382-4309-b6f3-605327e12ff3#behavious 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The adults spend the day floating amongst vegetation or basking on rocks above the water (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 db2c9dc3-b425-46d7-b821-9e930a685b0b#behavious 6bb364d7-bb7b-4f99-864f-6d71bb896c49 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Dry periods are spent in aestivation (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1569 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 29a3b811-d9c2-4278-8238-3be6ab7c9bf1#behavious 00b9c2c9-9401-49e5-9c57-cb641ce1d9f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

During the dry season, the adults take shelter in hollow trees, moss, rotten wood, and soil at the base of trees (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1075 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 5d9372ad-6388-40f5-b297-36792dd304f5#behavious 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

When its wetland habitat dries up during the summer months, X. gilli survives by aestivating below the surface (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#behavious b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is nocturnal, becoming active from just after dark until approximately 1:00 a.m. During the day, it burrows down in the mud to depths of 50 cm or more, leaving inconspicuous holes (Knoepffler 1976, Rödel et al. 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#behavious f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is nocturnal, becoming active from just after dark until approximately 1:00 a.m. During the day, it burrows down in the mud to depths of 50 cm or more, leaving inconspicuous holes (Knoepffler 1976).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#behavious f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is nocturnal. Young frogs hide during the day in muddy pond banks or under bark (Rödel et al., 2002).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe af525338-031a-4bce-9d8f-d3205ddec0ee#behavious 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

When disturbed, adult Ptychadena christyi may leap for cover in grass, or under leaves or moss (Noble, 1924).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe c2a256de-a5e7-418d-a5a7-b3445f30767d#behavious 1852a73d-46b7-498f-8f79-b5eb55136c1f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

These frogs are strong jumpers and can be difficult to catch. They take readily to water, swim well, and usually dive to the bottom where they hide in rotting plant material (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/804 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be fbd93d8a-79d4-44f8-9976-7e4237aa439b#behavious 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

When disturbed, it inflates and arches its body, tucking its head in and raising its rump to accentuate the aposematic colours and markings (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be 4b6064aa-6147-4083-a8f5-6d36368dbf07#behavious 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This frog seldom jumps, but walks or runs. Although this species is not a true climber, the expanded digits enable it to climb rock surfaces and tree trunks with ease (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be f2065449-641b-4e03-93f7-4c72305dee38#behavious 8a2284ea-a095-4fcd-9cb9-9cd0d3fbc0ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

When threatened, these frogs often sham death by lying on their backs with feet tucked in. A few moments after being released they quickly turn over and walk away (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1499 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be 267038bf-eddd-4736-a948-81bd511965c8#behavious 8a2284ea-a095-4fcd-9cb9-9cd0d3fbc0ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

They are agile, climbing from one grass stem to the next with the greatest of ease. As is the case with Kassina senegalensis, S. wealii seldom hops or jumps, but walks with a few quick paces, pausing intermittently (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1499 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#behavious 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The flattened aspect and posture of the animal allows it to escape into narrow fissures. When a larva, the tadpole scrapes algae into its mouth, and escapes from predators or intruders by detaching and floating downstream (du Preez and Carruthers, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 361e1652-f00d-4f92-b30f-f848a8b4ece3#behavious 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua beccarii is primarily nocturnal, although it may be active during the day if disturbed from the rocks and plant matter (usually very close to a river or other source of deep water) on which it commonly rests during the day. Unlike Xenopus, this species can rarely be caught by dredging with a net (Largen and Spawls 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 c7ba03dd-b399-4ee4-b2a6-bf6ba933474e#behavious dcac2756-77c5-4ed6-bc66-907bc45a19ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (2001) suggests that aestivation probably takes place during the dry season. This species also produces a cocoon to protect itself against dessication (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1196 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 92ee92f0-91fa-44d1-85f5-ff4355ca8cd0#behavious 6fdd23c2-b179-4ae8-9aed-b1299708eafc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

At the type locality, males called from drier, higher ground, proximate to expansive flooded meadows. The voice is a typical Kassina species call but distinctly more atonal that that of K. senegalensis and K. cassinoides. Accordingly, the sonogram shows a more indistinct frequency-intensity maximum than that of the other two sympatric species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1479 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#behavious f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. varaldii is a nocturnal anuran, and is active in autumn and winter seasons only. This toad remains buried in the soil during the daytime, and appears to be confined to sandy soils. Prey consist of a variety of invertebrates (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1505 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 8c637f28-66a8-4d27-a3ca-abdb723d6d25#behavious 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Toward the peak of the dry season, X. laevis will either move from drying water bodies or burrow into the wet mud to aestivate (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 3487e7cf-bbef-4291-bed6-64d99ad20aaa 1bbcf246-3330-4ce3-80ff-cb0cd2dba767#behavious 78b73904-0081-4fee-98a6-131e29bbecd7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is easiest to see them at night shining a torch into the ponds or water-filled ditches where they live. If you startle them, they disappear very quickly into the mud. Sometimes they appear to hang motionless from the surface while at others they are very active eating insects from the water surface or even launching themselves out of the water to snatch a passing insect (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1624 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ John Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 06ed9708-c00d-431d-b595-29a60e8616e4 78d3218f-a651-4c7c-b4f8-c6cdccf1e666#behavious 78b73904-0081-4fee-98a6-131e29bbecd7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Clawed frogs are poor movers on land but they can be found there, during heavy rainstorms, as they seem to flop uncertainly about, or when their pond dries and they move to occupy another. Although not good at moving on land, these frogs are very good at swimming (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1624 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ John Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 06ed9708-c00d-431d-b595-29a60e8616e4 5d7f9e4f-11a0-4b47-ad9c-c06cf50783eb#behavious bfee30ab-90ec-4311-81ff-2de6fbfd02ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. sylvestris constructs an extensive network of shallow, horizontal tunnels and chambers below the soil surface and under rocks and logs. The dry winter months are spent underground, but rain at this time of year may result in surface activity and some calling. Aestivation, involving the production of a cocoon, has not been observed.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1197 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df d285a673-4269-439d-8373-93b050da12b7#behavious 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

During the dry season, C. boettgeri aestivates in mudbanks, mudcracks, burrows of other animals, disused termitaria and under stones (Text from Minter et al. 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#behaviour und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 ac9b530c-89f2-4769-9567-57015b6d292c#biology e4d23326-02a5-48bb-8f7f-2279e58ec1be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Arthroleptis species are small to medium-sized brown frogs that live and breed in the leaf litter of the forest floor. Their eggs are laid in moist soil or leaves and develop directly into small frogs without passing through a free-swimming tadpole stage. Males in breeding condition typically have a distinctly elongated third finger. The genus Leptopelis includes species that are morphologically and ecologically quite different from the Arthroleptis species. Leptopelis species are medium to large-sized tree frogs with vertical pupils. Until recently they were included in the family Hyperoliidae. Females of some Leptopelis species are known to lay their eggs in mud cavities and the tadpoles move into water after hatching (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/951 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 da5cd230-72a1-4cb0-a033-229b821ab4ad#biology 077ca7a2-4a51-4754-adc1-e5757e55bb59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is named for the Greek words 'Xeno' meaning strange, 'dactylos' meaning finger, and '-oides' meaning shape.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1066 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9ac340ff-afb6-4ae9-a518-21e11d7366d6#biology 8b48391a-86c2-45f4-8ccb-0dee31e1bd7e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The skull of the Taita Hills caecilian has no orbits for eyes, which are very small and can probably only tell the difference between light and dark. The adults have three fearsome rows of teeth (although they don’t bite people!) which they use to hold onto their prey while they spin in their burrows. Although the adults are nearly blind, they may be able to gauge the size of their prey by the amount of force required to spin it (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/900 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00e7aeae-5119-4175-ade8-1bc1e4d6fcbf#biology d738f022-057a-409b-b40b-06630e1f11d7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Four genera are found in the Eastern Arc, including Breviceps, Probreviceps, Callulina, and Spelaeophryne. The latter two are endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. All have small narrow heads and short hind limbs. Males are typically much smaller than females and some species rely on a sticky substance produced by skin glands to glue themselves to females during mating. Females lay eggs in underground cavities and the eggs hatch directly into small frogs without a frees wimming tadpole phase (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/950 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e9dbeb01-9b8a-40a4-a9e5-b236b2420f1e#biology ae2fa812-2015-4250-b05f-5801c9bf0d8a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species of dainty frog is found in northern Tanzania and the highlands of Kenya. It is morphologically similar to Cacosternum boettgeri from the interior of southern Africa, and is distinguished on the basis of an advertisement call with double or treble pulsed notes.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/797 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ab4edf65-bf93-4bb9-80e4-070688fc3d66#biology cfdad484-29b2-45e2-8243-5593b4c5bdfa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This monotypic specis has a slender body, large protruding eyes, a horizontal, oval pupil, and a small but distinct tympanum. Males exhibit a a medium sized, medioposterior gular gland, without thin dilatable skin beneath and around the gland, and minute spinosities on the back and on limbs.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/907 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44a7b114-1d04-4d04-8b8a-a5b963b9b5b6#biology d63fde15-3f27-48a2-8d75-190e64b00e92 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Nectophrynoides asperginis, the Kihansi Spray toad, is an ovoviviparous species that was known only from the Kihansi River Gorge in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania before it went Extinct in the Wild.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/889 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 323ea0d3-65cf-48fb-9c11-532593dbd29c#biology 3f6dcd88-6397-48e6-b5cb-a1fbdefd0b52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has not been observed since it was originally collected in 1926 and 1927.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/890 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 549794e1-29a4-41c6-9e76-9089f2d65530#biology f5d67cde-bf6e-46d8-a75f-7b1fa09ef002 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This medium-sized Nectophrynoides is known only from the Uluguru North Forest Reserve within the Uluguru Mountains of eastern Tanzania and is considered Endangered. Its large hands and feet, expanded toe tips, fingers webbed at the base, indistinct parotid glands, and lack of a tympanum make it distinguishable from other species of the genus.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/893 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a9ba870-e145-414a-83c0-b7707f5a0d46#biology d420b434-a08f-4212-8bb6-090ef218d160 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This Critically Endangered species of toad is known only from the Udzungwa Mountains, in eastern Tanzania and can be distinguished from other Nectophrynoides species by its rounded finger and toe tips, clearly visible tympanum and distinct parotid glands.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/886 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 421eb40a-c4f8-44cf-9067-5831e7475042#biology 5c0c371f-0c6f-4997-858d-0f26aed1c6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hildebrantia ornata is medium-sized plump frog with a blunt snout that exhibits a Y-shaped pattern on throat and characteristic dorsal color pattern.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/714 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 79776144-f7bb-4459-84e3-f84a2777dcfa#biology 1641854e-2440-4c74-af07-5770105722af http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Churamiti maridadi is a Critically Endangered arboreal toad known only from the Ukaguru Mountains that has a lichen-like dorsal pattern and large digital discs. Additionally, it can be identified by the absence of parotids, red-orange arms and legs, and the metallic colour of the back. In females, the dorsum is bright metallic yellow-green and in males it is black with silvery vermiculations.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/866 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 366bf196-b1e5-4cce-9d5b-3da3ed301635#biology 8f12a24f-df5f-4923-8147-a968dcdcb167 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua goliath is the largest frog species in the world with one of the largest recorded specimens weighing 3.3 kg. This species is found only in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea and is considered Endangered.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 298f0040-e98d-4f9d-9022-2041af29a2aa#biology d1f0d599-7773-4e5f-a8fe-4f61dfe44cd2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

These frogs have pointy, hardened snouts allowing them to burrow head first into the ground (Harper et al., 2010). There is one genus (Hemisus) and nine species currently in this family.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/952 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 af9ec5d2-6786-44b6-9e44-8c95583d3e57#biology d3af94c1-9621-4f2e-a8bf-bd5a89aa2d40 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This group contains many species of small, brightly colored frogs. They are commonly associated with reeds and other vegetation in and around water (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/947 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cbd8b4dc-9340-4de7-96ff-aa2886c8c4e8#biology 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This Endangered toad is known only from the West Usambara Mountains in north-eastern Tanzania. It can be distinguished by the presence of the a tympanum and continuous elongate parotid gland, as well as toe tips that are rounded rather than truncate.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1affad54-0f22-4c22-952d-d0f15dcd5828#biology 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Nectophrynoides viviparus is easily distinguished from other species of the genus by its large size and enormous glands. This toad is found restrict to highland areas in the Eastern Arc Mountains and Southern Highlands of Tanzania and is considered Vulnerable. Fertilization is internal, and females give birth to live toadlets.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dfc9ce18-866e-4bf3-8a9d-0cb6f588a2ef#biology 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Nectophrynoides is a genus of true toads endemic to Tanzania. Nectophrynoides wendyae is listed as Critically Endangered (CITES Appendix I) due to a restricted range caused by habitat loss.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 61661187-f8dc-4e2e-91c6-a959c58330b2#biology 41251ba4-d3aa-4f51-ab8f-05e04bdc3985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This monotypic species is known only from the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania and has not been seen since the 1920’s. It is very similar to the three-fingered or blue-bellied frogs (genus Hoplophryne), but these have a reduced first finger and spines in the males.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/896 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#biology 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is associated with flowing waters within rocky areas of lowland forest and is restricted to Cameroon, mainland Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. It is considered Endangered.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1522 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51815546-aa98-44e5-aeaf-d0c3aabbd8b7#biology c10ad5c4-67b3-44f8-8a5f-85775fc7166c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This medium-sized Petropedetes from Central Africa exhibits a tympanum that is usually flattened on the upper and lower border. Breeding males have a broad and fleshy tympanic papilla present that is closer to the centre than the upper border, well developed forearm hypertrophy, a carpal spike, prominent femoral glands, spinosities on the throat and forearms and large warts on the flanks, dorsum, and tympanum. Pedal webbing is rudimentary. Eggs are deposited on moist surfaces of rocks, and males guard the eggs at night.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1513 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dd012a6d-e33c-4d5f-a3c2-87505f631b3c#biology e7014f6a-5cf7-45ff-806b-7fc45c2e4e6e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Petropedetidae currently contains two genera: Petropedetes, which includes 12 species, and Conraua, which contains 6 species. This family contains Conraua goliath, the largest frog species in the world.

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The “puddle frogs” are small brown frogs with variable color patterns and small raised bumps on the dorsum. They are commonly found near puddles, streams or flooded grassy areas. Several new species have been discovered recently and there are likely many undescribed species (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Phrynobatrachus calcaratus is a small sized (snout–vent length < 25 mm) species of puddle frog from primary forest in south-western Ghana. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus calcaratus exhibits a prominent eyelid spine, rudimentary pedal webbing (3-4 phalanges free on digit IV), barely discernible tympanum but a distinct supratympanal fold. Males have a dark violet to black throat, while females bear some marginal dark spots.

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Phrynobatrachus bullans is a medium sized (snout–vent length < 28 mm) species of puddle frog. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and metatarsal tubercle. Chevron shaped glands are clearly present on the dorsum. The suite of morphological features that characterize this species include a visible tympanum, moderate to extensive webbing, and lack of digital discs. This species can be distinguished from P. natalensis, which is morpholgically very similar, by its elongate post-ocular glands and advertisement call.

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Phrynobatrachus breviceps is a miniature species (SVL < 17.5 mm) of puddle frog known only from Mafinga on the Udzungwa Plateau of southern Tanzania. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. It is characterized by its stocky appearance, including a short head. It exhibits moderate webbing with 3 phalanges free on toe IV and lacks digital discs. A small, weak tubercle is present on the eyelid. Males have dark throats and exhibit a unique gular apparatus with median and posterior gular folds but no lateral folds.

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Phrynobatrachus bequaerti is a small species (SVL > 25 mm) of puddle frog from montane regions of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, western Rwanda and north-western Burundi. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus bequaerti is characterized by a distinct tympanum, moderate pedal webbing, and tips of the fingers are toes that are slightly expanded.

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Phrynobatrachus batesii is a medium sized species (SVL < 31 mm) of puddle frog distributed in Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, and Nigeria. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species characterized by a indistinct tympanum, moderate pedal webbing, and well-developed discs on the fingers and toes. Prominent glandular folds are on the dorsum from behind the eyes to the sacral region.

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Phrynobatrachus auritus is a medium to large sized species (SVL < 35 mm) of puddle frog with a wide distribution across Central Africa. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species characterized by a distinct tympanum, moderate to extensive pedal webbing, and large discs on the fingers and toes. A pair of narrow glandular folds is normally present that begin behind the eyes, converge in the scapular region, and continue down the back to the sacral region.

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Phrynobatrachus asper is one of the largest species (SVL 55 mm) of puddle frog, known only from the Itombwe Highlands in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus asper is characterized by extensive pedal webbing, lack of digital discs, and a dorsum that includes longitudinal folds, as well as logitudinal rows of warts and tubercles.

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Phrynobatrachus annulatus is a small sized (snout–vent length < 26 mm) species of puddle frog from select habitats within Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus annulatus exhibits a prominent eyelid tubercle, absent or rudimentary pedal webbing (4 phalanges free on digit IV), small digital discs, an indistinct tympanum, and a unique ventral coloration, including a white background with small, black rings. Males have white throat and no gular folds are visible.

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Phrynobatrachus africanus is a medium sized species (SVL < 31 mm) of puddle frog known from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (including the island of Bioko), Gabon, Congo, and the Central African Republic. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species is characterized by a distinct tympanum, tips of fingers and toes dilated into small discs, and moderate pedal webbing. Males have dark throats, lateral vocal folds, and enlarged pseudo-teeth in the lower jaw.

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Phrynobatrachus acutirostris is a large species (SVL 37-51 mm) of puddle frog from the Albertine Rift, recorded from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus acutirostris is characterized by its sharp snout and the presence of digital discs, moderate pedal webbing, and a distinct tympanum. The coloration is extremely variable, but there is often a clear difference between the lighter coloration of the dorsum and the darker and tympanic region, or there may be lighter lateral band separating a dark dorsum and dark tympanic region. Ventral coloration is also variable, although always mottled, speckled or dotted, often with longitudinal band running through the throat and breast. Males exhibit minute asperities and a prominent nuptial pads is present on the base of finger I.

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Phrynobatrachus acridoides is medium-sized species (SVL < 30 mm) of puddle frog endemic to East Africa. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus acridoides is characterized by a tympanum that is most often visible, moderate webbing, and a number of different color morphs. Males exhibit shaded throats, and females often exhibit speckled throats, so this characteristic may not be used to identify the sexes.

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Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku is a miniature (snout–vent length < 20 mm) species of puddle frog. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Chevron shaped glands are present on the dorsum of this species, although these glands may be difficult to discern in this species because of dark brown dorsal coloration. The tympanum is either indistinct or only scarcely visible and a supratympanic fold is present. Pedal webbing is absent or extremely rudimentary. Males of this species have unique ventral coloration characterized by a black throat, dark brown to black pectoral and abdominal regions, and a light or white area on the proximal hind limbs. Minute spines cover the venter in males, often appearing as white asperities.

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Phrynobatrachus cornutus is a small sized (snout–vent length < 20 mm) species of puddle frog distributed across parts of Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, the Central African Republic, and Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea). Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. In this species, there is a narrow ridge connecting the tarsal and inner metatarsal tubercles. This species also exhibits a prominent eyelid spine, absent or rudimentary pedal webbing (3.75-4 phalanges free on digit IV), an indistinct tympanum, and digits expanded into small discs. The venter is white with large, round spots.

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Phrynobatrachus cricogaser is a medium sized (snout–vent length < 32 mm) species of puddle frog from the highlands of Cameroon and Nigeria. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species can be further identified by its 4-5 additional tarsal tubercle, one which forms a small spur with the heel, and distinct bullseye ventral pattern.

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Phrynobatrachus dalcqi is a large species (SVL up to 37 mm) of puddle frog, known only from Haute Lubitshako in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus dalcqi is characterized by moderate pedal webbing, large digital discs, and a venter that is greyish-white, stippled with a darker grey and leaving a clear median line on the throat.

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Phrynobatrachus dendrobates is a medium to large species (SVL 27-37 mm) of puddle frog from northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo and southwestern Uganda. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus dendrobates is characterized by a distinct tympanum, digital discs present on the fingers and toes, and moderate webbing with 3 phalanges free on toe IV. Males exhibit well-developed minute spines on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body, including the feet.

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Phrynobatrachus dispar is a miniature (snout–vent length < 25 mm) species of puddle frog endemic to Príncipe Island in the Gulf of Guinea. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Numerous prominent asperities are present on the dorsum, and contrasting coloration includes dark barring on the thigh and leg. Scapular glands are present, forming a broken X-shaped pattern. Tympanum is indistinct, measuring less than half the width of the eye. Ventrum is pale cream-colored and clear except for the throat and a few darkly pigmented spots extending along the flanks to just beyond the front legs and distinct dark brown bars lining the lower jaw. Undersides of the hind limbs are a clear, slight yellowish hue. Like all Phrynobatrachus species, P. dispar lacks manus webbing; pes webbing is absent or extremely rudimentary and distal phalanxes are T-shaped, resulting in the appearance of dilated toe tips (Uyeda, Drewes, and Zimkus, 2007).

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Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and metatarsal tubercle. Chevron shaped glands are clearly present on the dorsum.

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Phrynobatrachus fraterculus is a small sized species (SVL < 25 mm) of puddle frog known from Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species is characterized by an indistinct tympanum, digit tips expanded into small discs, and absence of pedal webbing. A brown-black band, bordered by white, extends from snout tip, through the eye and tympanum and along the lateral side of the body to the insertion of the thigh. The ventral surface is white with scattered spots. Males exhibit nuptial pads on manual digit I, ovoid femoral glands, a slate grey throat (medium brown after preservation) and gular folds that form a U-shaped pouch.

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Phrynobatrachus gastoni is a medium sized (snout–vent length 30 mm) species of puddle frog known only from the type locality in in north-central Democratic Republic of Congo. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus gastoni exhibits moderately webbed toes (approximately 3 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV), a visible tympanum, and lack of digital discs.

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Puddle frogs (genus Phrynobatrachus) are found in diverse terrestrial habitats across sub-Saharan Africa. Species are small in size (most less than 30 mm), most often brown in color, exhibit a tarsal tubercle and lack webbing between the fingers. Most species may exhibit chevron-shaped glands in the scapular region, but the size and shape of these glands are variable. There are currently 82 species described (Frost, 2011).

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Phrynobatrachus gutturosus is a small species (SVL < 23 mm) of puddle frog known from Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species is characterized by its rudimentary pedal webbing (3-4 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV), absence of eyelid spine, lack of enlarged discs of finger and toes, and a black throat in breeding males.

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Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus is a miniature species (SVL < 17 mm) of puddle frog endemic to Ethiopia. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. P. inexpectatus is characterized by rudimentary or absent webbing, lack or digital discs, and spinules present only occasionally on the chin. Adult males exhibit dark grey throats and femoral glands.

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Phrynobatrachus intermedius is a medium sized (snout–vent length < 28 mm) species of puddle frog from primary forest in south-western Ghana. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus intermedius exhibits a combination of unique morphological and color characteristics including a compact body, short and pointed snout, a conspicuous dark face mask, a relatively smooth dorsum with feebly developed dorsal ridges, a black throat with few small white spots, blackish vermiculation on the breast, and moderately developed webbing with approximately 1.5 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV.

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Phrynobatrachus irangi is a large species (SVL 36-51 mm) of puddle frog from the Central Mountains of Kenya. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Scapular glands in this species are distinct and x-shaped. P. irangi is characterized by its ovular tympanum, minute dorsal and lateral asperities, slight dilation of the digit tips, and only rudimentary to moderate webbing (3 phalanges free on toe IV). Tiny asperities are present on the central plantar surface of the foot in males and the majority of females. Males also exhibit one or two spines on the walking surface of the foot and several longitudinal, distensible vocal folds in the gular region.

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Phrynobatrachus kakamikro is a small species (SVL < 19 mm) of puddle frog known only from the type locality in western Kenya. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. P. kakamikro is characterized by the absence of a number of characters present in closely related species, including a papilla on the tongue, digital discs, and femoral glands in males. Pedal webbing is considered rudimentary, and adult males exhibit a grey throat.

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Phrynobatrachus keniensis is a small species (SVL < 26 mm) of puddle frog endemic to highlands of Kenya. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. P. keniensis is characterized by a hidden tympanum, a fold of skin at the anterior end of the upper eyelid, and digit tips are not dilated.

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Phrynobatrachus krefftii is a large species (SVL 36-41 mm) of puddle frog from the mountains of northeastern Tanzania. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species is characterized by a distinct tympanum, strongly developed digital discs and extensive webbing (1-2 phalanges free on toe IV). Breeding males of P. krefftii have a sharply projecting snout, thickened nuptial pad on toe I, and a darkly outlined lower jaw with bright yellow throat.

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Phrynobatrachus latifrons is a small species (SVL < 23 mm) of puddle frog distributed across West Africa. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species is characterized by moderate webbing (2-2.5 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV), absence of eyelid spine, lack of enlarged discs of finger and toes, and a yellow throat in breeding males.

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Phrynobatrachus leveleve is a miniature (snout–vent length < 22 mm) species of puddle frog endemic to São Tomé Island in the Gulf of Guinea. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Dorsum is a dark grayish-brown, and scapular glands are present with two indistinct glandular ridges topped with 3 to 4 white-pointed asperities forming a broken X-shaped pattern. Tympanum is indistinct, measuring less than half the width of the eye. Ventrum is pale cream-colored and clear except for the throat and a few darkly pigmented spots extending along the flanks to just beyond the front legs and distinct dark brown bars lining the lower jaw. Undersides of the hind limbs are a clear, slight yellowish hue. Like all Phrynobatrachus species, P. leveleve lacks manus webbing; pes webbing is absent or extremely rudimentary and distal phalanxes are T-shaped, resulting in the appearance of dilated toe tips.

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Phrynobatrachus liberiensis is a medium sized (snout–vent length < 36 mm) species of puddle frog from the forest zone of West Africa including Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus liberiensis exhibits a uniformly brown dorsum, a supratympanic fold that creates the appearance of a facemask, a vertical white stripe present on the nose, and dark triangular patch in anal region that is bordered on the upper sides by two white lines. Webbing is moderate with 3 phalanges free on toe IV, and the tympanum is visible.

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Phrynobatrachus maculiventris is a small to medium sized species (SVL < 26 mm) of puddle frog known from Liberia, Guinea, and Côte d'Ivoire. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species is characterized by it's elongate body, long hind legs, indistinct tympanum, and absent or rudimentary webbing. The ventral color pattern is distinct with large irregularly shaped dark brown blotches separated by network of fine white lines on the belly and large dark brown blotches on the ventral side of thighs, lower leg and foot. The flanks and also have a well delimitated black stripe, separated by a white line from a black spot in the groin area, and posterior surfaces of thigh have a longitudinal and well defined white line. Males have ovoid femoral glands, and the black and granular vocal sac is bordered laterally on each side by prominent folds. Their tadpoles are unmistakable due to their aposematic black and yellow colour pattern.

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Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis is a miniature (snout–vent length < 19 mm) species of puddle frog from Mt Manengouba, Cameroon. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis exhibits a barely visible tympanum, absent or rudimentary webbing, and small digital discs. Breeding males have a black throat.

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Phrynobatrachus minutus is a small species (SVL < 23 mm) of puddle frog endemic to Ethiopia. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. P. minutus is characterized by rudimentary or absent webbing. Adult males exhibit yellow throats, extensive minute spinules on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body, and femoral glands.

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Phrynobatrachus pakenhami is medium-sized species (SVL 37-51 mm) of puddle frog endemic to Pemba Island, Tanzania. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus pakenhami is characterized by its almost smooth skin, a visible tympanum, and distinct digital discs on the toes. Males exhibit a grey throat with minute asperities, as wel as asperities on the head and anterior truck, and weak lateral folds when the vocal sac is deflated. In females, asperities are found only in proximity to the vent, and the throat has brown blotches.

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Phrynobatrachus pallidus is a miniature species (SVL < 17.5 mm) of puddle frog distributed in Kenya and Tanzania. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. P. pallidus is characterized by a smooth dorsum, presence of small but distinct digital discs, and pronouced lateral gular folds in the male.

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This puddle frog species is easily distinguied by its almost fully webbed toes, which is uncommon for its small size. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle.

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Phrynobatrachus petropedetoides is a large species (SVL < 40 mm) of puddle frog from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Tanzania. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus petropedetoides is characterized by

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Phrynobatrachus phyllophilus is a small species (SVL < 23 mm) of puddle frog from West Africa, including Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species is characterized by its compact body, moderately pointed snout, discs present on both finger and toe tips, moderately webbed feet, and almost white venter. Males exhibit black throats and have small femoral glands. This species inhabits swampy areas of rain forest, depositing small clutches of large eggs terrestrially on leaves near water, an uncommon reproductive mode for puddle frogs.

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Phrynobatrachus pintoi is a small species of puddle frog from a gallery forest in north-western Guinea. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. P. pintoi exhibits a combination of unique morphological characters and a distinctive color pattern, including: compact, oval body, short snout, warty dorsum and eyelid, three pairs of large symmetric black spots on throat and breast, black spots on belly, more than one black bar on thighs and lower leg, finger and toe tips not expanded, and rudimentary web on foot.

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Phrynobatrachus plicatus is a medium to large sized species (SVL < 42 mm) of puddle frog from West Africa. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus plicatus is characterized by an indistinct tympanum, moderate webbing, and prominent X-shaped dorsal glands. The belly is white, but the lower surfaces of the tibiae are covered in irregular, brown spots. While the throat is somewhat pigmented in females, it is black with deep, lateral vocal folds in males.

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Phrynobatrachus rouxi is a small sized species (SVL < 23 mm) of puddle frog known only from the type locality in southern Uganda. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species is characterized by a barely visible tympanum, digital tips that are only slightly widened, and minute spinules on the tibia, tarsus, and underside of the foot, as well as asperities on the flanks.

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Phrynobatrachus rungwensis is a small species (SVL < 24 mm) of puddle frog from highland regions of Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, and Tanzania. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus rungwensis is characterized by an indistinct tympanum and rudimentary webbing. The throat in females is blotched with brown, and the gular region in males is greyish or speckled.

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Phrynobatrachus sandersoni is a medium sized species (SVL < 26 mm) of puddle frog known from Cameroon and Equatorial. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species is characterized by a distinct tympanum, tips of fingers and toes dilated into large T-shaped discs, and moderate pedal webbing. Breeding males exhibit nuptial pads on finger I, lateral vocal folds, femoral glands and enlarged pseudo-teeth in the lower jaw.

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This small puddle frog species is known only from northern Democratic Republic of Congo has not been collected recently and is characterized by a warty dorsum, a completely hidden tympanum and only a rudiment of webbing on the feet.

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Phrynobatrachus scheffleri is a small species (SVL < 20 mm) of puddle frog distributed in Kenya and Tanzania. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. P. scheffleri is characterized by rudimentary webbing and lack of digital discs. Adult males exhibit greyish brown throats with minute asperities sparsely but evenly covering the dorsum and venter. In females, asperities are restricted to the peri-anal region.

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Phrynobatrachus steindachneri is a medium sized species (SVL < 37 mm) of puddle frog endemic to the higlands of eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species is characterized by a distinct tympanum, small digital discs, and extensive webbing with only 2 phalanges free of web on toe IV.

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Phrynobatrachus stewartae is a small species (SVL < 23 mm) of puddle frog from Malawi and Tanzania. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species exhibits moderate webbing, extending beyond the proximal subarticular tubercle on toe IV, and lacks digital discs. Males have grey throats and exhibit a baggy gular region with a posterior gular fold, as well as conspicuous, yellow femoral glands in life.

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Phrynobatrachus sulfureogularis is a large species (SVL 47 mm) of puddle frog, known only from the type locality in Nanzergwa, Burundi. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus sulfureogularis is characterized by its warty dorsum, moderate to extensive pedal webbing, and large digital discs. Breeding males exhibit a yellow gular region, and minute asperities are present, particularly numerous on the posterior limbs and the lateroventral part of toe V.

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Phrynobatrachus taiensis is a miniature (snout–vent length 14 mm) species of puddle frog known only from the Tai Forest, in south-western Côte d’Ivoire. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. This species exhibits a prominent eyelid tubercle, rudimentary pedal webbing (3.75 phalanges free on digit IV), absence of digital discs, and an indistinct tympanum. The unique ventral pattern includes dark spots forming curvilinear, transverse rows on the throat, spots on the chest and belly, an immaculate stomach, and a group of spots on the distal portion of the thigh.

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Phrynobatrachus ukingensis is a small species (SVL < 21 mm) of puddle frog found in the mountains of Tanzania and Malawi. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus ukingensis is characterized by a hidden tympanum, small but distinct digital discs, and rudimentary pedal webbing. Males exhibit a black throat, and a vocal sac that forms a posterior fold when deflated.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 58b7f558-aed8-4e39-a9fe-bca3bd151974#biology cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus ungujae is a miniature species (SVL < 16 mm) of puddle frog restricted to coastal forest in Kenya and on Unguja Island (Zanzibar), Tanzania. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus ungujae is characterized by a warty dorsum, including snout and eyelids, and the presence of a small conical protrusion on the eyelid. Small but distinct discs are present on the toes, often terminating in points.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5f7c3079-7141-4199-8212-7d98415d2704#biology 7f95029a-c6fd-4267-b367-1203696bda0d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus uzungwensis is a small species (SVL < 25 mm) of puddle frog distributed in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus uzungwensis is characterized by the reddish-orange coloration on its digits and arms, a light-colored tranverse band across the scapular region, extensive pedal webbing, and the presence of dorsal asperities in both sexes.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1588 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7a8605e5-3819-4880-9b5c-ddd58d755434#biology cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus versicolor is a medium to large sized species (SVL 25-40 mm) of puddle frog from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus versicolor is characterized by a distinct tympanum and variable dorsal coloration. The venter is uniform white, pinkish or yellowish with vermiculated or mottled brown. A more or less distinct median line may be present, extending from the tip of the lower jaw through the chest area and sometimes beyond. Minute spines are present on the soles of the feet in both sexes.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0375a4de-9aff-43dc-81c2-6adcd2292a04#biology 5e0a7b2f-882c-40ea-863f-1d0814b8dff7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus villiersi is a small sized (snout–vent length < 16 mm) species of puddle frog from Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus villiersi exhibits a prominent eyelid tubercle, absent or rudimentary pedal webbing, a barely discernible tympanum, and digit tips expanded into discs. The ventral patterns is quite distinct with two longitudinal, thick and parallel dark brown to black bands across the throat, and large spots on the belly. The cream-colored background often forms a cross on the chest where the spots are absent. The throat in males is more intensely pigmented, and the two pectoral spots may be united; gular folds are not prominent.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1594 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e36cb55-d8c6-483a-a1cc-38ebd0baa659#biology 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus werneri is a small sized (snout–vent length < 23 mm) species of puddle frog from the highlands of Cameroon and Nigeria. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. Phrynobatrachus werneri exhibits a visible tympanum, digits widened or expanded into small discs, toes with absent or rudimentary webbing, and a dark tympanic region with a supratypanic ridge. Females exhibit a pale venter, while males exhibit a black throat and some darker pigmentation on the chest and anterior belly.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2acad649-be1a-4124-afb2-1474ffe5c64c#biology 5c59ac19-9f95-4a75-8819-f08a55b8d53a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

These species are fully aquatic, and have flattened stream-lined bodies, small eyes, smooth skin and black claws on the inner three toes (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/959 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f476c941-9f16-4fd0-ba14-0f2e19fc7554#biology 57ec7988-414d-43a5-918e-7996a6302aa8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadenidae consists of three genera: Ptychadena (approximately 50 species), Hildebrandtia (3 species) and Lanzarana (1 species). Ptychadena species typically have streamlined bodies with long legs and are excellent jumpers. They are notoriously difficult to catch and are often referred to as “rocket frogs” (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/961 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ddd538e4-5e35-4479-ae68-d42a6d7e1b81#biology cccdbd87-aa74-46db-b5e8-7a2cc67847aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The eyes are connected to the globulate tentacles and were the first described vertebrate with protrusable eyes. The visual acuity is thought to be low, only capable of helping determine light and dark areas when on the surface (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1709 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fefbee1f-da53-40c1-b446-843ec2d01f90#biology 0180c2aa-a67c-4d0e-bfdd-0643a86705c4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This viviparous species of caecilian is known only from the Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania. It has a darkly colored dorsum (blue or black) and venter (black or grey) with a pink throat and vent.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1708 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 75a5e7d3-863a-42e2-b85a-d6032b2fa28e#biology 883b8fed-3808-4cce-b2f0-2dc58617867e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a viviparous species of caecilian that is endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. The mouth shape of the young suggests that they feed on maternal skin after birth. Adults exude a sticky substance when disturbed and may carry skin toxins.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c9a48b-c603-4cac-811f-94c3a6760a82#biology 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Trichobatrachus robustus is a large, West African species that is well known for the hair-like dermal papillae founds in males. This species is also notable for having claw-like terminal phalanges on their hind feet that cut through the skin.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 478c7a2b-95a7-4e06-859d-487da11af17e#biology 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Xenopus lenduensis is a medium-sized African clawed frog from the Albertine Rift of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is an octoploid species with 72 chromosomes.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#biology b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This stocky frog exhibits a relatively large head, large eyes, vertical slit-shaped pupils, small parotid glands, and warty skin with a row of large, often reddish warts extending from the tympanum to hind limb insertion. Adults of this species are difficult to distinguish from A. obstetricans, but tadpoles can be distinguished by the presence of a pigmented network of chromatophores that follows a very loose and irregular grid structure, a dark trisegmented border on the lower jaw, an interorbital distance that is smaller than the size of the mouth, and a tooth morphology that differs from A. obstetricans.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe fa765e2f-aeed-41b6-9495-0e4d51ada88a#biology 1bbf40b1-88cb-4058-95d4-bfccde94e09a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietophrynus chudeaui is a small toad (12-13 mm long) with an olive-green dorsum and a solid reddish-yellow belly. Unlike some of its close relatives, its skin is not warty but rather covered in fine granulations that are densely packed dorsally but more moderately spread out ventrally.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1259 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 280daeba-c8db-4df6-835b-090e73b17bff#biology 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Arthroleptis lameerei is a small frog that lives in leaf litter with cryptic coloration. It ranges from northern and central Angola through the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo and western Burundi. It is known to reproduce by direct development, bypassing the aquatic tadpole stage and emerging from the egg as a froglet. The third finger of adult males are very long, and may reach 40% of the snout-vent length.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#biology b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aubria masako is a relatively large (60-100 mm long) brown frog with a large, distinct tympanum. The back is brown with dark speckles, and, in some individuals, a single white or off-white line running along the length of the back. The underside is speckled white over a brown background, although in older individuals the belly may be almost entirely white while only the throat preserves the speckled pattern. Distinctive yellow-brown femoral glands are present close to the knee in both sexes. In general it is difficult to tell the sexes apart externally, as secondary sex characteristics such as male vocal sacs and nuptial pads are absent. Females tend to be larger than males and have relatively shorter eyes. Additionally, femoral glands are closer to the base of the thigh in females than in males.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#biology f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aubria subsigillata is a large, stocky frog with a dark brown back and a relatively small but visible tympanum. The underside is speckled white over a brown background, although in older individuals the throat may be almost entirely white while only the posterior portion of the underside retains the speckled pattern. Distinct yellow-brown glands are present on the underside of the thigh at the midpoint of the femur in all individuals, even juveniles and sub-adults. Snout-vent length is 65-95 mm and females are typically significantly larger than males. It is generally difficult to tell the sexes apart, though, as male secondary sex characteristics such as vocal sacs and nuptial pads are absent. However, compared with males, females may have relatively shorter eyes, and femoral glands closer to the base of the thigh.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#biology b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hylarana lemairei is a medium-sized frog with a stocky body and a moderately pointed snout. It is primarily brown in color with some darker brown spots. Two golden-brown ridges extend along the sides of the back, bordering a brown band that reaches from the head to the leg, and the upper lip is white as in other members of its genus. It is believed to live in permanent water bodies and reproduce primarily at the end of the wet season and beginning of the dry season.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f01ed2e3-d4d3-4571-a012-d7e87e1de8ea#biology 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hyperolius nasicus is a small, slender frog with a markedly pointed snout. It is a very poorly known member of the H. nasutus group, a group of tree frogs whose taxonomic classification remains controversial. Frogs in this group generally have translucent green skin with a white dorsolateral line. Members of this group also typically lay their eggs directly in water, develop indirectly via a tadpole larval stage.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#biology f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Kassina cassinoides is a medium-sized frog with a relatively large body and small legs. It is the largest member of its genus, with a snout-vent length of approximately 40-50 mm. It can usually be identified by its color pattern, which consists of a silver-gray or yellow background with six large dark stripes extending down the back, the middle two of which are very close together and may partially overlap.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe b59aa922-9aa0-4ec1-9231-43bc74a7d439#biology 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena anchietae is a medium-sized frog (snout-vent length approximately 5 cm) with a pointed nose and a characteristic color pattern with black mask-like stripes present on the face, dark spots on the flanks and a brown and yellow marbled pattern on the backs of the thighs. The back is grayish olive brown, and the underside is white or yellowish white. It is found in a variety of habitats, including forest, savanna, shrubland, wetland, desert, and pond ecosystems.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe af525338-031a-4bce-9d8f-d3205ddec0ee#biology 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena christyi is a medium-sized frog with large legs relative to its body and a sharply pointed nose. Its back is yellowish-gray to reddish-brown, with smooth skin and two prominent glandular folds running from behind the eyes to the base of the legs. There are dark spots on the face, dark transversal bands on the limbs, and sometimes a dark marbled pattern on the backs of the thighs. The feet are rather fully webbed. The biology of this species is very poorly understood, but it appears to live on the rainforest floor and breed in temporary terrestrial pools, including those on or near roads.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#biology 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Heleophryne depressa is a member of the family Heleophrynidae, a group of small South African frogs known as ghost frogs because of their occurence in Skeleton Gorge. It exhibits a strongly depressed head and body. This species was originally thought to be a subspecies of another member of this family, H. purcelli, but was soon described as a separate species with a narrower interorbital space and proportionately longer leg length.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 3808a61c-29a2-4d74-936f-3b05726af759#biology f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Heleophryne hewitti is a member of the family Heleophrynidae, a group of small South African frogs known as ghost frogs because of their occurence in Skeleton Gorge. This species has a distinct supratympanic fold, but the tympanum is hidden. It exhibits a distinct color pattern with many irregular, rounded dark-brown patches outlined with white on its back on a uniform light-brown to olive-brown. It is endemic to the Elandsberg mountain range in Eastern South Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 83b31854-1dc3-4380-9f24-8161ea6faf7b#biology ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua alleni lives in the vicinity of fast-flowing streams within rainforests, ranging from northern Sierra Leone, through southern Guinea and Liberia to southwestern Côte d'Ivoire. The species exhibits vomerine teeth in two oblique rows, a small and somewhat indistinct tympanum, and a strongly developed fringe on the third finger. No dermal fold is present on the forearm. The dorsum is ashy gray with five slighly darker areas, the limbs are mottled and irregularly cross-barred with dark gray on the light gray field, and the venter is immaculate white.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 361e1652-f00d-4f92-b30f-f848a8b4ece3#biology 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua beccarii is a large and highly aquatic species of frog found in the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Its dorsum is blackish or purplish brown, and its venter is whitish, spotted or marbled with brown on the flanks and throat. A broad fold is present along the outer edge of the fifth toe, and the subarticular tubercles are well developed. Another prominent fold is present across the interorbital region and behind the eyes, where it splits and extends down most of the length of the flanks. Males are particularly distinctive in appearance due to an enormous widening of the head, as well as two globular masses of muscle separated longitudinally on top of the head.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 5217ffdf-874f-474e-a0f7-ff466a7e4f74#biology a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua derooi is a completely aquatic frog restricted to forest streams in Ghana and Togo. This species is most easily identified by its large size, blackish dorsal coloration, externally hidden tympanum, widely indented tongue, well-developed toe disks, and extensive swelling of the postoccipital and suprascapulary regions. Males have well defined white warts on the snout and jaws, and they have prominent, non-chitinous nuptial pads. The IUCN Red List (2004) categorizes this species as Critically Endangered, in light of serious threats posed to its populations by the loss of its already limited habitat, stream sedimentation, and hunting for consumption by local people.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 dfeaf9bc-e89a-4473-b9a0-1cbc6d7603a2#biology 3217f09d-099c-4a82-b628-8d1a6b0a2715 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Afrixalus dorsalis is a small to medium sized Afrixalus, which is found in three disjunctive areas in western Africa. Typically preferring grassland to forest, this anuran may be one of the few African vertebrates to be a beneficiary of the relentless deforestation occurring in most of the continent.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1328 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 c06041ca-f07c-4e33-9091-cb30a4f1619d#biology bfc463af-8a27-4c97-bda3-a1e74902decc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietia inyangae is a restricted range endemic known from the eastern montane region of Zimbabwe, on Inyangani Mountain and within Chimanimani National Park. This anuran is limited in distribution to the Eastern Zimbabwe montane forest-grassland ecoregion. Adults of the species are characteristically found in the vicinity of rock armored, rapid velocity streams in montane grassland. This river frog population is classified as endangered, and its numbers are considered in decline.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/766 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a0c28f8d-f303-490f-9ef3-ce34d3983e4b#biology ed07be22-fa7e-4086-adf6-271b82229577 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietophrynus fuliginatus is a medium sized toad species with pronounced sexual dimorphism; the female is significantly larger than the male. Skin color is an almost uniform hue, without a pronounced patterning. Amietophrynus fuliginatus is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and a population that is thought to be stable.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1232 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9a15338c-366a-467c-8add-8c5085d81cab#biology faccb92b-26ed-4707-b6dc-64e908cf512f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This large anuran manifests dorsal spot patterns that are brown, olive or orange-brown. Its distribution covers a wide area of near coastal northern Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia that may extend over 150 kilometres inland from the Mediterranean or Atlantic. While not classified as threatened, its habitat is in decline, due to the burgeoning human population of the region over the last century, with corresponding over-extraction of surface waters and conversion of considerable habitat to agriculture.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1246 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3c206f6a-9ae4-461e-a517-f264f61de30d#biology 345462df-7c3a-408b-8bdf-7e3723295948 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua robusta is a large frog that has a limited range in Nigeria and Cameroon, living near or breeding in rapidly flowing streams and rivers. This species is sought for its food value in the bushmeat market and is classified as Vulnerable not only from the threat of overharvesting, but from ongoing destruction of habitat.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1506 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a62e27a9-29e7-47eb-94f5-06ea16f1ae39#biology 2ca67d46-e3fa-4857-adc3-9554988e1ed3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Discoglossus pictus is found in the western Mediterranean Basin, on sandy coastal areas or in Mediterranean woodlands. Its morphology features characteristic dorsolateral folds and an inconspicuous tympanum. The species breeds in lentic freshwater marshes or brackish coastal marshes. Although the present species population is considered secure, there is a steady reduction in habitat from urbanization and from extraction of water resources for human use.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/914 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 776624a3-8716-407f-ae22-68461d550880#biology 328c9e07-41c9-497a-a8a5-c5837e5f0576 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Discoglossus scovazzi is distributed in northwest Africa and the extreme southwest of Europe on the Iberian peninsula, having an evolutionary past where the species population was split by the formation of the Strait of Gibraltar.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/915 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 7f2440fc-6c9d-49b8-9244-dc3b6fc67961#biology 7c125c80-c3a6-4ef2-90f2-f404ab691d06 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This large frog is found over a relatively broad, but disjunctive, range of North Africa as well as sub-Saharan Africa. The sexually dimorphic anuran prefers savanna habitat, but is also found in grasslands and certain forests. Eggs are laid in slow moving heavily vegetated streams. As an important predator of mosquitos, Hoplobatrachus occipitalis may play a significant role in preventing spread of certain diseases such as malaria.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1280 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3cbe395e-5e8d-4e28-b532-d625227909a4#biology 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hylarana darlingi inhabits a wide geographic range in Southern Africa, and a gamut of habitat types spanning dry forests, moist forests, flooded grassland and savanna; moreover, the breeding system is adapted to both lotic (still water) and lentic (moving water) systems. The reproductive style features ova-deposition in freshwater, leading to a swimming benthic tadpole phase. While moderately abundant in population, the species is experiencing threats of habitat loss and habitat fragmentation due to the burgeoning human population and concomitant agricultural land conversion and charcoal production.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9d3322f8-7de3-4a56-a2d2-6abd89ea0f86#biology f628bf44-8f5d-4c41-ba0c-a4d1d6b45a17 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hyperolius vilhenai is a small anuran that is known from a single location in northeast Angola. Its ecoregion of occurrence is the Angolan Miombo woodlands. The natural colour is a pale green, punctuated with darker ventral blotches.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1468 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 92ee92f0-91fa-44d1-85f5-ff4355ca8cd0#biology 6fdd23c2-b179-4ae8-9aed-b1299708eafc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Kassina fusca is a smallish brown frog known only to the West African portion of the semi-arid savanna. It is thought to concentrate on flooded meadows along the Niger River and its tributaries. Terrestrial locomotion of adults typically occurs by a walking motion rather than jumping habit. Ovi-deposition occurs on inundated rocks and aquatic plants. The habitat of K. fusca is species rich with other anurans which are adapted to the seasonally flooded streams of the otherwise semi-arid savanna, which is somewhat depauperate of vegetation.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1479 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#biology f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Pelobates varaldii is known only from fragmented localized areas along the Atlantic coastal plains of northwestern Morocco, within the Mediterranean forests and woodlands ecoregion. This small fossorial toad is particularly associated with sandy plains near cork oak forests. Diagnostic features include vertical pupils and webbed toes. Breeding sites are ephemeral lentic water bodies, which are scarce in this region. This endangered species is under threat from an expanding human population in the region, with proximate drivers of urbanization, conversion of coastal plains to farmland, and extraction of scarce water resources for human use.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1505 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 06bb952e-6087-4dad-8b21-1db791ad4d6e#biology 0d1f5a92-ce79-47d2-969e-f72a796fe6bf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. kinangopensis is a small anuran endemic to the East African montane moorlands and East African montane forests ecoregions, strictly limited to occurrence in Kenya. Breeding occurs in rain-filled temporary pools in montane grassland and moorland. Although this taxon is known to occur in two separate Kenyan National Parks, there are threats to the Kinangop River Frog from expanding human population pressures, agricultural land conversion, overgrazing and deforestation by native peoples.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1572 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 cfc413e8-8029-4630-8701-05496189db00#biology 6ee0efb7-057b-40a4-8950-e0d53751cfc9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The Marbled rubber frog (Phrynomantis annectens) is one of the few native amphibians to the Namib Desert, who survives by finding deeper water pools in inselbergs and other rocky formations. This anuran ranges southward to the Nama and Succulent Karoo areas; northward to the Kaokoveld Desert and Angola mopane woodlands; and eastward to the Kalahari xeric savanna and Namibian savanna woodlands. (WWF & Hogan. 2012)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1500 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 efbf001c-82c0-4145-a5a8-ae63a662d3c1#biology 3d7d9b20-d6fd-42d9-9971-924a8e74c219 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynomantis microps is a medium sized frog presenting with an elongated and depressed body; the dorsum is red, flanks and extremities black, and red spots are sometimes evident. This plump anuran manifests a blunt snout and prominent sacral region. The frog's neck is quite long, allowing facile lateral head movement. The species range lies from West to Central Africa in the Sahelian savannas.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1501 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 effc8efe-6221-4c13-bd5a-ea254a795297#biology af585d2c-13fb-42a2-8564-319aea0daebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Poyntonophrynus beiranus is found in two distinct and disjoint ecoregions: the Zambezian flooded grasslands and the Zambezian coastal flooded savanna; elevation of occurrence is less than 1000 meters above sea level. Breeding is thought to occur in emphemeral pools formed in lowland floodplains subsequent to intermittent heavy rains. The conservation status is classified as Least Concern, even though there is little data to support population estimates or trend.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1269 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5dd85029-956d-42f4-85aa-16bfe9de8a0d#biology 85cb37e4-636b-491e-86d2-6cec918e976b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Poyntonophrynus vertebralis is restricted to central South Africa, and proximate to the Botswana border, occurring mainly in the Nama Karoo ecoregion and in the . (Hogan. 2013) Apparently isolated populations are perhaps part of a contiguous range. It is likely to be found in southern Botswana. It is chiefly found below 1500 metres above mean sea level. It breeds in temporary shallow pans, freshwater pools or depressions containing rainwater, quarries, and rock pools along rivers. Ongoing threats are present from widespread destruction of habitat, the expanding human population and the degradation of surface waters in the Orange River watershed, which actions have been occurring over the last quarter of the twentieth century to present.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1268 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 49231caa-4fba-445f-b82e-8fa1a478b60c#biology 1a1268ea-1ab2-4140-90b0-90b2f5b25303 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Pseudepidalea brongersmai is a medium sized anuran adapted to semi-arid conditions of northwest Africa. It exhibits green dorsal spots, a tarsal fold and conspicuous paratoid glands. This species is classified as Near Threatened due to its steady decline in habitat, in a region where surface waters for breeding are intrinsically limited.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1273 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 d50e77fb-0ba7-4baf-be32-a76504c37bdd#biology a43756cc-e0b0-4dd4-bb9e-8b0aaa54fd9d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This small carnivorous anuran is known only to a limited locale in the eastern Caprivi Strip in Namibia. Its habitat consists of dry wooded savanna with access to surface waters of the Kwando River and tributaries. The male of Ptychadena mapacha emits a distinctive call from concealed locations under vegetation.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1679 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 7f824499-0eb7-4370-9b48-118a9380aa98#biology c07405fc-6de4-437b-8377-0c265f5b989a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena schillukorum is a medium sized anuran found across a wide swath of the African Sahel from Senegal to Sudan, and extending southward into parts of east Africa; the species chiefly occurs in arid and semi-arid savanna, especially in the broad West Sudanian savanna ecoregion. A distinctive dark interorbital V-shape is present in adults.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1650 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 fc6788bd-eadb-4bf0-8ad7-2bfd6d2f181b#biology 8a55c275-c931-4693-beb2-d6ce3fdb5b9e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena tellinii is a medium size anuran that exhibits a dorsum that is nearly a uniform red-brown to red. More rarely, a vaguely defined dark mark may be present in the center of the back, manifesting more clearly in breeding males. The red back is distinctly separated from the belly by a dark band. There is a moderate sexual dimorphism with respect to size, with females being slightly larger than males. This anuran occurs in sub-Saharan savanna areas of Northern Africa with chief range from Ghana to the Central African Republic. Spawning usually occurs in very shallow waters near pond and shoreline edges.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1675 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 4ae8b2fe-c8ba-455a-8320-b7fd57c49cd5#biology c3499a0c-fdf9-4672-9121-b58e81590306 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena trinodis is a large, compact ranid frog exhibiting a pointed head. This anuran is distributed from Senegal to at least the central part of the Sahel, favoring arid to semi-arid savanna habitats and is notably present in the West Sudanian savanna ecoregion. This frog is generally brownish or grayish with black or dark brown spots present on dorsal ridges, flanks and the dorsum more widely; there is a moderate sexual dimorphism, with females slightly larger than males. breeding seems to commence at once upon the outset of rains, but in some locales may continue through the rainy season.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1664 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 2d9052d8-a5a8-46b7-ace0-d2ce9bff41eb#biology 0531d12f-d4a5-4459-a679-34387c906787 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tomopterna damarensis has a prominent inner metatarsal tubercle used for burrowing with the hind limbs, which is similar to all species of this genus. Most Tomopterna species are highly cryptic and can only be accurately identified with advertisement call or molecular data.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1696 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 ba9c72b0-7116-44b7-9530-673ac56d33f5#biology ad07e6ca-65ca-46b7-b192-9adfca5dbda7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tomopterna krugerensis has a prominent inner metatarsal tubercle used for burrowing with the hind limbs, which is found in all species of this genus. This species can identified by the double subarticular tubercles on the manual digits.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1703 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 bec5c4cf-3de2-4c5a-b7ff-c6320f80d401#biology 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tomopterna luganga is a medium-sized species (SVL< 55mm) of sand frog founded in central Tanzania. It has a prominent inner metatarsal tubercle used for burrowing with the hind limbs, which is found in all species of this genus. Species within the genus are highly cryptic and can only be accurately identified with advertisement call or molecular data.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 cb183f22-6fe9-4acf-bb94-d30a9c3580f5#biology 2b777e36-1e29-4a60-9d9d-20f61d9600ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Species within the genus are highly cryptic and can only be accurately identified with advertisement call or molecular data. Like all species of this genus, T. tuberculosa has a prominent inner metatarsal tubercle used for burrowing with the hind limbs.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1698 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 1c9f6838-617e-4a54-ab5b-bfded8663391#biology 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A small, green Hyperolius found around wetlands in the primarily forested highland areas of Tanzania and Malawi. Males have distinctive small black spines on their throats(Gular flap), and to a lesser extent stomachs and groins. Color patterns are predominantly green with either a white triangle on the snout and broken dorsolateral stripes or regular and clearly defined thin white or yellow canthal and dorsolateral lines extending back towards the groin. This species does not call and perches on tree branches and large leaves overhanging pools of water. Females lay egg masses on broad leaves overhanging water and return to water the masses for a series of days until the mass slides into the water as tadpoles.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lucinda Lawson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und b4178447-99c1-4644-b52d-b23ed2b34ca5 4b8e2f21-639a-4445-a842-1393662c8308#biology ce78969f-3b3e-4672-bc10-b6eee3f0dfd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a sylvicolous species from high altitudes in the Ethiopian mountains that is listed a Endangered. It has thick, glandular and deeply pitted skin on the back, as well as a prominent pale and dark longitudinal bands running down the back. It is assumed to be direct developer as other members of the Brevicipitidae family.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1191 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#biology 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is distinguished from other members of the genus on the basis of the degree of digital expansion. The species further differs from other members of the genus based on molecular sequence comparisons and on its call. The morphological variation in the new species is given below, including a comparison of similarities and differences in internal and external characters and sexual dimorphism with other species of Callulina. The conservation status of the species, on the basis of its restricted distribution and land use changes in the area, is considered to be of high concern.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 475d062b-cfe9-481e-9e27-0dd32cc02a9b#biology 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Species of this genus are known to exude a gummy substance from dermal glands when disturbed. Callulina kreffti Pupil is horizontal. The tongue is wide, elliptical, margin complete, free posterior. The tips of the fingers and toes are strongly broadened, similar to the genus Callula. The outer metatarsals are connected.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b822d27a-4ae9-4971-8d38-757966e33ea2#biology 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A large, stout, and robust Callulina. Snout-urostyle distance reaching 45.4 mm. Snout to urostyle - tibia ratio 33-37%. Tympanum absent. Toe and finger tips truncate. Dark brown dorsally, pale brown ventrally. Interocular band, often red, sometimes green, darkened in preservative. Subarticular tubercles of hands and feet prominent. Arms and legs show weak development of continuous glandular ridge.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 97fd2775-117f-45c4-9b64-5e9756d5d441#biology dd3c7a91-807e-411c-bb27-824f9cca9489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A large Callulina, snout-urostyle distance reaching 43.2 mm. Snout-tibia ratio 33-38%. Tympanum is absent. Toe and finger tips are truncate and not expanded. Subarticular tubercles of hands and feet are prominent. A coloured interocular band, usually darkened in preservative but pinkish/reddish in life, and a continuous enlarged glands on arms and legs are present.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1212 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f d76ee7fd-a74b-4151-8c9a-6c66e32cb581#biology bd3ccb09-7ea6-4ff7-a324-4bf84f5a6017 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A medium to large sized robust Callulina. Snout-urostyle distance reaching 42.5 mm, Snout-tibia ratio 0.33-0.39. Tympanum present but sometimes obscured by granular skin. Finger tips usually expanded, with the ratio between the width at first subarticular against width at distal phalanx 0.8-1.0. Subarticular tubercles of hands and feet prominent.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1208 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f e5a55413-7d56-4059-bab3-06497ff94906#biology 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tympanum is visible at least in adults, the tip of forth toe exceeds the tip of the snout, and the fifth toe is shorter than third. This species is viviparous.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 82a6a3c8-9490-487b-a5ad-d740cdeb0a20#biology 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. durirostris is a medium sized Probreviceps which can be easily distinguished from all other species by its markedly pointed snout, which is hardened white with ridges along the canthus to the apex of the snout, tympanum that is sexually dimorphic with respect to tympanum size, presence of finger ridging, although not as strongly as P. uluguruensis, vent that opens posteroventrally, and differing advertisement call from all other species recorded.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#biology und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 37573175-8891-4b6d-a857-fdf96e4469dd#conservation_status a762ece9-1e52-4d2d-b3a3-bd1aac1c1c66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Redlist categorizes this as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1694 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 0d1c59dd-9717-421b-9ad8-a67d2ee8785f#conservation_status 9db5f95c-90f7-4433-b0b4-636c12bef233 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. pusillus is a relatively abundant species. This species is protected in a number of established national and provincial conservation areas (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1419 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Alexander http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 17764dbe-e459-4b5b-b491-e4b0903d0845 1adc4698-bbec-4955-9b5d-364fb8800fdb#conservation_status 01104f83-1718-44f4-bc6c-37db9ad1b1ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although H. semidiscus is found in several established conservation areas, its restricted distribution makes it vulnerable to environmental change and it may require additional conservation measures for long-term survival (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1438 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Alexander http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 17764dbe-e459-4b5b-b491-e4b0903d0845 835005bf-3297-4550-ad49-beeacc3241c8#conservation_status baafdc58-a971-4dbe-9edb-8fb2b2a805fa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Stable populations of H. tuberilinguis occur in relatively altered environments such as golf courses and parks. The species is abundant and occurs in several established conservation areas (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1422 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Alexander http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 17764dbe-e459-4b5b-b491-e4b0903d0845 c7ba03dd-b399-4ee4-b2a6-bf6ba933474e#conservation_status dcac2756-77c5-4ed6-bc66-907bc45a19ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. rosei is not threatened at present. However, much of its habitat has been, and continues to be, destroyed by coastal and agricultural development and by the spread of invasive alien vegetation, especially Rooikrans Acacia cyclops. Given the species’ narrow distribution range, it is clear that its populations are vulnerable to fragmentation and local extinction (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1196 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 dfeaf9bc-e89a-4473-b9a0-1cbc6d7603a2#conservation_status 3217f09d-099c-4a82-b628-8d1a6b0a2715 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN lists this anuran as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is deemed by the IUCN as not likely to be declining sufficiently to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Schiøtz et al., 2009). However, the Angolan population is more precarious, since some consider the Angolan occurrences as disjunctive from each other and from the larger northerly populations. Furthermore, the prolonged strife in Angola has exacerbated habitat protection (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007) and the ability to properly survey the Angolan anuran populations.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1328 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 c06041ca-f07c-4e33-9091-cb30a4f1619d#conservation_status bfc463af-8a27-4c97-bda3-a1e74902decc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Listed as Endangered on the IUCN Redlist, chiefly due to its extent of occurrence (less than 5000 square kilometers and area of occupancy of less than 500 square kilometers), with all A. inyangae individuals sighted in fewer than five locations, and an ongoing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat (Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/766 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a0c28f8d-f303-490f-9ef3-ce34d3983e4b#conservation_status ed07be22-fa7e-4086-adf6-271b82229577 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietophrynus fuliginatus is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and a presumed large population (Tandy et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1232 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9a15338c-366a-467c-8add-8c5085d81cab#conservation_status faccb92b-26ed-4707-b6dc-64e908cf512f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. mauritanicus is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, by dent of its relatively broad distribution, tolerance of a gamut of habitats, presumed sizable population, and since it is unlikely to be declining in numbers to qualify it for listing in a more threatened category (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2009). The IUCN has asserted the population to be stable, but based upon steady elimination of breeding habitat from pressures of human population expansion in North Africa, the classification as of 2013 would better be described as declining.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1246 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3c206f6a-9ae4-461e-a517-f264f61de30d#conservation_status 345462df-7c3a-408b-8bdf-7e3723295948 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN has classified this species as Vulnerable [B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1], since the taxon's Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2 and its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat (Amiet & Gartshore, 2004). The species is regarded as uncommon, and its population is deemed to be declining.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1506 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a5adf8b8-da93-4b5a-bc19-190408f11dc6#conservation_status 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

All taxa of the genus are classified by the IUCN as Least Concern, except for the Near Threatened D. montalentii and the Critically Endangered D. nigriventer, the latter which was thought to be extinct up until rediscovery in 2012.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a62e27a9-29e7-47eb-94f5-06ea16f1ae39#conservation_status 2ca67d46-e3fa-4857-adc3-9554988e1ed3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

D. pictus is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN in view of its relatively broad distribution, tolerance of a gamut of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Bosch et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/914 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 776624a3-8716-407f-ae22-68461d550880#conservation_status 328c9e07-41c9-497a-a8a5-c5837e5f0576 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

D. scovazzi is listed as Least Concern (ver 3.1) in view of its rather broad distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Salvador et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/915 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3cbe395e-5e8d-4e28-b532-d625227909a4#conservation_status 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN lists H. darlingi in the classification of Least Concern in view of the species broad distribution, tolerance of a gamut of habitat types, presumed large population, and since the total population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Poynton & Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 84cec7f5-bd19-4c56-8ffe-b829d2ac1e87#conservation_status f1a79b5e-7d55-4d3b-a2c6-4cd3f7cadfef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. cystocandicans is classifed as Vulnerable by the IUCN (Vulnerable B1ab(v)), owing to its Extent of Occurrence being less than 20,000 km2. This anuran is known from fewer than ten locations, and there is continuing decline in the number of adults of the taxon within the Kenyan Highlands (Schiøtz et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1400 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9d3322f8-7de3-4a56-a2d2-6abd89ea0f86#conservation_status f628bf44-8f5d-4c41-ba0c-a4d1d6b45a17 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In 2004 the species was classified as Data Deficient (ver 3.1) by the IUCN due to the paucity of field observations (Schiøtz & Channing, 2004) However, it is likely that the taxon will qualify for some threatened status due to the minimal recording, and due to the general nature of the underlying habitat, since the human population is expanding, and not only are there minimal national protections for wildlife, but the entire region has been ravaged with warfare and neglect since 1974, including the ongoing legacy of prolific land mines (WWF & Hogan, 2007)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1468 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#conservation_status f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. varaldi has been classified as as Endangered (B2ab(iii) ver 3.1) by the IUCN since its Area of Occupancy is likely less than 500 square kilometers, and the species distribution is severely fragmented along the northwest Moroccan coastal zone; furthermore, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in Morocco, due to the growth of the human population and associated exploitation of the coastal zone (Salvatore et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1505 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 effc8efe-6221-4c13-bd5a-ea254a795297#conservation_status af585d2c-13fb-42a2-8564-319aea0daebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. beiranus has been listed by the IUCN as Least Concern because, although infrequently recorded, the taxon has a relatively wide distribution, and occurs in a region with extensive available habitats; furthermore, this anuran has a presumed large population, and is thought by the IUCN unlikely to be declining rapidly enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Tandy et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1269 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 53c24b42-3472-4a9c-9685-67e69d04d98f#conservation_status d21c45bd-39b1-4225-b6a8-0d0b622aca7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This anuran is classified as Data Deficient as its conservation status by the IUCN (Channing & Tandy, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1270 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5dd85029-956d-42f4-85aa-16bfe9de8a0d#conservation_status 85cb37e4-636b-491e-86d2-6cec918e976b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

As of 2004 the IUCN has classified P. vertebralis as a species of Least Concern (Least Concern ver 3.1); (Minter et al. 2004) however, the criteria utilized did not explicitly recognize the widespread destruction of habitat, the expanding human population and the degradation of surface waters in the Orange River watershed which have been occurring over the last quarter of the twentieth century to 2013. (Hogan. 2013)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1268 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 49231caa-4fba-445f-b82e-8fa1a478b60c#conservation_status 1a1268ea-1ab2-4140-90b0-90b2f5b25303 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. brongersmai is listed by the IUCN as Near Threatened since this species is probably in significant decline (at a likely rate of less than 30% over ten years) because of serious habitat degradation through most of its range, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable (Salvador et al. 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1273 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 4ae8b2fe-c8ba-455a-8320-b7fd57c49cd5#conservation_status c3499a0c-fdf9-4672-9121-b58e81590306 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. trinodis is listed by the IUCN as a taxon of Least Concern (ver 3.1) in view of a broad distribution, the species tolerance of a broad gamut of habitat types, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel & Amiet, 2009)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1664 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a19f73dc-cb76-4a4e-b470-92ceb9c3dcf8#conservation_status f9f62708-b6bb-4686-83da-3c7b3d825d5e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Redlist (2010) categorizes this species as Data Deficient because it is known only from type locality and there is lack ecent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1695 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ddd538e4-5e35-4479-ae68-d42a6d7e1b81#conservation_status cccdbd87-aa74-46db-b5e8-7a2cc67847aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Redlist (2010) categorizes this as Least Concern in view of its reasonably wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1709 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e27bc542-663e-48d4-a844-a5f9bd1f0037#conservation_status f0afda1f-70cf-4b2c-ad9b-d6e0dbaccf52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1138 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 be48850e-2ca4-4135-9ed5-4b8ab502372f#conservation_status dcb5b389-ce64-44d8-bd87-2e25287fcf99 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its very wide distribution, its tolerance of arid conditions, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1692 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 361e1652-f00d-4f92-b30f-f848a8b4ece3#conservation_status 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern “in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category” (Largen 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 5217ffdf-874f-474e-a0f7-ff466a7e4f74#conservation_status a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2004) categorizes this species as Critically Endangered because its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 10 square kilometers, it occurs in a single sub-population, and the extent of its habitat at Misahohé, the forest in Togo from which it was originally described, is probably declining (Rödel and Schiøtz 2004). Despite the recent rediscoveries of this species subsequent to this assessment (Kouamé et al. 2007, Hillers et al. 2009), the future of Conraua derooi remains very tenuous.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 d3eb8707-b1be-47d8-88ef-6642ece903eb#conservation_status 932d1ffd-244f-416d-a684-55e83b50d6e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. montanus occurs in relatively undisturbed montane habitat, and it is found within a number of protected areas. It is not threatened and is probably secure for the foreseeable future (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1204 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 8c637f28-66a8-4d27-a3ca-abdb723d6d25#conservation_status 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. laevis does not seem to be threatened in any part of its range. X. laevis is a highly invasive species, as is evidenced by the feral populations that have become established in many parts of the world (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 3487e7cf-bbef-4291-bed6-64d99ad20aaa 136e5186-c1e0-4ac7-b34d-cb80c9a7a593#conservation_status edb0773e-ec8b-412e-b1cb-dfd7a088d49b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red list categorizes this as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1697 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 047d1e9e-0b69-447d-ad52-51329329c2d7#conservation_status 80cec0d7-5fda-438d-af70-e6ecd09c9b57 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Redlist (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1693 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 cb183f22-6fe9-4acf-bb94-d30a9c3580f5#conservation_status 2b777e36-1e29-4a60-9d9d-20f61d9600ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Channing and Minter, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1698 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#conservation_status 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Based on these spatial estimates we applied the criteria set out by the IUCN for assessing the conservation status of species. The area of occupancy, consisting of eight severely fragmented locations, was estimated to be less than 10 km2. In addition, some of the forest fragments in which this species occurs are under severe pressure from an increasing local population who utilise forest products (both cutting sticks and collecting dead wood). Therefore, according to the IUCN criteria, the species conservation status is critically endangered (CR B1a, b (ii, iii)).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 27cc10e2-2fda-4e6d-adf2-2826d5d183b3#conservation_status ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Redlist (2010) categorizes this species as Endangered since it has an area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of less than 500km2, within which remaining habitat is severely fragmented and declining in both quality and overall area (Channing et al., 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 475d062b-cfe9-481e-9e27-0dd32cc02a9b#conservation_status 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Callulina kreffti is currently considered ‘Least Concern’ because of its seemingly wide distribution and tolerance to habitat modification; however, Loader et al. 2010 suggest changes. The IUCN rests their listing on the assumption that several populations outside of the East Usambara are referable to C. kreffti (e.g. Ukaguru, Nguu, Nguru, Uluguru, Mahenge and Udzungwa; IUCN, 2009). Based on the pattern of local endemism in Callulina revealed in this study, similar patterns in other amphibians (e.g. Blackburn, 2008), and other taxon groups (Stanley et al., 1998; Bowie et al., 2004; Fjeldså et al., 2006), this assumption must be questioned. Loader et al. (2010) recommend that Callulina occurring outside of the Usambara, Pare, and Taita Hills should, in the first instance, be considered Callulina sp. and not identifiable as a named species without careful consideration of morphological, molecular and/or acoustic data.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 82a6a3c8-9490-487b-a5ad-d740cdeb0a20#conservation_status 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, all individuals are in a single location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the Ukaguru Mountains.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f dcfbdd61-e55a-4c68-8e2f-74ee1cc303b7#conservation_status 31966cf5-acd6-48e8-9368-f4aa3ef431fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is listed as Least Concern in view of its reasonably wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1220 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f d284b7ea-912f-4541-ba74-473727460241#conservation_status c94a42a5-4a94-4200-b3e8-4250a6067713 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus intermedius is not currently included in the IUCN's Red List assessment of amphibian species. Following the IUCN (2001) criteria, this species should be recognized as Data Deficient because it is currently known from only three specimens collected at the type locality. Rödel et al. (2009) recommend that if the species cannot be recorded in further forests it should be classified as Critically Endangered because of the size of its range.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1531 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02816618-adc9-4f8a-9659-1bec3176673f#conservation_status eed8f395-72d0-43f9-8a00-c2f3368c1824 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN (2012) lists 25% of all Phrynobatrachus species as Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered. The majority are considered of Least Concern (42%), while a large number are considered Data Deficient (34%).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1028 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b1767341-bdff-4a19-bbe4-d1a8691ad3c6#conservation_status c728e8b9-371f-49b5-b5b5-1b0129a28fa1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this spcies as Near Threatened since although this species is still relatively widely distributed, it depends on areas of undisturbed forest habitat, and so its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km2, and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1532 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0068f38d-714a-4e7c-9b71-76a60a8e6ef6#conservation_status 107e8492-d6d4-40dc-8588-ce5ae820ff30 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1526 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ee51143e-8ebb-4d28-93e9-81f3f720b744#conservation_status 5b5590b6-c71f-452a-814d-9804cfd5a6e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Drewes et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1528 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00f6a751-9e85-4b2f-9d90-e785767ee5c6#conservation_status 8d2102a5-eba7-44dd-b2ce-5373bebc502d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1542 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0d77adc-c012-43a2-a772-dd0bc7394726#conservation_status 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 85fc8790-52c2-457f-8e4f-2126c06564b1#conservation_status aa5b9a99-f8ed-41cb-8eca-849b839bd183 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Largen et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1530 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 80eb7914-7bd8-4dbc-81f4-05bb438e0d46#conservation_status d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51526ed2-ca51-4ff5-90ec-16e9ae89df88#conservation_status 13890b85-01d3-45a9-8fad-266d50d401d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, all individuals are in fewer than five locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the Kenyan Highlands (Drewes et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1536 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3af821b8-aa5b-4a95-95a2-e2e569fe05cb#conservation_status fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel and Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef6cbd15-907e-498d-aee3-a4f3478bce05#conservation_status cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Moyer et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 24813f47-b493-48db-85bb-637f9aeafea7#conservation_status 8986d907-d4cd-4ec5-8d9c-6a871b166970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and the quality and extent of its forest habitat in the Albertine Rift is declining (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1595 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0828bc64-361a-4c27-a751-6d25ea1cbd50#conservation_status 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Amiet et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#conservation_status b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 958487a1-9fca-4f22-a425-fbc29e3e74e9#conservation_status 751cb310-d4f0-477a-8602-22f8bc34754d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1557 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 97f2ed0d-3c88-41da-a4c1-99d538248649#conservation_status b854003a-8e29-4cb0-95a7-777bda079229 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku is not currently included in the IUCN's Red List assessment of amphibian species. Following the IUCN (2001) criteria, this species would be recognized as Critically Endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 10 km2, its area of occupancy is less than 10 km2, all individuals are known from a single location in the high elevation grasslands near the summit of Mt. Oku, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat on Mt. Oku.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1591 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b5e56ae-affe-4a77-bdc2-1991fdefe6c3#conservation_status 43687184-84ff-4a1c-877d-3ec86a5673b6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has not yet been assessed by the IUCN, but Schick et al. (2010) suggest that it be categorized as Data Deficient due to the limited information available.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1578 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 16ed6290-6018-4310-ad67-2637ef4baef9#conservation_status 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern, because although its Extent of Occurrence is much less than 5,000 km2, it is an adaptable species occurring human-modified habitats as well as in forest (Drewes, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d13abef2-275a-4cde-8b11-ba64632879e3#conservation_status 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Even though this species is considered somewhat poorly known, the IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes it as Least Concern given its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and apparent adaptability to habitat change (i.e. occurrence in farm land). The assessment notes that it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 82be3e37-ffe2-433a-9b8b-2318405b34ed#conservation_status a0df547b-94ad-40bf-b514-cb5ba189158e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category, even though it is known mainly from isolated records from a large area (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1601 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e15fa537-a034-451c-82e6-a7795593bc9b#conservation_status caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0bbe384-2a2a-4dbb-b1d4-987b2b835149#conservation_status 268e04ea-0940-461f-b335-720360a16d37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainties as to its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Channing et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1605 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 94840559-5c8b-47ea-855c-09b1d51ee640#conservation_status 34920512-7018-4edc-a0d3-e23661a83ac0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1607 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fc12c2e7-a432-4661-a921-6331a2040690#conservation_status ad36a0c5-4d90-4ade-9761-1536ef76d516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is listed as Least Concern because it is common and adaptable, although its Extent of Occurrence is probably not much greater than 20,000 km2. It is locally common in suitable habitat, and can sometimes be found in large numbers (Largen, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat in the mountains of Cameroon and Nigeria (Amiet, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Msuya et al., 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Endangered, because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2 and its Area of Occupancy is less than 500 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the Usambara Mountains (Loader et al., 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Near Threatened since it depends on areas of reasonably undisturbed forest habitat, and so its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km2, even though although it is relatively widely distributed, and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining. These factors make the species close to qualifying for the status of Vulnerable (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Pickersgill and Channing, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Near Threatened because it depends on areas of reasonably undisturbed forest habitat, and so its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km2, even though it is still relatively widely distributed. In addition, the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable (Rödel, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Rödel, 2004)

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorized this species as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, all individuals are in a single location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the Ukaguru Mountains (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/888 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a3a7621-725d-446b-8f88-6a234cc4d087#conservation_status c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Largen, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a wide variety of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel et al., 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and the quality and extent of its forest habitat in the Eastern Arc Mountains is declining (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3a54247c-2c09-416a-a14e-2a727f28fa9b#conservation_status cccbd471-0b14-4e14-878b-6a419a1aeb68 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is categorized as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is probalby severely fragmented, and the quality and extent of its forest habitat in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea is declining (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1128 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e04e250-8a73-4a46-af1f-add88d0187a6#conservation_status 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Schiøtz et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 366bf196-b1e5-4cce-9d5b-3da3ed301635#conservation_status 8f12a24f-df5f-4923-8147-a968dcdcb167 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Endangered because the number of mature individuals is believed to have declined by more than 50% over the last three generations because of harvesting for food, and it is projected to decline by a similar amount over the next three generations. A generation is assumed to be approximately five years (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3c616620-bf16-4393-8210-8497b45821a6#conservation_status 4b5f3e54-b4a5-4372-8d20-953982015d52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Data Deficient since it has only recently been discovered, and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

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The species does not appear to be at risk since much of its habitat is used for game and cattle farming and is relatively undisturbed (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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This species is not yet listed by the IUCN Red List (19 May 2010). According to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria this species should be considered Critically Endangered (Baillie et al. 2004). This categorization is based on the fact that the extent of occurrence is less than 100 km² and the area of occupancy is less than 10 km². A population decline, by habitat loss and/or reduced habitat quality, can be inferred by the close proximity to Abidjan. If the records from Azagny and/or Taï National Park would be conspecific with M. cyanophthalma sp. nov., the species’ status should be changed to Endangered or Vulnerable, respectively.

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this spcies as Extinct in the Wild because no self-sustaining population exists in the wild, but the species survives in captivity (Channing et al., 2009).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, all individuals are in fewer than five locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat on the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Near Threatened since the species depends on streams in rainforest, and so its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km2, and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable (Rödel, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) considers this species to be Critically Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 100 km2, all individuals are in a single location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the Ukaguru Mountains.

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There appears to be no obvious decline in the extent of occurrence of B. pantherinus. However, urban development has resulted in permanent loss of habitat and the fragmentation of populations, especially on the Cape Peninsula and Cape Flats. In other areas, habitat degradation has affected habitat quality and led to a decline in population numbers (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Schiøtz et al., 2008).

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X. muelleri is not threatened, and does not warrant conservation action (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1627 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 3487e7cf-bbef-4291-bed6-64d99ad20aaa 2a9ba870-e145-414a-83c0-b7707f5a0d46#conservation_status d420b434-a08f-4212-8bb6-090ef218d160 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Critically Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 100 km2 and its Area of Occupancy is less than 10 km2, it is known from a single location, and the quality and extent of its habitat in the Udzungwa Mountains is declining (Mengon and Loader, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Critically Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 100 km2, all individuals are in a single location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the Ukaguru Mountains (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Data Deficient becausa it has only recently been discovered, and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and the quality and extent of its forest habitat in the Eastern Arc Mountains is declining (Loader et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dfc9ce18-866e-4bf3-8a9d-0cb6f588a2ef#conservation_status 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is listed as Critically Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 100 km2 and its Area of Occupancy is less than 10 km2, it is known from a single location, and the quality and extent of its habitat in the Udzungwa Mountains is declining (Menegon et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 50031fba-e4ce-4166-898d-89f2518e476e#conservation_status a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Near Threatened because its Extent of Occurrence is probably not much greater than 20,000 km2, and the extent and quality of its habitat is probably declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable (Amiet, 2004). This account only took into account populations within Cameroon.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#conservation_status 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, all individuals are in fewer than five locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in southern Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and northern Gabon (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is still very little known about its extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, status and ecological requirements (Pickersgill, 2008).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Amiet et al., 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Endangered because it is dependent upon primary forest near inselbergs, and so its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 500km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and the extent of its habitat is declining (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Pickersgill, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Amiet et al., 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat in the Albertine Rift Mountains (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

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The IUCN Redlist (2009) categorizes this species as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the in the mountains of Cameroon and Nigeria (Amiet and Gartshore, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

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This species is currently not assessed, but according to Blackburn (2010), it should be considered Data Deficient.

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern, because although its Extent of Occurrence is much less than 5,000 km2, it is an adaptable species occurring human-modified habitats as well as in forest (Drewes, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

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Phrynobatrachus maculiventris is not currently included in the IUCN's Red List assessment of amphibian species. However, P. maculiventris would be considered Vulnerable following the IUCN Red List categories and criteria because the extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, the area of occupancy is much less than 2,000 km2, less than 10 localities are known, and these localities and the presumed preferred habitat in the area is declining (Rödel et al., 2009).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Amiet, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Largen et al., 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Burger and Rödel, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Endangered because, although it can withstand a limited degree of habitat modification, its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it occurs in fewer than five locations, and the quality and extent of its forest habitat on Pemba is declining (Pickersgill and Howell, 2008).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, probable tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. It is noted that this species is known mainly from isolated records from a large area (Pickersgill, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

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Phrynobatrachus petropedetoides is not currently included in the IUCN's Red List assessment of amphibian species because they follow Drewes and Vindum (1994) and Vonesh (2001) in considering P. petropedetoides to be a synonym of P. dendrobates.

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Hillers, 2009).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Pickersgill and Howell, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1608 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c13191-5401-4e5f-b6ad-002fd3a552f9#conservation_status f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity, extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Mazibuko and Poynton, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categories this species as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, all individuals are in fewer than five locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.

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The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and the quality and extent of its forest habitat in the Nguu, Uluguru and Udzungwa Mountains is declining (Howell et al., 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat in the Albertine Rift Mountains (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2009) categorizes this species as Least Concern since, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Amiet, 2004).

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The IUCN Red List (2020) categories this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c9a48b-c603-4cac-811f-94c3a6760a82#conservation_status 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fbd93d8a-79d4-44f8-9976-7e4237aa439b#conservation_status 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Because of its striking colouration and appearance, P. bifasciatus is well known in the pet trade. It was imported into Germany before 1931 (Channing 2001) and is presently offered for sale on the internet. Nevertheless, the species is common throughout its range and occurs in a number of national parks and provincial nature reserves. It is not threatened and no additional conservation measures are needed (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be f2065449-641b-4e03-93f7-4c72305dee38#conservation_status 8a2284ea-a095-4fcd-9cb9-9cd0d3fbc0ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. wealii occurs in several provincial nature reserves and national parks, and is not threatened (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1499 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be 3808a61c-29a2-4d74-936f-3b05726af759#conservation_status f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Listed as Critically Endangered because its Area of Occupancy is less than 10 square kilometers, all individuals are in a single location, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, area of occupancy, number of locations, and number of mature individuals (Minter et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 83b31854-1dc3-4380-9f24-8161ea6faf7b#conservation_status ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Vulnerable because it is dependent on streams in rainforests, and so its area of occupancy is probably less than 2,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in West Africa (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#conservation_status b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2004) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 5d9372ad-6388-40f5-b297-36792dd304f5#conservation_status 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. gilli was included in the first South African Red Data book for amphibians, in the Rare category (McLachlan 1978). In the revision (Branch 1988), it was classified Endangered. Endangered status was retained in Harrison et al. (2001), based on an extent of occurrence <5000 km2, an area of occupancy <500 km2, a severely fragmented habitat, continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat and the number of locations/subpopulations and mature individuals. The species is legally protected by Nature Conservation Ordinance 19 of 1974, but is not listed by CITES (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#conservation_status b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2008) categorizes this species as Near Threatened because although the species appears not to be in decline, its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5000 km2, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 280daeba-c8db-4df6-835b-090e73b17bff#conservation_status 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2004) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Drewes and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 47edb759-ae01-4e4d-bbc1-aa8cc0ef60a7#conservation_status ee2daf70-7c9e-4d9b-be0e-1a47abc73509 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. rosei was previously listed as Rare (McLachlan 1978) and Endangered (Branch 1988). The species is now classified Critically Endangered (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1287 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 b1ad9a73-16f4-4046-bad5-6c0cdefeb7a1#conservation_status 2b2ffdfc-6ac6-4e9c-bfe0-3f321b58c118 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

M. capensis is southern Africa’s most threatened lowland amphibian. More than 80% of its habitat has been lost. Previously listed as Rare (McLachlan 1978) and Endangered (Branch 1988), Harrison et al. (2001) finds the species is now classified Critically Endangered (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/803 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 71c46580-5d7e-4169-bdf2-bf05d0d91f46#conservation_status 8bf8d12e-7003-4fc3-a21c-7abe0790e97f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is considered Data Deficient.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1198 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Andres Avila http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 69b1584c-05b9-4ac9-946b-8f6b562a641a 5ae20a6e-bdbd-4e39-8251-bb5b50182b65#conservation_status 2c976048-9c44-4ec4-ac0e-9ddd0a2bfb6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. vertebralis was previously classified Restricted (Branch 1988). It was subsequently discovered at a number of additional localities, especially in the highlands of Lesotho (Bates 2002), and it appears to be abundant in many parts of its range (e.g. Lambiris 1988b). The species was reassessed and assigned to the category of Least Concern (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/780 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 27db3800-7349-4d38-b83d-4ddc9a3ab278#conservation_status 839bfb09-5c00-4d08-af35-4f588109d3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Not considered at risk, P. fenoulheti is found widespread and the habitat appears to be well protected (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1271 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e d0c12303-ea07-42fc-883e-d396745b6479#conservation_status b8820aef-e547-491e-a133-b827e4997e6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. wageri is placed in the category Near Threatened (Harrison et al. 2001) because of its small extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, fragmented distribution, and an existing and projected decline in the extent and quality of its habitat over a large part of its range (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1681 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e a32a7ba5-2604-4eaa-8319-924be5b3664a#conservation_status 320d2999-9c01-4402-922d-2f6f045851f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Least concern: V. gariepensis has an extensive distribution range and is abundant, but some isolated populations may be speciating (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1276 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e e5a64369-a0bc-4e57-9aed-f3a622059d10#conservation_status e5885178-9364-44ad-9c4a-31317104f829 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

As this species occupies such a small area on Sagalla, and due to the problems with the spreading eucalyptus and ongoing soil erosion, this species is considered to be Critically Endangered (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/899 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 28eeff2c-e7c3-4aa6-b6e6-06a437054b3e#conservation_status 5354d848-787d-4d04-b9ab-fd88bc569080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In the description of this species, the authors (Bishop and Passmore 1993) recommended that it be classified Vulnerable. Harrison et al. (2001) indicated the species as Critically Endangered in view of its small area of occupancy (<10km2), rapid rate of habitat loss (>50% over the past 50 years) and an estimated global population size of less than 2500 individuals in six fragmented and isolated sub-populations (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/790 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 2767e4eb-eed6-4e3a-bf67-bd0e10d22cbd#conservation_status 57f07e11-60b0-49b7-aa66-eb4dc2d8f2e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. acuticeps is considered Least Concern. A major threat to this species is habitat loss through the drainage of wetlands for agricultural and urban development (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1385 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 4f690ef8-0add-4f43-ac5e-c86b14a988be#conservation_status d23ab9aa-7939-4b2a-a838-b5e13534b958 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. argus is considered to be of Least Concern. A major threat to H. argus is habitat loss through urbanization, water drainage and afforestation (Lambiris 1989; pers. obs.). H. argus is locally abundant and populations often consist of hundreds of individuals. The species occurs in several private and provincial nature reserves (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1384 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 4eccaa4a-a5b3-4f97-bcc7-e98cfec80827#conservation_status 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. marmoratus is widespread and locally abundant, and populations often consist of hundreds or even thousands of individuals. The major threat to this species is habitat loss through drainage of wetlands and afforestation (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 d674b475-2cdd-414d-ad53-2f2c37622e83#conservation_status 4832a5e9-d683-459c-9fe6-528b064a3d6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. pickersgilli has been listed as Rare (Branch 1988) and as Vulnerable (IUCN 2000). Its status was raised to Endangered in view of its small area of occupancy (<500 km2), severe fragmentation of its habitat, and evidence of a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, and number of locations (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1471 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 6dc452a9-e00d-4962-8f62-acc1807aab5f#conservation_status 1abc8823-1db1-48f4-84de-cfb182ecf756 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

K. cochranae is locally abundant and occurs in a number of protected areas. A major threat to this species is habitat loss through water drainage and afforestation (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1483 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 de87b70c-0d5c-409e-8925-cc8a9e8990e6#conservation_status 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Much of its habitat is well protected in cattle and game farming areas; consequently the species is not threatened (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce cc4837a1-7512-438f-8cdf-651d3f826970#conservation_status 052fc6db-e7ce-47c0-83f7-29b8755b2f19 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The natural habitat of H. natalensis, are mostly protected within remote wilderness areas. Afforestation with exotic trees, particularly in Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces, has substantially reduced the non-breeding habitat and caused perennial streams to dry up, effectively eliminating entire breeding populations in the process (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1281 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce d57f864e-7ecc-41b6-8751-ad7210f6d332#conservation_status 448ff954-ab4c-4bd1-aca4-9e7674e8512a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. orientalis occurs abundantly in forested ravines and gorges on the southern slopes of the eastern Langeberg Mountains and is under no threat. The species occurs in several private and public protected areas (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1283 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 033c0a58-5543-47b3-858d-7294f5c6f204#conservation_status 43e3607b-c011-4c9f-aba7-8c1dece09151 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. purcelli is not threatened. The species is widely distributed in the Western Cape mountains where most of its habitat enjoys some degree of protection (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1284 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 1ec31121-9ec7-4412-8e49-9e8a410c8de1#conservation_status 083af917-0509-4e40-aadb-51c633ed4741 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. regis is secure at present (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1286 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce da36af10-f123-427a-9f5b-986655fa9dc7#conservation_status 9ece6da5-5fe9-45c7-9880-1b4020309daf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. fasciatus is widespread and common and is not threatened (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1683 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce e86be902-d32d-4f4a-a686-cfcfb8e503a1#conservation_status 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

V. amatolicus is listed as Endangered due to its isolation and fragmented environment (Boycott 1988d; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce f252a8b6-fbc4-42f5-bea4-5ef5ab3d0699#conservation_status 851a8e65-74be-4757-9784-2dd8f067c3c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In the southern half of its range, certain parts of its habitat have been exploited for agriculture and development, but in general this species is not under threat (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1202 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a d8800187-1524-4a13-a270-192c731e2b41#conservation_status f624b0a5-84db-482c-95b6-1e5e09328021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. pardalis is assigned to the category Least Concern (Harrison et al. 2001; Minter et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1236 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 d00052a9-5d6f-44fb-9679-fa31c5d1d058#conservation_status 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. rattrayi is here classified as Endangered owing to its limited and severely fragmented distribution (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 824dc7e2-1253-4ea1-b735-3308308fd183#conservation_status 139776c3-bfe7-4240-b5ca-04b1b4a534be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although B. fuscus has a relatively restricted distribution range, it appears not to be of conservation concern.

Over-utilization of indigenous forests and the creation of exotic timber plantations, during the past century or more, undoubtedly impacted on some populations, but the species is still abundant at several localities. It is known from the following protected areas: Tsitsikamma National Park Outeniqua Conservation Area, Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve and Marloth Nature Reserve (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1203 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 9709f330-7089-4607-9e3e-d8f837ad7f6f#conservation_status 9b25d1d1-8b33-45e6-891d-8efa0859d4b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It was previously listed as Rare (McLachlan 1978), Restricted (Lambiris 1988) and Vulnerable (IUCN 2000), however L. xenodactylus is now classified Endangered (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1156 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 668ccfcb-a382-4309-b6f3-605327e12ff3#conservation_status 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found in many protected areas. Localized threats include acid pollution from old gold-mine dumps. A. angolensis is not generally threatened (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 ce5b92bc-27b5-4a37-b9bf-bc7fb4134e71#conservation_status 03a0670d-fd3b-4f47-aa26-4779d5a8cb50 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. dracomontana is not threatened (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/767 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 d01a9b58-6bd7-4b7e-9d8b-f6d685df97e9#conservation_status cc6337c7-19c4-4f76-a575-67451791412f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This widespread species is not threatened and no special conservation measures are needed (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/774 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 7554efeb-61d6-4b53-9456-1457894bc589#conservation_status 9e6241db-9d3c-47c8-89b5-07efc187892a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Harrison et al. (2001) found that A. vandijki is classified as Data Deficient (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/776 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 71a5bbef-1a93-4d7d-88ca-4c111b5e321d#conservation_status 2fc2dcfc-bb7a-4631-bac4-608656506f09 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. hewitti has a relatively wide extent of occurrence in KwaZulu-Natal. Much of its range at higher altitudes is protected. Presently, it does not appear to require any special conservation action (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/782 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 cb37f73b-db34-4c79-a4db-13abac4162c2#conservation_status c78a5d70-e262-43f7-87f8-1c63e7176400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. bicolor is relatively widespread, occurs in several large protected areas and is in no need of special conservation action (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/787 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 6d1a7a9b-606c-4d7c-a090-849f2ab56d90#conservation_status d62c945f-2d69-4305-a569-68a643bfbee4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species was previously classified Near Threatened (Harrison et al. 2001), but this has been revised to Data Deficient (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/788 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 4914ac16-025c-4677-af21-f485a3bee639#conservation_status 6aa45b8f-b0c8-4f5a-8fba-4cf4ee3b8d44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Harrison et al. (2001) found that although the limited area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of this species seem to warrant a higher category of threat, major declines are not anticipated because the species occurs in generally rugged and inaccessible terrain, and the known populations are not severely fragmented. The species was therefore classified Near Threatened (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/786 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 b4124746-e0c5-4a56-91ba-c16577df15f5#conservation_status a3d864ed-e1c0-4edc-a5ea-2f99106acbec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Major declines are not expected, and the species was therefore classified Near Threatened (Harrison et al. 2001). While the species is not considered to be under immediate threat, appropriate conservation management practices are necessary to ensure its continued survival (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/785 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 086a0a9b-8dec-4702-b7f1-57b766687a67#conservation_status 2915fe66-f2a2-4427-a09e-9f300ed0323f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. villiersi is relatively widespread and often numerous. A large proportion of its habitat falls within protected areas, both statutory and private. The species does not need special conservation action (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/789 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 db2c9dc3-b425-46d7-b821-9e930a685b0b#conservation_status 6bb364d7-bb7b-4f99-864f-6d71bb896c49 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This successful and widespread species is not in need of special conservation measures (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1569 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 d5e89947-bde9-4ec6-92d6-19050a7dfb69#conservation_status 6ee0efb7-057b-40a4-8950-e0d53751cfc9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The distribution of P. annectens is mainly extralimital and it occurs in many protected areas in Namibia and Angola. In South Africa the habitat occupied by P. annectens is not heavily exploited, hence the species is not classified as threatened. However, quarrying and mining lead to the pollution of surface water by fuels and lubricants used to run and maintain heavy machinery, and this will affect local populations (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1500 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9e76eea8-935b-42c1-ab23-d793796ecc64#conservation_status 7d79febc-c73d-4793-a98b-492f8215ca6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Harrison et al. (2001) assigned P. paludicola to the category Near Threatened (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1680 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 5370ee49-d186-4b0a-81fd-91804b5e5520#conservation_status 4a150e3a-61ba-4e4b-8f99-b8f97f336043 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This widespread and abundant species is not threatened or in need of specific conservation action (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1684 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 08863587-a1c0-4463-89ed-822390016963#conservation_status 66a08355-5ce1-4d77-a208-35926b1c78ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. springbokensis was assigned to the category Data Deficient (Harrison et al. 2001) but was subsequently reassessed and raised to Vulnerable (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1690 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 7686900a-c334-4cc0-8e5f-9d1109172fcb#conservation_status ad07e6ca-65ca-46b7-b192-9adfca5dbda7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This widespread species is abundant and not in need of conservation action (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1703 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 424cf47b-da45-48d5-8d36-44051fa7ef2c#conservation_status a057293a-229b-4a37-ab14-28ab15233048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

T. tandyi appears to be a widespread and common species that does not require conservation action (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1700 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 29a3b811-d9c2-4278-8238-3be6ab7c9bf1#conservation_status 00b9c2c9-9401-49e5-9c57-cb641ce1d9f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is widespread and common and does not require specific conservation action (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1075 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9c4254bf-0ec2-4811-977a-a6bb7ab43aca#conservation_status da8f2e5e-30b2-482e-80df-2dfe47dcb9b3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although A. wahlbergi is not classified as threatened, in places its habitat is under pressure from housing development and the clearing of bush for agriculture. More detailed distribution information is needed to evaluate the species’ local conservation status (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1062 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 6dabfd9a-f186-47d4-87e2-7b446bed9247#conservation_status bcd4388b-a6a2-48a5-a31f-dec6d15f0c0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. rangeri occurs in a number of conservation areas. Although the species is secure in most places, populations along the northeastern escarpment appear to be declining (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1258 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Cunningham http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 9a537bdb-8b9e-4a70-8f07-3ee21eec79e0 58bb65d1-05f8-48d7-add0-65da3e51ef6c#conservation_status e22be30e-1a0c-4fed-b68c-f6e43d69722b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The habitat of V. angusticeps is fragmented among large areas of coastal sand flats and montane isolates, and has declined in abundance due to development of the coastal flats and drainage of seasonally inundated wetlands. It has been estimated that these threats have resulted in a greater than 50% reduction in the abundance of V. angusticeps over the past century (Harrison et al. 2001). In the past 20 years, the species has virtually disappeared from sites where it was formerly abundant, such as Rondebosch Common in Cape Town (Rose 1929) and the Jan Marais Municipal Nature Reserve in Stellenbosch (E. van Dijk pers. comm.; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

Nevertheless, this species still has a relatively large extent of occurrence and area of occupancy away from urban centres, and is present in large protected areas such as Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, De Hoop Nature Reserve and Cape Peninsula National Park. Hence, B. angusticeps was assigned to the category Least Concern (Harrison et al. 2001). Its conservation status will require reassessment once the taxonomic status of inland and montane populations have been determined (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1277 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Cunningham http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 9a537bdb-8b9e-4a70-8f07-3ee21eec79e0 96d6b5e5-595b-483a-a3e5-987e9388f079#conservation_status 3974b9fb-cd90-46f7-93de-d6faff8b6f59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is not believed to be threatened, and no special conservation action is recommended (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/775 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 ae6456c2-2b8f-44c1-ab71-0f065e0e07e9#conservation_status d3318857-5abe-4b77-975a-cd7f6952b0b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was previously listed as Rare (McLachlan 1978), and Restricted (Branch 1988), and Harrison et al. (2001) currently listed this species as Vulnerable (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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C. rosei was previously listed as Restricted (Branch 1988) and is presently listed as Vulnerable (Harrison et al. 2001). The species has a restricted and fragmented distribution (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1265 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#conservation_status d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and the quality and extent of its forest habitat in the Eastern Arc Mountains is declining (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ea81f25e-2f78-426d-afe3-4746ce1c96f9#conservation_status cea0ab91-8d10-49bc-8b4e-8266b6b2a6b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2004) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its very wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1648 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe c2a256de-a5e7-418d-a5a7-b3445f30767d#conservation_status 1852a73d-46b7-498f-8f79-b5eb55136c1f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Harrison et al. (2001) suggest that in view of its restricted distribution (area of occupancy = 11–500 km2) and rate of habitat loss (>50% in the past 100 years), it has been accorded Endangered status (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/804 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be 805c5295-8289-4ac5-91f3-0995eb2b2af1#conservation_status 7d8799f5-92d4-40f6-91a7-c604e59d93ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2004) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1661 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe af525338-031a-4bce-9d8f-d3205ddec0ee#conservation_status 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2004) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainties as to its taxonomic status, extent of occurrence and ecological requirements (Largen and Howell, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#conservation_status f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2004) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#conservation_status b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2004) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Channing and Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f01ed2e3-d4d3-4571-a012-d7e87e1de8ea#conservation_status 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2008) categorizes this species as Data Deficient in view of continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity, extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements (Schiøtz, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#conservation_status f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN Red List (2008) categorizes this species as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, has a presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1d066423-75cf-451f-aa2e-6fb57e4cfef6#conservation_status 10baa8ec-5aec-4782-b116-7a5f514ec639 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is widely distributed in a variety of habitats and does not appear to be at risk. It occurs in a number of provincial nature reserves and national parks (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1200 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#conservationstatus und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 737042da-ef06-41ea-80c1-d0951ac5250c#conservation_status d9275a58-df60-448c-b94a-9863bfd38758 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. sopranus is a recently described species (Minter 2003). Since the distribution and biology of this species are poorly known, an accurate assessment of its conservation status is not possible at present. It is therefore assigned to the category “Data Deficient” (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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B. sylvestris was not listed in earlier South African Red Data books (McLachlan 1978; Branch 1988) but was listed as Near Threatened by Harrison et al. (2001). Reassessment has placed it in the Vulnerable category based on the species’ severely fragmented and restricted distribution (area of occupancy: 501–2000 km), rate of habitat loss (>20% in the last 50 years) and predicted population decline (>20% in the next 30 years) (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Bates (1995) reports that B. verrucosus is widely distributed in a variety of habitats and does not appear to be at risk. It occurs in a number of provincial nature reserves and in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Branch (1988) assigned C. poyntoni to the category “Indeterminate”, i.e. “Taxa that are suspected of being endangered, vulnerable, or rare but for which insufficient information is currently available” (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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The species does not appear to be at risk, as much of its habitat is used for game and cattle farming and is relatively undisturbed. It occurs in a number of provincial nature reserves and national parks (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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P. uzungwensis has an extremely peripheral distribution and is known from only a few localities. It is threatened by habitat loss from afforestation and other agricultural activities (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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The few known populations of C. karooicum do not appear to be facing any immediate or foreseeable threats to their survival (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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C. namaquense does not appear to be threatened. It is known to occur in two protected areas: the Richtersveld Contractual National Park and the Goegap Nature Reserve (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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C. nanum is one of the most common frogs in its range and, in the wet season, it can be heard calling from almost every rut, drainage ditch and small pond. It is known from many protected areas and is not threatened (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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The species is locally abundant, and is not threatened or in immediate need of conservation action (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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This species status is listed as Data Deficient (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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A. garmani has a Least Concern status, it is widespread and it is possible that its range has been expanding as a result of the construction of watering holes for livestock (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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It occurs in several protected areas (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

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All known specimens of this species were collected from the Ankasa Reserve. This reserve is divided into two: the Ankasa Resource Reserve and the Nini-Suhien National Park, collectively called the Ankasa Conservation Area. The two types have been collected in the swamps of the Resource Reserve (Rödel et al., 2009)

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It occurs in Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) and the Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire; Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

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It has not been recorded from any protected areas (Channing, 2004).

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It occurs in Kibale and Bwindi National Parks in Uganda and Kakamega National Park in Kenya (Drewes et al., 2004).

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It has not been recorded from any protected areas (Pickersgill, 2004).

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It occurs in Taï National Park and Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

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It occurs in the Bale Mountains National Park in Ethiopia, and probably in several other protected areas (Largen et al., 2004).

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According to Rödel and Schiøtz (2004), it occurs in many protected areas.

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This species has not been recorded from Mount Kenya and the Aberdares National Parks; however, it is possible that it does occur in these protected areas (Drewes et al., 2004).

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It occurs in many protected areas (Rödel and Amiet, 2004).

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It has been recorded from the Kakum National Park in Ghana, and it is probably present in several other protected areas (Amiet et al., 2004).

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It occurs in a number of protected areas within its large range (Amiet et al., 2004).

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It occurs in Taï National Park and the Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

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It occurs in many protected areas (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

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Few portions of highlands of western Cameroon are under formal protected status at the national level (Bergl et al., 2007). Some highland habitats, such as forests on Mt Oku, are delineated well and have some protection from local traditional rulers, but people often ignore local laws. Zimkus (2009) reports that if conservation of unique taxa with smaller ranges is a priority, then the mid-highlands, including Mt Manengouba, the Bamenda-Banso Highlands, and specifically Mt Oku, should be the focus of conservation efforts.

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A conservation project has been conducted on Mount Oku for several years by BirdLife International, involving community management of the area by local villages. This project needs to take into account the conservation needs of Phrynobatrachus steindachneri. The species might also occur in the Bafut-Ngemba Forest Reserve (Amiet, 2004).

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It occurs in Mulenge Forest Reserve, and it is also likely to occur in Nyika National Park (Channing et al., 2004).

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It occurs in Garamba National Park (Pickersgill, 2004).

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It occurs within Korup National Park of Cameroon and Monte Alen National Park of Equatorial Guinea (Amiet, 2004).

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It is not known from any protected areas (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

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It occurs in Taï National Park (Rödel, 2004)

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It probably occurs in all of the forested protected areas within its range (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

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This species occurs in Matipa Forest Reserve in the Misuku Mountains of Malawi (Mazibuko and Poynton, 2004).

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This species occurs in the Mount Kenya, Aberdares and Arusha National Parks (Msuya et al., 2004).

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It occurs in Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire), the Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire), Kakoum National Park (Ghana), and in several other protected areas (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

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It occurs in several protected areas, including Taï National Park, Mont Péko National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) and the Mount Nimba World Heritage Site located on the borders of Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d’Ivoire (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1580 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 58b7f558-aed8-4e39-a9fe-bca3bd151974#management cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the Arabuko-Sokoke National Park. Jozani Forest is within the Proposed Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park. Both of these areas need increased protection. Surveys are needed to determine whether or not this species survives at any other sites (Pickersgill, 2008)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8878d0c6-6942-4520-9b12-4b89004aab70#management 74ddd2ce-78a7-4da4-a35a-34d15b86f275 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the Mamiwa-Kisara Forest Reserve. The extent of its distribution within the Ukaguru Mountains needs to be assessed (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/888 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a3a7621-725d-446b-8f88-6a234cc4d087#management c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is not known from any protected areas (Largen, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1296 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f40f0126-0086-4152-848b-81bc662c830c#management 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the Udzungwa National Park and the Amani Nature Reserve (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c92b4b0f-1984-4de6-96c2-fc5de89c89e5#management 0aea4d97-d8c1-4663-ade0-0ef321127453 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species does not appear to require any special conservation action at present (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1189 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3a54247c-2c09-416a-a14e-2a727f28fa9b#management cccbd471-0b14-4e14-878b-6a419a1aeb68 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is not known from any protected areas, though it might occur in Campo-Ma'an National Park. There is a need for improved habitat protection at sites at where the species is known to occur (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1128 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 366bf196-b1e5-4cce-9d5b-3da3ed301635#management 8f12a24f-df5f-4923-8147-a968dcdcb167 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It presumably occurs in several protected areas, and is confirmed from Monte Alen National Park in Equatorial Guinea. Measures are needed to work with local communities to manage the harvest at sustainable levels. A captive-breeding programme should be considered (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3c616620-bf16-4393-8210-8497b45821a6#management 4b5f3e54-b4a5-4372-8d20-953982015d52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Uluguru South Forest Reserve is the only protected area that this species is known from so far, but this area is not generally managed for biodiversity conservation (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/892 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 870d41e8-99a7-4832-acb3-aee9bb63c95e#management 409af6f0-c2a2-4da8-81b5-6efad0a2fa5e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is not known from any protected areas; conservation areas are needed within the range of the species (Minter et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1193 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44a7b114-1d04-4d04-8b8a-a5b963b9b5b6#management d63fde15-3f27-48a2-8d75-190e64b00e92 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is likely extinct in the wild, with the last confirmed sighting in 2005. The small area of habitat used by the toads was severely altered by the construction of a dam on the Kihansi River as part of the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project (see Threats). A fungal pathogen, chytridiomycosis is also thought to have contributed to the ultimate population crash. Some toads were collected from the wild population and are now housed at captive breeding facilities in the Toledo and Bronx Zoos (Harper et al., 2010). The captive populations have fluctuated as husbandry problems have been encountered and addressed (animals were initially plagued with various infections and nutritional deficiencies); ex situ colonies were comprised of a total of 460 individuals on February 12, 2007 (CBSG, 2007). Reintroduction efforts should be preceded by an assessment of the species' habitat status and efficiency/operationality of the artificial sprinkler system currently in place. Breeding facilities for this species are also currently being developed in Tanzania (Harper et al., 2010). This species was not known from any protected areas (Channing et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/889 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6bf3773a-91e4-41b8-9f9a-b10f3bf48833#management b9b20f5d-8490-4814-9284-ae7b56ac01ca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in a few protected areas, including Mont Sangbe National Park in Côte d’Ivoire (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1523 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#management 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in Monte Alen National Park in Equatorial Guinea and Monts de Cristal National Park in Gabon; it may occur in Campo Ma'an National Park in Cameroon (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1522 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef6cbd15-907e-498d-aee3-a4f3478bce05#management cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is present in the Ruaha, Tarangire, Serengeti and Rubobo Island National Parks (Moyer et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a394f79e-79e0-4482-9979-cd6512a3645f#management 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Surveys are needed to determine its distribution, ecological requirements and conservation needs. It is not known from any protected areas, though it could occur in the Udzungwa National Park (Pickersgill, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 79776144-f7bb-4459-84e3-f84a2777dcfa#management 1641854e-2440-4c74-af07-5770105722af http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the Mamiwa-Kisara Forest Reserve. Further survey work is required to determine the biology and population status and trends of this species and the limits of its range (Howell and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/866 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a87ad317-2968-425f-bcca-aebaa15931d5#management 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It might occur in the Udzungwa National Park, but there have not yet been any confirmed records (Schiøtz et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f28b0208-84be-48d5-8535-a490421bc1ef#management 1935ba6e-54eb-436b-ad5c-d685d34899c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although this toad occurs in some of the protected nature areas within its range, these generally lack suitable breeding habitat. In fact, most of the protected areas in the southwestern Western Cape Province are located in montane areas, while probably >80% of B. pantherinus breeding habitat is situated lower down in unprotected areas. Zandvlei Nature Reserve (including
the adjoining Westlake Wetland Conservation Area) is one protected area with good breeding habitat. Other statutory conservation areas that provide breeding habitat include Rondevlei and Zeekoevlei nature reserves and Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve (northern limits), but the quality of this habitat is unknown (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1238 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 549794e1-29a4-41c6-9e76-9089f2d65530#management f5d67cde-bf6e-46d8-a75f-7b1fa09ef002 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the Uluguru North Forest Reserve, but this area is not generally managed for biodiversity conservation and is in need of improved management. Further survey work is needed to determine the current population status of this species (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/893 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a9ba870-e145-414a-83c0-b7707f5a0d46#management d420b434-a08f-4212-8bb6-090ef218d160 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, but not in any well-protected areas. The population status and trends of this species require monitoring (Mengon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/886 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 66682645-7d33-417c-a1e2-f74e9f6de828#management 5114252b-5513-4abe-a3c7-33e712cd8b7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the Mamiwa-Kisara North Forest Reserve. The extent of its distribution within the Ukaguru Mountains needs to be assessed (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/885 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6d617c9f-a318-46c6-b61d-df5ebbfc3890#management fdb4232c-4b31-4e06-8736-9962a1e5720d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amani Nature Reserve is currently the only protected area in which it is known to occur (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/881 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 421eb40a-c4f8-44cf-9067-5831e7475042#management 5c0c371f-0c6f-4997-858d-0f26aed1c6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in many protected areas (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/714 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1a681156-bf42-4c17-a229-42f906103609#management 083af917-0509-4e40-aadb-51c633ed4741 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species’ habitat is relatively well protected in several private and public protected areas (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1286 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e04e250-8a73-4a46-af1f-add88d0187a6#management 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It probably occurs in several protected areas, including Mikumi National Park in Tanzania (Schiøtz et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cbd8b4dc-9340-4de7-96ff-aa2886c8c4e8#management 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the University of Dar es Salaam's forest reserve at Mazumbai, but additional protection of the habitat in the West Usambara Mountains is needed (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1affad54-0f22-4c22-952d-d0f15dcd5828#management 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in several forest reserves, but has not been found in any well-protected area. It might occur in the Udzungwa National Park, but has thus far not been recorded (Loader et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dfc9ce18-866e-4bf3-8a9d-0cb6f588a2ef#management 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, but not in any well-protected areas. The population status and trends of this species require monitoring. It is listed on CITES Appendix I (Menegon et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 50031fba-e4ce-4166-898d-89f2518e476e#management a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in Korup National Park, and possibly in a few other protected areas (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 24813f47-b493-48db-85bb-637f9aeafea7#management 8986d907-d4cd-4ec5-8d9c-6a871b166970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the Virunga National Park within Democratic Republic of Congo and the Volcanoes National Park within Rwanda. However, the quality of habitat in these protected areas has declined due to the influx and settlement of refugees as a result of regional political instability (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1595 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02be8d1b-fd88-401a-b417-c185d1b488e6#management c8f9e655-dc5e-4c7c-9b89-209e45ea0791 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is not known from any protected areas (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1555 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b167cc25-b9ea-4b64-a478-17db5d5d9c50#management 052e5310-cb87-43a9-a0ba-6448de19f762 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It has not been recorded in any protected areas (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1564 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3f5af35e-71a7-4fec-a310-119c1aff9b14#management 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in several protected areas, including Korup National Park in Cameroon, Monte Alen National Park in Equatorial Guinea, Moukalaba-Dougoua Faunal Reserve in Gabon, and Dzanga-Ndoki National Park in Central African Republic (Amiet et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 baa1d954-57a0-4305-83e2-12922ddcdd14#management 6e284a6d-7f0a-41bf-b607-255866ae0c63 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It has apparently been recorded from the Nyungwe National Park in Rwanda and the Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and is known to occur in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park. However, the effectiveness of the conservation of these areas is probably compromised by the unstable political situation within its range. There is a need for further survey work in this region to better determine the distribution and current population status of this species (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1574 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7ce8847-5a3a-428c-879b-f03473ed987a#management 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in Korup National Park (Cameroon), Lope-Okanda Faunal Reserve within the Petit Loango National Park (Gabon), and presumably in several other protected areas (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7e6c7d0b-4039-4cc4-9c74-100ba99a3bd9#management 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the Cross River National Park in Nigeria. There is a need for improved habitat protection of montane forest habitats in Cameroon (Amiet and Gartshore, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3949b720-f3e8-4d4d-8d0a-2c30d5f4bd3f#management f6b6b38a-b52d-4de2-85d1-1720e16124e2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is not known from any protected areas (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1543 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5c66f737-5a2d-4c94-9b72-f37c0dd25704#management 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is present in Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Bwindi National Park in Uganda, Ruwenzori National Park in Uganda, and Kibale National Park in Uganda (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef495710-c5dd-4410-8fed-7841e2804d30#management 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is not known from any protected areas (Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f4f839ba-f3c3-4df7-88bc-9d9172883765#management 3aa3fd2c-87fb-4cca-9fe3-500133cf3507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in many protected areas (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1540 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 31156049-076b-4e88-98bb-f0de189a7779#management ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in several forest reserves, including the Amani Nature Reserve and the University of Dar es Salaam's nature reserve at Mazumbai. There is a need for improved management and protection of forest reserves in the Usambara Mountains (Loader et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#management dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in many protected areas (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 16ed6290-6018-4310-ad67-2637ef4baef9#management 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the Obo National Park (Drewes, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44167320-d7b8-413a-bf8e-fb776a637cf6#management a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Few portions of highlands of western Cameroon are under formal protected status at the national level (Bergl et al., 2007). Some highland habitats, such as forests on Mt Oku, are delineated well and have some protection from local traditional rulers, but people often ignore local laws. Zimkus (2009) reports that if conservation of unique taxa with smaller ranges is a priority, then the mid-highlands, including Mt Manengouba, the Bamenda-Banso Highlands, and specifically Mt Oku, should be the focus of conservation efforts.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b76b6209-6b80-4e37-a8cb-d0d2627fb34b#management f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the Bale Mountains National Park in Ethiopia, and probably in several other protected areas (Largen et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3b5c263f-ab70-4773-b0a9-9297dc062cef#management 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in many protected areas (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a83db5db-bd48-4779-9e0d-9602fff9ae7d#management 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the Ngezi Forest Reserve, which was established in northwest Pemba in the 1950s to save one of the last remaining stands of indigenous forest and covers 1440 hectares. The protecion of this forest is essential to the long-term survival of this species (Pickersgill and Howell, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ca07d98f-ba74-4d91-bdd3-419182822f97#management 8c23a261-06b0-4171-841f-a75b6370c029 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in Garamba National Park (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1561 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8298682f-c627-4fd0-bd63-75d043d488c2#management 9c528af0-017d-4c79-aec9-c4eb755372a6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in many protected areas (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1562 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4443e716-0aa5-4304-808a-5f3feb5d1300#management 07286bb6-00b0-4bbe-9180-d6a8ca553d40 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in a number of protected areas (Pickersgill and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1560 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 da405e57-2e2c-4a4c-97cc-afa2868395fd#management b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in several protected areas, including Tai, Banco, Mont Péko, Mont Sangbé and Kyabobo National Parks, and Haute Dodo Classified Forest (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 33b6578b-bc10-4703-9864-d92a86b1e13b#management 57ab534d-f71a-4278-b62d-0a2b772a1026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the Upemba National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo), and presumably in several other protected areas (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1547 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5f7c3079-7141-4199-8212-7d98415d2704#management 7f95029a-c6fd-4267-b367-1203696bda0d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the Udzungwa National Park and in the Uluguru North Forest Reserve (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1588 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7a8605e5-3819-4880-9b5c-ddd58d755434#management cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It has been recorded from Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kibale National Park in Uganda, and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0375a4de-9aff-43dc-81c2-6adcd2292a04#management 5e0a7b2f-882c-40ea-863f-1d0814b8dff7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in several protected areas including Taï National Park, Haute Dodo Classified Forest, and Banco National Park in Côte d'Ivoire, and Kakoum National Park in Ghana (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1594 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e36cb55-d8c6-483a-a1cc-38ebd0baa659#management 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It may occur in the Bafut-Ngemba Forest Reserve (Amiet, 2004).

Few portions of highlands of western Cameroon are under formal protected status at the national level (Bergl et al., 2007). Some highland habitats, such as forests on Mt Oku, are delineated well and have some protection from local traditional rulers, but people often ignore local laws. Zimkus (2009) reports that if conservation of unique taxa with smaller ranges is a priority, then the mid-highlands, including Mt Manengouba, the Bamenda-Banso Highlands, and specifically Mt Oku, should be the focus of conservation efforts.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0956b6b0-79be-4213-95ed-3810c205702a#management 13ec6613-454f-47f4-8495-617af76e002d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is present in the Mount Nimba World Heritage Site, and it presumably occurs in several other protected areas (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#management f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in several protected areas (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe b59aa922-9aa0-4ec1-9231-43bc74a7d439#management 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in many protected areas (Poynton et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 805c5295-8289-4ac5-91f3-0995eb2b2af1#management 7d8799f5-92d4-40f6-91a7-c604e59d93ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in several protected areas (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1661 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe ea81f25e-2f78-426d-afe3-4746ce1c96f9#management cea0ab91-8d10-49bc-8b4e-8266b6b2a6b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in many protected areas (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1648 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 83b31854-1dc3-4380-9f24-8161ea6faf7b#management ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in several protected areas, including Pic de Fon Classified Forest (Guinea), Haute Dodo Classified Forest and Mont Sangbe National Park (Côte d'Ivoire), and the Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (Liberia and Guinea; Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 361e1652-f00d-4f92-b30f-f848a8b4ece3#management 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has not been documented from any protected areas (Largen 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 5217ffdf-874f-474e-a0f7-ff466a7e4f74#management a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

According to the IUCN Red List (2004), “there are some small protected areas within the range of the species, including Kiabobo National Park in Ghana, but it has not been confirmed from any of these. Improved protection and maintenance of the remaining habitat in the range of the species is recommended. Surveys are urgently needed to determine whether or not this species survives. Captive breeding might need to be considered” (Rödel and Schiøtz 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 dfeaf9bc-e89a-4473-b9a0-1cbc6d7603a2#management 3217f09d-099c-4a82-b628-8d1a6b0a2715 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This anuran is found in the protected area of Kyabobo National Park (Leaché et al. 2006) within the Togo Hills of Ghana. The species is likely to occur in other protected areas, but no protected areas in Angola are thought to be applicable due to the protracted military actions and instability in that country starting in 1974.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1328 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 02a71423-1eb5-4bfe-a025-4743ed593673#management 49052df3-f4b5-40e9-ac50-eb25c2b2ce4d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. wittei occurs in Aberdare National Park and Mount Kenya National Park in Kenya, as well as in Arusha National Park in Tanzania (Lötters et al. 2004). More recently, A. wittei tadpoles have been recorded in Mount Elgon National Park in Kenya at 2209 metres in elevation within the East African montane forests ecoregion (Wasonga and Channing; Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/768 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a0c28f8d-f303-490f-9ef3-ce34d3983e4b#management ed07be22-fa7e-4086-adf6-271b82229577 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There are several protected areas within the range of A. fuliginatus, including the Upemba National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Northern and portions of the Kafue National Park in Zambia (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2012).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1232 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9a15338c-366a-467c-8add-8c5085d81cab#management faccb92b-26ed-4707-b6dc-64e908cf512f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. mauritanicus is found in several protected areas. This frog is not protected by national legislation in the nation of Morocco. (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1246 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3c206f6a-9ae4-461e-a517-f264f61de30d#management 345462df-7c3a-408b-8bdf-7e3723295948 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. robusta occurs in the Cross River National Park in Nigeria. According to the IUCN, there is a need to work with local communities to ensure that the harvest of this species from the wild is managed sustainably, since this anuran is taken from the wild as food for indigenous peoples (Amiet & Gartshore, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1506 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a5adf8b8-da93-4b5a-bc19-190408f11dc6#management 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The genus may occur in the following protected areas:

Sardinia: Asinara National Park, Arcipelago di La Maddalena National Park, Gennargentu National ParkTyrrhenian Sea islands: Arcipelago Toscano National Park, Port-Cros National ParkCorsica: Parc naturel régional de CorseSpain: Donana National Park, Sierra Nevada National ParkMorocco: Al Hoceima National Park, Ifrane National Park, Tazekka National ParkAlgeria: Belezma National Park, Djurdjura National Park, El Kala National ParkIsrael: Hula Nature Reserve

Taxon specific protection is present only within the Hula Nature Reserve for D. nigriventer; and within Parc naturel régional de Corse for D. montalentii.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 776624a3-8716-407f-ae22-68461d550880#management 328c9e07-41c9-497a-a8a5-c5837e5f0576 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

D. scovazzi is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention; moreover, the species occurs in some protected areas (Salvador et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/915 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 84cec7f5-bd19-4c56-8ffe-b829d2ac1e87#management f1a79b5e-7d55-4d3b-a2c6-4cd3f7cadfef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. cystocandicans is found in two protected areas: the Mount Kenya and Aberdares National Parks.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1400 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 06bb952e-6087-4dad-8b21-1db791ad4d6e#management 0d1f5a92-ce79-47d2-969e-f72a796fe6bf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. kinangopensis is endemic to Kenya and is found only at Mount Kenya and Aberdares National Parks (Msuya et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1572 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 effc8efe-6221-4c13-bd5a-ea254a795297#management af585d2c-13fb-42a2-8564-319aea0daebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. beiranus likely occurs within several protected areas, notably the Kafue National Park (Tandy et al. 2004) and South Luangwa National Park of Zambia.


. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1269 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 53c24b42-3472-4a9c-9685-67e69d04d98f#management d21c45bd-39b1-4225-b6a8-0d0b622aca7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There are two major protected areas within the species range: the Skeleton Coast National Park in Namibia and the Iona National Park in Angola. Visitation to the Skeleton Coast National Park is carefully controlled and limited by the government of Namibia; however, controls are weak on the Angolan side of the border, largely due to the four decade long warfare and instability that began with the invasion of Cuban mercenaries in the year 1974 (World Wildlife Fund; Hogan. 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1270 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5dd85029-956d-42f4-85aa-16bfe9de8a0d#management 85cb37e4-636b-491e-86d2-6cec918e976b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There are several protected areas within the species range. In the headwaters of the Orange River in Lesotho there is specifically the Sehlabathebe National Park. Near Kimberley, South Africa is the Mokala National Park, where it also is found. (Hogan. 2013)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1268 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 49231caa-4fba-445f-b82e-8fa1a478b60c#management 1a1268ea-1ab2-4140-90b0-90b2f5b25303 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. brongersmai can be found in Souss-Massa National Park in Morocco, but this anuran is not protected by Moroccan national legislation. This species is known to capable of being bred successfully in captivity (Salvador et al. 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1273 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 2fa856be-1e13-41ce-a52f-baa0121e582b#management 37066e4d-4b5b-489f-a634-c35dab64e95d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The entirety of the range of S. kilimanjaro lies within the protected area of Mount Kilimanjaro National Park; however, the chief threat to this anuran appears to be secondary effects from deforestation on the lower slopes outside of the National Park. Moreover, in very recent years, some of the forested zone on these lower slopes has also become incorporated into the National Park.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1689 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#management 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Positive steps are being made to conserve the indigenous forest of the Taita Hills. Several eucalyptus and pine plantations in the area have been earmarked for conversion back to indigenous forest, and it is hoped that these measures will increase the suitable habitats available for many of the endemic species of the Taita Hills.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 27cc10e2-2fda-4e6d-adf2-2826d5d183b3#management ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Three of four known sites for this species are within forest reserves, but even these are subject to threats and there is a need for improved management of all of them (Channing et al., 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 737042da-ef06-41ea-80c1-d0951ac5250c#management d9275a58-df60-448c-b94a-9863bfd38758 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Distribution, life history and ecological data are urgently needed in order to adequately address the conservation needs of this species (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1201 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 2e1d06f0-a01d-44b8-866e-b5478053ff86#management 8132db23-6d9b-48f6-8b8f-cbc43d8473e7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. guineenis is not known to occur in any protected areas, and the areas from which it has been recorded do not appear to be seriously threatened by habitat loss or degradation (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1288 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#management d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in the Amani Nature Reserve, and in the University of Dar es Salaam's reserve at Mazumbai. It has not yet been recorded from Udzungwa National Park, but with further survey work probably will be shown to occur there.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 033c0a58-5543-47b3-858d-7294f5c6f204#management 43e3607b-c011-4c9f-aba7-8c1dece09151 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in several private and public protected areas (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1284 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce f252a8b6-fbc4-42f5-bea4-5ef5ab3d0699#management 851a8e65-74be-4757-9784-2dd8f067c3c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Because so little is known about B. namaquensis, it is recommended that further studies on its distribution and general biology be undertaken. Regular monitoring of protected populations is advisable and would certainly yield new and useful information (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1202 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a 0a78df3d-3b9b-4066-82ad-3d0de655b599#management dd183bd4-a591-41cc-82c0-4d33dc354751 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. horstockii has been recorded in a number of protected areas, and it appears to be maintaining healthy population levels at the remaining localities. It may even be increasing its range in certain areas (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1359 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a d8800187-1524-4a13-a270-192c731e2b41#management f624b0a5-84db-482c-95b6-1e5e09328021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found in many national parks and other protected areas (Minter et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1236 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#management b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in a number of protected areas. Conservation techniques include land/water management, site/area management, education, awareness, and communications (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 280daeba-c8db-4df6-835b-090e73b17bff#management 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the Upemba National Park in southern Democratic Republic of Congo, and presumably in other protected areas (Drewes and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#management b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It presumably occurs in several protected areas (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#management f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It presumably occurs in several protected areas (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#management b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the Upemba National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo), and probably in several other protected areas (Channing and Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#management und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 64c9a48b-c603-4cac-811f-94c3a6760a82#threats 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is presumably decreasing because of declining water quality, but it appears to be relatively tolerant of changes in the terrestrial habitats around its streams. It is subject to intense hunting pressure for food, and is often rare in the areas around villages. In the Rumpi Hills in Cameroon, local people eat the tadpoles (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 737042da-ef06-41ea-80c1-d0951ac5250c#threats d9275a58-df60-448c-b94a-9863bfd38758 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Outside of these protected areas much of the natural habitat of this species has been destroyed by the farming of crops such as sugarcane, and by deforestation in the Dukuduku forest (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1201 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 5d7f9e4f-11a0-4b47-ad9c-c06cf50783eb#threats bfee30ab-90ec-4311-81ff-2de6fbfd02ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The major threats to B. sylvestris are habitat loss and fragmentation due to afforestation and other agricultural practices (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1197 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df d285a673-4269-439d-8373-93b050da12b7#threats 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. boettgeri is known from various nature reserves and protected areas throughout its range and is not threatened (Text from Minter et al. 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 51526ed2-ca51-4ff5-90ec-16e9ae89df88#threats 13890b85-01d3-45a9-8fad-266d50d401d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is possible that the Kimande population is now extinct because of severe modification of the native habitat by local subsistence farming, and loss of habitat is also likely to be a threat to the species elsewhere in its range (Drewes et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1536 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b1767341-bdff-4a19-bbe4-d1a8691ad3c6#threats c728e8b9-371f-49b5-b5b5-1b0129a28fa1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. Some populations might also be affected by mining activities (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1532 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ee51143e-8ebb-4d28-93e9-81f3f720b744#threats 5b5590b6-c71f-452a-814d-9804cfd5a6e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Little information is available, though it is likely to be impacted by loss of habitats for agriculture, livestock, wood extraction and human settlements (Drewes et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1528 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0068f38d-714a-4e7c-9b71-76a60a8e6ef6#threats 107e8492-d6d4-40dc-8588-ce5ae820ff30 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information on threats to this species (Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1526 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0d77adc-c012-43a2-a772-dd0bc7394726#threats 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is affected by the loss of forest habitat for agriculture, logging, human settlements, and mining (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00f6a751-9e85-4b2f-9d90-e785767ee5c6#threats 8d2102a5-eba7-44dd-b2ce-5373bebc502d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information on threats to this species (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1542 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 85fc8790-52c2-457f-8e4f-2126c06564b1#threats aa5b9a99-f8ed-41cb-8eca-849b839bd183 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is likely to be impacted by habitat degradation, especially as a result of agricultural expansion, human settlement and overgrazing by livestock (Largen et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1530 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 80eb7914-7bd8-4dbc-81f4-05bb438e0d46#threats d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although it is somewhat adaptable, it is probably affected by agricultural expansion, logging and human settlements when these lead to serious opening up of the habitat (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3af821b8-aa5b-4a95-95a2-e2e569fe05cb#threats fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although it is somewhat adaptable, it is probably affected by agricultural expansion, logging and human settlements when these lead to serious opening up of the habitat (Rödel and Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0828bc64-361a-4c27-a751-6d25ea1cbd50#threats 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although it is somewhat adaptable, it is probably affected by agricultural expansion, logging and human settlements when these lead to serious opening up of the habitat (Amiet et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0021e28-c4a8-4ddd-9a26-8271f94f4e94#threats b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is presumably adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat for agriculture, logging and human settlements (Amiet et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3f5af35e-71a7-4fec-a310-119c1aff9b14#threats 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Despite its adaptability, it is likely to be affected by forest loss due to logging, agricultural encroachment and human settlement (Amiet et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#threats b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a very adaptable species that is not facing any significant threats, although it does seem to have declined in the edge of its range in South Africa for reasons that are unclear (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 97f2ed0d-3c88-41da-a4c1-99d538248649#threats b854003a-8e29-4cb0-95a7-777bda079229 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is threatened by habit loss occurring near the summit of Mt Oku related to overgrazing by cattle, goats, and horses owned by local people. Fire is also a potential threat to the habitat of the species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1591 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5e517975-dfaa-4df5-955a-a0d85293a9c9#threats 6211e78d-d368-496e-8674-7dc9a4acf105 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is little information available regarding this species, but it is probably adaptable and not facing many threats. Overgrazing by livestock, and smallholder agriculture might impact local populations (Msuya et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1577 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d13abef2-275a-4cde-8b11-ba64632879e3#threats 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is likely to be impacted by habitat degradation, especially as a result of agricultural expansion, human settlement and overgrazing by livestock (Stuart and Cox, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 82be3e37-ffe2-433a-9b8b-2318405b34ed#threats a0df547b-94ad-40bf-b514-cb5ba189158e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no direct information, but this species is believed to be adaptable, and not facing any significant threats (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1601 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e15fa537-a034-451c-82e6-a7795593bc9b#threats caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is presumably threatened by the loss of forest habitat for agriculture, logging and human settlements (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ad10b6a3-4c6f-487c-bbe3-2ebc85c5da8c#threats 011b2060-aea3-4675-8e83-9cdcb7adc91c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no direct information on threats to this species, but if it is a forest-dependent species, it is presumably adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat for agricultural development, logging and human settlements (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1606 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 20eec41a-1803-44a2-a45a-4540c031ed43#threats acdf2da2-7cd8-471e-8c8f-3514a4ec8465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although it is somewhat adaptable, it is probably affected by agricultural expansion, logging and human settlements when these lead to serious opening up of the habitat (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1608 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fc12c2e7-a432-4661-a921-6331a2040690#threats ad36a0c5-4d90-4ade-9761-1536ef76d516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is threatened by habitat degradation as a result of human expansion and settlement (Largen, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1666 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 971993b1-526d-46c8-8cc7-b31f0a5c619d#threats a6894435-ce55-424c-8877-327f893bc668 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is presumably adversely affected by the ongoing loss of forest and the degradation of montane grassland within its range due to agricultural expansion (particularly overgrazing by livestock), wood extraction, and expanding human settlements (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1598 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 31156049-076b-4e88-98bb-f0de189a7779#threats ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The encroachment and degradation of the forest for agriculture, human settlement and wood is probably adversely affecting this species to some extent, despite the fact that it is somewhat adaptable. Its habitat in the East Usambaras has recently come under serious threat as a result of the activities of illegal gold miners (Loader et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9db299e3-260e-4c84-b774-d424031ceb56#threats d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The preferred habitat of this species, primary rainforest, is continuously declining through logging, agricultural encroachment, and mining activities (Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4443e716-0aa5-4304-808a-5f3feb5d1300#threats 07286bb6-00b0-4bbe-9180-d6a8ca553d40 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is probably an adaptable species that is only facing localized threats (Pickersgill and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1560 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00436892-8636-4021-b2be-18535b4a3060#threats 3f316c90-be90-4a38-bb2c-18b4b1be784d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The gallery forest and savanna habitats are highly disturbed due to a number of settlements and agricultural encroachment (Hillers et al. 2008); the latter is mostly comprised of shifting agriculture, with a few small-holder exceptions (Hillers, 2009). In addition, there is bauxite mining in the region, so the combined effect of these threat factors is likely to affect the species' area of occurrence (Hillers, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 38e7e457-805b-4ca6-bd40-bfcd676c22ce#threats 011a684f-0e28-40dd-854d-71c266e64a66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging, expanding human settlements, and potentially mining activities (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1580 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3c616620-bf16-4393-8210-8497b45821a6#threats 4b5f3e54-b4a5-4372-8d20-953982015d52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The threats that this species might face are unknown, although much of Uluguru South Forest Reserve is very remote and faces few threats (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/892 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a3a7621-725d-446b-8f88-6a234cc4d087#threats c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The main threat is environmental degradation as a result of human settlement and expansion (Largen, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1296 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 421eb40a-c4f8-44cf-9067-5831e7475042#threats 5c0c371f-0c6f-4997-858d-0f26aed1c6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an adaptable species that is not facing any significant threats. It is sometimes found in the international pet trade but at levels that do not currently constitute a major threat (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/714 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c92b4b0f-1984-4de6-96c2-fc5de89c89e5#threats 0aea4d97-d8c1-4663-ade0-0ef321127453 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The major threat to L. natalensis is habitat loss resulting from water drainage, invasions of alien plants, and afforestation.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1189 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f40f0126-0086-4152-848b-81bc662c830c#threats 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is affected by habitat loss as a result of expanding human settlements and agriculture, as well as the harvesting of wood. In addition, its habitat in the East Usambara Mountains has recently come under serious threat from the activities of illegal gold miners (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3a54247c-2c09-416a-a14e-2a727f28fa9b#threats cccbd471-0b14-4e14-878b-6a419a1aeb68 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The major threat to this species is habitat loss from smallholder farming activities and logging (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1128 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 366bf196-b1e5-4cce-9d5b-3da3ed301635#threats 8f12a24f-df5f-4923-8147-a968dcdcb167 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The most important threat to this species is hunting for food as new, sophisticated traps for catching this species are now being used in the Nkongsamba area of Cameroon. Animals are also imported from Cameroon to the USA on a regular basis by animal dealers for zoos, the pet trade and competitive frog races (one estimate of this trade is 300 animals per year). It is also adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat for agriculture, logging, and human settlements, as well as by sedimentation of its breeding streams (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8878d0c6-6942-4520-9b12-4b89004aab70#threats 74ddd2ce-78a7-4da4-a35a-34d15b86f275 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The forests in the Ukaguru Mountains are poorly protected, and threatened by agricultural encroachment and human settlement (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/888 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6d617c9f-a318-46c6-b61d-df5ebbfc3890#threats fdb4232c-4b31-4e06-8736-9962a1e5720d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The nature reserve in which this species is found is well protected, but it is under pressure from illegal gold miners. Much of the forest away from the reserve is being progressively cleared, especially due to agricultural encroachment, wood extraction and expanding human settlements (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/881 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 870d41e8-99a7-4832-acb3-aee9bb63c95e#threats 409af6f0-c2a2-4da8-81b5-6efad0a2fa5e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The main threat to the species is loss of its habitat as a result of coastal opencast diamond mining. Development of roads, increasing pressure from human settlement, and changing land-use (e.g. increased grazing) pose additional threats (Minter et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1193 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44a7b114-1d04-4d04-8b8a-a5b963b9b5b6#threats d63fde15-3f27-48a2-8d75-190e64b00e92 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The decline and extinction of this species is likely related to the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project, which constructed a dam upstream on the Kihansi River in 2000, cutting off 90% of the water flow to the gorge. This subsequently reduced the volume of spray, particularly in the dry season, as well as altering the vegetational composition (Channing et al., 2009). An artificial gravity-fed sprinkler system was set up to mimic the natural spray of the Kihansi ecosystem with the remaining water flow, but the system was not ready by the time the water was cut off in 2000. The ecosystem had already dried up by the time the sprinklers were activated nine months later. The artificial sprinkler system also later failed during the dry season of 2003. At this same time, the fungal disease chytridiomycosis was confirmed in dead animals. Chytridiomycosis was believed to be responsible for the final population crash; drought caused by the failure of the sprinkler system also may have rendered the frogs susceptible to the disease due to stress. It was also reported that the 2003 crash coincided with a brief opening of the dam's floodgates to flush sediments; water tests revealed that there were pesticides used in maize farming operations upstream present in concentrations sufficient to kill the toads (Krajick, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/889 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#threats b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The main threat to this species is considered to be the introduction of the predatory fish Gambusia holbrooki to breeding ponds. Domestic water pollution is also a threat to the population in Chauen, although other populations in the surrounding area are not threatened by this contamination. Overall, the threats facing this species are currently localized, and it is not believed to be seriously threatened at present (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 6bf3773a-91e4-41b8-9f9a-b10f3bf48833#threats b9b20f5d-8490-4814-9284-ae7b56ac01ca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is presumably threatened by the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. In some places it is also adversely affected by mining activities, for example on the Simandou Range, and on Mount Nimba (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1523 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 79776144-f7bb-4459-84e3-f84a2777dcfa#threats 1641854e-2440-4c74-af07-5770105722af http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The forests in the Ukaguru Mountains are poorly protected, and threatened by agricultural encroachment and human settlement (Howell and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/866 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a87ad317-2968-425f-bcca-aebaa15931d5#threats 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The main threat is habitat loss due to agricultural encroachment, logging, and expanding human settlements. Its habitat in the East Usambara Mountains has also recently come under serious threat as a result of the activities of illegal gold miners (Schiøtz et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f28b0208-84be-48d5-8535-a490421bc1ef#threats 1935ba6e-54eb-436b-ad5c-d685d34899c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. pantherinus is threatened throughout most of its range by general development and habitat degradation. While breeding generally takes place in larger, more secure wetlands, urban development poses an obvious threat around these wetlands by causing habitat fragmentation and restricting the foraging area and movement of toads. This results in reduced population size and restricted or completely interrupted gene flow between populations (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

In the urban environment, toads are forced to negotiate roads and barriers (e.g., walls, embankments,canals) while foraging and migrating to and from breeding sites. Expanding urban development and increased road traffic results in the death of hundreds of toads each year, especially during the breeding season. Artificial water bodies with steep vertical sides, such as canalized rivers and swimming pools, represent additional deathtraps that pose a threat to local populations. For example, >3000 newly metamorphosed toadlets were rescued from a Bergvliet domestic swimming pool over a 10-day period, and many more died in the same pool (J.A. Harrison and C.D. Gray pers. comm.; (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

At certain breeding sites on the Cape Peninsula and the Cape Flats, specific threats include pollutants, introduced predatory fish (e.g. barbel), and invasive floating plants (e.g., water hyacinth). In 1999, a well-meaning member of the public “rescued” several specimens of B. pardalis and B. rangeri from roads near Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape, and released them in Constantia, Cape Peninsula (M. Burger pers. comm.). This misguided act may have brought about hybridization between B. pardalis and B. pantherinus, thereby undermining genetic differences between the two taxa. Such translocations may be common occurrences and pose a real threat to the conservation
of genetic diversity (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1238 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 549794e1-29a4-41c6-9e76-9089f2d65530#threats f5d67cde-bf6e-46d8-a75f-7b1fa09ef002 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The submontane forest on the eastern slopes of the Uluguru Mountains has been extensively cleared, mainly due to agricultural encroachment, wood extraction, and expanding human settlements (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/893 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a9ba870-e145-414a-83c0-b7707f5a0d46#threats d420b434-a08f-4212-8bb6-090ef218d160 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Its habitat is probably being lost due to agricultural encroachment, wood extraction, and expanding human settlements (Mengon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/886 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 66682645-7d33-417c-a1e2-f74e9f6de828#threats 5114252b-5513-4abe-a3c7-33e712cd8b7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The forests in the Ukaguru Mountains are poorly protected, and threatened by agricultural encroachment and human settlement (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/885 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e04e250-8a73-4a46-af1f-add88d0187a6#threats 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a very adaptable species that is not facing any significant threats (Schiøtz et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cbd8b4dc-9340-4de7-96ff-aa2886c8c4e8#threats 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In some parts of the West Usambaras its habitat is probably being lost, especially due to agricultural encroachment, commercial logging, wood extraction, and expanding human settlements (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1affad54-0f22-4c22-952d-d0f15dcd5828#threats 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The major threat to this species is habitat loss, especially at lower altitudes, due to agricultural encroachment, wood extraction and expanding human settlements (Loader et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dfc9ce18-866e-4bf3-8a9d-0cb6f588a2ef#threats 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The habitat of this species is most likely being lost due to agricultural encroachment, wood extraction, and expanding human settlements (Menegon et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 50031fba-e4ce-4166-898d-89f2518e476e#threats a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is threatened by the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#threats 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is presumably threatened by the loss of forest habitat for agriculture, logging and human settlements (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1522 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef6cbd15-907e-498d-aee3-a4f3478bce05#threats cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an adaptable species that is not facing any significant threats (Moyer et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a394f79e-79e0-4482-9979-cd6512a3645f#threats 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information regarding threats. However, if this species is dependent on montane grassland, it could be at risk, as this habitat is being lost to agriculture and tree plantations (Pickersgill, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 24813f47-b493-48db-85bb-637f9aeafea7#threats 8986d907-d4cd-4ec5-8d9c-6a871b166970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is probably affected by the mass movement and settlement of refugees, and the resultant increased demands for firewood and building materials (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1595 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02be8d1b-fd88-401a-b417-c185d1b488e6#threats c8f9e655-dc5e-4c7c-9b89-209e45ea0791 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no recent information on threats to this species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1555 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc41b6b5-54ae-4106-89df-2c78717e9636#threats 82f8055b-501c-4e3c-bb5e-860804803ccb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is affected by the loss of forest habitat for agriculture, logging and human settlements. On Mount Nimba it is also threatened by potential mining concessions (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1548 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 baa1d954-57a0-4305-83e2-12922ddcdd14#threats 6e284a6d-7f0a-41bf-b607-255866ae0c63 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is probably affected by the increased collection of firewood and building materials if it is indeed a forest-dependent species (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1574 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7ce8847-5a3a-428c-879b-f03473ed987a#threats 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is presumably adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat for agriculture, logging and human settlements (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7e6c7d0b-4039-4cc4-9c74-100ba99a3bd9#threats 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although it is somewhat adaptable, it is probably affected by agricultural expansion, logging, and human settlements when these lead to serious opening up of the habitat (Amiet and Gartshore, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3949b720-f3e8-4d4d-8d0a-2c30d5f4bd3f#threats f6b6b38a-b52d-4de2-85d1-1720e16124e2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no direct information on threats to this species (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1543 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1a3b32ea-b2b6-4079-b223-ab2a232d4e42#threats 4986ed07-deb4-4fa9-bcbf-276cb76c0d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is likely that this species is threatened by anthropogenic modification of its forest habitat (Blackburn, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1539 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5c66f737-5a2d-4c94-9b72-f37c0dd25704#threats 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is little information regarding this species, though it is likely to be impacted by loss of habitats for agriculture, livestock, wood extraction and human settlements (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef495710-c5dd-4410-8fed-7841e2804d30#threats 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is adaptable, facing no immediate threats (Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f4f839ba-f3c3-4df7-88bc-9d9172883765#threats 3aa3fd2c-87fb-4cca-9fe3-500133cf3507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an adaptable species that is not facing any significant threats (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1540 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#threats dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a very adaptable species that is not facing any significant threats (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 16ed6290-6018-4310-ad67-2637ef4baef9#threats 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is adaptable, facing no immediate threats.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 27806236-72ce-48d0-99a9-cf6804d158c2#threats d623aa2b-0fc1-4310-9fc1-b06763fcf3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. Some populations might also be affected by mining activities (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1571 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44167320-d7b8-413a-bf8e-fb776a637cf6#threats a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no direct information on threats to this species (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b76b6209-6b80-4e37-a8cb-d0d2627fb34b#threats f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is likely to be impacted by habitat degradation, especially as a result of agricultural expansion, human settlement and overgrazing by livestock (Largen et al., 2004)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3b5c263f-ab70-4773-b0a9-9297dc062cef#threats 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an adaptable species that is facing only local threats (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a83db5db-bd48-4779-9e0d-9602fff9ae7d#threats 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There has been widespread introduction of clove trees throughout the island, and it seems not to be present in clove thicket, only indigenous broadleaf lowland forest. It is now intrinsically at risk because of the small size of its remaining distribution (Pickersgill and Howell, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 916f0418-fc27-4822-b015-78128ce6cf82#threats 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is probably an adaptable species that is not facing any significant threats (Pickersgill, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ca07d98f-ba74-4d91-bdd3-419182822f97#threats 8c23a261-06b0-4171-841f-a75b6370c029 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no direct information, but this species is believed to be adaptable, and not facing any significant threats (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1561 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8298682f-c627-4fd0-bd63-75d043d488c2#threats 9c528af0-017d-4c79-aec9-c4eb755372a6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an adaptable species not facing any significant threats (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1562 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 da405e57-2e2c-4a4c-97cc-afa2868395fd#threats b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat for agriculture, logging and human settlements. Some populations might also be impacted by mining (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 94840559-5c8b-47ea-855c-09b1d51ee640#threats 34920512-7018-4edc-a0d3-e23661a83ac0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no direct information on threats to this species (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1607 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c13191-5401-4e5f-b6ad-002fd3a552f9#threats f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The main threats to this species are agricultural expansion, wood extraction and expanding human settlements, which are most likely adversely affecting it by causing the ongoing loss of forest and degradation of montane grassland within its range (Mazibuko and Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 58b7f558-aed8-4e39-a9fe-bca3bd151974#threats cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It may be unable to adapt to loss of its forest habitat (Pickersgill, 2007). The major threats are expanding agriculture and loss of forest habitat due to tree cutting (Pickersgill, 2008)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5f7c3079-7141-4199-8212-7d98415d2704#threats 7f95029a-c6fd-4267-b367-1203696bda0d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat for agriculture, logging, and human settlements (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1588 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7a8605e5-3819-4880-9b5c-ddd58d755434#threats cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is little information available regarding this species, though it is likely to be impacted by loss of habitat for agriculture, including both raising crops and livestock, wood extraction, and human settlements (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0375a4de-9aff-43dc-81c2-6adcd2292a04#threats 5e0a7b2f-882c-40ea-863f-1d0814b8dff7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat for agriculture, logging, and human settlement (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1594 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e36cb55-d8c6-483a-a1cc-38ebd0baa659#threats 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an adaptable species that not at serious risk from habitat change (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0956b6b0-79be-4213-95ed-3810c205702a#threats 13ec6613-454f-47f4-8495-617af76e002d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is unlikely to be facing serious threats, at least in Cameroon, where it seems to be an adaptable species. There is no direct information from elsewhere in its range (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 280daeba-c8db-4df6-835b-090e73b17bff#threats 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information on threats to this species (Drewes and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#threats b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an adaptable species that is not likely to be facing any significant threats (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#threats f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an adaptable species that is not likely to be facing any significant threats (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#threats b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is widely distributed in an area of limited human impact, and so it is unlikely to be significantly threatened (Channing and Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#threats f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Kassina cassinoides is an adaptable species that is not significantly threatened (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe b59aa922-9aa0-4ec1-9231-43bc74a7d439#threats 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena anchietae is an adaptable species that is only likely to be facing localized threats. Chytrid fungus was detected in this species in Kenya (Poynton et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 805c5295-8289-4ac5-91f3-0995eb2b2af1#threats 7d8799f5-92d4-40f6-91a7-c604e59d93ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena bibroni is an adaptable species not facing any significant threats (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1661 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe ea81f25e-2f78-426d-afe3-4746ce1c96f9#threats cea0ab91-8d10-49bc-8b4e-8266b6b2a6b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena pumilio is an adaptable species that is not facing any significant threats, except in localized situations (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1648 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 3808a61c-29a2-4d74-936f-3b05726af759#threats f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The main threats are loss of suitable non-breeding and breeding habitat as a result of afforestation with exotic pine plantations, fires, erosion, siltation of streams, dams, and road building. Introduced predatory fish are probably also a threat (Minter et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 83b31854-1dc3-4380-9f24-8161ea6faf7b#threats ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat for agriculture, logging, and human settlements. In certain places its habitat is also being lost due to mining, for instance at Simandou in the Pic de Fon Classified Forest in Guinea, and Mount Nimba in Guinea and Liberia. Mining is probably also leading to the pollution of breeding streams (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 361e1652-f00d-4f92-b30f-f848a8b4ece3#threats 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

While this species as a whole is not threatened, factors such as the encroachment and degradation of its habitat by expanding human settlements, the consequent increased demand for natural resources, and water pollution may threaten local populations of this species (Largen 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 5217ffdf-874f-474e-a0f7-ff466a7e4f74#threats a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

One of the two known localities of Conraua derooi, the Togo-Volta Highlands, has been subject to heavy deforestation as a result of agricultural expansion, logging, and human settlement, which likely constitutes a serious threat to this species. Furthermore, C. derooi may be threatened by hunting for human consumption in both Ghana and Togo, as well as stream sedimentation which is thought to potentially affect its breeding (Rödel and Schiøtz 2004, Hillers et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 b160ebeb-6968-4012-82a1-daafafcffe26#threats 666ca8a0-115e-4b7c-8c8d-4b3d5eada0b1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The montane habitat of B. acutirostris is generally little disturbed and occurs within a number of protected areas such as the Marloth Nature Reserve, Boosmansbos Wilderness Area and Grootvadersbosch State Forest. Thus, this species is not threatened (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1205 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 dfeaf9bc-e89a-4473-b9a0-1cbc6d7603a2#threats 3217f09d-099c-4a82-b628-8d1a6b0a2715 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

As of 2009, the IUCN did not acknowledge threats to A. dorsalis (Schiøtz et al. 2009). However, the expanding human population in the region is an inherent threat to anurans. Moreover, WWF and Hogan have described the particular threats in Angola due to fragmented populations of A. dorsalis and the 39 year warfare that hinders Angolan conservation work (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1328 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 c06041ca-f07c-4e33-9091-cb30a4f1619d#threats bfc463af-8a27-4c97-bda3-a1e74902decc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although the high-elevation habitat of A. inyangae has been retained as somewhat intact up until present, there are continuing future threats to the species habitat from conversion of native forest to timber plantations, as well as overgrazing by domesticated livestock, and more intense human settlement (Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/766 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 02a71423-1eb5-4bfe-a025-4743ed593673#threats 49052df3-f4b5-40e9-ac50-eb25c2b2ce4d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

As of 2004 the IUCN noted no known threats to this species (Lötters et al. 2004); however, it is more likely that this anuran is under pressure from increased conversion of habitat to smallholder agricultural uses, livestock grazing pressures and deforestation, which activities have been documented in the ecoregions of species occurrence (Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/768 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a0c28f8d-f303-490f-9ef3-ce34d3983e4b#threats ed07be22-fa7e-4086-adf6-271b82229577 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. fuliginatus is adversely affected by deforestation due to conversion of woodland to agriculture, by livestock overgrazing and by human population expansion, as well as by slash-and-burn practices that produce charcoal and clear land for more cropping (Tandy et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1232 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9a15338c-366a-467c-8add-8c5085d81cab#threats faccb92b-26ed-4707-b6dc-64e908cf512f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

According to the IUCN assessment, there are deemed no major threats to this adaptable and widespread anuran; however, habitat destruction and water pollution resulting from development, and mortality through road kill are localized threats to some populations (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2009). Moreover, the recent human population expansion of Morrocco and other North African countries have placed pressure on surface water extraction, leading to significantly reduced breeding locations.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1246 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3c206f6a-9ae4-461e-a517-f264f61de30d#threats 345462df-7c3a-408b-8bdf-7e3723295948 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. robusta is a large anuran that is harvested for food and is considered a delicacy by local peoples in Cameroon and Nigeria. Despite being somewhat adaptable, it is thought to be adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat cleared for agriculture, logging, and human settlement; the sedimentation of its breeding streams is also having a detrimental impact on the species reproduction (Amiet & Gartshore, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1506 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a5adf8b8-da93-4b5a-bc19-190408f11dc6#threats 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

North African species of the genus are threatened by an expanding human population within the genus range, leading to agricultural land conversion, overgrazing and extraction of surface waters to serve the human population. In southern Europe, habitat loss (Gasc, 1997) and fragmentation are threats, as well as the predation incurred by introduction of alien salmonid fishes and alien crustaceans, Procambarus clarkii being a specific example. Additionally, hydroelectric projects are leading to habitat loss in parts of Portugal.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a62e27a9-29e7-47eb-94f5-06ea16f1ae39#threats 2ca67d46-e3fa-4857-adc3-9554988e1ed3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Sicilian populations of D. pictus appear to be locally threatened (but not necessarally endangered) by a decline of traditional rural land-use, including increasing urbanization. Maltese populations are reported to be threatened by groundwater extraction (Bosch et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/914 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 776624a3-8716-407f-ae22-68461d550880#threats 328c9e07-41c9-497a-a8a5-c5837e5f0576 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

D. scovazzi is threatened chiefly by localized loss of breeding sites through agricultural development and increased salinisation in coastal lagoons (Salvador et al. 2009). The primary driver to species threats is the burgeoning human population within the species range, which population explosion has principally erupted since about 1960; furthermore, the range of D. scovazzi in Morocco coincides with the portion of Morocco that has the greatest agricultural potential, based upon edaphic and rainfall factors. Thus the pressure on overgrazing, deforestation, conversion of habitat to cropland and over-extraction of surface waters is great in this portion of Morocco (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/915 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3cbe395e-5e8d-4e28-b532-d625227909a4#threats 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In 2004 the IUCN asserted that H. darlingi was at that time "unlikely to be significantly threatened" (Poynton & Channing, 2004) However, conditions as of 2012 reveal significant pressures deriving from the expanding human population of the region, particularly manifested by conversion of natural habitat to agriculture, extraction of river water for human consumption, and widespread slash-and-burn practises. While the population fo H. darlingi may be secure for the present, the threat accretion trends place a significant pressure upon the habitat itself, as well as the fragmentation of habitat.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#threats f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Significant threats are at play, since this part of Morocco is under intense pressure from an expanding human population. Chief manifestations of this pressure is urbanization of the coastal zone, agricultural land conversion on the coastal plain and extraction of surface water resources, which are in scarcity within the species range. In addition there are instances of overgrazing, arising from the pressure of developing food resources for an expanding human population (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007). These threats are exacerbated by a trend in the last three decades, in which snowmelt has occurred earlier in the season, reducing the amount of late spring runoff and thus reducing formation of ephemeral ponds.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1505 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 06bb952e-6087-4dad-8b21-1db791ad4d6e#threats 0d1f5a92-ce79-47d2-969e-f72a796fe6bf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Local populations of P. kinangopensis are expected to suffer ongoing pressure by livestock overgrazing by and smallholder agriculture (Msuya et al. 2004). It is possible that reduction of moisture at higher elevations can be expected in the same fashion as at Mount Kilimanjaro, as suggested by Pepin et al. (2010) and also by Hogan (2013). This moisture reduction is generally driven by the ongoing deforestation associated with the smallholder agricultural land conversion and slash and burn activity at lower elevations.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1572 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 effc8efe-6221-4c13-bd5a-ea254a795297#threats af585d2c-13fb-42a2-8564-319aea0daebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Chief threats to the species are driven by the expanding human population of the region, and are common to the ecoregion threats. Prime factors related to all amphibians in the range are: over-extraction of surface waters, conversion of land to agriculture, deforestation of swamp forests, overgrazing and fragmentation of habitat. (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1269 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5dd85029-956d-42f4-85aa-16bfe9de8a0d#threats 85cb37e4-636b-491e-86d2-6cec918e976b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In some places P. vertebralis is negatively impacted by maize farming, (Minter et al. 2004) In a larger sense the taxon is threatened by the rapidly expanding human population of the region, and the steady intensification of agriculture, which not only converts habitat to farming, but also extracts important surface waters from aquatic habitat. Furthermore, the use of herbicides and pesticides for crops poses additional threats. (Hogan. 2013)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1268 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 49231caa-4fba-445f-b82e-8fa1a478b60c#threats 1a1268ea-1ab2-4140-90b0-90b2f5b25303 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. brongersmai is threatened throughout much of its range by increased aridity, water pollution and drainage of some of its breeding habitats (Salvador et al. 2006). The increasing aridity is a regional trend enduring for over 2000 years, with clear evidence of a wetter and more verdant era in Roman times. The most severe impacts are in coastal areas where expansion of the indigenous population is placing pressure on over-exploitation of surface water resources.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1273 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 2fa856be-1e13-41ce-a52f-baa0121e582b#threats 37066e4d-4b5b-489f-a634-c35dab64e95d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The chief threat appears to be reduction in flow and elevation in stream temperature due to glacial retreat on Mount KIlimanjaro. Pepin et al. (2010) have analysed the cause of glacial retreat over the last century on Mount Kilimanjaro, and suggest that the chief driver of glacial reduction is the systematic deforestation on the lower slopes of Kilimanjaro. This forest destruction by native peoples has led to a reduction in upslope air moisture flow, which appears to be the primary driver of glacial reduction here.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1689 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 4b8e2f21-639a-4445-a842-1393662c8308#threats ce78969f-3b3e-4672-bc10-b6eee3f0dfd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Direct damage to the narrow belt of giant heath with which this animal is associated, by either humans or their livestock, does not seem very likely in the near future, but would be disastrous. A more worrying possibility is the indirect harm resulting from logging of contiguous tall forests at a slightly lower elevation.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1191 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 27cc10e2-2fda-4e6d-adf2-2826d5d183b3#threats ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Habitat loss due to smallholder agriculture is likely to be a threat to unprotected forests within the range of this species. Habitat degradation may be a threat as a result of both logging activities and extraction of firewood, even in protected areas (Channing et al., 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 475d062b-cfe9-481e-9e27-0dd32cc02a9b#threats 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Despite being somewhat adaptable, it is probably adversely affected by ongoing forest loss, especially for small-scale agriculture. Its habitat in the East Usambaras has recently come under serious threat as a result of the activities of illegal gold miners.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 2553aec0-0197-4993-bb18-9fdd4c3d4308#threats 8e59472f-87b1-431f-aa1d-6389544bc875 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in a number of provincial nature reserves and national parks (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1199 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 052114be-6aa9-4db0-bceb-5266b3631ad2#threats 8bf8d12e-7003-4fc3-a21c-7abe0790e97f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Habitat loss due to afforestation obviously represents a serious threat to this species as it is known only from narrow, grassy roadside verges in areas where natural grassland has been replaced by plantations of eucalypts and pines. The fire regimes to which these grassy strips are subjected, as part of the management of the plantations, may in the medium to long term affect the viability of these frog populations. Road kills also constitute a serious threat, as all the known breeding sites lie alongside roads. The frogs cross the roads during the breeding season and are especially vulnerable when they swarm onto the roads during the emergence of alate termites (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1198 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#threats d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is affected by habitat loss as a result of expanding human settlements and agriculture, as well as the harvesting of wood. Its habitat in the East Usambara Mountains has recently come under serious threat as a result of the activities of illegal gold miners.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e86be902-d32d-4f4a-a686-cfcfb8e503a1#threats 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The habitat is threatened due to overgrazing. However, in the last 20 years it is estimated that 20% of its habitat has been lost due to silviculture (Boycott 1988d; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 0a78df3d-3b9b-4066-82ad-3d0de655b599#threats dd183bd4-a591-41cc-82c0-4d33dc354751 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species does not seem to be under any immediate threat (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1359 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a d8800187-1524-4a13-a270-192c731e2b41#threats f624b0a5-84db-482c-95b6-1e5e09328021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although it may still be common at some localities, the impact of agricultural and urban development has led to fragmentation and degradation of this species’ habitat (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1236 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 4914ac16-025c-4677-af21-f485a3bee639#threats 6aa45b8f-b0c8-4f5a-8fba-4cf4ee3b8d44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Harrison et al. (2001) suggest present and potential future threats to this species include changes in the quality of its habitat due to drainage, damming and habitat fragmentation caused by invasive alien vegetation, afforestation and frequent fires (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/786 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9e76eea8-935b-42c1-ab23-d793796ecc64#threats 7d79febc-c73d-4793-a98b-492f8215ca6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Present and potential threats include habitat modification by too frequent fires, altered drainage, damming, and the loss of fynbos to agriculture, particularly tree plantations. Habitat fragmentation also poses a significant threat (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1680 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#threats und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#associations d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Remains of grasshopper limbs and numerous leaf petals like those found in L. uluguruensis were found in the intestine; the stomach was empty except for two of these petals (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). Other reported foot items include beetles, spiders, cockroaches and earwigs (Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a87ad317-2968-425f-bcca-aebaa15931d5#associations 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following were found in ten stomachs examined from the type series: (i) Large muscoid dipteron. (ii) Many fruit fhes (Drosophila), one adult cercopid homopteron, and several nymphal ones, (iii) Large cercopid of a different species, (iv) Cercopid bug. (v) Elater beetles, (vi) Beetle (?Lathrididae). (vii) Two chrysomelid beetles, (viii) Several beetles with long elytra, (ix) Beetle, bug and grasshopper, (x) Earwig, ant and a small neuropteran, which Mr. N. Banks considers is almost certainly Myrmelon sp. (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

A nematode in one of the type specimens from Vituri (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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Adults are known to eat mostly termites and earthworms, but will take on most soil invertebrates which they find in their galleries, including large crickets which they spin to reduce the size so that it can fit into their mouths. Predators include the Usambara Garter Snake Elapsoidea nigra, which may predate solely upon caecilians. However, the most abundant predators are almost certainly invertebrates, including safari ants (Dorylus molestus; Harper et al., 2010).

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Adults eat termites, earthworms and other soil macroinvertebrates (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Adults feed on subterranean macroinvertebrates, including earthworms and termites (Harper et al., 2010).

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It appears to be sympatric with Chiromantis kelleri in parts of northern Kenya.

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Stomach contents revealed 29 prey items; ants and coleopterans represented the bulk of the species diet, with spiders and mites also being present. Several small-sized nematodes, possibly commensals or parasitic, were also found both in stomach and intestine (Menegon et al., 2007).

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M. usambarae is ecologically similar to M. micranotis, and the two species often occur together (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Barbour and Loveridge (1928) found spiders, grasshoppers, pallid Acridians and acacia leaf petals in the stomachs of this species; one specimen held over thirty acacia petals. The authors believed that the frogs mistook the petals for insects as they fell from the trees above onto the banana plant leaves where they rested. Other food items include earwigs (Channing and Howell, 2006).

This frog was found in the stomach of a snake (Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia tornieri) at Vituri (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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Around Nkongsamba in western Cameroon, C. goliath, C. crassipes and C. robusta occur sympatrically. It prefers warmer, slower rivers than Conraua robusta, though faster rivers than C. crassipes (Amiet, 2004).

The diet consists of approximately 60 % arthropods, 20% crustaceans, 10 % amphibians and 10% indeterminate (Sabater-Pi, 1985). Stomach and intestinal contents of several specimens included:

Molluscs: Podomona freethi guineensis; Potadoma graptoconus

Insects: Zabalius lineolatus; Chrysomya putoria (larvae); Libellula depressa: Coleoptera, Elateridae, gen. sp. indet; Carabidae, gen. Platynus

Aracnids: Mygale sp.

Myriapods: Spilorobus sp.

Scorpionids: Family Buthidae

Crustaceans: Palaemon sp. (Palaemonidae); Potamonantes sp. (Potamonidae)

Amphibians: Bufo regularis (adults and larvae); Bufo gracilipes (adults and larvae)

Plants: Dicraea warmingii Engler, 1894 (Rosales) only eaten by the young larvae

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The stomach of the holotype held a small polydesmid, a wood-louse, two spiders and some ants. A worm (Mermithidae), over 50 mm. long was also found in the stomach of the type (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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The diet of this species includes ants, beetles and weevils (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). The only recorded predator is Buhoma procterae, the Uluguru forest snake (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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Males could occasionally be heard calling in chorus with Bufo gracilipes (Márquez, 2000).

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Laurent (1964) notes that this species appears to stay in close proximity to brooks, possibly because its diet is composed of aquatic insects.

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Loveridge (1936) reports that the stomach contents of one frog included a beetle, four larvae of a tineid moth, and four undigested catepillars.

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This species tested negative for the presence of the chytrid fungus Batracochytrium dendrobatidis (Blackburn, 2010).

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According to Laurent (1972) P. dendrobates and P. petropedetoides are forest-adapted species, but the former lives at lower altitudes (600-1500 m) in or close to marshes in Kivu, while P. petropedetoides is found at slightly higher elevations (700-2300 m) and is more frequently associated with torrents.

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The stomach of the holotype contained Pheidole ants (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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Günther's green tree snake Dipsadaboa unicolor preys on this frog (Channing and Howell, 2006).

Phrynobatrachus graueri tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in western Uganda's Kibale National Park (Goldberg et al., 2007).

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The diet of the population in Lamto, Côte d'Ivoire, mainly consists of ants (Barbault 1974).

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Frog species in sympatry with P. intermedius include P. liberiensis, P. plicatus, and P. ghanensis (Rödel et al., 2009).

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At the type locality other species present included Hyperolius acuticeps, H. ituriensis, H. kivuensis, H. lateralis, H. viridiflavus, Kassina senegalensis, Xenopus victorianus, Ptychadena cf. mascareniensis, P. taenioscelis and Phrynobatrachus scheffleri (Schick et al., 2010).

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Stomach contents of the holotype include two spiders and a myriapod (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). Loveridge (1936) also reports that the stomach contents of several specimens included simulid diptera, acalypterid diptera, fulgorid homopteran beetles, formicid ants, winged ants, wingless ants, capside hemipteron, springtails (Collembola), weevils, beetle larvaem, and uropodid mites.

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Recorded food items include beetles, spiders, ants, bugs, weevils, millipedes, crabs, and cockroaches (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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The diet of this species consists mainly of arthropods, although they will consume almost anything (Rödel, 1995). One collected male was swallowing a Kassina tadpole measuring 15 mm while still in the net. At Lamto, adult P. accraensis mainly preyed on ants (Barbault, 1974).

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Frogs recorded by Guibé and Lamotte (1958) in the vicinity of the type locality near Doromou include Chiromantis rufescens, Phlyctimantis boulengeri, Hyperolius zonatus, Phrynobatrachus plicatus, P. fraterculus, Cardioglossa occidentalis, and Silurana tropicalis. Frog species recorded at the Diécké pond and its surroundings include Ptychadena bibroni, Phrynobatrachus fraterculus, and P. gutturosus. Frogs recorded in the surrounding forests: Hyperolius chlorosteus, Ptychadena aequiplicata, Phynobatrachus tokba, P. liberiensis, Cardioglossa occidentalis, and Arthroleptis sp. (Rödel et al., 2004; Rödel et al., 2009).

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P. mababiensis were heard calling at a site in Dar es Salaam (Pickersgill, 2007). P. pallidus occupied pools with denser vegetation at the edges, while P. mababiensis appeared to be less selective. Only when species vocalized at any one time if the two species shared the same pool. P. pallidus also was identified in vegetable plots where Afrixalus sylvaticus but not P. mababiensis occurred.

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This species is known to eat earthworms, snails, ants, beetles, spiders, waterbugs, bugs, dragonfly larvae, and fly larvae and is preyed upon by the olive sand snake Psammophis sibilans and the savanna vine snake Thelotornis capensis (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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Frogs of this species were collected with Phrynobatrachus acridoides juveniles from Jozani Forest (Pickersgill, 2007).

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Diet includes ants and beetles (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). This species is preyed upon by Torneri's cat snake Crotaphopeltis tornieri (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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The diet includes young frogs and various arthropods (Paulian and Vilardebo, 1946).

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Diet includes earthworms, termites and other soil macroinvertebrates (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Adults eat earthworms, termites and other macroinvertebrates (Harper et al., 2010).

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Adults eat earthworms, termites and other macroinvertebrates (Harper et al., 2010).

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Adults feed both in the soil and leaf litter on earthworms, termites and other macroinvertebrates (Harper et al., 2010). Minute nematodes (Aplectana loveridgei) were present in specimens examined by Barbour and Loveridge (1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0d1c59dd-9717-421b-9ad8-a67d2ee8785f#associations 9db5f95c-90f7-4433-b0b4-636c12bef233 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. pusillus adults feed on ants and flying termites, and are preyed upon by the Yellowbilled Egret Egretta intermedia (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1419 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Alexander http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 17764dbe-e459-4b5b-b491-e4b0903d0845 71c46580-5d7e-4169-bdf2-bf05d0d91f46#associations 8bf8d12e-7003-4fc3-a21c-7abe0790e97f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

During the emergence of termite alates, individuals leave their hiding places to feed in the open.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1198 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Andres Avila http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 69b1584c-05b9-4ac9-946b-8f6b562a641a 27db3800-7349-4d38-b83d-4ddc9a3ab278#associations 839bfb09-5c00-4d08-af35-4f588109d3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Often times P. fenoulheti is found with scorpions and lizards (Jacobsen 1989). The adult toads feed on soft-bodied arthropods (Lambiris 1989a). Pienaar et al. (1976) identified that this species is preyed on by the Snouted Night Adder Causus defilippii and Herald Snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1271 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e d0c12303-ea07-42fc-883e-d396745b6479#associations b8820aef-e547-491e-a133-b827e4997e6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adult S. wageri prey on terrestrial arthropods and gastropods (Channing 1979). Lambiris (1988) found that prey included a variety of aquatic and semi-aquatic insects. In turn, they are probably eaten by a variety of vertebrates such as birds, snakes, otters and other frogs. Channing (1979) observed a crab climbing onto vegetation to devour the eggs of this species (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1681 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 55bb0372-3919-444c-96ea-b914adb751bf#associations 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietia angolensis tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus that causes the disease chytridiomycosis) in the South African city of Bela-Bela in 2004 (Weldon, 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 e9427c60-6e80-40e9-8239-c9bc691d8d01#associations 03a0670d-fd3b-4f47-aa26-4779d5a8cb50 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietia dracomontana tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus that causes the disease chytridiomycosis) in Meiringskloof, Free State, South Africa in 2004 (Weldon, 2005). This species also tested positive for the fungus near the Katis Dam, Lesotho in 2004 (Weldon, 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/767 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 cab04658-edb5-4025-8a97-fe6c2a755030#associations cc6337c7-19c4-4f76-a575-67451791412f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietia fuscigula tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus that causes the disease chytridiomycosis) in Stutterheim, South Africa in 2002 (Lane et al. 2003). The species also tested positive in Gharries in 1996, Port Elizabeth, Kammieskroon, Kammiesberg, Springbok and Goegap NR in 2004 (Weldon 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/774 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 74821be0-9ebc-4dc9-b5b0-b8cc1326685b#associations f31d63fc-c790-4886-a179-ab0f39083d1f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietophrynus funereus tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (fungus that causes chytriodiomycosis) in western Uganda's Kibale National Park (Goldberg et al., 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1227 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 3e360fe7-f5a8-4583-b243-70a66940c7ee#associations 077ca7a2-4a51-4754-adc1-e5757e55bb59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is predated upon by birds, snakes and even insects. In the Taita region of Kenya it has been observed to be eaten by the Whitestarred Robin which also feeds them to its chicks (Modified from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1066 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 e5a64369-a0bc-4e57-9aed-f3a622059d10#associations e5885178-9364-44ad-9c4a-31317104f829 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The young probably feed off the skin of the mother, before becoming independent. The Sagalla caecilian feeds on earthworms and termites as well as other small invertebrates that live in the soil (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/899 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 8dcccb12-8392-43c6-bb44-da0dd0a53852#associations 8b48391a-86c2-45f4-8ccb-0dee31e1bd7e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It does live in much the same black, fertile soil that you also find earthworms as it feeds principally on earthworms and termites. They are the farmers’ friends as they eat a number of insect pests which may attack crop roots (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/900 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 659f6f2d-f365-410f-8554-f7383ead6700#associations 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Heleophryne purcelli tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (fungus that causes chytridiomycosis) in Grootwinterhoek, Western Cape, South Africa in 1998 (Weldon, 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 177cbf87-31bb-4e28-be76-4941a055d6f8#associations c0a7cb2f-dc1e-4e7e-bb6c-0198b52eba80 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hyperolius kivuensis tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in western Uganda's Kibale National Park (Goldberg et al., 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1374 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 358c88db-250d-4c0c-9ef0-def7687f1e76#associations 9a7c5f3e-80e5-4851-a563-e1eb779abdc6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Leptopelis christyi tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (fungus that causes chytridiomycosis) in western Uganda's Kibale National Park (Goldberg et al., 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1187 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 b05396bd-3072-4cdd-b53e-60c00338c4cf#associations d0e5f45a-4d28-4717-a678-1425da6ace98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Leptopelis kivuensis tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in western Uganda's Kibale National Park (Goldberg et al., 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1165 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 c8af9a0e-7b34-41e4-8365-6b5e86e11f1b#associations 72c264da-54ae-451c-9dc7-26a6da492fec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Arthroleptides yakusini tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus that causes the disease chytridiomycosis) in Udagaji Gorge, Tanzania in 2003 (Weldon and Du Preez, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1512 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 6789fe60-05ec-453c-98fd-ad2a93e7be6e#associations d3f49af9-f145-417e-b862-cce67f0dfd6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (fungus that causes chytridiomycosis) in Ghana (Morehouse et al., 2003).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1610 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 2bd70d8b-eb5e-4ee3-a932-93d6cd042e5d#associations 9ece6da5-5fe9-45c7-9880-1b4020309daf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Strongylogus fasciatus tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (fungus that causes chytridiomycosis) in the South African city of Kenton on Sea in 2004 (Weldon, 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1683 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 d1eb19b9-57d0-4e62-94d9-340010978975#associations 80cec0d7-5fda-438d-af70-e6ecd09c9b57 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tomopterna natalensis tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the South African city of Bela-Bela in 2004 (Weldon 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1693 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 29b46f8d-4b81-4a49-82db-92cc26379fc1#associations 45d8156d-b930-4a35-9910-e4fac539ce38 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Xenopus longipes tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (fungus that causes chytridiomycosis) in Cameroon’s Lake Oku (Blackburn et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1630 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 f67e75e2-143d-4cb8-a140-da0095b6d138#associations c9eea78a-2585-4868-9b18-0291e9496f19 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Xenopus petersii tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Southern Botswana in April 1965 (Weldon 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1621 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 95861446-dcf4-4de6-9ec5-aeb9d55b40c5#associations 46b1dc1a-8475-41b0-b088-4b03ac1ade2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Xenopus wittei tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (fungus that causes chytridiomycosis) in western Uganda's Kibale National Park (Goldberg et al., 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1618 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 28eeff2c-e7c3-4aa6-b6e6-06a437054b3e#associations 5354d848-787d-4d04-b9ab-fd88bc569080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although there are no documented accounts of predators, these are likely to include snakes, other frog species and invertebrates, while prey includes ants, termites, insect larvae, and other small invertebrate characteristic of the grassland leaf litter (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/790 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 2767e4eb-eed6-4e3a-bf67-bd0e10d22cbd#associations 57f07e11-60b0-49b7-aa66-eb4dc2d8f2e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Predators include various birds, snakes, terrapins, spiders and other frogs, while prey consists mainly of flying insects (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1385 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 4f690ef8-0add-4f43-ac5e-c86b14a988be#associations d23ab9aa-7939-4b2a-a838-b5e13534b958 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Predators include various fish, birds, snakes, terrapins, spiders and other frogs, while prey consists mainly of insects (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1384 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 4eccaa4a-a5b3-4f97-bcc7-e98cfec80827#associations 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (2001) found that the predators of H. marmoratus include various birds, snakes, young crocodiles, terrapins, spiders and other frogs, while prey consists mainly of insects (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 6dc452a9-e00d-4962-8f62-acc1807aab5f#associations 1abc8823-1db1-48f4-84de-cfb182ecf756 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

K. cochranae produces a characteristic odor when handled and is quite unpalatable, due to the production of defensive amines and peptides by glands in the skin (Roseghini et al. 1988). In spite of these defenses, there are records of predation on this species by the Yellowbilled Egret Egretta intermedia and the Vine Snake Thelotornis capensis (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1483 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 327359db-b4cc-4a02-8190-390966e08adb#associations 0aea4d97-d8c1-4663-ade0-0ef321127453 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Predators are thought to include snakes and terrapins, while prey usually consists of large flying insects such as noctuid moths (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1189 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 de87b70c-0d5c-409e-8925-cc8a9e8990e6#associations 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Sandflies are known to feed on the blood of B. maculates (Braack et al. 1981), while juveniles and adults are preyed on by the Common Night Adder Causus rhombeatus (Pienaar et al. 1976). In Ivory Coast, the Spotted Night Adder Causus maculatus and a scorpion Pandinus imperator were recorded as predators (Rödel 2000). In savanna pools in Ivory Coast, tadpoles of the Crowned Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis feed on the tadpoles of A. maculatus. Adults feed mainly on ants, but also on beetles and alate termites (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 576ee1d4-1815-4970-b2d2-1510133e7324#associations f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles and adults are preyed upon by the common Brown Water Snake Lycodonomorphus rufulus (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 033c0a58-5543-47b3-858d-7294f5c6f204#associations 43e3607b-c011-4c9f-aba7-8c1dece09151 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles are eaten by the common Brown Water Snake Lycodonomorphus rufulus (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1284 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 1ec31121-9ec7-4412-8e49-9e8a410c8de1#associations 083af917-0509-4e40-aadb-51c633ed4741 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

They are preyed upon by dragonfly nymphs (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1286 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce f252a8b6-fbc4-42f5-bea4-5ef5ab3d0699#associations 851a8e65-74be-4757-9784-2dd8f067c3c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It was found that a snake near Elands Bay had disgorged a specimen of B. namaquensis. B. namaquensis occurs in sympatry with B. macrops. It is sympatric with B. rosei in the southern reaches of its range. Morphological and call differences between the three species easily separate them (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1202 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a 0a78df3d-3b9b-4066-82ad-3d0de655b599#associations dd183bd4-a591-41cc-82c0-4d33dc354751 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species is known to feed on a variety of small flying insects. H. horstockii’s predators include the Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus (Steyn 1966; Craig 1974), Water Mongoose Atilax paludinosus, and the Cape River Frog Afrana fuscigula (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1359 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a d8800187-1524-4a13-a270-192c731e2b41#associations f624b0a5-84db-482c-95b6-1e5e09328021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Captive specimens feed readily on crickets, grasshoppers, small mice and lizards (Channing 2001). It is presumed that they feed on a variety of arthropods in the wild (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1236 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 d00052a9-5d6f-44fb-9679-fa31c5d1d058#associations 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The diet of A. rattrayi includes small leaf-litter crustaceans such as amphipods and isopods (Wager 1986). Springtails (Collembola) appear to form a large proportion of the diet (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 824dc7e2-1253-4ea1-b735-3308308fd183#associations 139776c3-bfe7-4240-b5ca-04b1b4a534be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Palmer 1982 found that predation by the Bush Pig Potamochoerus larvatus has been recorded, with 18 B. fuscus specimens found in the stomach of one pig (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1203 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 668ccfcb-a382-4309-b6f3-605327e12ff3#associations 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Being a common species that is active all year round, these frogs consume large numbers of flying and crawling insects. In turn, they constitute an important prey item for otters, large birds and snakes ((Rowe-Rowe 1977a, b; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 ce5b92bc-27b5-4a37-b9bf-bc7fb4134e71#associations 03a0670d-fd3b-4f47-aa26-4779d5a8cb50 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Food items consist mostly of Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Orthoptera. Predators are unknown, although at lower altitudes otters are important predators of river frogs (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/767 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 d01a9b58-6bd7-4b7e-9d8b-f6d685df97e9#associations cc6337c7-19c4-4f76-a575-67451791412f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Rose (1962) and Channing (1979) describe that these frogs eat anything that comes within reach, mostly insects. Food records include a mouse, other frogs, including conspecific frogs, and crabs (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/774 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 7554efeb-61d6-4b53-9456-1457894bc589#associations 9e6241db-9d3c-47c8-89b5-07efc187892a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. vandijki is superficially similar to the sympatric A. fuscigula, and the two species are known to breed in the same pools (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/776 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 71a5bbef-1a93-4d7d-88ca-4c111b5e321d#associations 2fc2dcfc-bb7a-4631-bac4-608656506f09 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Prey includes amphipod and isopod crustaceans (Wager 1965). Predators have not been recorded (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/782 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 cb37f73b-db34-4c79-a4db-13abac4162c2#associations c78a5d70-e262-43f7-87f8-1c63e7176400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Prey consists of small arthropods (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/787 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 6d1a7a9b-606c-4d7c-a090-849f2ab56d90#associations d62c945f-2d69-4305-a569-68a643bfbee4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in sympatry with A. villiersi, although the two species have not been observed calling from the same seepages (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/788 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 086a0a9b-8dec-4702-b7f1-57b766687a67#associations 2915fe66-f2a2-4427-a09e-9f300ed0323f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing et al. (1994b) indicate that this species is sympatric with A. drewesii and A. landdrosia in places, but can be distinguished by differences in its advertisement call (see relevant species accounts (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/789 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 db2c9dc3-b425-46d7-b821-9e930a685b0b#associations 6bb364d7-bb7b-4f99-864f-6d71bb896c49 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. mababiensis feeds mainly on small insects such as midges and mosquitoes (Wager 1965). Predators have been recorded in East Africa (Loveridge 1953) and Zimbabwe (Broadley 1974). These include various snakes such as the Herald Snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia and Swamp Viper Atheris nitschei. Other predators include the Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1569 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 6329f804-beda-4e66-b065-165d147ff01c#associations 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Food items recorded north of the atlas region include a variety of insects, especially termites during the rainy season, as well as earthworms, snails and frogs (Inger and Marx 1961). Predators of the species include Blacknecked Spitting Cobra Naja nigricollis (Channing 2001) and Herald Snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 d5e89947-bde9-4ec6-92d6-19050a7dfb69#associations 6ee0efb7-057b-40a4-8950-e0d53751cfc9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Predators of the adults have not been recorded, but dragonfly nymphs are known to prey on the tadpoles (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1500 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9e76eea8-935b-42c1-ab23-d793796ecc64#associations 7d79febc-c73d-4793-a98b-492f8215ca6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species may be confused with the moss frogs, Arthroleptella, that are found in the same habitat (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1680 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 5370ee49-d186-4b0a-81fd-91804b5e5520#associations 4a150e3a-61ba-4e4b-8f99-b8f97f336043 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia has been observed preying on these frogs in the southwest (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1684 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 29a3b811-d9c2-4278-8238-3be6ab7c9bf1#associations 00b9c2c9-9401-49e5-9c57-cb641ce1d9f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Their diet includes termites, ants and a wide range of other small arthropods; more unusual items include snails and frogs (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928; Inger and Marx, 1961). They are fed upon by various snakes, including Eastern Vine Snake Thelotornis mossambicanus, White-lipped Snake Crotaphopeltis tornieri, Eastern Stripe-bellied Sand Snake Psammophis orientalis and Green Water Snake Philothamnus hoplogaster (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928; Loveridge, 1953a; Blake, 1965; text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1075 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9c4254bf-0ec2-4811-977a-a6bb7ab43aca#associations da8f2e5e-30b2-482e-80df-2dfe47dcb9b3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Food items include woodlice and other crustaceans, beetles and, probably, other small insects that live in the leaf litter (Wager 1986). Predators of A. wahlbergi have not been recorded (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1062 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 6dabfd9a-f186-47d4-87e2-7b446bed9247#associations bcd4388b-a6a2-48a5-a31f-dec6d15f0c0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Carruthers (2001) found that A. rangeri hybridizes with B. gutturalis at sites scattered throughout eastern South Africa. These are not closely related species (pers. obs.), and it seems that hybridization rarely progresses beyond the first generation (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1258 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Cunningham http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 9a537bdb-8b9e-4a70-8f07-3ee21eec79e0 58bb65d1-05f8-48d7-add0-65da3e51ef6c#associations e22be30e-1a0c-4fed-b68c-f6e43d69722b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Rose (1962) recorded insects and small snails as food items (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1277 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Cunningham http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 9a537bdb-8b9e-4a70-8f07-3ee21eec79e0 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#associations b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The introduced fish Gambusia holbrooki is believed to prey on Alytes maurus tadpoles (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#associations b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aubria masako is probably, like the better-known A. subsigillata, unusual among frogs in that its adult diet consists primarily of small fish, in particular Epiplatys that leap out of the water to escape predators or to look for different surroundings. A. masako has also been documented to eat arthropods, young fishing frogs, and Boettger’s dwarf clawed frog Hymenochirus boettgeri (Knoepffler 1976, Channing 2001, Rödel et al. 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#associations f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aubria subsigillata is unusual among frogs in that its adult diet consists primarily of small fish, in particular Epiplatys that leap out of the water to escape predators or to look for different surroundings. They may also eat smaller amphibians and arthropods (Knoepffler 1976, Channing 2001, Rödel et al. 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#associations f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Kassina cassinoides is likely susceptible to the trematodes Diplodiscus fischthalicus and Mesocelium monodi, both of which have been documented in Togo in other members of the genus Kassina (Bourgat, 1979).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe af525338-031a-4bce-9d8f-d3205ddec0ee#associations 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena christyi has been documented to prey on grasshoppers of the genus Tettigonia and snails of the genus Helixarion as well as caterpillars, crickets, beetles, solder termites, winged ants, and spiders. This list may not completely represent the diet of this species, as it is based on examination of the stomach contents of only six individuals (Noble, 1924).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe fbd93d8a-79d4-44f8-9976-7e4237aa439b#associations 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Pienaar et al. (1976), Wager (1986) and Lambiris (1989) all found that during the dry season, P. bifasciatus takes shelter under rocks or logs, in holes excavated by other animals, in termitaria, in holes in trees or under loose bark, in the axils of banana leaves and in drain pipes. Jacobsen (1989) report that P. bifasciatus often shelters with other frogs, lizards, scorpions and whip scorpions. The adults feed mainly on ants, but also consume other Hymenoptera, termites, grasshoppers and spiders (Jacobsen 1982). Channing (2001) found the Hamerkop Scopus umbretta prey on this species (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be c7ba03dd-b399-4ee4-b2a6-bf6ba933474e#associations dcac2756-77c5-4ed6-bc66-907bc45a19ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Some authors follow Poynton (1964) in recognizing two subspecies, that is, B. r. rosei northwest of False Bay, and B. r. vansoni east of False Bay, on the basis of differences in colour pattern, but these differences do not appear to be consistent (Passmore and Carruthers 1995). Field and molecular studies are required to clarify the status of these taxa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1196 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 dfeaf9bc-e89a-4473-b9a0-1cbc6d7603a2#associations 3217f09d-099c-4a82-b628-8d1a6b0a2715 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The herpetofauna of the region is only moderately species-rich; for example, there are two associate strict-endemic frog species in the Angolan Miombo woodlands ecoregion: the Angola Ornate Frog (Hildbrandtia ornatissima) and the Anchieta's Treefrog (Leptopelis anchietae), and one other near-endemic frog, the Luita River Reed Frog (Hyperolius vilhenai). Among the reptiles, there are strictly endemic species, including Bocage’s Horned Adder (Bitis heraldica). The upland areas of Angola such as the Bié Plateau, which form the heart of the Angolan Miombo ecoregion, do not appear to be notable centers of reptile or amphibian endemism. Most of the herpetofauna is shared with the broader miombo region (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1328 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 c06041ca-f07c-4e33-9091-cb30a4f1619d#associations bfc463af-8a27-4c97-bda3-a1e74902decc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There are a number of other anurans that co-inhabit with A. inyangae the Eastern Zimbabwe montane forest-grassland grassland ecoregion, to which A. inyangae is endemic. These anurans include Tschudi’s African Bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus), Striped Frog (Rana fasciata), Silver-banded Banana Frog (Hyperolius tuberilinguis), Kihengo Screeching Frog (Arthroleptis stenodactylus), and the Chirinda Screeching Frog (Arthroleptis xenodactyloides; World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/766 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 02a71423-1eb5-4bfe-a025-4743ed593673#associations 49052df3-f4b5-40e9-ac50-eb25c2b2ce4d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. wittei is recorded only in the East African montane moorlands and the East African montane forests ecoregion. The following text will review not only true associate anurans to A wittei, but also endemics to the restricted geographic ecoregion of the East African montane moorlands. The Kenya River frog (Phrynobatrachus keniensis) is endemic to the Kenyan portion of the ecoregion, and is an associate within the same range. The Kinangop River Frog (Phrynobatrachus kinangopensis) is also endemic to the Kenyan portion of the ecoregion and thus also is not a true associate; in particular it is found only in the Mount Kenya and Aberdare National Parks at elevations around 3000 metres. The Marsabit Clawed Frog (Xenopus borealis) is a near endemic anuran associate, which is also found in the upper elevations of the East African montane forests ecoregion. The Tigoni Reed Frog (Hyperolius cystocandicans) is a Vulnerable near endemic associate, found only in Kenya in this ecoregion and the adjacent East African montane forests. Other associate amphibians present in the East African montane moorlands ecoregion include the Subharan Toad (Amietophrynus xeros), Cape River Frog (Amietia fuscigula), Senegal Running Frog (Kassina senegalensis), Common Reed Frog (Hyperolius viridiflavus), and Keith's Toad (Amietophrynus kerinyagae) (Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/768 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 7aa5fc50-01c0-4ff2-a972-a96b7f20be38#associations 1bbf40b1-88cb-4058-95d4-bfccde94e09a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There are a number of amphibian associates of the endemic Bata Marsh toad (Amietophrynus chudeaui) within its principal ecoregion of occurrence, the West Sudanese savanna. Anurans found in the West Sudanian savanna ecoregion include the West African Rubber Frog (Phrynomantis microps), the Pale Running Frog (Kassina fusca), the Silver Running Frog (Kassina cassinoides), the Buea Screeching Frog (Arthroleptis variabilis), the Central Grassland Frog (Ptychadena tellinii), Dakar Grassland Frog (Ptychadena trinodis), the Broad-banded Grassland Frog (Ptchadena bibroni), the Sudan Ridged Frog (Ptychadena schillukorum), the Marbled Snout Burrower (Hemisus marmoratus), the Muller's Clawed Frog (Xenopus muelleri), the Natal Dwarf Puddle Frog (Phrynobatrachus natalensis), Rusty Forest Treefrog (Leptopelis viridis), Savanna Forest Treefrog (Leptopelis bufonides), Weidholz's Banana Frog (Afrixalus weidholzi). All of the above anurans can be specifically found in the middle Niger River Basin. (Hogan. 2013)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1259 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9a15338c-366a-467c-8add-8c5085d81cab#associations faccb92b-26ed-4707-b6dc-64e908cf512f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The distribution of A. mauritanicus overlaps with much of the range of anurans Discoglossus scovazzi and Pelobates varaldii (World Wildlife Fund and Hogan, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1246 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3cbe395e-5e8d-4e28-b532-d625227909a4#associations 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Some of the dominant trees in the portions of the range of H. darlingi are miombo mainstays, especially Brachystegia floribunda, B. glaberrima, B. taxifolia, B. wangermeeana, Marquesia macroura, Julbernadia globiflora, J. paniculata, and Isoberlinia angolensis; in fact, the Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands portion of the H darlingi range is the centre of Brachystegia endemism. (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007)

Within the range of H. darlingi, rates of faunal endemism vary greatly among taxonomic groups. For example, Mammal endemism within the Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands portion of the range, is restricted to four species of rodents, namely Monard’s dormouse (Graphiurus monardi), Rosevear's striped grass mouse (Lemniscomys roseveari), and two white-toothed shrews, Crocidura ansellorum (CR) and C. zimmeri (VU), with the last two being strict ecoregion endemics. D'Anchieta's fruit bat (Plerotes anchietae, DD), is also found in the range. (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007)

A number of larger mammals are present in the wetter parts of the range of H. darlingi, especially in the wooded margins or open areas of the floodplains and swamps. Lechwes (Kobus leche), puku (K. vardoni), tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus), oribi (Ourebia ourebi), blue wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) and sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii), are antelope that prefer seasonally flooded or marshy habitat, and sometimes open grasslands here. Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), and blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) are mostly found in more wooded areas close to permanent water. (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007)

Example amphibian species within the range of H. darlingi is the Shaba Province Toad (Amietophrynus fuliginatus), which occurs in Upemba National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo and in portions of the Kafue National Park in Zambia, as well as in other locations. There are numerous other amphibians in the ecoregion, including the African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis), African ornate frog (Hildebrandtia ornata), African Peters frog (Hoplobatrachus occipitalis), African split-skin toad (Schismaderma carens), Angola forest treefrog (Leptopelis cynnamomeus), and Banded banana frog (Afrixalus fulvovittatus). The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) and the African sharp-nosed crocodile (C. cataphractus) is also found in portions of the range as H. darlingi. (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007)

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There are a number of amphibian associates of K. fusca within its principal ecoregion of occurrence, the West Sudanese savanna. Anurans found in the West Sudanian savanna ecoregion include the endemic Bata Marsh toad (Amietophrynus chudeaui), the West African Rubber Frog (Phrynomantis microps), the Silver Running Frog (Kassina cassinoides), the Buea Screeching Frog (Arthroleptis variabilis), the Central Grassland Frog (Ptychadena tellinii), Dakar Grassland Frog (Ptychadena trinodis), the Broad-banded Grassland Frog (Ptchadena bibroni), the Sudan Ridged Frog (Ptychadena schillukorum), the Marbled Snout Burrower (Hemisus marmoratus), the Muller's Clawed Frog (Xenopus muelleri), the Natal Dwarf Puddle Frog (Phrynobatrachus natalensis), Rusty Forest Treefrog (Leptopelis viridis), Savanna Forest Treefrog (Leptopelis bufonides), Weidholz's Banana Frog (Afrixalus weidholzi). All of the above anurans can be specifically found in the middle Niger River Basin. (Hogan. 2013)

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P. kinangopensis is recorded only in the East African montane moorlands and the East African montane forests ecoregion. The following text will review not only true associate anurans to P. kinangopensis, but also endemics to the restricted geographic ecoregion of the East African montane moorlands. The Kenya River frog (Phrynobatrachus keniensis) is endemic to the Kenyan portion of the ecoregion, and is an associate within the same range. The Molo Frog (A. wittei), is an associate found chiefly in the Kenyan central highlands along the Mau Escarpment, in the Aberdare Mountains, and on Mount Kenya. The Marsabit Clawed Frog (Xenopus borealis) is a near endemic anuran associate, which is also found in the upper elevations of the East African montane forests ecoregion. The Tigoni Reed Frog (Hyperolius cystocandicans) is a Vulnerable near endemic associate, found only in Kenya in this ecoregion and the adjacent East African montane forests. Other associate amphibians present in the East African montane moorlands ecoregion include the Subharan Toad (Amietophrynus xeros), Cape River Frog (Amietia fuscigula), Senegal Running Frog (Kassina senegalensis), Common Reed Frog (Hyperolius viridiflavus), and Keith's Toad (Amietophrynus kerinyagae (Hogan, 2013).

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Amphibian associates of the Accra Snake-necked Frog (Phrynomantis microps) found in the upper Benue Basin within the East Sudanese savanna include the Balfour's Reed Frog (Hyperolius balfouri) also occurs in the upper basin at least up to altitudes of 620 metres and likely higher, but also continuing into the mid-basin. The taxonomically puzzling Banded Banana Frog (Afrixalus fulvovittatus) appears in the upper Benue Basin and likely in lower basin elements. The Marble-legged Frog (Hylarana galamensis) is found in the upper Benue Basin as well as in downriver basin segments (Hogan, 2013).

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A number of amphibian associates are found within the ecoregions where P. beiranus occurs, including: African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis), African ornate frog (Hildebrandtia ornata), Boettger’s metal frog (Cacosternum boettgeri), Common reed frog (Hyperolius viridiflavus), and the Lukula grass frog (Ptychadena taenioscellus; World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007).

Many of the ungulates that inhabit these ecoregions move seasonally through the floodplain in response to the fluctuating water levels. Topi (Damaliscus lunatus), which are mostly restricted to seasonally flooded grasslands, are known to follow the receding waters in the dry season and to retreat to higher ground after peak rain events. Blue Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and Oribi (Ourebia ourebi) also frequent the extensive floodplains and grasslands, although the latter favor less waterlogged areas such as termitaries, where herbs and woody growth provide food and cover. Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), Puku (Kobus vardoni), Southern reedbuck (Redunca arundinum), and sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei) are also common inhabitants of the floodplains in the range of P. beiranus (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007).

Zambian barbet (Lybius chaplini) is endemic to south central Zambia, concentrated in the Kafue basin between Kafue National Park and Lusaka. Reliant on miombo woodland or open country bearing fruiting trees, this species is mostly found on the woody margins of flooded grassland areas. Other globally threatened species recorded in portions of the range of P. beiranus include Wattled crane (Grus carunculatus,VU), which has its main breeding populations in the wetlands of Zambia, including the Kafue Flats and the Bangweulu and Busanga swamps, Corncrake (Crex crex, VU), Lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni, VU), Great snipe (Gallinago media) and Shoebill stork (Balaeniceps rex; World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007).

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There are a number of endemic herp species that are found in the same range as P. damaranus. The high number of endemic animals in the Kaokoveld is made up largely of reptiles. Of the 63 reptile species recorded in the Kaokoveld Desert, eight are strictly endemic. The endemics include two lizards, three geckos, and three skinks. The endemic Bocage's Sand Lizard (Pedioplania benguellensis) is an amazingly fast-moving lizard that can be seen in the heat of the day, dashing over the sparsely vegetated sand and gravel flats. The endemic geckos are quite distinctive. The Namib Desert Gecko (Palmatogecko vanzeyli), for example, exhibits a medium-sized body and a large head with immense jewel-like eyes (World Wildlife Fund; Hogan, 2008).

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Although there are few amphibian associates in the range of D. brongersmai other than a few cosmopolitan species, there are a number of notable reptilian taxa present. Taking the North Sahara steppe and woodlands ecoregion part of the range, the diversity of reptiles is moderately high, but the number of endemic reptilian species is lower than in semi-desert areas of Southern Africa. Here there are two strict endemic reptiles present in the ecoregion: the Changeable agama (Trapelus mutabilis) and Natterer's pygmy gecko (Tropiocolotes nattereri). Other common reptiles in the ecoregion include the horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) and desert varan (Varanus griseus; World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2008).

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The Kilimanjaro Stream Frog (Strongylopus kilimanjaro) is recorded only in a narrow alpine range on the middle slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro within the East African montane moorlands. The following text will review not only true associate anurans to S. kilimanjaro, but also endemics to the restricted geographic ecoregion of the East African montane moorlands. The Kenya River frog (Phrynobatrachus keniensis) is endemic to the Kenyan portion of the ecoregion, and is thus not a true associate within the same range. The Kinangop River Frog (Phrynobatrachus kinangopensis) is endemic to the Kenyan portion of the ecoregion and thus also is not a true associate; in particular it is found only in the Mount Kenya and Aberdare National Parks at elevations around 3000 metres.

The Marsabit Clawed Frog (Xenopus borealis) is a near endemic anuran associate, which is also found in the upper elevations of the adjacent East African montane forests ecoregion. Another near endemic amphibian is the Molo Frog (Amietia wittei), which is found only in the Kenyan central highlands and northern Tanzania in the East African montane moorlands and slightly lower in elevation in the East African montane forests; therefore this species is not a true associate. The near endemic Mountain Reed Frog (Hyperolius montanus) is found only in the Kenyan highlands of the ecoregion and also in the adjacent East African montane forests ecoregion, and therefore is not a true associate. The Tigoni Reed Frog (Hyperolius cystocandicans) is a Vulnerable near endemic, found only in Kenya in this ecoregion and the adjacent East African montane forests; thus this species is not a true associate.

Other associate amphibians present in the East African montane moorlands ecoregion include the Subharan Toad (Amietophrynus xeros), Cape River Frog (Amietia fuscigula), Senegal Running Frog (Kassina senegalensis), Common Reed Frog (Hyperolius viridiflavus), and Keith's Toad (Amietophrynus kerinyagae). (Hogan. 2013)

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Gut contents of one specimen consisted of relatively large arthropods (Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diplopoda), and nematodes; parasitic nematodes were found in the lungs (de Sá et al., 2004).

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These toads have been found in the stomachs of Crotaphopeltis tornieri.

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Hoplobatrachus occipitalis larvae prey on small aquatic animals like tadpoles and mosquitos, making them an important part of the food chain within temporary savanna ponds. As adults, they consume various other organisms. The loss of H. occipitalis as a predator, due to overexploitation of the species, could lead to increases in prey populations (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1280 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 1bbcf246-3330-4ce3-80ff-cb0cd2dba767#associations 78b73904-0081-4fee-98a6-131e29bbecd7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Diet consists of almost everything in the water, including insects, fish, and tadpoles, including their own species (Text modified from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1624 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ John Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und 06ed9708-c00d-431d-b595-29a60e8616e4 1d066423-75cf-451f-aa2e-6fb57e4cfef6#associations 10baa8ec-5aec-4782-b116-7a5f514ec639 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

After good rains, adults often emerge in large numbers from their places of concealment, to feed on alate termites. At such times, many are killed on the roads (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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B. sylvestris occurs in parapatry with B. adspersus throughout its range. Prey items have not been documented but probably include various invertebrates characteristic of the forest floor (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Poynton and Pritchard (1976) found food items include amphipods, isopods, juvenile myriapods, caterpillars, beetles and ants (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Food consists primarily of insects and spiders (Inger and Marx 1961; Stewart 1967) as well Channing (2001) reported prey as snails and other frogs (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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C. boettgeri is known to feed on termites (Passmore and Carruthers 1995) but probably takes any small insect. In common with its congeners, it is probably a major predator of mosquitoes (Wager 1986). The Yellowbilled Egret Egretta intermedia, Spotted Skaapsteker Psammophylax rhombeatus (Channing 2001) and Giant Bullfrog Pyxicephalus adspersus (W.R. Branch pers. comm.) are known to prey on this frog (Text from Minter et al. 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Males engage in territorial disputes when other males approach too closely. The only known predators are large toads (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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C. nanum has been reported to feed on mosquitoes in captivity (Wager 1965), and the species probably plays an important role in the control of small insects in undisturbed habitats. Predators have not been recorded (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

C. nanum is absent from higher altitudes along the escarpment, where it is replaced C. parvum. Although they may occur in close proximity to each other, there are no confirmed records of their being syntopic (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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C. parvum has been recorded in sympatry with C. nanum at Malolotja Nature Reserve in Swaziland, and in the Maclear and Mount Frere districts in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Its basic diet is crustaceans (Text from Salvador, 1996, © Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service).

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Predators include Serrated Hinged Terrapin Pelusios sinuatus, Müller’s Platanna Xenopus muelleri, as well the eggs are eaten by the A. garmani tadpoles. Other predators include small carnivores such as young crocodiles, snakes and birds (Channing 2001). A. garmani prey on beetles, termites, moths, insect larvae and other small invertebrates (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1253 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A. Turner http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#associations und a13bed59-3cf7-416c-b45c-ad1026defb54 f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#diagnostic_description d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a slender Leptopelis with bright red eyes. Males are typically dark gray or brown with an irregular pattern of yellow bars, while females are uniform olive- brown or gray. In both sexes the ventral surface is light in color and the toes and undersides of the limbs are yellow. The throat is white in males and orange in females. The tympanum is visible, but small and indistinct. Pupils are vertical. Toes are half webbed (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2e17dee9-47dc-4c76-8beb-034ec692cac8#diagnostic_description af4652df-db1e-473d-8c0e-d9a19cb44026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A relatively small, light brown Leptopelis with a broad head and short snout. The dorsum can be green or cream colored in juveniles. There is a darker brown triangle between the eyes and an inverted ‘V’ or ‘Y’ on the dorsum. The legs are short – tibia slightly less than ½ SVL. Pupils are vertical. Toes have only a very small amount of webbing. Males lack pectoral glands (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1147 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8a281147-a394-4401-8a25-cec0a047e99d#diagnostic_description 19b89899-5659-4dad-9778-88f2a101eef4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small slender frog with a silvery or yellow dorsum. Small dark tipped spines cover the heads of the females and the heads and backs of males. A dark band with light spots runs along each side from the snout to the groin. The dorsal pattern is variable across the species range, but in the Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests there is usually a pair of dorsolateral stripes from the vent to a patch behind the eyes. The legs are pale with dark bands. Toe tips are yellow with expanded disks. In males the throat is yellow. Females have white throats (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1327 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a1e8f96c-3024-442c-b727-73e8eb2f25b6#diagnostic_description 3217f09d-099c-4a82-b628-8d1a6b0a2715 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum of adult A. dorsalis is dark with a pattern of silver-white, typically "consisting of a triangle on top of the snout continuing into a broad dorsolateral stripe to the groin. A light spot in the lumbar region, sometimes confluent with the dorsolateral stripes, and two light spots on tibia, or tibia uniformly light" (Schiøtz, 1999). Individuals within some populations can be variably patterned with a light mid-dorsal stripe or a uniform light dorsum.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1328 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7e306e2a-88d8-453e-9946-0d63d8498d1d#diagnostic_description 9aea7427-663b-4081-ba71-42daecb07f03 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large slender Afrixalus. The dorsum and tibia are silvery white with small black-tipped spines that are larger on males than on females. Many individuals have a broad brown mid-dorsal band as well. At night the entire dorsum appears translucent brown. The sides, arms and feet are clear brown with white flecking. The fingers are webbed slightly at the base and the toes are webbed with the exception of the tip of the fourth toe (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1307 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e7255dd-7fe1-4cf6-90f6-3e8e77f8d355#diagnostic_description 5957bed9-fd1b-474d-9cd3-0d384fde8cbb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A small Afrixalus with short legs (tibia less than ½ SVL). The dorsum is light with two brown stripes that run from the eyes to the vent. There is also a brown dot on top of each eye and a single brown band in the middle of each tibia (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1325 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0bcfa76-4ab6-4b50-b08b-b997ccd6969d#diagnostic_description 5c15120d-bf87-4d6d-bc55-5c800e259f29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The light to dark, lateral band present in all dwarf Afrixalus species, is unmarked in A. spinifrons (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1323 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc8708c2-7f5a-4fba-8943-cc19a6c2cb2d#diagnostic_description 59652306-c075-40d5-a40a-8ee39c9f9baa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A very small frog with short legs and protruding eyes. The dorsum is light with brown sides and darker bands or stripes. Small light dots are present on the brown patches and small brown dots occur on the light patches. Toes and fingers have a small amount of webbing at the base. Toe and finger tips end in distinct disks (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1318 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a87ad317-2968-425f-bcca-aebaa15931d5#diagnostic_description 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A small to medium-sized Afrixalus. The head is broad with a short snout, and the eyes are large and protruding. The tympanum is not visible. The white dorsum is scattered with irregular darker patches, usually without forming a distinct pattern. Fingers and toes are yellow and end in expanded orange disks. Males have fine dorsal asperites, while females are smooth (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 133c38c4-9cba-4a26-9635-7b46d171d49a#diagnostic_description d23eed55-1d66-4f58-8169-65e14bd0cba6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large frog with long legs and distinct dorsolateral folds. The dorsum is smooth and brown, often with dark spots. There is a dark line from the snout to the eye that continues as a larger band from the eye, over the tympanum to the corner of the mouth. A light fold of skin extends from the eye over the tympanum to the base of the arm. The tympanum is visible and slightly smaller than the eye. Toe tips are not expanded. The tibia is slightly longer than ½ SVL. The second finger is shorter than the first. One to two segments of the fourth toe are unwebbed. The ventral surface is light, sometimes with dark mottling on the throat. Males in breeding condition have darkly pigmented nuptial pads (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/779 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3b65e084-f155-4cb7-95ef-a4aa13f60b9c#diagnostic_description 8f082328-bb4d-4387-b0f0-1df936593e7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A large brown to olive green frog with irregular darker markings on the dorsum. The dorsal pattern and color can vary. The snout is pointed in profile. Some individuals have a light vertebral stripe. Dorsolateral folds are distinct. There are raised glands scattered along the sides. There is a light stripe above the lip and a dark mask that runs from the tip of the snout, under the eye and over the tympanum. Toes are extensively webbed, with at most one joint of the longest toe free of webbing (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/778 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cd62d93d-6867-4562-9941-89f2a5e8bc43#diagnostic_description ea5303b2-238d-4812-b46c-f79cac8e9d44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A large toad with long, distinct parotid glands. The dorsum is warty and light brown with paired, regular darker square patches. Some of the markings may have a reddish tinge. The tympanum is visible. Toes are webbed only slightly at the base (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1253 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ada4b345-3d54-49a4-b8e9-77d00359e098#diagnostic_description a3d864ed-e1c0-4edc-a5ea-2f99106acbec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adults vary considerably in colouration and markings. The outer metatarsal tubercle is well developed as in A. villiersi (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/785 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c74f0bf3-0caa-41d1-a4fc-3e6cdc5f5d63#diagnostic_description 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is tan with darker blotches and a light patch just below the eye. A light middorsal stripe is usually present and a pale cross is formed on the top of the head between the eyes. The parotid glands are distinct, but are not elevated as in A. gutturalis. Black tipped warts cover the dorsum and the parotid glands. A row of white tubercles is present on the forearm. Toes are webbed only slightly at the base. The ventral surface is granular and light with some gray mottling (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a1663f9-8e8b-48b8-bd69-aeb7990b1aad#diagnostic_description 0323b683-f94c-4173-b2df-ab67ba1843c2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is warty, spiny in males and marked with paired dark patches. A dark mark runs under the eye to the arm. The tympanum is visible and larger than ½ the diameter of the eye. Parotid glands are flat but visible. The ventral surface is yellow. Toes are extensively webbed (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1241 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 10dcff12-8fa6-456c-b3a5-67022c20bab6#diagnostic_description 8b5a6376-45d3-4da2-987a-67f5d55093fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The parotid glands are smooth, and the dorsal coloration is cream with pairs of dark blotches. Towards the sides the warty skin has distinctive dark spines, while the ventrum is cream to white with bright red venation around the upper legs and vent. The tympanum is visible, oval and slightly greater than ½ the diameter of the eye. The first finger is longer than the second. Glands on forearm form a distinct continuous ridge (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1223 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ba93660e-6eb1-4f55-b7d9-b39d6699acb3#diagnostic_description 3b3af21d-111a-4d4e-a020-54625489dfb1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A small frog with a broad head and long legs. The dorsum is light brown, and typically lacks the hourglass pattern common in many other Arthroleptis species. A dark black mark curves from the eye to the arm over the tympanum and may appear like a mask in some individuals. The lower lip is barred and the undersides of the feet are dark black. The belly is yellowish near the groin and the undersides of the legs are reddish orange. The tips of the toes are slightly expanded and have a groove along the edge. Males in breeding condition have serrations on the second and third fingers. There is some variation in morphology among individuals from the northern to the southern part of the range (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1083 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4ff7f06b-5531-4875-a7ae-80ebe8862b6e#diagnostic_description ff70bd05-e983-47c3-bbba-5483829a64a8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a very small Arthroleptis with a broad head. The tympanum is round and distinctly visible, less than ½ the diameter of the eye, and lacks a fold of skin over the top. There is a distinct dark brown spot in the groin and on the front of each thigh. The undersurface of the thighs is dark with lighter gray spots. The throat is orange-red and not mottled. The ventral surface is yellow and the underside of the thighs is red. The finger tips are not expanded. Toe tips are slightly expanded and faintly pointed. Toes lack webbing (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1090 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7498085e-e01b-4457-81d4-42b6dc450f60#diagnostic_description f84d1822-5fb6-4c28-a6f5-98fd3787290c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a very small Arthroleptis with a broad head. The undersurfaces of the thighs are dark with light gray spots. The tympanum is visible and less than ½ the diameter of the eye. A dark mark runs above the tympanum and past the arm. There is a very dark brown spot in the groin. The throat and ventral surface are mottled with light and dark gray markings. Toe tips are expanded and pointed. Finger tips are pointed, but not expanded (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1078 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e72ef301-96dd-485f-ad89-d9a68c3791bb#diagnostic_description 940392dd-9102-4566-a996-94e8b836249f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large Arthroleptis with a broad head and long legs (tibia greater than ½ SVL). The tympanum is visible and typically has a dark mark above it running from the snout to the arm. This dark band is edged by a thin light stripe above. The lower jaw is white without markings. The throat and chest are dark. Fingertips are slightly expanded, but lack disks. Toe tips are expanded and pointed. Toes lack webbing. Arms and legs have dark bands. Some individuals have light spots on the sides (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1093 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f15db997-55e7-442a-aacb-1cf79f5f1045#diagnostic_description bc7b42ca-b174-4637-9d6a-fa3457a53bee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large Arthroleptis with a broad head and long legs. The tibia is longer than ½ SVL. The dorsum is brown with darker brown chevrons pointing toward the head. There is a light triangle on the snout between the eyes. The legs are barred. A dark mark runs from behind the eye to the arm. The tympanum is visible. Finger tips are at most very faintly expanded. Toe tips are expanded, but lack distinct disks (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1091 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f3191907-dd69-4096-a9bc-b704bc1e7145#diagnostic_description 5bf4d2dc-6324-4492-879f-ca0b7391e21d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small frog with a narrow head and long legs. The dorsal pattern is brown, usually with a darker hour glass pattern and a pale line or triangle between the eyes. The toes are long and end in small but distinct disks. The tympanum is small and is oval rather than round (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/921 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 62a5e3b1-ce85-418e-82fd-7e07976add00#diagnostic_description 00b9c2c9-9401-49e5-9c57-cb641ce1d9f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A stocky litter frog with a large broad head and short legs (tibia less than ½ SVL). The dorsum is brown, usually with a darker three-lobed figure, and occasionally with a light middorsal stripe. Most individuals have two distinct dark sacral spots. The tympanum is oval and distinct. A dark mark curves from the eye to the arm over the tympanum. The ventral surface is light, often with gray mottling in the pectoral region of females, and on the throat of males. Males can be distinguished from females by the elongated third finger. In both males and females the inner metatarsal tubercle is at least as large as the first toe. Toes do not end in disks (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1075 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d356aba8-c091-46ca-8742-0c1b4cb5dc3e#diagnostic_description c91c885e-a1e5-4a5f-8403-cf4efb9fafce http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a very small brown frog with variable markings. It usually exhibits a light triangle on the snout and darker diamonds on the dorsum. The tympanum is visible and approximately ½ the diameter of the eye in adults. The diameter of the eye is roughly the same as the distance from the eye to the tip of the snout. The nostrils are closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes. Toes and fingers are distinctly swollen, with round disks on the fingers and on the 3rd, 4th and 5th toes. Toe disks are slightly oval rather than round. The toes lack webbing. In males the 3rd finger can be as much as 3.5 times the length of the 4th finger (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1077 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6fb72832-0f4f-492e-a5f6-ccba9838b97d#diagnostic_description f05a584e-0e2e-4302-8481-52cc348bb750 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is one of the larger of the Arthroleptis species. It has a broad head and relatively long legs (tibia roughly ½ SVL or greater). The dorsum is gray-brown, often without distinct darker markings. A fold of skin runs from the eye over the tympanum ending at the arm. Raised dorsolateral skin folds are faintly visible. The tympanum is round and distinct, less than ½ the diameter of the eye. The eyes are gold on top and dark beneath. The finger tips are faintly expanded and the toe tips are distinctly expanded, though both lack distinct disks. A groove runs along the base of the toe tips. There is a small amount of webbing on the toes. The first finger is distinctly longer than the second (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1068 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 da5cd230-72a1-4cb0-a033-229b821ab4ad#diagnostic_description 077ca7a2-4a51-4754-adc1-e5757e55bb59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

These frogs are the same colour as dead leaves, varying between beige, brown and black. They often have an hourglass-shape pattern on their backs (Text modified from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

This is a small leaf litter frog with short legs and a narrow head. The dorsum is orange-brown usually with brighter orange tinges around the groin. Faint light dorsolateral stripes are present in some individuals while others have a darker hourglass figure on the dorsum. The snout is pointed. The small tympanum is distinctly visible. Toe and finger tips are expanded into small rounded disks. As in other members of this family, the male has an elongated third finger. Females often have bright red-orange on the groin and thigh area (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1066 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5530ff93-95f8-483f-8143-4a46844e4915#diagnostic_description 66ef2b97-6fad-4920-b469-5afd94c705c5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a very small leaf litter frog with a narrow wedge-shaped head and short legs. Dorsal pattern is variable among individuals, but often consists of a darker hourglass figure on a brown background, sometimes with dark sacral spots as well. In most individuals a dark band begins at the tip of the snout and passes under the eye to the tympanum. A small dark patch is usually present around the vent. The ventral surface is dark and evenly speckled with light mottling from the throat to the undersides of the legs. Digit tips are slightly expanded, with a distinct pointed papillate projection. The third finger of males is elongated and edged with small spines, which presumably aids in grasping the female during mating (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1065 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 474fb827-c5f9-4751-8606-8f3894432200#diagnostic_description ddba1054-01b9-4a21-973a-a49a29662f98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A pale blue to grey caecilian that is darker above than below, from 80 to 250 mm in length. The mouth is recessed and the tail is absent. The heads of males are slightly larger than females, although the sexes are hard to tell apart in other ways. Oviductal eggs are visible through the skin of females. Primary annuli vary from 124 to 134 (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/898 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 202a7792-d7eb-4e88-bf2b-baced1375ef9#diagnostic_description 3945176f-73a8-4adc-a9f5-887f2169af18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small to medium-sized caecilian that is pink with a slightly blue hue. The head can appear as a creamy yellow. The body can take on the colors of the soil in the gut (from earthworm and termite prey) or body organs (dark liver). Oviductal eggs are easily seen in females. Primary annuli vary from 140 to 148 (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/903 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0ca63fc5-e86d-4497-acbb-61e64dd04924#diagnostic_description e5885178-9364-44ad-9c4a-31317104f829 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized caecilian that appears light brown to dark grey above with only a slightly lighter ventrum. The head sometimes appears lighter as the skin is stretched over the bone. It has tentacles and a recessed mouth, but no visible eye, which is beneath the bone. Primary annuli range from 141 to 148 (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/899 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17386030-0e95-4c41-8eee-6c6394ae7b69#diagnostic_description 98893545-8ad6-465e-80cd-aaaf15fd84c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium to small caecilian that is uniformly pink with a blue hue. The head can appear as a creamy yellow. The body can take on the colors of soil in the gut (from earthworm and termite prey) or body organs (dark liver). Oviductal eggs are easily seen in females. Primary annuli range from 128 to 144 (Harper et al., 2010).

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This is a rotund frog with a very small head and short limbs. Toes lack webbing. The dorsum is dark brown and the ventral surface is lightly colored. A distinct black mark runs from the eye to the base of each arm. The throat is brown in females and dark black in breeding males (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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This species resembles cannot be reliably distinguished from C. boettgeri using external morphology. Its advertisement call has pulse trains that consists predominantly of double or treble pulses (rarely four).

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C. rosei is a small toad with an elongate body and females that are much larger than males.

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The hands have opposable fingers, with pads like the reed frogs, but are much bigger. The skin often appears rough with warts (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

Dorsum white to grey with prominent tubercles. The ventral surface is white. Males have a gray throat. The tympanum is distinctly visible. The eyes are large with horizontal pupils. The toes are expanded with small disks. The toes are extensively webbed with only one joint of the longest toe free of webbing (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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This is a small toad with spiny skin and a pointed head. The dorsum is gray-brown with small reddish brown spots. The parotid glands are long and flattened. The ventral surface is light, usually with a distinct dark line from the throat to the vent. Toe and finger tips are pointed, but not expanded and toes are slightly webbed (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/871 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1d97a6f7-19fb-4f60-a164-68f3ba6612e9#diagnostic_description 62afe0ca-15b4-4cb4-84e1-c24bda83bfa5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following is from the original description by Poynton (1991):

Diagnosis. Closely resembling Stephopaedes anotis (Boulenger, 1907), but differing therefrom in the reduced webbing (two phalanges of third toe free in loveridgei, one free in anotis ); relatively smaller outer metatarsal tubercle (0.75 or less length of inner metatarsal tubercle in loveridgei, more than 0.75 length in anotis). Adult dorsal skin (at least of females) more spinose than in anotis, e.g., > 45 spines on upper eyelid of loveridgei < 35 in anotis ), clear rosettes of spines on upper
surfaces of hind limbs of loveridgei, although weakly developed in the Kiwengoma Forest Reserve specimens (not developed in anotis). Covering of minute spines on lip of vent more strongly developed than in anotis. Dorsal markings usually strongly defined in loveridgei (weakly or not shown in anolis), while ventral markings are very reduced or absent (ventral freckling nearly always well developed over pectoral region in anotis).

The dorsum is dark brown with a darker brown chevron and is covered in small spines. There is often a thin light middorsal stripe. The tympanum is not visible. The ventral surface is light, sometimes with a dark blotch on the chest. Toes are partially webbed (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/872 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6308393e-05d3-4bec-959e-4f4ad35b32a0#diagnostic_description 6cc25cc8-a3cf-42c8-ba28-44b754364bf8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small toad. The dorsum is dark brown with conspicuous light patches on the scapular and sacral regions. There is no tympanum and the parotid glands are indistinct. The ventral surface is heavily marked. Males have rough thumbs that aid in clasping the female during mating. The outer toe is reduced. Toes lack webbing (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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This is a small thin toad. Both sexes are light brown to grey with darker markings. The tympanum is not visible. The parotid glands are long and flat. The ventrum is pale. Males have a conspicuous black chest. The first finger is shorter than the second. Toes are only slightly webbed. Males in breeding condition have distinct dark nuptial pads (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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M. capensis is one of the smallest amphibians in southern Africa, attaining a length of only c.18 mm. The pupil is horizontally elliptical. The toes are partially webbed, with 2–3 phalanges of the longest toe free of webbing. The dorsum generally has a variable green, brown and/ or grey colour, usually interspersed with darker shading and markings. A thin vertebral stripe is often present, sometimes flanked by broader lateral stripes. The ventrum is smooth and off-white or with variable black and white mottling. The throat area of males is plain brown without mottling. The length of the shank is less than half the body length (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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A small frog. The dorsum is yellow-brown with a pair of distinctive brown stripes that run from behind the eye to the groin. Some irregular dark markings may be present on the dorsum. There are no dark markings on the ventral surface. The tympanum is not visible. The snout is short, and the eyes are large with horizontal pupils. This species lacks distinct parotid glands. Finger tips are rounded and not expanded. Toes and fingers are webbed (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/889 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 323ea0d3-65cf-48fb-9c11-532593dbd29c#diagnostic_description 3f6dcd88-6397-48e6-b5cb-a1fbdefd0b52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small thin toad with a pointed snout. Tympanum is not visible, although there is an indentation in that region. The first finger is shorter than the second. The toe and finger tips are not expanded. There is a moderate amount of webbing on the toes and fingers. Parotid glands are located in the scapular region (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/890 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 367160e8-03b1-4ff5-bff9-b5ab9263472d#diagnostic_description e8d01d41-7adf-49ad-acd4-37e74aed3441 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small slender frog. The tympanum is visible. This species lacks a distinct parotid gland, although some small glands are present in the parotid region. Finger and toe tips are not expanded. Toes have only a very small amount of webbing. The first finger is shorter than the second (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/887 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 549794e1-29a4-41c6-9e76-9089f2d65530#diagnostic_description f5d67cde-bf6e-46d8-a75f-7b1fa09ef002 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A medium-sized Nectophrynoides with a broad head, protruding eyes and large hands and feet relative to other members of the genus. The dorsum is light brown with irregular darker brown markings. This species lacks a tympanum. The parotid glands are present, but small and indistinct. They are located in the scapular region and are shorter than the length of the eye. The toe tips are expanded and the tips of some of the digits are truncate. Fingers are webbed at the base. Toes are partially webbed (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/893 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a9ba870-e145-414a-83c0-b7707f5a0d46#diagnostic_description d420b434-a08f-4212-8bb6-090ef218d160 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A medium-sized Nectophrynoides with a broad head and short, slender legs. The dorsum is light brown with irregular darker brown markings and a dark line from the eye to the shoulder. The dorsal pattern is variable. Parotid glands are present and distinct, but discontinuous, appearing as a broken ridge from the eye to the shoulder. The tympanum is visible. Toe tips are rounded not expanded or truncate. There is some webbing on the fourth and fifth toes (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/886 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 66682645-7d33-417c-a1e2-f74e9f6de828#diagnostic_description 5114252b-5513-4abe-a3c7-33e712cd8b7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A small dark toad with slender limbs. The dorsum is covered in large conical spines. The tympanum is distinctly visible. Parotid glands are absent. Finger and toe tips are rounded and not expanded (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/885 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8878d0c6-6942-4520-9b12-4b89004aab70#diagnostic_description 74ddd2ce-78a7-4da4-a35a-34d15b86f275 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A small frog with slender limbs. The tympanum is visible, but not distinct. It is smaller than ½ the diameter of the eye. The dorsum is brown with raised bumps. The sides are slightly darker, but there are no distinct markings on the dorsum or sides. There is a light band that runs from the eye to the corner of the mouth. Toe and finger tips are rounded and not expanded. Toes and fingers lack webbing (Harper et al., 2010).

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This species lacks a tympanum. The dorsum is light gray with irregular dark markings and is smooth with small warts. Parotid glands are twice as long as their width. A very small amount of webbing is present on the toes. Fingers lack webbing. Finger tips are expanded and slightly truncate. A thin dark line runs along the center of the ventral surface. A pale vertebral stripe was present on the single individual collected; however this is a trait that varies among individuals in other species (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/892 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6d617c9f-a318-46c6-b61d-df5ebbfc3890#diagnostic_description fdb4232c-4b31-4e06-8736-9962a1e5720d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A very small toad with a broad head. The dorsum is brown with lighter blotches. The tympanum is only weakly visible. Parotid glands are absent, although a few small glands may be present in the parotid area. The upper eyelid has a distinctly glandular ridge. The snout extends slightly beyond the lower lip. Finger and toe tips are not expanded. Toes have a small amount of webbing at the base, fingers lack webbing (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/881 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 68810b2e-cdf6-4ffb-86f3-fe9bc64ebd01#diagnostic_description 132ba78c-e839-492f-aa04-9feca4770ef9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small toad with wide, flat, spiny parotid glands. The dorsum is brown with light colored spines and variable darker markings. The upper lip is pale. This species lacks a tympanum. The legs are short (tibia less than ½ SVL). The ventral surface has some mottling (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/879 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 421eb40a-c4f8-44cf-9067-5831e7475042#diagnostic_description 5c0c371f-0c6f-4997-858d-0f26aed1c6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A plump looking frog with warty and folded skin, prominent eyes and short legs. The color pattern on the dorsum can be striking to dull with combinations of yellow brown to olive green with dark mottling on the sides. The ventrum is white to cream. Males have dark spots or mottling on the throat and paired lateral vocal sacs (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/714 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5fc29338-362f-4cfc-bd82-553346192003#diagnostic_description 529d9482-6c64-4702-aa6a-782825cbdd74 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large Leptopelis with two color phases. Juveniles and some adult males are bright green with black vermiculations. Adult females and some adult males are gray-brown with a darker triangle pointing forward on the dorsum and a dark area below the eye extending to the tympanum. In both phases bright white patches appear on the heels and elbows, and the sides are marbled black and white. Pectoral glands are present in males (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1172 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f40f0126-0086-4152-848b-81bc662c830c#diagnostic_description 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small Leptopelis with an indistinct tympanum. The dorsum is blue-green in some individuals and yellow-brown in others, often with light spots or rings. In males the throat is translucent blue. Pupils are vertical. The iris may be brown or silver. Toes are only about ½ webbed. Pectoral glands are not present in males (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 55c2860d-b53f-4f38-b800-97f12347eac9#diagnostic_description 58ad5f18-4d60-4d0f-ac90-80900a7fd520 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A slender frog with a translucent green dorsum, often with yellow flecking. The eyes are white with red-orange variegations and are edged with black. The tympanum is small and barely visible. The snout is sharply pointed. In males the throat is bluish green. Toes end in large disks and are roughly half webbed. Males have pectoral glands (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1152 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ec3ff191-cb89-46c2-9f6a-e624768dc49b#diagnostic_description baafdc58-a971-4dbe-9edb-8fb2b2a805fa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large Hyperolius with a broad head and a sharply pointed snout. Most individuals are solid yellow, tan or near translucent green, but some may be marked with a faint hourglass figure on the dorsum or a light triangle between the eyes. The throat is bright yellow in males and pale yellow in females. The insides of the legs are red (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1422 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b64ed5ea-737f-4db6-9c66-2d55bc884d9c#diagnostic_description 270692a7-685b-4b9a-b7d7-349a1f1158cc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A large, primarily aquatic frog with a gray dorsum covered in large dark spots outlined in white. The groin and inner parts of the thigh are bright red. The ventral surface is light often with dark mottling. Toe and finger tips are expanded into rounded disks. In females the area around the vent is covered with spines (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1488 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d3ebc02c-72a8-40ae-96aa-f9501359d36f#diagnostic_description 285e1759-60a8-420f-8569-308a37589a3e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The common bubbling Kassina is a very distinctive looking frog, the background is an olivegreen colour, which can look almost gold. Populations from the Taita Hills of Kenya are covered with regular black spots, each of which has a white ring around it, while other populations have stripes on the dorsum (Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

The dorsum is pale gray with large dark spots and a broad, dark vertebral stripe. Toe and fingertips are expanded into small disks (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1475 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b737153-7903-493d-8463-dbfc0db47975#diagnostic_description 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small Hyperolius. The dorsum is a translucent green or brown with pale canthal and dorsolateral stripes. In some individuals the entire area of the snout in front of the eyes may be white. Both males and females have small spines on the dorsum. In males, the throat and undersides of the legs are covered with conspicuous black spines (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17a67148-bbdb-451a-87cd-0956ca0bce06#diagnostic_description 6521ec38-ef4a-42b0-9014-489aa95d86fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Color pattern is highly variable. The dorsum is typically orange with light canthal and dorsolateral stripes that are often outlined in black. The dorsolateral stripes extend almost to the vent in some individuals, and continue as a series of spots in others. One or two spots may also be present along the middle of the dorsum. An alternate morph consists of orange individuals with black reticulations, although this pattern is less common. In a third morph, the dorsum is covered in yellow spots outlined in black, with very little orange showing through. The throat of males is orange and the ventral surface is yellow. Males have a yellow gular flap (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1352 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1297f50f-c344-4234-a48b-6c6f3b93a1de#diagnostic_description 7367564c-766b-43e8-8996-60222b08b7d2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is green with light canthal and dorsolateral stripes. Fingers and toes are yellow. The throat and ventral surface are blue-green (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1439 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 26a54e23-7777-4639-b7cf-3e664b84a5b0#diagnostic_description 11119a8d-7157-429f-af1c-06a653a445a7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized Hyperolius with short legs and variable dorsal patterns. Individuals may be brown with cream or green canthal, dorsolateral and middorsal stripes. Green spots may be present on the arms and legs. Some individuals may be green without brown markings. The ventral surface and insides of the legs are yellow. Juveniles are typically brown with three green dorsal stripes. There is a small amount of webbing on the fingers. Toes are approximately ½ webbed (Text Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1465 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6e747caf-454e-44f7-acc0-ca528c3df680#diagnostic_description 81350b25-76a4-42c2-ae23-ef8d2bf4d592 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a green Hyperolius with narrow yellow canthal and dorsolateral stripes, although stripes may be less distinct in some individuals than others. Most individuals have small yellow dots on the dorsum. The upper eyelid is yellow or slightly reddish. The ventral surface is yellow. Toes and fingers are yellow-green and have a small amount of webbing at the base. The throat of males is yellow-green, but the vocal sac appears blue when males are calling (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1463 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cefc82f8-5d51-45a5-b42d-2bafb3847693#diagnostic_description 9db5f95c-90f7-4433-b0b4-636c12bef233 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small translucent Hyperolius with variable dorsal patterns. The dorsum is typically green, but may also appear clear or yellowish. There are dark canthal stripes and often dark dots on the dorsum. Many individuals have light dorsolateral stripes. The tibia is approximately ½ SVL. Fingers are webbed at the base and the toes are extensively webbed. Toes and fingers can be yellow, orange or green. The ventrum has a transparent patch through which the internal organs are visible (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1419 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fc5239dc-34ab-4e41-a4c1-05ea84a21c02#diagnostic_description 7549207b-e012-4412-a7aa-2b3c0e89f8c6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

All individuals have light canthal and dorsolateral stripes and a light spot on each heel. In some individuals the dorsum is very dark with red spots while in others the dorsum is lighter with faint markings. The throat and ventral surfaces are yellow-orange and the feet are reddish (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1415 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a29e291e-015e-414b-860b-25f3d63691e2#diagnostic_description 29d26587-dc4d-4417-924d-6d7610ef92d5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a slender gray treefrog, appearing almost completely white during the daytime (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/851 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 79776144-f7bb-4459-84e3-f84a2777dcfa#diagnostic_description 1641854e-2440-4c74-af07-5770105722af http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

An unusual toad with a bright metallic yellow-green dorsum (females) or black dorsum with silvery vermiculations (males) and red-orange arms and legs. The back is smooth and glandular, but the parotid glands are not distinct. The eyes are large and protruding with horizontal pupils. The toes end in distinct truncated disks (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/866 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e39c0f6b-c4e9-45d1-b9d5-35195966484a#diagnostic_description 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized frog with a small head and distinctly pointed snout. The dorsum is yellowish brown, usually with darker markings and often with a light vertebral stripe. The ventral surface is smooth and pale pink. Males have darkly pigmented throats. The toes are webbed only very slightly at the base (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0034935b-1c98-48ea-a3eb-5e3cdc231984#diagnostic_description fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A small frog with a smooth dorsum that is dark gray with darker blotches. The short snout comes to a sharp point. A dark band extends from the tip of the snout, under the eye to the base of the arm. The ventral surface is dark with small white blotches. The tips of the fingers and toes are slightly expanded and truncated. Females have only three fingers, while in males the first finger (or ‘thumb’) is modified into a spiny projection that presumably aids in clasping the female during mating. Males in breeding condition have enlarged glands in the pectoral region and on the arms (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0864801-ea55-4398-92b3-b5263b7aa6d2#diagnostic_description 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A robust, flat frog with a small head. The dorsum is uniform dark brown to black and smooth. A fold of skin angles from the eye to the base of the arm. The first finger is reduced and in males has three spines. Toe tips are expanded. Toes lack webbing. The ventral surface is yellow-brown without markings. Males have short, fat arms and legs with light-colored spines on the legs (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b170956-7c18-49ae-8845-7992e44b0732#diagnostic_description 098b492c-c12b-48ef-895c-e25f5dcf6ec9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is glandular, with raised yellow-brown glands on smooth dark brown skin. There are broad, light dorsolateral folds. A pale ridge of skin runs across the upper lip from the tip of the snout to above the arm. There is a dark line above this ridge that runs from the nostril to the eye. The tympanum is visible, dark with white edges, and slightly smaller than the eye. The legs are short (tibia slightly less than ½ SVL) and stocky. There is at least one irregular dark horizontal line on the tibia. Toe tips are not expanded. Toes are partially webbed (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/841 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2d6b883c-7069-4a19-9db1-d881e9c4d821#diagnostic_description d23ab9aa-7939-4b2a-a838-b5e13534b958 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large Hyperolius with a broad body. Males and females differ from one another in coloration. In males the dorsum is greenish or yellowish brown with small darker spots and light canthal and dorsolateral stripes. The ventral surface in males is white or cream and the throat and undersides of the limbs are similar in color to the dorsum. Females are light pinkish-brown with pale canthal stripes and large cream-colored spots outlined in black. The ventral surface of the female is orange and the throat and undersides of the limbs are red. Fingers and toes have extensive webbing (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1384 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a20704b3-416a-4477-b2ec-f7a3dd47aea3#diagnostic_description a7b1c5e7-92b2-4c9d-84bd-ea045e95e6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small Hyperolius. The dorsum is mottled brown and gray with small dark spots, a broad light band across the lower back and a small white dot on each heel. Some individuals have an hourglass pattern on the dorsum. Toes and fingers are yellowish to reddish. The ventral surface is yellow in males and reddish in females (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1358 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b897fbd9-4b26-43bf-85d5-0612b058a0f0#diagnostic_description 7fe106ad-6b49-43f4-ab31-f400431d6f42 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized Hyperolius with long legs and large dark eyes. The dorsum is yellow-brown to pale green. On the sides are distinct dark and light vertical stripes. In a few individuals the lighter stripes are more variable and may appear as dots or be completely absent. The nostrils are typically outlined in black. The ventral surface is white. Toes are pinkish or yellow and are partially webbed. There are small dark dots on the hands and feet. The throat is yellow in males and white in females (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1473 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0a16754e-6882-4c96-8648-8e277a1b0a66#diagnostic_description 15a9fa61-d43a-4e19-b5b9-6c3f08d8f58c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small, slender, translucent green frog with a sharp snout. There is a pair of light dorsolateral stripes that begin at the snout and continue over the eyes to the base of the legs. The tympanum is small and may be difficult to see. The throat of males is yellow. The ventral surface is white. Webbing is variable, but there is a small amount of webbing on the fingers. The toes are not extensively webbed (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1443 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e0a1d661-1a9e-4369-8fc7-b876d3b76f6a#diagnostic_description 20742e55-fed6-461f-9ce6-4148a4c0d3d2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small Hyperolius with an elongate body and pointed snout. Unlike other Hyperolius spp., the males are larger than the females. Dorsal color may be brown or green in males while females are green. Both have distinct light dorsolateral bands outlined with small dark spots. Toes are extensively webbed. Males in breeding condition have small black spines on the undersides of the legs (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1470 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e04e250-8a73-4a46-af1f-add88d0187a6#diagnostic_description 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small Hyperolius with a short snout. The dorsum is pale tan with a dark blueish-black band low on each side. Black canthal stripes are usually present, sometimes extending over the eye to the base of the arm. The tympanum is not visible. The hands, feet and ventral surface are reddish. The toes are nearly fully webbed (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 70f2ca2f-6181-41f2-80fb-0c2f420f025e#diagnostic_description 2735a23b-df56-4951-98aa-77df4ffdb130 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small Hyperolius with a brown dorsum and broad light canthal and dorsolateral stripes that may be green or yellow. Some individuals also have light spots on the legs and dorsum (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1454 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 63656e20-ec28-43b3-82c1-31946bde24a7#diagnostic_description 6425ff9a-2c2a-4115-adc1-241ecf2f50f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is orange to brown, often with small dark spots especially in young individuals. Light canthal and dorsolateral stripes are always present and are usually outlined in black, and in some cases yellow as well. The dorsolateral stripes extend midway down the dorsum and in some individuals reach the groin. A light spot is present on each heel. The ventral surface of males may be yellow or orange, but in females is typically orange. Males have a yellow gular flap (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1456 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4e95ec5d-c3a2-4740-8c75-0176ecea6a20#diagnostic_description 2baa120f-f738-4648-b6ab-b6387e3aac88 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is small toad with a wide head and slender body. The dorsum is light brown. The limbs are very thin, and the finger tips are expanded and truncate. The tympanum is small, but distinctly visible (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/884 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cbd8b4dc-9340-4de7-96ff-aa2886c8c4e8#diagnostic_description 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A medium-sized Nectophrynoides with short slender limbs. The dorsum is light, with dark sides. Many individuals have a dark mid dorsal stripe. The tympanum is clearly visible. Parotid glands are raised with dark edges and are longer than they are wide. Toe and finger tips are not expanded and may be rounded or slightly pointed. Fingers are webbed only slightly at the base. Toes are partially webbed (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1affad54-0f22-4c22-952d-d0f15dcd5828#diagnostic_description 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A robust Nectophrynoides with very large distinct glands on the limbs. The skin is smooth and glandular. The dorsal coloration can be extremely variable, including gray, reddish, and green colors, but the color of the glands is usually in contrast with the rest of the body. The tympanum is visible and round, but may be difficult to see. Fingers are webbed only slightly at the base. Toes have some webbing (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dfc9ce18-866e-4bf3-8a9d-0cb6f588a2ef#diagnostic_description 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small Nectophrynoides with smooth skin. There is a distinct dark spot on the chest. The snout projects out over the lips and there is a light line on the upper lip. This species lacks a tympanum. The parotid glands are long and narrow, extending along the dorsum as dorsolateral folds. The undersides of the thighs are dark with prominent white tubercles. The first finger is longer than the second. The first toe is reduced and there is only a very small amount of webbing on the toes. The undersides of the feet are dark brown with contrasting white tubercles. Males in breeding condition have nuptial pads and a red throat (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 61661187-f8dc-4e2e-91c6-a959c58330b2#diagnostic_description 41251ba4-d3aa-4f51-ab8f-05e04bdc3985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A small stout frog. The dorsum is gray-blue with a black stripe that runs from the snout to the eye, along the side and upper leg ending at the knee. The ventral surface is black with blue and white vermiculations. Toes lack webbing and toe tips are not expanded. The legs are barred. Males have blue glands on the arms and chest (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/896 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5567a471-2bff-4f83-8fd3-64965b5d0071#diagnostic_description fdc88bc5-d5eb-4da7-bd77-5c87832751a2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large-sized Petropedetes with a robust body shape. The tympanum is rounded or slightly flattened on the upper and lower borders; it is almost equal to or larger than eye in males, always smaller than eye in females. Webbing is rudimentary. Breeding males exhibit the following characteristics: broad and fleshy tympanic papilla that is closer to upper border of tympanum, strongly developed forearm hypertrophy, carpal spike, spinosities developed on throat and forearms but hardly on the anterior part of the dorsolateral side, and very small femoral glands (smallest in Central African Petropedetes) that are usually shifted to the posterior part of the femur.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1517 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 50031fba-e4ce-4166-898d-89f2518e476e#diagnostic_description a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized Petropedetes with a slender body. The tympanum is round and distinctly smaller than the eye diameter (smallest distinct tympanum in the genus). Breeding males exhibit a slim tympanic papilla that is closer to the upper border of tympanum, a carpal spike, spinosities on the upper arm, throat and breast, some minuscule spines on the supratympanal gland, and prominent, bright orange femoral glands. Webbing is rudimentary (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ce0294ab-6353-44fa-94f9-2fdbb33e1687#diagnostic_description 9d5222e5-1355-427c-a6ce-d74a1697e77d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large frog usually found near rocky streams. The dorsum is light tan or brown with irregular darker blotches, and usually with a rosy tinge to the limbs. The dorsal surface is granular in texture with a few scattered bumps and ridges. A fold of skin stretches from the eye to the base of the arm over the tympanum. The tympanum is visible and is smaller than the eye. Toe and finger tips are expanded into heart-shaped disks. Fingers lack webbing, and toes are webbed only slightly at the base. Males in breeding condition have thick arms (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1516 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#diagnostic_description 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Medium to large-sized Petropedetes with a robust body shape. Tympanum is indistinct. Breeding males exhibit the following: tympanic papilla absent, moderate forearm hypertrophy, carpal spike present, spinosities covering the entire body, femoral glands of moderate size by prominent. Toes are fully webbed (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1522 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5984543b-ba52-4bb6-8c3a-01d52f9b7084#diagnostic_description ea940e5f-8027-497a-9db3-af5833096412 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large-sized Petropedetes with a robust body shape. The tympanum is round; it is larger than eye diameter in males and smaller in females. Webbing is rudimentary. Breeding males exhibit the following characteristics: broad and fleshy tympanic papilla that is close to the upper border of the tympanum, strongly developed forearm hypertrophy, carpal spike, well-developed spinosities on the throat and forearms, with some scattered on flanks and dorsum; small femoral glands that are the same color as the limbs and shifted slightly to the posterior side of the leg (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1515 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0213af3f-75d4-49ac-b5a6-c26ebe436248#diagnostic_description 1f151ad0-b597-481f-a90a-43c7b34466ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized Petropedetes with a slender body. The tympanum is distinct, round, and smaller or almost equal to eye diameter in males, distinctly smaller in females. White conical tubercles are found close to the vent. Breeding males have a long and slim tympanic papilla present that is situated in the centre of the tympanum, weakly developed forearm hypertrophy, a carpal spike, and spinosities on inner side of arms and forearms (none on throat). Femoral glands are distinct in both sexes, moderate in size and elliptic shape. This species is fully webbed (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1514 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51815546-aa98-44e5-aeaf-d0c3aabbd8b7#diagnostic_description c10ad5c4-67b3-44f8-8a5f-85775fc7166c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized Petropedetes with a compact body shape. The tympanum is usually flattened on the upper and lower border, and it is larger than diameter of eye in males (smaller in females). Breeding males exhibit the following characteristics: a broad, fleshy tympanic papilla that is closer to the center than the upper border, well developed forearm hypertrophy, a carpal spike, large femoral glands, spinosities on throat and forearms, and warts on the flanks and dorsum, including the tympanum. Pedal webbing is rudimentary.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1513 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 008b5b9a-9271-4e15-a559-ee611b21e989#diagnostic_description 72c264da-54ae-451c-9dc7-26a6da492fec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large frog with a broad head. The dorsum is gray to brown with dark markings. The tympanum is visible and slightly smaller than ½ the diameter of the eye. Toe tips are expanded with bifurcate disks. Toes have a small amount of webbing. The throat and the back of the thighs are dark with small white speckling. The ventral surface is lighter than the dorsum and has lighter speckling. Males in breeding condition have a round, dark black protuberance on the upper part of the tympanum (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1512 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0d2b4055-cdc0-452f-b527-2e963afbae70#diagnostic_description 61d39f46-949e-4778-8b98-d7f6793bb4e4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is black and covered with small white-tipped warts. Arms and legs are banded black and gray. The tympanum is small but distinctly visible. The ventral surface has blue and black mottling. Toes are expanded and end in small disks. Toes have a small amount of webbing. The base of the arms and the inner parts of the legs are bright red-orange and black (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1498 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3af821b8-aa5b-4a95-95a2-e2e569fe05cb#diagnostic_description fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This small-sized species (SVL of males up to 20 mm; females up to 25 mm) is characterized by a prominent eyelid tubercle, rudimentary pedal webbing (3-4 phalanges free on digit IV), barely discernible tympanum but a distinct supratympanal fold. Breeding males exhibit a dark violet to black throat, while females bear some marginal dark spots.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef6cbd15-907e-498d-aee3-a4f3478bce05#diagnostic_description cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The combination of a number of morphological features makes this species distinct, including a visible tympanum, lack of digital discs, and moderate to extensive webbing. Its elongate post-ocular glands and advertisement call distinguish it from P. natalensis.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a394f79e-79e0-4482-9979-cd6512a3645f#diagnostic_description 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus breviceps is characterized by its stocky appearance, including a short head. It exhibits moderate webbing with 3 phalanges free on toe IV and lacks digital discs. A small, weak tubercle is present on the eyelid. Males have dark throats and exhibit a unique gular apparatus with median and posterior gular folds but no lateral folds.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 24813f47-b493-48db-85bb-637f9aeafea7#diagnostic_description 8986d907-d4cd-4ec5-8d9c-6a871b166970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus bequaerti is a small species (SVL > 25 mm) characterized by a distinct tympanum, moderate pedal webbing, and tips of the fingers are toes that are slightly expanded.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1595 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0828bc64-361a-4c27-a751-6d25ea1cbd50#diagnostic_description 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species medium sized species (SVL 22-31 mm) is characterized by a indistinct tympanum, moderate pedal webbing, and well-developed discs on the fingers and toes. Prominent glandular folds are on the dorsum from behind the eyes to the sacral region.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0021e28-c4a8-4ddd-9a26-8271f94f4e94#diagnostic_description b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus auritus is a medium to large sized species (SVL < 35 mm) characterized by a distinct tympanum, moderate to extensive pedal webbing (1-2 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV), and large discs on the fingers and toes. A pair of narrow glandular folds is normally present that begin behind the eyes, converge in the scapular region, and continue down the back to the sacral region.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02be8d1b-fd88-401a-b417-c185d1b488e6#diagnostic_description c8f9e655-dc5e-4c7c-9b89-209e45ea0791 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus asper is a large-bodied species that is characterized by extensive pedal webbing (only 1-2 phalanges free or webbing on toe IV), lack of digital discs, and a dorsum that includes longitudinal folds, as well as logitudinal rows of warts and tubercles.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1555 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc41b6b5-54ae-4106-89df-2c78717e9636#diagnostic_description 82f8055b-501c-4e3c-bb5e-860804803ccb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus annulatus exhibits a prominent eyelid tubercle, absent or rudimentary pedal webbing (4 phalanges free on digit IV), an indistinct tympanum, and a unique ventral coloration, including a white background with small black rings. Males have white throat and no gular folds are visible.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1548 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3f5af35e-71a7-4fec-a310-119c1aff9b14#diagnostic_description 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is characterized by a distinct tympanum, tips of fingers and toes dilated into small discs, and moderate pedal webbing. Males have dark throats, lateral vocal folds, and enlarged “teeth” in the lower jaw.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 baa1d954-57a0-4305-83e2-12922ddcdd14#diagnostic_description 6e284a6d-7f0a-41bf-b607-255866ae0c63 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. acutirostris is a large-bodied species (SVL up to 51 mm) characterized by its sharp snout and the presence of digital discs, moderate webbing of the toes, and a distinct tympanum. The coloration is extremely variable, but there is often a clear difference between the lighter coloration of the dorsum and the darker and tympanic region, or there may be lighter lateral band separating a dark dorsum and dark tympanic region. Ventral coloration is also variable, although always mottled, speckled or dotted and never uniform, often with longitudinal band running through the throat and breast. Males exhibit minute asperities and a prominent nuptial pads is present on the base of finger I.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1574 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#diagnostic_description b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus acridoides is a medium-sized species (SVL < 30 mm) characterized by a tympanum that is most often visible, moderate webbing, and a number of different color morphs. Males exhibit light gray or black throats, and females often exhibit mottled throats, so this characteristic may not be used to identify the sexes. The ventral surface is smooth and pale, usually with a yellowish tinge near the vent.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 97f2ed0d-3c88-41da-a4c1-99d538248649#diagnostic_description b854003a-8e29-4cb0-95a7-777bda079229 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku is readily distinguished from all other Phrynobatrachus because males have a unique ventral coloration, including a black throat, dark brown to black pectoral and abdominal regions that extend just anterior to the hind limbs, and a light or white area on the proximal hind limbs in close proximity to the cloaca. The venter may be partially or completely covered with small spines or asperities. Females are lighter than males on the ventral side; their venters appear completely white or cream in color and generally lack any conspicuous markings. Small, white spots or asperities extend from above the eye to the insertion of the hind limbs and may be present in either sex.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1591 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7ce8847-5a3a-428c-879b-f03473ed987a#diagnostic_description 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This small-sized species exhibits a prominent eyelid spine, rudimentary pedal webbing (3.75-4 phalanges free on digit IV), an indistinct tympanum, digital discs, and a narrow ridge connecting the tarsal and inner metatarsal tubercle. The venter is white with large, round spots.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7e6c7d0b-4039-4cc4-9c74-100ba99a3bd9#diagnostic_description 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is easily differentiated from other Cameroonian and Nigerian species by the distinct bullseye ventral pattern, and 4-5 additional tarsal tubercles (1 present in most species) with the last one forming a small, pointed spur on the heel.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1a3b32ea-b2b6-4079-b223-ab2a232d4e42#diagnostic_description 4986ed07-deb4-4fa9-bcbf-276cb76c0d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is similar to many others in the genus with a pale to medium brown dorsum and chevron-shaped glands behind the eyes. Venter is coloration ranges from orangey to pale yellow with flecks or small spots of dark grey, and the ventral surface of the limbs is pinkish. Females exhibit a similar throat color as the ventral surface. Males exhibit a dark throat with small white or grey spines.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1539 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5c66f737-5a2d-4c94-9b72-f37c0dd25704#diagnostic_description 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus dendrobates is a medium to large sized species (27-37 mm) that is characterized by a distinct tympanum, digital discs present on the fingers and toes, and moderate webbing with 3 phalanges free on toe IV. Males exhibit well-developed minute spines on the dorsal and lateral surfaces, including the feet.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef495710-c5dd-4410-8fed-7841e2804d30#diagnostic_description 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus dispar males have distinct white-tipped conical asperities and a clear, cream colored throat. Female P. dispar have numerous minute asperities on the flanks of the body, and ventral coloration varies from large, distinct brown blotches against a cream colored background to diffuse mottling of light brown spots. Distinct vertical barring is present on the thigh and leg (Uyeda, Drewes, and Zimkus, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0d77adc-c012-43a2-a772-dd0bc7394726#diagnostic_description 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This small-sized species (SVL of males up to 19 mm; females up to 25 mm) is characterized by an indistinct tympanum, digit tips expanded into small discs, and absence of pedal webbing. A brown-black band, bordered by white, extends from snout tip, through the eye and tympanum and along the lateral side of the body to the insertion of the thigh. Brown-black spots, also bordered by white, are present in the inguinal region. The ventral surface is white with scattered spots. Males exhibit nuptial pads on manual digit I, ovoid femoral glands, a slate grey throat (medium brown after preservation) and gular folds that form a U-shaped pouch .

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02816618-adc9-4f8a-9659-1bec3176673f#diagnostic_description eed8f395-72d0-43f9-8a00-c2f3368c1824 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Puddle frogs can be distinguished by the presence of a tarsal tubercle, inner metatarsal tubercle and outer metatarsal tubercle. The dorsum is most often brown in color with or without a mid-dorsal strip. The skin may be warty or smooth, and most species may exhibit chevron-shaped glands in the scapular region, but the size and shape of these glands are variable. Fingers lack webbing; pedal webbing ranges from absent to extensive. Pupils are horizontal.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1028 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 80eb7914-7bd8-4dbc-81f4-05bb438e0d46#diagnostic_description d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This small-sized species (SVL of males up to 20 mm; females up to 23 mm) is characterized more by those features that are absent than present, including eyelid spine, digital discs, and pedal webbing (3-4 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV). Most females exhibit dark throats, and breeding males have black throats.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6fadb78f-5f47-44aa-b7a6-8cbfbf696af9#diagnostic_description f44e0dd0-5404-4c95-a9c1-be1558fab431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species exhibits a unique combination of distinct characters that includes a slender body shape with flanks nearly parallel, smooth dorsum without any trace of warts or ridges, absence of webbing and an extraordinary color pattern of whitish-purple meandering lines on a reddish brown ground color. This pattern is not known from any other described puddle frog.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1534 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 85fc8790-52c2-457f-8e4f-2126c06564b1#diagnostic_description aa5b9a99-f8ed-41cb-8eca-849b839bd183 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus is one of the smallest species (SVL < 17 mm) of puddle frogs, characterized by 3.75-4 digits free of web on toe IV, lack of digital discs, and spinules present only occasionally on the chin. Adult males exhibit dark grey throats and femoral glands.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1530 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d284b7ea-912f-4541-ba74-473727460241#diagnostic_description c94a42a5-4a94-4200-b3e8-4250a6067713 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is characterized by combination of unique morphological and color characteristics including a compact body, short and pointed snout, a conspicuous dark face mask, a relatively smooth dorsum with feebly developed dorsal ridges, a black throat with few small white spots, blackish vermiculation on the breast, and moderately developed webbing with approximately 1.5 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1531 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51526ed2-ca51-4ff5-90ec-16e9ae89df88#diagnostic_description 13890b85-01d3-45a9-8fad-266d50d401d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus iranigi has a stout habitus and is characterized by its ovular tympanum that is 3/4 the diameter of the eye, minute dorsal and lateral asperities, slight dilation of the digit tips, and only rudimentary to moderate webbing (3 phalanges free on toe IV). Tiny asperities are present on the central plantar surface of the foot in males and the majority of females. Males also exhibit one or two spines on the walking surface of the foot and several longitudinal, distensible vocal folds in the gular region.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1536 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b5e56ae-affe-4a77-bdc2-1991fdefe6c3#diagnostic_description 43687184-84ff-4a1c-877d-3ec86a5673b6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus kakamikro is a small species (SVL < 19 mm) of puddle frog known characterized by the absence of a number of characters present in closely related species, including a papilla on the tongue, digital discs, and femoral glands in males. Pedal webbing is considered rudimentary, and adult males exhibit a grey throat.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1578 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5e517975-dfaa-4df5-955a-a0d85293a9c9#diagnostic_description 6211e78d-d368-496e-8674-7dc9a4acf105 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. keniensis is a small species of puddle frog (males < 21 mm; females < 26 mm) that exhibits a hidden tympanum, a fold of skin at the anterior end of the upper eyelid, and digit tips are not dilated.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1577 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 31156049-076b-4e88-98bb-f0de189a7779#diagnostic_description ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is characterized by a distinct tympanum, strongly developed digital discs and extensive webbing (1-2 phalanges free on toe IV). Breeding males of P. krefftii have a sharply projecting snout, thickened nuptial pad on toe I, and a darkly outlined lower jaw with bright yellow throat.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#diagnostic_description dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This small-sized species (SVL of males up to 20 mm; females up to 23 mm) is characterized by moderate webbing (2-2.5 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV), absence of eyelid spine, lack of enlarged discs of finger and toes, and a yellow throat in breeding males.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 16ed6290-6018-4310-ad67-2637ef4baef9#diagnostic_description 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adult males of P. leveleve are distinguished by a lower jaw distinctly marked with vertical banding, a darkened vocal sac, the presence of minute spicules arranged in a U-shaped pattern along the anterior margin of the jaw and a proportionally smaller eye. Female P. leveleve are distinguished by the absence of asperities in most individuals.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 27806236-72ce-48d0-99a9-cf6804d158c2#diagnostic_description d623aa2b-0fc1-4310-9fc1-b06763fcf3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus liberiensis is a medium-sized species (males up to 33 mm; females up to 35.5 mm) that exhibits a uniformly brown dorsum, a supratympanic fold that creates the appearance of a facemask, a vertical white stripe present on the nose, and dark triangular patch in anal region that is bordered on the upper sides by two white lines. Webbing is moderate with 3 phalanges free on toe IV, and the tympanum is visible.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1571 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9db299e3-260e-4c84-b774-d424031ceb56#diagnostic_description d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is characterized by its elongate body, long hind legs, indistinct tympanum, and absent or rudimentary webbing. The ventral color pattern is distinct with large irregularly shaped dark brown blotches separated by fine white lines on the belly and large dark brown blotches on the ventral side of thighs, lower leg and foot. The flanks and also have a well delimitated black stripe, separated by a white line from a black spot in the groin area, and the posterior surfaces of thigh have a longitudinal and well defined white line. Males have ovoid femoral glands, and the black and granular vocal sac is bordered laterally on each side by prominent folds.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44167320-d7b8-413a-bf8e-fb776a637cf6#diagnostic_description a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis is a very small species (SVL < 19 mm) that exhibits a barely visible tympanum, absent or rudimentary webbing (4 phalanges free on toe IV), and small digital discs. Breeding males have a black throat.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b76b6209-6b80-4e37-a8cb-d0d2627fb34b#diagnostic_description f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus minutus is a small species (SVL < 23 mm) of puddle frogs, characterized by 3.5-4 digits free of web on toe IV, presence or absence of digital discs, and a tympanum barely discernible below the skin. Adult males exhibit yellow throats (no more than a pale grey cast in alcohol), extensive minute spinules on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body, and femoral glands.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3b5c263f-ab70-4773-b0a9-9297dc062cef#diagnostic_description 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Most individuals are dark brown with variable dorsal patterns, including light vertebral stripes and bands. Finger tips lack disks or distinct swelling. The tympanum is visible and larger than ½ the diameter of the eye. Webbing is not consistent, possibly because of taxonomic confusion (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a83db5db-bd48-4779-9e0d-9602fff9ae7d#diagnostic_description 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus pakenhami is morphologically very similar to P. acridoides, with both having almost smooth skin, a visible tympanum, and distinct digital discs on the toes. Males exhibit a grey throat with minute asperities, as wel as asperities on the head and anterior truck, and weak lateral folds when the vocal sac is deflated. In females, asperities are found only in proximity to the vent, and the throat has brown blotches.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 916f0418-fc27-4822-b015-78128ce6cf82#diagnostic_description 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is easily distinguishable from other dwarf Phrynobatrachus by the presence of small but distinct digital discs and an almost smooth dorsum (Pickersgill, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 38e7e457-805b-4ca6-bd40-bfcd676c22ce#diagnostic_description 011a684f-0e28-40dd-854d-71c266e64a66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is characterized by its compact body, moderately pointed snout, discs present on both finger and toe tips, moderately webbed feet, and almost white venter. Males exhibit black throats and have small femoral glands.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1580 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00436892-8636-4021-b2be-18535b4a3060#diagnostic_description 3f316c90-be90-4a38-bb2c-18b4b1be784d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. pintoi is a small, compact puddle frog, characterized by a warty dorsum and eyelids (although no eyelid cornicle is present), rudimentary webbing, and a distinctive color pattern, including large symmetric dark spots on white throat and breast and smaller, non-symmetrical spots on the belly.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 da405e57-2e2c-4a4c-97cc-afa2868395fd#diagnostic_description b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus plicatus is a medium to large sized species (males < 42 mm; females < 38 mm) characterized by an indistinct tympanum, moderate webbing, and prominent X-shaped dorsal glands. The belly is white, but the lower surfaces of the tibiae are covered in irregular, brown spots. While the throat is somewhat pigmented in females, it is black with deep, lateral vocal folds in males.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b4d0f711-f727-4371-ab23-62dc6c64860b#diagnostic_description 5f8a7839-be0d-4e8a-97d1-3b6e545d47bb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus rouxi is a small sized species (SVL < 23 mm) characterized by a barely visible tympanum, digital tips that are only slightly widened, and minute spinules on the tibia, tarsus, and underside of the foot, as well as asperities on the flanks.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1603 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 33b6578b-bc10-4703-9864-d92a86b1e13b#diagnostic_description 57ab534d-f71a-4278-b62d-0a2b772a1026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This small-sized species (SVL < 24 mm) is characterized by an indistinct tympanum and rudimentary webbing. The throat in females is blotched with brown, and the gular region in males is greyish or speckled.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1547 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e15fa537-a034-451c-82e6-a7795593bc9b#diagnostic_description caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is characterized by a distinct tympanum, tips of fingers and toes dilated into large T-shaped discs, and moderate pedal webbing. Breeding males exhibit nuptial pads on finger I, lateral vocal folds, femoral glands and enlarged pseudo-teeth in the lower jaw.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d13abef2-275a-4cde-8b11-ba64632879e3#diagnostic_description 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus scheffleri is a small species (SVL < 20 mm) of puddle frog characterized by rudimentary webbing and lack of digital discs. Adult males exhibit greyish brown throats and small femoral glands are present. Minute asperities sparsely but evenly cover the dorsum and venter in males; asperities are restricted to the peri-anal region in females.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 971993b1-526d-46c8-8cc7-b31f0a5c619d#diagnostic_description a6894435-ce55-424c-8877-327f893bc668 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium sized species (SVL < 37 mm) that exhibits a distinct tympanum, small digital discs, and extensive webbing with only 2 phalanges free of web on toe IV.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1598 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0bbe384-2a2a-4dbb-b1d4-987b2b835149#diagnostic_description 268e04ea-0940-461f-b335-720360a16d37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus stewartae exhibits moderate webbing, extending beyond the proximal subarticular tubercle on toe IV, and lacks digital discs. Males have grey throats, a baggy gular sac with a prominent posterior flap, and conspicuous, yellow femoral glands in life.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1605 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 94840559-5c8b-47ea-855c-09b1d51ee640#diagnostic_description 34920512-7018-4edc-a0d3-e23661a83ac0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus sulfureogularis is a large-sized species (SVL 47 mm) characterized by its warty dorsum, moderate to extensive pedal webbing, and large digital discs. Breeding males exhibit a yellow gular region, and minute asperities are present, particularly numerous on the posterior limbs and the lateroventral part of toe V.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1607 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ad10b6a3-4c6f-487c-bbe3-2ebc85c5da8c#diagnostic_description 011b2060-aea3-4675-8e83-9cdcb7adc91c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This small sized species (snout–vent length 14 mm) exhibits a prominent eyelid tubercle, rudimentary pedal webbing (3.75 phalanges free on digit IV), absence of digital discs, and an indistinct tympanum. The unique ventral pattern includes dark spots forming curvilinear, transverse rows on the throat, spots on the chest and belly, an immaculate stomach, and a group of spots on the distal portion of the thigh.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1606 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c13191-5401-4e5f-b6ad-002fd3a552f9#diagnostic_description f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus ukingensis is a small species (SVL < 21 mm) that is characterized by a hidden tympanum, small but distinct digital discs, and rudimentary pedal webbing. Males exhibit a black throat, and a vocal sac that forms a posterior fold when deflated.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 58b7f558-aed8-4e39-a9fe-bca3bd151974#diagnostic_description cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is distinguishable from other dwarf Phrynobatrachus by its warty dorsum, including snout and eyelids, and the presence of a small conical protrusion on the eyelid. Small but distinct discs are present on the toes, often terminating in points. Males do not exhibit the baggy throat seen in other species (Pickersgill, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5f7c3079-7141-4199-8212-7d98415d2704#diagnostic_description 7f95029a-c6fd-4267-b367-1203696bda0d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus uzungwensis is characterized by the reddish-orange coloration on its digits and arms, a light-colored tranverse band across the scapular region and the presence of dorsal asperities in both sexes. It is uncommon for puddle frogs of this size to exhibit such extensive pedal webbing.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1588 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7a8605e5-3819-4880-9b5c-ddd58d755434#diagnostic_description cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus versicolor is characterized by a distinct tympanum and variable dorsal coloration.Venter is uniform white, pinkish or yellowish with vermiculated or mottled brown. A more or less distinct median line may be present, extending from the tip of the lower jaw through the chest area and sometimes beyond. Digital discs are present on fingers and toes, but are less developed on toes. Minute spines are present on the soles of the feet in both sexes, but are larger in males.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0375a4de-9aff-43dc-81c2-6adcd2292a04#diagnostic_description 5e0a7b2f-882c-40ea-863f-1d0814b8dff7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus villiersi is a very small frog (males up to 14.5 mm; females up to 16.0 mm) that exhibits a prominent eyelid tubercle, absent or rudimentary pedal webbing, a barely discernible tympanum, and digit tips expanded into discs. The ventral patterns is quite distinct with two longitudinal, thick and parallel dark brown to black bands across the throat, and large spots on the belly. The cream-colored background often forms a cross on the chest. The throat in males is more intensely pigmented, and the two pectoral spots may be united; gular folds are not prominent.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1594 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1f2dee0f-c9a4-4b1a-8b0c-db646079d6df#diagnostic_description 6772a593-b35b-40ab-9b96-b006c59b32e6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a stout burrowing frog with short legs. The snout is pointed and protrudes beyond the lower jaw. The dorsum is brown without distinct markings. The sides, arms and legs are dark brown with white-tipped warts. The tympanum is distinctly visible below a fold of skin that runs from the eye to the arm. The tympanum is large, typically greater than ½ the diameter of the eye in females and ½ to 1 ½ times the diameter of the eye in males (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1214 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e36cb55-d8c6-483a-a1cc-38ebd0baa659#diagnostic_description 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus werneri is a small species (snout–vent length 16-23 mm) that exhibits a visible tympanum, digits widened or expanded into small discs, toes with absent or rudimentary webbing, and a dark tympanic region with a supratypanic ridge. Females exhibit a pale venter, while males exhibit a black throat and some darker pigmentation on the chest and anterior belly.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cf295507-8bc1-49d3-89a2-a7870f8b4bd8#diagnostic_description 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large shiny black frog with two bright red-orange stripes running from the eyes to the groin. There is also a large red spot above the vent. The arms and legs are covered in red spots. The tympanum is visible and slightly smaller than the eye. Toe and finger tips are expanded and end in small truncate disks. The ventral surface is gray with white spots (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 230a81ab-6fd2-4bd2-9a8a-755258a14227#diagnostic_description 28ac42bc-d4a0-438f-a524-2a7a71df833b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small-bodied species without yellowish or orange-coloured warts on its sides. The front of vomeropalatine tooth rows are at or behind the level of the choanae (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/855 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9cc4eab2-5130-47b1-8c3d-8b0581a67f6b#diagnostic_description 80b581fe-66ce-4bdb-8004-820c8e194fa9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large bodied salamander with a wide, depressed head. The head, body, tail and extremities are covered with small tubercles, and eight or ten ochre or whitish warty protuberances are present on each side. The tail is strongly compressed laterally with reduced crests. The front of the vomeropalatine tooth rows are beyond level of choanae (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/854 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17ade2da-14ef-4bab-8d96-0ca1a5167b98#diagnostic_description f2485b4d-0ed1-4fce-a51f-910ceb181a59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized frog with long legs. The dorsum has dark spots and raised parallel ridges, but the ridges do not extend onto the snout. There is usually a light middorsal stripe. The tympanum is distinctly visible with a light dot in the center. There is no light line on the tibia. There are spots rather than bands on the back of the thighs. Three joints of the fourth toe are free of webbing (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1667 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8fa2b488-d01e-4db0-ae00-0abc689b1ebf#diagnostic_description 69ec2210-f8e3-45ed-bddf-16b4eb837ccb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The original description for this species by Peters (1870) is short and clearly inadequate. The following is a translation from Latin by B. Zimkus:

R. mossambica n. sp.; Similar to mascarreniensi D.B. (Ptychadena mascareniensis, Duméril and Bibron, 1841), slits for vocal sacs laterally, glandular warts on back and flanks.

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The dorsum is brown or olive green with dark spots and a wide pale middorsal stripe. The parallel ridges on the dorsum are continuous rather than interrupted. The snout is sharply pointed. There is no light spot on the tympanum. Unlike most of the frogs in this genus, the tibia is less than ½ the SVL. Three sections of the longest toe are free of webbing. The back of the thigh is mottled without distinct stripes or large spots. Some individuals have a light line on the tibia (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1641 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 bc4b1f9a-0432-41f9-85bb-242f48651c54#diagnostic_description d117fd82-c02d-4b81-b3a6-20f760d4b657 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized frog with very long legs and an acutely sharp snout. The dorsum is brown, often with dark spots, and with several rows of parallel ridges. Some individuals also have bright orange markings. There is a pale triangle on the snout, and distinct, light dorsolateral folds are clearly visible. There is a light stripe on the upper lip that extends below the eye and the tympanum. The tympanum is clearly visible and has a light dot at the center. The nostrils are closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes. The ventral surface is smooth and light, sometimes with yellowing toward the groin. Toes are extensively webbed, with only the last one or two joints of the longest toe free of webbing. The back of the thighs are mottled yellow or green and black, but lacks distinct stripes or large spots (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1647 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 72af3bfb-b01f-4994-8575-4450fed84c12#diagnostic_description cd374ed8-0a12-4604-a203-cdc95fd395e2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a small to medium sized frog with long legs and a pointed snout. The dorsum is brown with darker squarish markings. There are raised parallel ridges on the dorsum, and two of the ridges extend between the eyes onto the snout. The tympanum is clearly visible, smaller than the eye and has a light dot at the center. The nostrils are closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes. A light ridge of skin runs from the tip of the snout under the eye and tympanum to the base of the arm. Raised dorsolateral folds may be red or yellowish in color. A thin light line typically runs from the tip of the snout to the vent. There may also be a thin light line on the tibia. The backs of the thighs have distinct vertical stripes. The legs are darkly barred. Toes are partially webbed, but three sections of the longest toe are free of webbing (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1636 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a912819f-507b-4926-90ce-bd78c59dfcee#diagnostic_description 201b0d65-4fac-4a51-90ad-f7b35fcbb596 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a medium-sized frog with parallel ridges on the dorsum that are broken rather than continuous. The dorsal color is dark brown with darker brown spots. There are two distinct ridges on the snout. Light dorsolateral folds of skin run along each side of the body. There is a light middorsal stripe. The back of the thigh is faintly spotted and in some individuals the spots join to form a horizontal band. Three joints of the longest toe are free of webbing. Males have yellow throats and yellow patches near the groin (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1676 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6f1fc799-6a9e-431b-a80b-7d8bf5661a28#diagnostic_description ba06ab19-ef89-4bb9-a63b-104679b71dd4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The head is very broad. Two large bony spines, separated by a smaller spine, project upwards from the lower jaw. Several prominent, interrupted skin ridges are present on the back. Spade-like inner metatarsal tubercles are present on the heels, and are used for digging. In adults the dorsum is dark olive-green, but may vary from brown to grey and even blue; short sections of the longitudinal skin ridges may be white or cream. In juveniles, a pale vertebral stripe is often present, contrasting sharply with the bright green ground colour. The abdomen is white to creamy-yellow, except in the region of the forelimbs where it is bright yellow in breeding males. Du Preez (1996) adds that dark mottling may be present in the gular region of males (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1706 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dcc8b59f-0df0-4f52-9bd6-b6d1c6e84cb3#diagnostic_description 70a1f901-7421-4c22-aabe-f495f27edc14 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large rotund frog with short legs. The dorsum is brown to green and covered in rough glands that are elongate or round. There are projections on the lower jaw that resemble teeth. The tympanum is small, but distinctly visible. The first finger is longer than the second. The toes are webbed only at the base (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1705 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4b5e984c-1eac-4ad7-b860-d0f4c7d4fdd7#diagnostic_description cbcc5466-9663-4227-ae89-a72acff37ed9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is black with yellow spots with smooth skin. It has kidney-shaped paratoids on the upper part of the head (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1707 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9b485851-548d-4731-99ff-014331b5ee97#diagnostic_description cc48f22d-13fa-4ea6-9bb2-b275b0a6474f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large toad with broad glandular dorsolateral ridges. Dorsal coloration and markings are highly variable, ranging from reddish, gray or brown with darker markings, including spots, triangles or X’s on the dorsum (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1274 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7b61159-3d47-4c20-b3e3-7d910c75b625#diagnostic_description 1c825b4b-2ec8-41ef-8d19-c593154428d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large, robust, fast moving caecilian that can appear from black through grey to dark brown in color. The head often appears to be a different color where the skin is stretched. Primary annuli number from 110 to 119 (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1712 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ddd538e4-5e35-4479-ae68-d42a6d7e1b81#diagnostic_description cccdbd87-aa74-46db-b5e8-7a2cc67847aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is an olive brown color which extends part way down the sides, which are pink to the ventrum in some individuals. Females are larger than males. Primary annuli range from 130 – 142 in males and 140–152 in females (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1709 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fefbee1f-da53-40c1-b446-843ec2d01f90#diagnostic_description 0180c2aa-a67c-4d0e-bfdd-0643a86705c4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has a darkly colored dorsum and ventrum, with pink throat and vent. Smaller individuals may have a thick pink stripe on the ventrum. Primary annuli range from 124 to 136 in males and 132 to 149 in females (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1708 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 75a5e7d3-863a-42e2-b85a-d6032b2fa28e#diagnostic_description 883b8fed-3808-4cce-b2f0-2dc58617867e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is a dark olive brown to glossy black, and the venter is dull to bright pink. The sides appear to have a pink stripe. Primary annuli range from 127 to 132 in males and 124 to 132 in females (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c6b05df0-3799-4f81-95a5-cfabe49d52ac#diagnostic_description 31966cf5-acd6-48e8-9368-f4aa3ef431fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsum is black with bright red canthal stripes that extend over the eye to above the tympanum. There is a fold of skin running from the eye to the arm. There is some variation among individuals, with some having a red stripe between the eyes and others lacking any red markings on the head. The tympanum is visible and approximately the same size as the eye. The finger and toe tips are not expanded. The ventral surface is brown (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1220 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e571e8e4-354b-49fc-9f29-010d7795f4e9#diagnostic_description 90fa7dad-8a5d-4757-957d-412f5fa95729 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a slender, long-legged frog with extremely long toes. The snout is pointy. A dark line runs from the snout to the eye and continues under the eye, across the tympanum to the base of the arm. A pale stripe runs from below the eye to the arm under the dark band. There is a pair of distinct skin ridges that begin behind the eye and run to the vent. These ridges are outlined in black and have a lighter color between them that forms a middorsal stripe. The stripe may be tan or greenish. There are also broken parallel ridges on the dorsum. The tibia is approximately ¾ SVL. There is only a small amount of webbing at the base of the toes (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1688 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5ea86e1a-f517-4dda-b3ce-bafccbef8045#diagnostic_description 798aff21-d1e8-4a84-aeef-e313f3e1ca04 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Body shape is compact and toad-like, and the habit is stout. Vomerine teeth are in two oblique groups between the moderately large choanae. Tongue is notched with two uneven sides; head is short and broader than long. Snout is rounded. Nostrils are closer to the snout tip than the anterior margin of the eye. Tympanum is indistinct or distinct, measuring 1/3 to 2/3 as large as the eye diameter. Interorbital distance is less than the width of the upper eyelid. Subarticular tubercles are single and distinct. Toes are one-third webbed with two to three phalanges free of webbing on the fourth toe. The inner metatarsal tubercle is prominent and shovel-shaped, longer than the first toe. A small, round outer metatarsal tubercle is present, while the tarsal tubercle is absent. The skin is smooth with some small, isolated warts. A discontinuous or continuous glandular ridge may be present below the tympanum, trailing from the back edge of mouth. Males with a nuptial pad on manual digit I and sometimes II, as well as a thickened U-shaped gular flap. In alcohol, the color may be light grey, light brown or orange-brown with darker markings. A light vertebral line is variably present. An interorbital bar may be present. Limbs are barred. Males have dark throat, and females may have throat the same as ventrum or slightly mottled (Zimkus and Larson, 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1701 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9ee930d6-f896-4398-87d7-62e6b001d4b8#diagnostic_description 93e16ef0-ae46-481e-852e-3693170f9382 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Body shape is compact and toad-like, and the habit is stout. Vomerine teeth are present in two oblique groups between the moderately large choanae, and the tongue is notched. The head is short and broader than long; snout is rounded. Nostril is much closer to the lip than the anterior eyelid. Tympanum is distinct, round and measures 1/2 to 3/4 as large as the eye diameter. The interorbital distance is less than the width of the upper eyelid. The subarticular tubercles are single and distinct. Toes are one-third webbed; approximately three phalanges are free of webbing on the fourth toe. The inner metatarsal tubercle is prominent and shovel-shaped, longer than the first toe. A small, round outer metatarsal tubercle is present, and tarsal tubercle is absent. The tibia may be the same size or slightly longer than the femur. The dorsal skin is generally smooth with some small, isolated warts. A discontinuous or continuous glandular ridge is present below the tympanum, trailing from the back edge of the mouth. Males have a nuptial pad on manual digit I and sometimes digit II. The gular flap is thickened U-shaped in males. In alcohol, the color may be light grey, light brown or orange-brown with darker markings. A light vertebral line is variably present, and an interorbital bar may be present. Limbs are barred. Males have a dark throat, abd females have a mottled throat (Zimkus and Larson, 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1699 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 593b4575-01e3-4a3c-bca8-b94114b7b72f#diagnostic_description 78b73904-0081-4fee-98a6-131e29bbecd7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Xenopus borealis is a small clawed frog with olive to brown skin, occasionally with darker mottling. The vent can be bright orange which is concentrated in axilliary areas with a paler vent, all with black splotches to varying degree of intensity. Lateral lines appear as “stitching” all over the body, but obviously in rings around the eyes. Males develop dark nuptial pads on the arms during breeding periods, females have three cloacal lips which become pink and swollen (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1624 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4dd63240-1954-41c0-a6da-2a7912ae0e1e#diagnostic_description 2c8ab9f7-5b90-45eb-acf0-f1c3abe9f892 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Xenopus itombwensis can be distinguished from other members of the of the vestitus-wittei subgroup by its unique but variable morphological coloration and smaller size and advertisement call. X. itombwensis individuals have a mottled pattern of brown spots that are slightly darker than the brown background (Evans et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1620 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d9a5b9e7-143b-4aa0-843f-7bf2764c9345#diagnostic_description 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species can be distinguished from closely related species by its advertisement call and a unique combination of morphological characters: absence of a metatarsal claw, short toes, a small- to medium-sized subocular tentacle, rounded snout and variable presence of dorsal and ventral patterning (Evans et al., 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d756c5ba-68de-404c-bc06-0487cc1839cc#diagnostic_description e30bc8c5-17cd-48f1-afbd-cb272d67f56c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large aquatic frog. The dorsum is gray with scattered darker blotches, and the ventral surface is light with bright yellow below the legs. Some faint gray shading is often present in the pectoral region. The eyes are small with round pupils and a conspicuous sub-ocular tentacle that is greater than ½ the diameter of the eye. Lateral line organs are clearly visible, appearing as a series of 22 – 27 ‘stitches’ along each side. The toes are fully webbed and the tips of the inner three toes end in darkly pigmented claws (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1627 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 001b8647-d702-4281-ac9f-ae23be42b6ec#diagnostic_description 4cb797de-820e-4c93-95e1-fcccd0c1878c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. fonensis is a large, slender frog with pointed a snout, and it has a very distinct, concave loreal region. H. fonensis’ skin is very rough due to numerous tubercles on almost all dorsal surfaces with a uniform beige-brown back. This species most distinct feature is it’s comparatively broad dorsolateral ridges that stretch from posterior corner of the eye to the groin. Males have huge protruding glands on the upper arms, extensive webbing on the feet andtoe tips that are long, slender, and pointed (Rodel and Bangoura, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/840 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#diagnostic_description b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The adult form of Alytes maurus is extremely similar to A. obstetricans, but the tadpoles have some distinguishing features. In particular, tadpoles of A. maurus have a pigmented network of chromatophores that follows a very loose and irregular grid structure in comparison with the more regular grid of A. obstetricans. The lower jaw of A. maurus tadpoles has a dark trisegmented border that is absent in A. obstetricans, and in A. maurus the distance between the eyes is distinctly smaller than the size of the mouth. A. maurus tadpoles also differ from A. obstetricans tadpoles in tooth morphology, in particular by having the upper anterior tooth row comprised of two rows of uniform density, and each other tooth row containing at least one more row than in A. obstetricans (Pasteur and Bons 1962).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe fa765e2f-aeed-41b6-9495-0e4d51ada88a#diagnostic_description 1bbf40b1-88cb-4058-95d4-bfccde94e09a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietophrynus chudeaui is a small toad with a moderately prominent snout. The canthus rostralis is absent, and the tympanum is indistinct. The dorsum of this species is olive-green with dark spots. There may be dark vertebral line. The venter of this species is uniformly reddish-yellow. It is distinguished from its close relative Amietophrynus blanfordii by its wider interorbital space, which reaches about twice the width of the upper eyelid. Additionally, while the dorsum of A. blanfordii contains prominent warts, the dorsum of A. chudeaui is smoother with a dense pattern of fine granulations (Chabanaud, 1919).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1259 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 280daeba-c8db-4df6-835b-090e73b17bff#diagnostic_description 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Arthroleptis lameerei is a small, stocky frog with a snout-vent length of up to 23 mm. The ratio of the length of the first finger to the distance between the anterior borders of the eyes ranges between 38-78%; this ratio can be much larger (up to 140%) in other Arthroleptis species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#diagnostic_description b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a species of smaller size than Aubria subsigillata (adult males have a snout-vent length of 62.5-79.2 mm, n=5). Compared with A. subsigillata, the distance from the nostril to the end of the snout is larger (87-98% of the snout-vent length), the distance between the nostrils is shorter (59-61% of the snout-vent length), and the diameter of the tympanum is larger (75-89% of the snout-vent length) (Ohler and Kazadi 1990). Femoral glands are more elongated, closer to the knee, and more posterior than in A. subsigillata, and the feet are less webbed (Ohler 1996). The back is brown with slightly darker spots, and approximately 2/3 of specimens possess a medio-dorsal line. The throat, chest, and belly, especially in juveniles, have round whitish spots in a network of dark brown; in adults, this pattern tends to become replaced by a more uniform beige color, especially in the vent region (Ohler and Kazadi 1990, Ohler 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#diagnostic_description f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a large species (adult males: SVL 65.1-87.6 mm, n = 13; adult females: SVL 76.0-95.0 mm, n = 9). The distance from the nostrils to the end of the snout is short (64-88‰ of the SVL), and the distance between the nostrils is important (61-74‰ of the SVL). The diameter of the tympanum is relatively small (62-84‰ of the SVL). Round glands are present under the thighs in males, females, and juveniles. The back is uniformly brown without a medio-dorsal line. The throat, chest, and belly have round whitish spots surrounded by a dark brown network in specimens of varying sizes (Ohler and Kazadi 1990, translated/adapted by Dietterich (2010)), although this pattern may disappear from the throat area in adult specimens (Ohler 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe a70b5f66-ec18-4d22-86ef-635e587b73d0#diagnostic_description 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is very large and, while it is not exclusively aquatic, it tends to stay very close to rivers, streams, and occasionally the large pools associated with them. Its most distinctive feature is its large head, the width of which commonly exceeds half of the snout-vent length, and which is marked with two prominent muscular bumps, one on either side, separated by a distinct groove. Adult coloration is very dark with indistinct mottling that may include hues of black, purple, or brown; the underside of the frog is lighter but may be heavily mottled with gray or brown, especially anteriorly and laterally. Juveniles may be lighter dorsally and have distinct dark crossbars on the limbs. The tympanum is not visible externally, and the toes are fully webbed with distinct terminal discs (Boulenger 1911, Scortecci 1931, Spanò 1971, Largen and Spawls 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f01ed2e3-d4d3-4571-a012-d7e87e1de8ea#diagnostic_description 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

As the taxonomic status of Hyperolius nasicus is uncertain and the genus Hyperolius is marked by substantial morphological similarity, distinguishing H. nasicus from its closest relatives is difficult. However, according to Laurent (1943), this species can be differentiated from other members of the H. nasutus group by its wider head (about as wide as it is long) and more massive build, as well as the more extensive webbing on its hands (1/3 to 1/2). Coloration may also be heplful in distingushing H. nasicus from other members of the H. nasutus group. In four juvenile paratypes of H. nasicus, the white dorsolateral lines remained after preservation, unlike in most members of the group, in which the preservation process causes these lines to vanish once the skin’s green ground color fades (Schiøtz, 2006a, 2006b). Interestingly, H. nasicus shares the persistence of these lines with the morphologically similar H. benguellensis, leading Schiøtz (2006b) to suggest that they be compared to investigate potential synonymy.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#diagnostic_description f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Kassina cassinoides is the largest member of the genus Kassina and has the lowest-pitched call in this genus. Its toes are slightly webbed, and digits are capped by small disks that are approximately the size of the subarticular tubercles. This species, like many Kassina, has six dark longitudinal dorsal stripes, but unlike other species, the most medial two of these stripes are partially confluent.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f8e45493-1e35-4c0a-8c27-16dc20ba72f7#diagnostic_description ad36a0c5-4d90-4ade-9761-1536ef76d516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Holotype (a ♂), number 1927.7.5.15, British Museum, from Wouramboulchi, Ethiopia.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1666 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Harith Farooq http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 82a46d6b-9cb6-485e-b7b1-fb7b132dd1cf d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#diagnostic_description 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Heleophryne depressa is much more strongly depressed than specimens of H. purcelli from the Jonkershoek and Stellenbosch areas. This is especially noticeable on the snout of the animal. The interorbital space is also narrower and the leg length proportionately longer (Fitzsimons, 1946).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 3808a61c-29a2-4d74-936f-3b05726af759#diagnostic_description f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Heleophryne hewitti has a unique dorsal color pattern, a distinct supratympanic fold, a hidden tympanum and an internarial distance is more than half the distance between the eyes. It exhibits more extensive webbing than H. regis—males have webbing up to the end of the fifth toe, and females only have one phalanx of the same toe free of webbing (Boycott, 1988).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 5217ffdf-874f-474e-a0f7-ff466a7e4f74#diagnostic_description a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua derooi is a relatively large frog with long and robust limbs that dwells exclusively in or near forest streams. Its tympanum is not visible externally, its post-occipital and suprascapulary regions are rather swollen, and its tongue is widely indented. Its toes bear very distinct adhesive disks, with webbing that extends until midway through the disks (Hulselmans 1972).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 c06041ca-f07c-4e33-9091-cb30a4f1619d#diagnostic_description bfc463af-8a27-4c97-bda3-a1e74902decc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. inyangae is the only river frog found north of the Limpopo River which has a tympanum that is less than one half the diameter of the eye. The only other river frog north of the Limpopo is A. angolensis, which species has tympanum more than one half the eye diameter (Du Preez & Carruthers, 2009).

Diagnostic features of the A. inyangae tadpole include the absence of an elygium or umbraculum on the eye. A diagnostic range descriptor is that the tadpole is not found on the high-lying parts of the Drakensberg. Diagnostic features of the labial teeth require the tadpole to have three or four labial tooth rows in the lower jaw and four in the upper jaw. The tail fin is broad, reaching its deepest point two thirds down toward the tail, and the tail tapers to a rounded tip. A very close resemblance is to the tadpole of A. angolensis, whose lower jaw has three labial teeth rows and tail tapers to a well defined point (Du Preez & Carruthers, 2009).

As with most Ametia species, the rear one-fifth of the tadpole tail is usually not totally dark, but partially diaphanous. The spiracle is constricted, and there is usually no spur on the developing foot (Du Preez & Carruthers, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/766 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9a15338c-366a-467c-8add-8c5085d81cab#diagnostic_description faccb92b-26ed-4707-b6dc-64e908cf512f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. mauritanicus exhibits large dorsal brown patches (sometimes grading to olive, reddish brown or orange) bordered with black coloration. A tarsal fold is evident, and the kidney-shaped paratoid glands are roughly parallel. The tympanum is sizable, and interorbital area is concave. The distal subarticular tubercle on toe IV is doubled (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1246 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a62e27a9-29e7-47eb-94f5-06ea16f1ae39#diagnostic_description 2ca67d46-e3fa-4857-adc3-9554988e1ed3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The characteristic appearance of D. pictus is frog-like, with a pointed snout and pupil that is round. There is an absence of any aubarticular tubercles. The tymphanum is inconspicuous. There is a dorsolateral fold on either side of the dorsum; however, those folds typically only extend from each shoulder to the corresponding eye. The dorsum exterior exhibits irregular dark blotches or longitudinal stripes (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/914 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 f653ff05-ee90-410b-90d3-ff5f8f471693#diagnostic_description 3949bf83-98f5-4d0c-b489-f3fee0dfbfc6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. cinnamomeoventris is quite similar in appearance to the sympatric H. kivuensis, and some specimens may be virtually impossible to discriminate by visual means. H. cinnamomeoventris is typically smaller, with a more abbreviated snout, smaller gular flap and more distinct light dorso-lateral stripe for the male. In the case of H. kivuensis, both sexes have the same pattern, while in H. cinnamomeoventris, the female is green in colour. H. cinnamomeoventris is also very similar to some populations of H. lateralis. The best diagnostic characteristic betwixt these two taxa is the totally different call. Finally, it resembles the poorly understood H. schoutedeni. The males may be inseparable, but the female of H. schoutedeni has the same colour-pattern as the male (Schiøtz et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1406 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 84cec7f5-bd19-4c56-8ffe-b829d2ac1e87#diagnostic_description f1a79b5e-7d55-4d3b-a2c6-4cd3f7cadfef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. cystocandicans is quite similar to H. montanus but can be diagnostically distinguished by (i) the presence of a silvery-white opaque bladder visible through the ventral skin in H. cystocandicans and by (ii) the presence of pectoral, brachial and digital glands in H. cystocandicans males (Schiøtz, 1999).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1400 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#diagnostic_description f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In all of northwestern Africa, there are thirteen species of anurans. P. varaldii is the only anuran with vertical pupils that lacks adhesive tips on fingers and toes and that has the following additional features: black keratinous spade (modified metatarsal tubercle) evident along with two rather small, inconspicuous palmar tubercles and webbed toes. The closest other anuran in morphology is Alytes obstetricians, who lacks webbing, has three palmar tubercles and lacks the keratinous spade (Salvador, 1996).

Further diagnostics of the species are smooth skin, lack of dorsolateral glandular folds, lack of paratoid glands and inconspicuous tympanum (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1505 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 efbf001c-82c0-4145-a5a8-ae63a662d3c1#diagnostic_description 3d7d9b20-d6fd-42d9-9971-924a8e74c219 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. microps is a medium sized frog with an elongated body with red dorsum; flanks and extremities are black, sometimes with red spots. This anuran is plump, exhibiting a blunt snout and a prominent sacral region. The body is elongated and depressed. The adults manifest a very long neck, which allows movement of the head from side to side. Distance of the snout tip–eye is shorter than the interorbital distance. Tympanums are often indistinct, reaching 0.5–0.8 of the eye diameter. Males have a single subgular vocal sac. All adults have rather abbreviated hind legs lacking in webbing. There is an enlarged inner metatarsal tubercle with highly variable size, reaching 0.5–1.1 of the shortest toe length. Tips of fingers and toes enlarged to form round or triangular discs. Adults exhibit a smooth glandular skin (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1501 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 effc8efe-6221-4c13-bd5a-ea254a795297#diagnostic_description af585d2c-13fb-42a2-8564-319aea0daebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The ventrum is pale or manifests minute black spots that do not fuse together. There is also a range diagnostic that differentiates the Beira Pygmy Toad from any other Pygmy Toads: that the Beira Toad is found only in low lying parts of eastern Mozambique or Middle Zambezi drainage of south central Zambia (Du Preez et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1269 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5dd85029-956d-42f4-85aa-16bfe9de8a0d#diagnostic_description 85cb37e4-636b-491e-86d2-6cec918e976b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This anuran is smallish with a narrow subconical head. The upper surface of the head, back, and the sides display an intermediate colour between ash grey and yellowish grey, the dorsum and sides variegated with wavy longitudinal streaks or irregular blotches of a colour intermediate between broccoli-brown and brownish red. The dark blotches are thinly sprinkled with small circular ash-grey spots, some of which are surrounded with a narrow liver-brown ring. The outer surface of the forelegs manifest pale yellow-grey, faintly barred with livid green; the outer and posterior surfaces of the hind legs the same colour as the back, and distinctly banded transversely with broccoli-brown. From the nose, a narrow blackish green line extends on each side of the head to theanterior extremity of the ocular shield.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1268 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 49231caa-4fba-445f-b82e-8fa1a478b60c#diagnostic_description 1a1268ea-1ab2-4140-90b0-90b2f5b25303 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The pupil is not vertical, differentiating P. brongersmai from any Pelobates or Alytes genus taxa. The subject species lacks adhesive pads on fingers and toes (distinguishing it from Hyla meridionalis). The paratoid glands of P. brongersmai are rounded, and the distal subarticular tubercle of the fourth toe is double (features distinguishing the species from close relative P. viridis). There are green dorsal spots (as opposed to brown dorsal spots that characterize Amietophrynus xeros and Bufo mauritanicus). Tarsal fold is present (differentiating this species from Bufo bufo). P. brongersmai lacks a tarsal spade (differentiating it from B. pentoni). The skin of P.brongersmai exhibits warts, and has conspicuous paratoid glands (both features in opposition to Discoglossus pictus or D. scovazzi). The foregoing supplies a complete key for anurans in the North African region, with respect to differentiating the subject taxon (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1273 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 ba9c72b0-7116-44b7-9530-673ac56d33f5#diagnostic_description ad07e6ca-65ca-46b7-b192-9adfca5dbda7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species can be definitively distinguished from other Tomopterna species by the double subarticular tubercles present on finger I that are not present in any other described species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1703 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 bec5c4cf-3de2-4c5a-b7ff-c6320f80d401#diagnostic_description 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The best way to identify a Tomopterna to species is through advertisement call data due to the cryptic nature of most species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 1c9f6838-617e-4a54-ab5b-bfded8663391#diagnostic_description 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

From the original type description: A small to medium Hyperolius (18.7-31.0 mm svl) with a broad head and protruding eyes exhibiting great sexual size dimorphism. During the breeding season, males are easily distinguishable by the presence of prominent black asperities covering the weakly bi-lobed gular disc, mentum, abdomen, and undersurface of the hind limbs. The female venter is devoid of asperities. The dorsal skin surface of both sexes is covered with minute asperities (ranging from smooth to bumpy). Resembles H. chlorosteus in color (though the light subtraingular frontal patch is diagnostic amongst Central African forms (when present).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lucinda Lawson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und b4178447-99c1-4644-b52d-b23ed2b34ca5 b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#diagnostic_description 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Callulina dawida is a slightly smaller, robust shaped Callulina that is morphologically distinct from the two other species in this genus (C. kreffti and C. kisiwamsitu). The new species is distinguished by the following characters: truncate finger tips, rounded at edges, and only slightly expanded (if at all) beyond the width of the subarticular tubercle (finger tips expanded beyond the width of subarticular tubercle in C. kisiwamsitu and C. kreffti; see Figure 4 in original description); terminal phalanges Y-shaped but not expanded beyond the width of the base of phalange. Callulina kisiwamsitu and C. kreffti have terminal phalanges expanded distally beyond the width of the base of the phalange, C. kreffti has T-shaped terminal phalanges and some individuals exhibit an intermediate ‘T’ and ‘Y’ shape (e.g. CAS162505).

Tubercles on the hands and feet were treated as diagnostic for species in Callulina; de Sá et al. (2004) stated that in C. kisiwamsitu “there is no contact between inner and outer metatarsal”, however an examination of additional specimens indicates that this character is more variable than previously considered. Because inner, mid and outer tubercles seem to be quite variable in their size and position, and definition they cannot consistently discriminate between these species. Given that tubercles can also be desiccated, they can be difficult to discern precisely. This character needs to be further examined, among and within populations of Callulina to determine its systematic utility in the genus. The species shows the inner and outer tubercles separated on the hand by a mid palmar tubercle (Figure 4 in original description) that is also present in other Callulina species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b822d27a-4ae9-4971-8d38-757966e33ea2#diagnostic_description 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. laphami differ from Callulina kreffti, C. kisiwamsitu and C. stanleyi in the absence of a tympanum, smoother, less granular skin, truncate finger and toe tips, and presence of bright colour in the ocular region. C. laphami and C. dawida are similar in overall appearance, both have interocular colouration, but C. dawida has a tympanum, albeit sometimes obscured (Loader et al., 2009). C. laphami and C. shengena are most similar in external appearance, but the latter lacks prominent glands on the arms and legs. The distinctiveness of C. laphami from other Callulina is also supported by call, distribution, and DNA sequence data.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 97fd2775-117f-45c4-9b64-5e9756d5d441#diagnostic_description dd3c7a91-807e-411c-bb27-824f9cca9489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. shengena diffes from C. kreffti, C. kisiwamsitu, and C. stanleyi in lacking a tympanum, smooth, less granular skin, truncate finger and toe tips, and the presence of a bright colour in the ocular region. C. shengena and C. dawida are similar in overall appearance, both have an interocular colouration, but the latter has a tympanum, albeit sometimes obscured (Loader et al., 2009). Furthermore, C. laphami lacks the prominent arm/leg glands of C. shengena. The distinctiveness of C. shengena from all other Callulina is also supported by distribution and DNA sequence data.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1212 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f dcfbdd61-e55a-4c68-8e2f-74ee1cc303b7#diagnostic_description 31966cf5-acd6-48e8-9368-f4aa3ef431fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Body form ungainly; two short, skinny longitudinal folds between the choanae; one smooth skin fold in front of the pharynx; tongue large, oval, clipped posteriorly; Head broader than long; snout rounded, projecting beyond the mouth, a bit longer than the eye diameter; rein area [Zügelgegend; no idea what that means, cheeks maybe?] fairly steep, concave; canthus rostralis not very conspicuous; nostril laterally, almost situated on tip of the snout; interorbital distance more than twice as broad than an upper eyelid; ear drum conspicuous, 2/3 the eye diameter; finger and toes slightly swollen, ending bluntly; first finger slighly shorter than the second, which is as long as the fourth; the third finger (measured from the carpals) as long as the snout and the eye diameter; toes without webbing; outer metatarsalia firmly connected; a hardly recognisable, inner, oval metatarsal tubercle [present]; subarticular tubercle conspicuous; with leg bend forwards alongside the body the tarsometatarsal joint reaches the base of the upper arm; body length 3 4/5 times the femur, [femur] longer than the tibia, tibia twice as long as broad, contained almost 5 times in the body length and slightly shorter than the foot; with rectangular adpressed legs the heels are not in contact; skin with fine warts above, below almost smooth.

Colouration (in alcohol) a dark chocolate brown above; small whitish spots scattered all over the body; the whole upper side of the head from between the eyes forward, including the upper eyelids, milky white; underside slightly lighter brown.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1220 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#diagnosticdescription und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#distribution f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. varaldii is known only from fragmented localized areas along the coastal plains of northwestern Morocco. The northernmost location is the town of Larache, while the southernmost population is the northeastern part of the salt marshes of Oualida. The range may continue further south than Oualidia, and this potential range extension merits further field research. Ramos and Hernandez (1986) noted the presence of Pelobates cultripes in the Melilla region of Spain, which observation could refer to P. varaldii, though this record is far outside the known range of any Pelobates species.

While the IUCN classifies the species as freshwater, it is sometimes found in brackish coastal waters.The population of P. varaldii is inherently disjunctive, with the largest contiguous area stretching from the coastal zone north of Larache, Morocco to south of Rabat, Morocco; smaller habitat patches are found further south reaching almost as far as Safi, Morocco. P. varaldii is endemic to the Mediterranean forests and woodlands ecoregion, but is found only on the Atlantic side of that ecoregion, especially on sandy plains near cork oak (Quercus suber) forests (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1505 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 0d1c59dd-9717-421b-9ad8-a67d2ee8785f#distribution 9db5f95c-90f7-4433-b0b4-636c12bef233 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. pusillus distribution includes Somalia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Swaziland (Poynton and Broadley 1987; Channing 2001). It is found at higher altitudes in Malawi and Botswana (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1419 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Alexander http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 17764dbe-e459-4b5b-b491-e4b0903d0845 1adc4698-bbec-4955-9b5d-364fb8800fdb#distribution 01104f83-1718-44f4-bc6c-37db9ad1b1ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. semisdiscus is endemic to South Africa although its distribution suggests that it may also occur in southern Mozambique (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1438 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Alexander http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 17764dbe-e459-4b5b-b491-e4b0903d0845 a62e27a9-29e7-47eb-94f5-06ea16f1ae39#distribution 2ca67d46-e3fa-4857-adc3-9554988e1ed3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

D. pictus is found in portions of North Africa as well as some European western Mediterranean areas. Countries of native occurrence include Algeria, Tunisia, France, Italy and Malta (Bosch et al. 2009). In Italy one of the main ecoregions of occurrence is the South Appenine mixed montane forests. The Mediterranean woodlands and forests is one of the chief ecoregions of occurrence in North Africa (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007).

Prior to the recognition of D. scovazzi as a separate species, the distribution of D. pictus included the Galita Islands (Salvador, 1996). It is not clear whether the population on the Galita Islands is D. pictus or D. scovazzi.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/914 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 835005bf-3297-4550-ad49-beeacc3241c8#distribution baafdc58-a971-4dbe-9edb-8fb2b2a805fa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. tuberilinguis is widely distributed north of South Africa, extending through eastern Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi and Tanzania to Kenya (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1422 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Alexander http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 17764dbe-e459-4b5b-b491-e4b0903d0845 776624a3-8716-407f-ae22-68461d550880#distribution 328c9e07-41c9-497a-a8a5-c5837e5f0576 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

D. scovazzi is found in the western Mediterranean zone, chiefly in the Mediterranean forests and woodland ecoregion (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007), including portions of northern Morocco and much of southwest Iberia, including Ceuta and Melilla in Spain. Occurrence in western Algeria is possible, but field confirmation of this anuran in that country is needed. The taxon is known to be present in altitudes up to 2600 meters in the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco (Salvador et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/915 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 7f2440fc-6c9d-49b8-9244-dc3b6fc67961#distribution 7c125c80-c3a6-4ef2-90f2-f404ab691d06 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The distribution of H. occipitalis is fundamentally disjunctive, including a swath in North Africa and a much larger range in sub-Saharan Africa. The North African range includes portions of Morocco, Algeria and Libya in the subcoastal areas of the Mediterranean Basin; these North African populations can be further regarded as isolated with sub-populations in southwestern Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, southeastern Western Sahara and nearby Mauritania, the Air mountains of Niger, and northern Mali. The sub-Saharan range extends from the Atlantic coast of West Africa, ranging eastward to Ethiopia, Chad, Eritrea, Sudan and south to Angola and Mozambique. Other specific sub-Saharan countries of occurrence include northern Zambia, western Congo, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (including the island of Fernando Pó), Congo, R.D. Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. (Rödel.2000)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1280 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3cbe395e-5e8d-4e28-b532-d625227909a4#distribution 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The native range of H. darlingi extends from eastern Angola, through the Caprivi Strip of Namibia to extreme northern Botswana, extreme southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, a considerable amount of Zambia (excepting the northeast), northern and eastern Zimbabwe, southern Malawi, and west-central Mozambique (Poynton & Channing, 2004). This anuran can be found in all of the following ecoregions: Angolan Mopane woodlands; Central Zambezian mopane woodlands (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007); Southern miombo woodlands; Zambezian and mopane woodlands; Zambezian baikiaea woodlands; Angolan montane forest-grassland mosaic.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 77ada9bf-a582-43f5-b54d-84ed5fc2c9ed#distribution cc2bd34c-335e-4784-9e27-6659cb810faf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The distribution of H. benguellensis extends over parts of the following African countries: Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. The reported range and sightings are somewhat clouded by the fact that certain confusion has existed between H. benguellensis and H. nasutus, leading to potential ambiguities of the taxon distribution (Schiøtz, 1999).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1377 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 f653ff05-ee90-410b-90d3-ff5f8f471693#distribution 3949bf83-98f5-4d0c-b489-f3fee0dfbfc6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hyperolius cinnamomeoventris occurs from central and southern Cameroon, southward to Angola and the northwestern part of Zambia, and eastward to Uganda and westernmost Kenya. There are no records from the Central African Republic, but Schiøtz et al. (2004) believes that this anuran is likely to be found in Central African Republic, and potentially in Tanzania and Rwanda, as well (Schiøtz et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1406 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 84cec7f5-bd19-4c56-8ffe-b829d2ac1e87#distribution f1a79b5e-7d55-4d3b-a2c6-4cd3f7cadfef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hyperolius cystocandicans is endemic to the East African montane moorlands and East African montane forests ecoregions (Hogan, 2013) in the Kenyan Highlands, east of the Rift Valley, ranging from Limuru to Thompson’s Falls, and east to the Nyambeni Mountains (Schiøtz et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1400 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9d3322f8-7de3-4a56-a2d2-6abd89ea0f86#distribution f628bf44-8f5d-4c41-ba0c-a4d1d6b45a17 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. vilhenai is known only from the type locality, from Cuilo, along the Luita River, in Lunda, northern Angola (Schiøtz, 1999). The ecoregion designation is within the Angolan Miombo woodlands (WWF & Hogan, 2007)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1468 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 92ee92f0-91fa-44d1-85f5-ff4355ca8cd0#distribution 6fdd23c2-b179-4ae8-9aed-b1299708eafc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Kassina fusca is known only to the West African countries of Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal. The type locality is a large, partially flooded meadow in an open savanna in northern Ghana. (Schiøtz. 1999) It is chiefly found in the West Sudanese savanna ecoregion (Hogan. 2013)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1479 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 06bb952e-6087-4dad-8b21-1db791ad4d6e#distribution 0d1f5a92-ce79-47d2-969e-f72a796fe6bf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. kinangopensis is found in the East African montane moorlands and East African montane forests ecoregion, and is restricted to Kenya (Hogan, 2013). This anuran is restricted to the Kenyan Highlands east of the Rift Valley. It is known from the Aberdare Mountains and Mount Kenya, south to Nairobi. The taxon occurs up to 3100 metres above sea level (Msuya et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1572 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 efbf001c-82c0-4145-a5a8-ae63a662d3c1#distribution 3d7d9b20-d6fd-42d9-9971-924a8e74c219 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. microps inhabits large portions of the West African and Central African savannas. The taxon range stretches from Senegal to Nigeria. In particular, P. microps has been recorded from the following countries: Senegal, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Mali, Benin, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic (Rödel, 2000). In particular, a chief ecoregion inhabited by P. microps is the West Sudanian savanna (Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1501 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 effc8efe-6221-4c13-bd5a-ea254a795297#distribution af585d2c-13fb-42a2-8564-319aea0daebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. beiranus has a disjunctive distribution, occurring in at least two quite distinct areas: (1) the coastal plain of central Mozambique within the floodplain of the Pungwe River (alternatively known as the Pungwe Flats), northward to Thuchila in southern Malawi; and (2) floodplains in the Middle Zambezi River catchment area in central and southwestern Zambia. The species is under-recorded, and probably occurs more broadly than the officially reported range, especially between the two noted disjunctive areas. Elevation of occurrence is between sea level and at least 1000 meters above mean sea level (Tandy et al. 2004).

With regard to the westernmost population element, the extent is at least as far as the Barotse floodplains.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1269 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 53c24b42-3472-4a9c-9685-67e69d04d98f#distribution d21c45bd-39b1-4225-b6a8-0d0b622aca7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. damaranus is known only from the Kaokoveld Desert and Waterberg areas (World Wildlife Fund; Hogan, 2008) of northern and north-western Namibia, where it occurs up to at least 1500 metres above mean sea level (Channing & Tandy, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1270 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 60ff1673-d3ae-4abd-9051-eafe57a4cccc#distribution cfc24548-6d16-48f1-83fa-e8c4204b4de2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The genus Poytonophrynus is chiefly distributed across southern Africa, with species occurrences in South Africa, Lesotho, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Botswana, Namibia and Angola. (Channing & Tandy, 2004; Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/989 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5dd85029-956d-42f4-85aa-16bfe9de8a0d#distribution 85cb37e4-636b-491e-86d2-6cec918e976b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Poyntonophrynus vertebralis is restricted to central South Africa, and proximate to the Botswana border, occurring mainly in the Nama Karoo ecoregion; the species is additionally found in the Drakensberg alti-montane ecoregion and the Highveld grasslands of the middle reaches of the Orange River.. (Hogan. 2013) Apparently isolated populations are perhaps part of a contiguous range. It is likely to be found in southern Botswana. It is chiefly found below 1500 metres above mean sea level. (Minter et al. 2004)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1268 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 7f824499-0eb7-4370-9b48-118a9380aa98#distribution c07405fc-6de4-437b-8377-0c265f5b989a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena schillukorum has been recorded in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan and Tanzania (Rödel, 2000). A key element of its range is a large swath across the Sahel designated as the West Sudanian savanna ecoregion, where it is found in areas that have access to surface water such as the vast Niger River Basin (Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1650 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 49231caa-4fba-445f-b82e-8fa1a478b60c#distribution 1a1268ea-1ab2-4140-90b0-90b2f5b25303 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. brongersmai is found in portions of three ecoregions in western North Africa: Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodland, Atlantic coastal desert, and North Saharan steppe and woodlands (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2008). This species range is restricted to western, southern and eastern Morocco, extending into northern Western Sahara and into northwestern Algeria. The range is disjunctive, with the larger portion being Y-shaped, including an elongated near-coastal area and a very long inland valley stretching from the vicinity of Al Ayun east of the Atlas Mountains to the area of Er Rachidia; a smaller disjunctive coastal element of the range is found below Al Ayun. The range is entirely mainland.Elevation of occurrence is from sea level to 1600 meters above mean sea level (Salvador et al. 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1273 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 d50e77fb-0ba7-4baf-be32-a76504c37bdd#distribution a43756cc-e0b0-4dd4-bb9e-8b0aaa54fd9d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. mapacha is known only from Katima Mulilo, Mapacha, and the surrounding areas in and near the eastern Caprivi Strip of northeastern Namibia. It almost certainly occurs somewhat more widely, especially in southwestern Zambia, southeastern Angola, and northern Botswana adjoining the Caprivi Strip to the south (Channing, 1993).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1679 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 64c9a48b-c603-4cac-811f-94c3a6760a82#distribution 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in lowlands from the Osamba Hills in eastern Nigeria to the Mayombe Hills in extreme western Democratic Republic of Congo. There are records from Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is presumed to occur in Congo and in the Cabinda Enclave of Angola (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 afba2071-992c-4374-a098-3e7ce2bd875f#distribution e7ee76d3-d6b6-47b7-85c7-b4bcd858ece2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Type locality: “Massai-Gebiete (Ost-Afrika), Bach Wasso-Njiro”, [Massai area, East Africa, creek Wasso-Njiro] near the village Olengarua, Kenya (not Tanzania as cited in Hallermann, 1998 and Frost, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1702 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5ea86e1a-f517-4dda-b3ce-bafccbef8045#distribution 798aff21-d1e8-4a84-aeef-e313f3e1ca04 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from eastern Somalia.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1701 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9ee930d6-f896-4398-87d7-62e6b001d4b8#distribution 93e16ef0-ae46-481e-852e-3693170f9382 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from Ethiopia and Somalia. The exact distributions of this species within Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea are unclear, and it is possible that its range extends west into Sudan.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1699 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a19f73dc-cb76-4a4e-b470-92ceb9c3dcf8#distribution f9f62708-b6bb-4686-83da-3c7b3d825d5e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from its type locality in the Bélédougon region of Mail at Kati (12 km north of Bamakko).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1695 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ddd538e4-5e35-4479-ae68-d42a6d7e1b81#distribution cccdbd87-aa74-46db-b5e8-7a2cc67847aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from mountains of Malawi and Mozambique, as well as the Ubena and Mahenge highlands, Nguru, Rubeho, Uluguru, North Pare and Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1709 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0080404b-5727-4ccc-8a91-fa5a45ea24c2#distribution fc59c8a5-4cd5-4b46-baa6-0771c09307ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from Mount Meru in northern Tanzania.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1687 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fefbee1f-da53-40c1-b446-843ec2d01f90#distribution 0180c2aa-a67c-4d0e-bfdd-0643a86705c4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1708 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 75a5e7d3-863a-42e2-b85a-d6032b2fa28e#distribution 883b8fed-3808-4cce-b2f0-2dc58617867e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has been recorded from a number of localities within the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania, including the East and West Usambara, Nguu, Nguru, Ukaguru, Uluguru, North Pare and South Pare Mountains (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4e131c56-a826-43cd-b2fb-65842a10295c#distribution 5f26f55d-0895-4037-9f06-87f4fa3b14bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The range of A. fulvovittatus is considered poorly known, but in a strict sense may be limited to Sierra Leone and western Liberia; (Schiøtz.1999). however the A. fulvovittatus complex may range over a larger area from Cameroon to southwestern Ethiopia (Schiøtz.1999) and south to the Angolan mopane woodlands and eastward to western Kenya and western Tanzania.(Schiøtz.1999)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1309 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 c06041ca-f07c-4e33-9091-cb30a4f1619d#distribution bfc463af-8a27-4c97-bda3-a1e74902decc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietia inyangae is known from the eastern montane region of Zimbabwe, on Inyangani Mountain and within Chimanimani National Park. This anuran is endemic to the Eastern Zimbabwe montane forest-grassland ecoregion. (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan. 2008) It has only been recorded above 2000 meters in elevation. Poynton considers the frog likely to exist across the border in Mozambique, but there have not yet been any such Mozambique observations of the species. (Poynton. 2004)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/766 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 02a71423-1eb5-4bfe-a025-4743ed593673#distribution 49052df3-f4b5-40e9-ac50-eb25c2b2ce4d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietia wittei is found chiefly in the Kenyan central highlands along the Mau Escarpment, in the Aberdare Mountains, on Mount Kenya and within the Charangani Hills. The anuran has also been observed on Mount Meru in northern Tanzania. The Molo Frog is found only in the Kenyan central highlands and northern Tanzania in the East African montane moorlands ecoregion, and slightly lower in elevation in the East African montane forests ecoregion (Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/768 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a0c28f8d-f303-490f-9ef3-ce34d3983e4b#distribution ed07be22-fa7e-4086-adf6-271b82229577 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietophrynus fuliginatus is found in upland locations from central and northern Zambia and southern Democratic Republic of Congo, east to the Mbisi Forest in southwestern Tanzania (Tandy et al. 2004). This anuran is endemic to the Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands ecoregion (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2012).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1232 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9a15338c-366a-467c-8add-8c5085d81cab#distribution faccb92b-26ed-4707-b6dc-64e908cf512f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietophrynus mauritanicus is found across a large swath of coastal and near coastal northwest Africa, prominently within the Mediterranean woodlands and scrub ecoregion (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007). This anuran exhibits a fragmented distribution, i.e. a small area of occupancy within the wide geographic extent of occurrence, in Morocco, northern Algeria, northern Tunisia and the North African Spanish territories of Melilla and Ceuta. An introduced population is present on mainland Spain in proximity to the Parque Natural los Alcornocales. This anuran is not confirmed from the Western Sahara, although it may occur in the extreme north (Geniez et al. 2000). However, isolated populations from older records in the Air region of northern Niger and northern Mali as well as the Adrar Mountains of Mauritania and Hoggar of Algeria likely refer to Bufo xeros (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1246 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3c206f6a-9ae4-461e-a517-f264f61de30d#distribution 345462df-7c3a-408b-8bdf-7e3723295948 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua robusta occurs in the foothills of the main mountain block in western Cameroon (excluding Mount Cameroon). It is known from Nkongjock, Nta Ali, the Bamileke Plateau, Mount Manenguba, Mount Kupe, and the Rumpi Hills. It has also been recorded from the Oban Hills in Nigeria. Its altitudinal range is 750 to 1400 metres above mean sea level (Amiet & Gartshore, 2004). This uncommon anuran is endemic to two modest sized ecoregions that occur in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon: the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests (Hogan, 2013) and the Cameroonian highland forests.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1506 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a5adf8b8-da93-4b5a-bc19-190408f11dc6#distribution 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The genus distribution is considered to circumscribe the Mediterranean Basin; however, the occurrences are skewed to the west with extant species ranging from Morocco to Algeria and Tunisia in North Africa (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007); and the Iberian Peninsula, to France and Italy in Europe. The species D. nigriventer is the sole taxon present in the Middle East, occurring in Israel and possibly Syria (Disi et al. 2012). No extant genus populations occur in Greece, Croatia, Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, Libya.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 4ae8b2fe-c8ba-455a-8320-b7fd57c49cd5#distribution c3499a0c-fdf9-4672-9121-b58e81590306 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena trinodis ranges from Mauritania and Senegal, east to Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Garamba National Park); occurrences have also been recorded within this swath in Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali and Togo. There are no records from Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Niger and Sudan, but this anuran presumably also occurs in these countries (Rödel & Amiet, 2009). Much of the taxon range is found in the West Sudanian savanna ecoregion and the vast Niger River Basin (Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1664 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 fc6788bd-eadb-4bf0-8ad7-2bfd6d2f181b#distribution 8a55c275-c931-4693-beb2-d6ce3fdb5b9e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. tellinii occurs in savanna regions of the Sahel from Sierra Leone to Chad, the Central African Republic and northern R.D. Congo. Observation records have been established for: Sierra Leone, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, R.D. Congo, Central African Republic, Eritrea and Ethiopia (Rödel, 2000) Extensive habitat for P. tellinii is found specifically in the West Sudanian savanna, notably within the vast Niger River Basin (Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1675 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 d284b7ea-912f-4541-ba74-473727460241#distribution c94a42a5-4a94-4200-b3e8-4250a6067713 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus intermedius is only known from two sites in the Ankasa Reserve in south-western Ghana (Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1531 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51526ed2-ca51-4ff5-90ec-16e9ae89df88#distribution 13890b85-01d3-45a9-8fad-266d50d401d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is currently known from only two montane localities in Kenya: Irangi Forest on the south-eastern slopes of Mount Kenya; and Kimande on the south-eastern slopes of the Aberdare Mountains (Drewes et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1536 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 80eb7914-7bd8-4dbc-81f4-05bb438e0d46#distribution d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from eastern Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria, with an isolated population in Virunga National Park in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004). It is presumed to occur in Guinea and might also occur in Mali and Burkina Faso. Its distribution is still very imperfectly known, and it might comprise more than one species. A specimen from Angola appears to be intermediate between P. gutturosus and P. rungwensis (Poynton and Haacke, 1993).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b1767341-bdff-4a19-bbe4-d1a8691ad3c6#distribution c728e8b9-371f-49b5-b5b5-1b0129a28fa1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the western Upper Guinea forest zone of West Africa, in Sierra Leone, southern Guinea, Liberia, and western Côte d’Ivoire (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1532 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ee51143e-8ebb-4d28-93e9-81f3f720b744#distribution 5b5590b6-c71f-452a-814d-9804cfd5a6e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in western and southwestern Uganda (north to the Budongo Forest), eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and western and northwestern Rwanda. There is an apparently isolated population in western Kenya, but the range is still very poorly known (Drewes et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1528 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0d77adc-c012-43a2-a772-dd0bc7394726#distribution 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in central and eastern Sierra Leone, southern Guinea, Liberia and western Côte d’Ivoire. Records from Guinea-Bissau require confirmation (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00f6a751-9e85-4b2f-9d90-e785767ee5c6#distribution 8d2102a5-eba7-44dd-b2ce-5373bebc502d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the type locality, Buta, in north-central Democratic Republic of Congo (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1542 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0068f38d-714a-4e7c-9b71-76a60a8e6ef6#distribution 107e8492-d6d4-40dc-8588-ce5ae820ff30 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from its type locality at Yambata in northern Democratic Republic of Congo, and the exact location of the type locality is unknown (Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1526 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02816618-adc9-4f8a-9659-1bec3176673f#distribution eed8f395-72d0-43f9-8a00-c2f3368c1824 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This genus is present across mainland sub-Saharan Africa and is also present on the islands of Zanzibar (Unguja) and Pemba on the East Coast, as well as Bioko, São Tomé, and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea (Rödel and Ernst, 2002a,b; Frost, 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1028 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6fadb78f-5f47-44aa-b7a6-8cbfbf696af9#distribution f44e0dd0-5404-4c95-a9c1-be1558fab431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the type locality on Mount Nimba in north-eastern Liberia.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1534 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 85fc8790-52c2-457f-8e4f-2126c06564b1#distribution aa5b9a99-f8ed-41cb-8eca-849b839bd183 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is endemic to Ethiopia on both sides of the Rift Valley, widely distributed in the central and southern parts of the country. It may occur in Somalia.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1530 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 744ba79b-95bc-4a54-adb7-67b60542283a#distribution f8d4166e-86ec-4eae-94ac-f6b972e3a9f2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This family is confined to sub-Saharan Africa (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/956 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3af821b8-aa5b-4a95-95a2-e2e569fe05cb#distribution fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from Senegal, Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, and Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea). There do not appear to be records from Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone and Benin, but it is likely to occur in these countries (Rödel and Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dd012a6d-e33c-4d5f-a3c2-87505f631b3c#distribution e7014f6a-5cf7-45ff-806b-7fc45c2e4e6e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This family is confined to sub-Saharan Africa. Petropedetes is found in West Africa (Sierra Leone through Ivory Coast) and the western portion of Central Africa (Nigeria to Cameroon), Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), and the mountains of Tanzania and Kenya.Conraua is distributed in tropical West Africa, Ethiopia and Eritrea.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/957 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 24813f47-b493-48db-85bb-637f9aeafea7#distribution 8986d907-d4cd-4ec5-8d9c-6a871b166970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the mountains of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo from Mount Ruwenzori south to the western side of Lake Kivu, western Rwanda and north-western Burundi. It is very likely to occur in Uganda, but there appear to be no confirmed records (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1595 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc41b6b5-54ae-4106-89df-2c78717e9636#distribution 82f8055b-501c-4e3c-bb5e-860804803ccb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the Mount Nimba area in extreme south-eastern Guinea and north-eastern Liberia, from the Taï National Park in south-western Côte d’Ivoire, and from Draw River and Boi Tano Forest Reserves, Ghana. It presumably occurs a little more widely than this, although it has not been found in surveys of many intervening areas.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1548 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#distribution b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges from southern Somalia and Kenya, south to eastern Zimbabwe, Mozambique and northern KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. It occurs on Mafia, Zanzibar and Pemba islands in Tanzania. It is likely to occur in Zambia, but there do not appear to be any confirmed records. Records from Budongo Forest in western Uganda, from Lokichokio in northwestern Kenya and from Ngatana in northeastern Kenya require confirmation (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 958487a1-9fca-4f22-a425-fbc29e3e74e9#distribution 751cb310-d4f0-477a-8602-22f8bc34754d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the non-specific type locality of "Congo" (Ahl 1923), which is presumably in Democratic Republic of Congo.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1557 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 97f2ed0d-3c88-41da-a4c1-99d538248649#distribution b854003a-8e29-4cb0-95a7-777bda079229 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku is known only from Mt Oku, Cameroon.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1591 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b5e56ae-affe-4a77-bdc2-1991fdefe6c3#distribution 43687184-84ff-4a1c-877d-3ec86a5673b6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is only known from the type locality in semi-humid western Kenya, 1,650 m above sea level (Schick et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1578 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#distribution dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges very widely in West Africa in both the forest and the savanna zones from Senegal, east to northern Cameroon, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. It has not been recorded from Guinea-Bissau and Niger, but it almost certainly occurs in these countries.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 971993b1-526d-46c8-8cc7-b31f0a5c619d#distribution a6894435-ce55-424c-8877-327f893bc668 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is restricted to the mountains of eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. In Nigeria it is known from the Obudu Plateau, and in Cameroon it occurs in the Bamenda highlands at Mount Oku, Bangwa, Banyo, the Bamboutos Mountains and Foulassi (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1598 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e15fa537-a034-451c-82e6-a7795593bc9b#distribution caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs from southwestern Cameroon south to Monte Alen and in mainland Equatorial Guinea at Rio Muni (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 82be3e37-ffe2-433a-9b8b-2318405b34ed#distribution a0df547b-94ad-40bf-b514-cb5ba189158e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from a few localities in northern and northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, including Buta, Garamba National Park, Faradje, Kisangani, and Avakubi. There do not appear to be any recent records, presumably due to lack of herpetological work within its range (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1601 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0bbe384-2a2a-4dbb-b1d4-987b2b835149#distribution 268e04ea-0940-461f-b335-720360a16d37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is so far known only from two localities: Rumpi in northern Malawi and Mulenge Forest in south-central Tanzania. It most likely occurs in between these two localities and may occur more widely (Channing et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1605 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fc12c2e7-a432-4661-a921-6331a2040690#distribution ad36a0c5-4d90-4ade-9761-1536ef76d516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is endemic to the highlands of central Ethiopia west of the Rift Valley, and southern Ethiopia east of the Rift Valley (Largen, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1666 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 35e09abe-2412-47e2-9241-7e66f9334f08#distribution 2b3ea716-b427-4a89-bde2-e9854a93107d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania, and it has been recorded from the Usambara, Nguru, Udzungwa and Uluguru Mountains (Tanzaniaherps.org).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1216 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 94840559-5c8b-47ea-855c-09b1d51ee640#distribution 34920512-7018-4edc-a0d3-e23661a83ac0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from an approximate type locality in the massif of Nanzergwa, Burundi (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1607 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ad10b6a3-4c6f-487c-bbe3-2ebc85c5da8c#distribution 011b2060-aea3-4675-8e83-9cdcb7adc91c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from its type locality, Tai Forest, in south-western Côte d’Ivoire (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1606 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 20eec41a-1803-44a2-a45a-4540c031ed43#distribution acdf2da2-7cd8-471e-8c8f-3514a4ec8465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in Sierra Leone, southern Guinea, Liberia, western and southwestern Côte d’Ivoire and Boi Tano Forest Reserve and Draw River Forest Reserve in Ghana. Records from Cape Three Points Forest Reserve in southwestern Ghana require confirmation (M.O. Rödel pers. comm.). It was for a long time known only from the type locality, N'Zébéla and N'Zérékoré, in southern Guinea until the synonymy with P. alticola was confirmed (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1608 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5e517975-dfaa-4df5-955a-a0d85293a9c9#distribution 6211e78d-d368-496e-8674-7dc9a4acf105 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs widely in the highlands of Kenya, with records from the Cherangani Hills in the northwest, the Nyumbeni Hills in the northeast, and from several places in the Central Highlands, including Mount Kenya, the Aberdare Mountains and Thika, among others. There is an apparently isolated population on Mount Meru in northern Tanzania (Msuya et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1577 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 31156049-076b-4e88-98bb-f0de189a7779#distribution ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the East and West Usambara Mountains (including the Magrotto ridge) in north-eastern Tanzania (Loader et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 27806236-72ce-48d0-99a9-cf6804d158c2#distribution d623aa2b-0fc1-4310-9fc1-b06763fcf3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is confined to the upper Guinea forest zone of West Africa in Sierra Leone, southern Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire and south-western Ghana (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1571 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4443e716-0aa5-4304-808a-5f3feb5d1300#distribution 07286bb6-00b0-4bbe-9180-d6a8ca553d40 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges from the Nile Valley of central and southern Sudan, south through the Democratic Republic of Congo to western Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, northern Mozambique (Pickersgill and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1560 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 38e7e457-805b-4ca6-bd40-bfcd676c22ce#distribution 011a684f-0e28-40dd-854d-71c266e64a66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges from central Sierra Leone, through Liberia and southern Guinea, to south-western Côte d’Ivoire (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1580 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00436892-8636-4021-b2be-18535b4a3060#distribution 3f316c90-be90-4a38-bb2c-18b4b1be784d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus pintoi is only known from the type locality, a gallery forest in the Boulléré / Sangaredi area of north-western Guinea.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 da405e57-2e2c-4a4c-97cc-afa2868395fd#distribution b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This West African species occurs in Liberia, southern Guinea, southern Côte d’Ivoire and southwestern Ghana, with separate populations in eastern Ghana, Togo and southern Nigeria (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 13b4408f-62fa-4c36-8836-7d72aa5ca0e4#distribution ad2a585b-8abb-4d8c-825a-75d90ab0213f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the type locality in Buala, Central African Republic.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1602 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8878d0c6-6942-4520-9b12-4b89004aab70#distribution 74ddd2ce-78a7-4da4-a35a-34d15b86f275 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is only known from the Ukaguru Mountains in eastern Tanzania, and it is most likely endemic these mountains (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/888 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 68810b2e-cdf6-4ffb-86f3-fe9bc64ebd01#distribution 132ba78c-e839-492f-aa04-9feca4770ef9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the East Usambara foothills.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/879 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a3a7621-725d-446b-8f88-6a234cc4d087#distribution c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is endemic to the highlands of southwestern and western Ethiopia (Largen, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1296 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 421eb40a-c4f8-44cf-9067-5831e7475042#distribution 5c0c371f-0c6f-4997-858d-0f26aed1c6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges very widely in tropical and subtropical Africa from Senegal and Gambia east to Kenya and south to northern Namibia, northern Botswana, southern Mozambique and northern South Africa. It appears not to have been recorded from Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad and Sudan, but it presumably occurs in these countries (Rödel et al., 2004).

Native: Angola; Benin; Botswana; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Gambia; Ghana; Kenya; Malawi; Mali; Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria; Senegal; South Africa; Swaziland; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/714 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f40f0126-0086-4152-848b-81bc662c830c#distribution 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is endemic to several mountains in the Eastern Arc chain of Tanzania, including the East Usambara, Nguu, Nguru, Uluguru, and Udzungwa (Kihansi Gorge and Mwanihana Forest) Mountains (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ad99e82d-85ea-4959-bdd0-9030c0e840a2#distribution 7f2e3a91-37a5-45a6-aeac-7ca27bf308f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was known only from the type locality in central Democratic Republic of Congo (Omaniundu, Sankuru Province) and had not been seen since its original collection in 1979 until its recent (2010) rediscovery by J. Kielgast in a remote area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is believed to occur widely in the southern Congo basin, but this has not been verified.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1424 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3a54247c-2c09-416a-a14e-2a727f28fa9b#distribution cccbd471-0b14-4e14-878b-6a419a1aeb68 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the western edge of the southern Cameroon plateau, though it might occur more widely than current records suggest (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1128 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0864801-ea55-4398-92b3-b5263b7aa6d2#distribution 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from a number of areas within the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania, including Nguru South, Nguu, Uluguru and Udzungwa Mountains. For more specific information regarding range within the Eastern Arc Mountains, see:

http://www.tanzaniaherps.org/references.asp?id=266&f=

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44390a60-ccf6-4245-8fb1-d00d36a9f506#distribution 4cb797de-820e-4c93-95e1-fcccd0c1878c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known so far from two localities in the Simandou Range of south-eastern Guinea: the northeastern flank of the Pic de Fon Forest and the Parc National de Haute Niger (Rödel and Bangoura, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/840 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3c616620-bf16-4393-8210-8497b45821a6#distribution 4b5f3e54-b4a5-4372-8d20-953982015d52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from Uluguru South Forest Reserve, in the Uluguru Mountains in eastern Tanzania (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/892 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6d617c9f-a318-46c6-b61d-df5ebbfc3890#distribution fdb4232c-4b31-4e06-8736-9962a1e5720d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from Amani Nature Reserve, in the East Usambara Mountains, north-eastern Tanzania (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/881 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0ca63fc5-e86d-4497-acbb-61e64dd04924#distribution e5885178-9364-44ad-9c4a-31317104f829 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from Sagalla Hill in the Taita Hills (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/899 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9ac340ff-afb6-4ae9-a518-21e11d7366d6#distribution 8b48391a-86c2-45f4-8ccb-0dee31e1bd7e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is endemic to the Taita Hills region, including Mount Kasigau, in southeastern Kenya. It occurs on three of the four Taita blocks: Dawida, Mbololo and Kasigau (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/900 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ab4edf65-bf93-4bb9-80e4-070688fc3d66#distribution cfdad484-29b2-45e2-8243-5593b4c5bdfa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from a few sites within Banco National Park, Ivory Coast. Additional frogs possibly conspecific with the new species have been recorded in the Azagny National Park, 100 km west of Abidjan. A similar looking frog, although completely yellow, was photographed in southern Taï National Park, 350 km from the type locality (Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/907 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44a7b114-1d04-4d04-8b8a-a5b963b9b5b6#distribution d63fde15-3f27-48a2-8d75-190e64b00e92 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was only known from the Kihansi Falls, in the Kihansi Gorge, in the Udzungwa Mountains, eastern Tanzania, and its distribution was greatly limited, covering an area of less than two hectares around the Kihansi Falls (Channing et al., 2009). Examination of of additional waterfalls on the escarpment of the Udzungwa Mountains have not located any additional populations (Channing et al. 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/889 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cbd8b4dc-9340-4de7-96ff-aa2886c8c4e8#distribution 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the West Usambara Mountains in north-eastern Tanzania. There are records from the Shume-Magamba Forest Reserve, the Mazumbai Forest Reserve, and the Ambangulu Estate (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51815546-aa98-44e5-aeaf-d0c3aabbd8b7#distribution c10ad5c4-67b3-44f8-8a5f-85775fc7166c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Petropedetes vulpiae occurs from eastern Nigeria to southern Gabon (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1513 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5984543b-ba52-4bb6-8c3a-01d52f9b7084#distribution ea940e5f-8027-497a-9db3-af5833096412 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Barej et al. (2010) can only assign populations from western Cameroon and eastern Nigeria to this species with certainty.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1515 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#distribution 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the western slope of the southern Cameroon plateau, Cameroon, from Monte Alen in mainland Equatorial Guinea, and from Barrage de Kinguele in north-western Gabon (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1522 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6bf3773a-91e4-41b8-9f9a-b10f3bf48833#distribution b9b20f5d-8490-4814-9284-ae7b56ac01ca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the hilly parts of West Africa in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1523 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 79776144-f7bb-4459-84e3-f84a2777dcfa#distribution 1641854e-2440-4c74-af07-5770105722af http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the Ukaguru Mountains in eastern Tanzania (Howell and Channing, 2004; Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/866 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 298f0040-e98d-4f9d-9022-2041af29a2aa#distribution d1f0d599-7773-4e5f-a8fe-4f61dfe44cd2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This family is restricted to sub-Saharan Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/952 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0034935b-1c98-48ea-a3eb-5e3cdc231984#distribution fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known with certainty only from the East Usambara Mountains and the Nguru South Mountains in north-eastern Tanzania. For additional information regarding the range within the Eastern Arc Moutains, see: http://www.tanzaniaherps.org/references.asp?id=267&f=

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 366bf196-b1e5-4cce-9d5b-3da3ed301635#distribution 8f12a24f-df5f-4923-8147-a968dcdcb167 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from south-western Cameroon from the region of Nkongsamba, and south to Monte Alen in mainland Equatorial Guinea (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8b2a07f7-67da-4200-ae5d-5c24c5a6760b#distribution 4f9739c4-0635-4a5b-bfb2-c1fe9537f0fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in northern and central Somalia, through eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti and Eritrea, northwards through Sudan to extreme southeastern Egypt.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/908 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a20704b3-416a-4477-b2ec-f7a3dd47aea3#distribution a7b1c5e7-92b2-4c9d-84bd-ea045e95e6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the Luhega Forest within the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1358 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3f6f855f-4ffb-4630-b194-df39353784fd#distribution 17281667-de58-42bf-accb-e5942ffbefd2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was known only from the lowlands on the southeastern foot of Mount Nimba in Ivory Coast and had not been seen in 43 years. It has recently (2010) been rediscovered by N.G. Kouame in a swampy field in Danipleu, a village in Ivory Coast near the Liberia border.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1445 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e04e250-8a73-4a46-af1f-add88d0187a6#distribution 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in two separate areas: on the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts from Witu south to the Dar es Salaam area (and including Pemba, Zanzibar and Mafia islands), and inland as far as Mikumi National Park; and around Lake Mweru in northeastern Zambia and southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Schiøtz et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4ff7f06b-5531-4875-a7ae-80ebe8862b6e#distribution ff70bd05-e983-47c3-bbba-5483829a64a8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is currently only known from the West Usambara Mountains (Blackburn, 2009; Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1090 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7498085e-e01b-4457-81d4-42b6dc450f60#distribution f84d1822-5fb6-4c28-a6f5-98fd3787290c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the Nguru Mountains of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Blackburn, 2009; Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1078 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f15db997-55e7-442a-aacb-1cf79f5f1045#distribution bc7b42ca-b174-4637-9d6a-fa3457a53bee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the Mafwemiro Catchment Forest Reserve within Rubeho Mountains of eastern Tanzania (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1091 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a87ad317-2968-425f-bcca-aebaa15931d5#distribution 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the Uluguru and Udzungwa mountains of Tanzania (Schiøtz et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ac9b530c-89f2-4769-9567-57015b6d292c#distribution e4d23326-02a5-48bb-8f7f-2279e58ec1be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The family Arthroleptidae is confined to sub-Saharan Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/951 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 32445f18-8c37-470b-aba5-9ac93459955c#distribution 483b48cd-bc0b-4f0a-a41a-0e4f0155804e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. gutturalis occurs from the Taita Hills and other highland areas of East Africa all the way south to Durban in South Africa and West to Angola (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1247 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e9dbeb01-9b8a-40a4-a9e5-b236b2420f1e#distribution ae2fa812-2015-4250-b05f-5801c9bf0d8a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known mainly from highland areas in northern Tanzania and southern Kenya (including the Serengeti National Park, Nairobi, Mau Narok and the Kinangop Plateau). There are also records from Kitende in Uganda and the Marungu Plateau in southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/797 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17386030-0e95-4c41-8eee-6c6394ae7b69#distribution 98893545-8ad6-465e-80cd-aaaf15fd84c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the Nguu, Nguru and Uluguru Mountains, in eastern Tanzania (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/897 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00e7aeae-5119-4175-ade8-1bc1e4d6fcbf#distribution d738f022-057a-409b-b40b-06630e1f11d7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The family Brevicipitidae occurs only in eastern and southern sub-Saharan Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/950 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 474fb827-c5f9-4751-8606-8f3894432200#distribution ddba1054-01b9-4a21-973a-a49a29662f98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is distributed in the East and West Usambara Mountains and on the Magrotto Ridge (Harper et al, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/898 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 202a7792-d7eb-4e88-bf2b-baced1375ef9#distribution 3945176f-73a8-4adc-a9f5-887f2169af18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found only in the Chamgamwe to Shimba Hills area on top of the escarpment above Mombassa, Kenya. A single specimen is also known from the Shire Highlands of Malawi (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/903 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f3191907-dd69-4096-a9bc-b704bc1e7145#distribution 5bf4d2dc-6324-4492-879f-ca0b7391e21d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in the Poroto Mountains, Mount Rungwe, Udzungwa Mountains and Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/921 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 62a5e3b1-ce85-418e-82fd-7e07976add00#distribution 00b9c2c9-9401-49e5-9c57-cb641ce1d9f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. stenodactylus is a widespread species that extends from southern and eastern Zaire to Kenya, south to Zimbabwe and Mozambique (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1075 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 549794e1-29a4-41c6-9e76-9089f2d65530#distribution f5d67cde-bf6e-46d8-a75f-7b1fa09ef002 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the Uluguru North Forest Reserve on the eastern slopes of the northern part of the Uluguru Mountains, eastern Tanzania. It appears to have a very restricted distribution (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/893 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a9ba870-e145-414a-83c0-b7707f5a0d46#distribution d420b434-a08f-4212-8bb6-090ef218d160 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the Mkalazi Valley in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, Udzungwa Mountains, in eastern Tanzania. Surveys of other parts of the Udzungwa Forest Reserve have not located this species (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/886 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 66682645-7d33-417c-a1e2-f74e9f6de828#distribution 5114252b-5513-4abe-a3c7-33e712cd8b7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is only known from one site in the Mamiwa-Kisara North Forest Reserve in the Ukaguru Mountains in eastern Tanzania, and it appears to be very rare. It is probably endemic to the Ukaguru Mountains (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/885 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1297f50f-c344-4234-a48b-6c6f3b93a1de#distribution 7367564c-766b-43e8-8996-60222b08b7d2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the type locality in the Mazumbai Forest Reserve, West Usambara Mountians, Tanzania (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1439 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 af9ec5d2-6786-44b6-9e44-8c95583d3e57#distribution d3af94c1-9621-4f2e-a8bf-bd5a89aa2d40 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This family is restricted to sub-Saharan Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/947 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1affad54-0f22-4c22-952d-d0f15dcd5828#distribution 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the Nguru, Rubeho, Uluguru, Udzungwa Mountains and in the Southern Highlands of eastern and southern Tanzania.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dfc9ce18-866e-4bf3-8a9d-0cb6f588a2ef#distribution 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, above Chita, on the escarpment of the Udzungwa Mountains, in eastern Tanzania (Menegon et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5567a471-2bff-4f83-8fd3-64965b5d0071#distribution fdc88bc5-d5eb-4da7-bd77-5c87832751a2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is only known with certainty from Mt. Kupe and Mt. Nlonako (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1517 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 50031fba-e4ce-4166-898d-89f2518e476e#distribution a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the lowland, coastal plain of south-western and southern Cameroon, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea, including Bioko Island (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef6cbd15-907e-498d-aee3-a4f3478bce05#distribution cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It was originally documented from central Tanzania in the Arusha, Tabora, and Singida regions (Crutsinger et al., 2004) and was more recently documented in Ethiopia and Kenya (Zimkus, 2008), suggesting that it may be found in additional areas within Kenya and Ethiopia. Frogs that are probably this species have also been heard in the Masai Mara Game Reserve in Kenya (Pickersgill, 2007).

For specimen locality data see:

https://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0AqWTiFSJOtfUdC04bzdGeVUydmNuUjRGd0hVT25fWkE&hl=en

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a394f79e-79e0-4482-9979-cd6512a3645f#distribution 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is so far known only from Mafinga, located on the Udzungwa Plateau of southern Tanzania. It is expected to occur more widely, at least within the Udzungwa Plateau (Pickersgill, 2008).

Catalogue NumberIdentificationSpecific LocalityLatitudeLongitudeIdentifierPublicationsZMB 66250P. brevicepsTazania: Iringa: Mafinga -7.25 (approx.) 35.066667 (approx.)M. PickersgillPickersgill, 2007. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0828bc64-361a-4c27-a751-6d25ea1cbd50#distribution 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species mainly ranges from southeastern Nigeria to southern Cameroon to northeastern Gabon (at Makokou). It presumably occurs in mainland Equatorial Guinea, but there have not so far been any records. There are outlying records to the west of the main range from Iperin in southwestern Nigeria, the Togo-Volta Highlands in eastern Ghana, and from Kakum in southern Ghana. Animals very similar to this species, but much smaller, have been found in central Gabon, and are not mapped here (Amiet et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0021e28-c4a8-4ddd-9a26-8271f94f4e94#distribution b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges from southeastern Nigeria and southern Cameroon, east to eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, western Uganda and Rwanda. It is presumed to occur in the Cabinda Enclave of Angola. There is an absence of records through much of the Congo Basin, but this is probably due to under-sampling (Amiet et al., 2004).

Country records: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea (including Bioko Island), Gabon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02be8d1b-fd88-401a-b417-c185d1b488e6#distribution c8f9e655-dc5e-4c7c-9b89-209e45ea0791 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has been recorded only from the Itombwe Highlands in southern Kivu Province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, which is part of the Albertine Rift (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1555 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b167cc25-b9ea-4b64-a478-17db5d5d9c50#distribution 052e5310-cb87-43a9-a0ba-6448de19f762 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the type locality, Mauda (Uele), in north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1564 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3f5af35e-71a7-4fec-a310-119c1aff9b14#distribution 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from western, central and southern Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (including the island of Bioko), Gabon, southern Congo, and southwestern Central African Republic (Amiet et al, 2004). It might occur also in southeastern Nigeria, the Cabinda Enclave of Angola, and extreme western Democratic Republic of Congo.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 baa1d954-57a0-4305-83e2-12922ddcdd14#distribution 6e284a6d-7f0a-41bf-b607-255866ae0c63 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This very poorly known species has been recorded only from the "Lake Region" of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, western Rwanda, and north-western Burundi (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1574 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7ce8847-5a3a-428c-879b-f03473ed987a#distribution 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs from southwestern Cameroon south through Gabon to southwestern Congo, inland as far as southwestern Central African Republic, and on the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). It is presumed to occur in mainland Equatorial Guinea in the Rio Muni region (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7e6c7d0b-4039-4cc4-9c74-100ba99a3bd9#distribution 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is restricted to the mountains of eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. There are records from the Obudu Plateau and the higher parts of the Oban Hills in Nigeria, and from the Rumpi Hills, Mount Kupe, Mount Manenguba, Mount Nlonako, and the Bamileke plateau (Petit Diboum, Mount Bana, Fotabong an Foto) in Cameroon but has not been found as far north as Mount Oku (Perret, 1957, 1966; Hofer et al., 1999; Amiet and Gartshore, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3949b720-f3e8-4d4d-8d0a-2c30d5f4bd3f#distribution f6b6b38a-b52d-4de2-85d1-1720e16124e2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from Haute Lubitshako, Fizi District, southern Kivu Province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1543 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1a3b32ea-b2b6-4079-b223-ab2a232d4e42#distribution 4986ed07-deb4-4fa9-bcbf-276cb76c0d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is currently known only from the Kurmin Danko Forest Reserve on the western edge of the Mambilla Plateau in Nigeria.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1539 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5c66f737-5a2d-4c94-9b72-f37c0dd25704#distribution 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is known to occur at least in the Ituri Forest at Medje (northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo) and Kibale and Bwindi Impenetrable Forests (southwestern Uganda). Records from western Tanzania require verification (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef495710-c5dd-4410-8fed-7841e2804d30#distribution 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus dispar is endemic to Príncipe Island (Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe) within the Gulf of Guinea.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f4f839ba-f3c3-4df7-88bc-9d9172883765#distribution 3aa3fd2c-87fb-4cca-9fe3-500133cf3507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the Guinea savanna zones of West Africa, from Senegal and Gambia, east to Nigeria. There are records from Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. It has not been recorded from Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mauritania and Niger, but it almost certainly occurs in these countries (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

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Phrynobatrachus leveleve is found on São Tomé island (Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe) within the Gulf of Guinea.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9db299e3-260e-4c84-b774-d424031ceb56#distribution d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus maculiventris is known from Liberia, Guinea, and Côte d'Ivoire. In Liberia, the only record is a single individual collected at Peahtah, St. Paul's River (Barbour and Loveridge, 1927). In Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire, P. maculiventris has been recorded from a forest pond near Doromou at the foothills of Monts Nimba (Guibé and Lamotte, 1958), a few other sites around Monts Nimba (Ziéla, Yalé forest, Zouguépo forest, Zougué, Blà forest; Guibé and Lamotte, 1963), and a pond at the edge of Diécké Forest Reserve (Rödel et al., 2009).

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It is known only from the Crater Lake on Mount Manenguba, in western Cameroon (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b76b6209-6b80-4e37-a8cb-d0d2627fb34b#distribution f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is endemic to Ethiopia on both sides of the Rift Valley, widely distributed in the central and southern parts of the country (Largen et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2c1d1907-9122-491e-8b13-dd803f2a8af2#distribution f1c7701c-7f95-4056-af79-17f9defd1518 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from its type locality, Lambarene, Ogowe, in west-central Gabon, and (on the assumption that Phrynobatrachus brongersmai is a synonym of this species), from Grand Cape Mount in western Liberia (Burger and Rödel, 2004)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1551 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a83db5db-bd48-4779-9e0d-9602fff9ae7d#distribution 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the northern part of Pemba Island, Tanzania, where it has been recorded at Machengwe Swamp, Wete and Ngezi Forest Reserve (Pickersgill and Howell, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 916f0418-fc27-4822-b015-78128ce6cf82#distribution 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from the Tanzanian coast between Dar es Salaam and Tanga, inland to the foothills of the West Usambara Mountains (Pickersgill, 2008). More recently a specimen from Kakoneni in the Coast Province of Kenya was identified as this species (Zimkus et al., 2010). There is also an unconfirmed record from Lake Kenyatta in coastal Kenya (Pickersgill, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ca07d98f-ba74-4d91-bdd3-419182822f97#distribution 8c23a261-06b0-4171-841f-a75b6370c029 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This very poorly known species is known only from west-central and northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo from three localities: Kunungu, Mauda and Garamba National Park. There have been no recent records, presumably due to the lack of herpetological work within its range (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1561 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8298682f-c627-4fd0-bd63-75d043d488c2#distribution 9c528af0-017d-4c79-aec9-c4eb755372a6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs mainly in upland areas of Angola, Botswana, Zambia, northern and eastern Zimbabwe, southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, and southern Tanzania. Records from Uganda are currently assigned to this species (though they might refer to Phrynobatrachus mababiensis). It is likely to occur in the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, and in northern Mozambique, but there do not appear to be any records from these countries.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1562 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 07e574d7-55f6-4772-9ade-fe7692b52d60#distribution 26bb0093-48bd-48e1-b7e9-fc0f31bf631b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Montane forests of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern Uganda, and extreme western Tanzania (Frost, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1559 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b4d0f711-f727-4371-ab23-62dc6c64860b#distribution 5f8a7839-be0d-4e8a-97d1-3b6e545d47bb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the type locality, Buddu Forest, in southern Uganda along the western shore of Lake Victoria, although the exact location is not clear. It has also been reported from Mount Kenya, but this requires confirmation (Pickersgill and Howell, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1603 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 33b6578b-bc10-4703-9864-d92a86b1e13b#distribution 57ab534d-f71a-4278-b62d-0a2b772a1026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges from southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (in the vicinity of Upemba National Park), east to southern and central Tanzania (as far as the Udzungwa Mountains), south to Kasungu in central Malawi. It has not been recorded from northeastern Zambia but presumably occurs in this country (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1547 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c13191-5401-4e5f-b6ad-002fd3a552f9#distribution f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in eastern Tanzania (Uluguru Mountains), southern Tanzania (Ukinga and Rungwe Mountains), in northern Malawi (Misuku Mountains and at Nchenachena), and in southern Malawi (highlands south-west of Zomba at Maroka). It presumably occurs more widely, in particular between the currently known sites (Mazibuko and Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 58b7f558-aed8-4e39-a9fe-bca3bd151974#distribution cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from Jozani Forest on Unguja Island (Zanzibar), Tanzania, and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest in coastal Kenya. It is likely to be found in other forested localities on the East African coast (Pickersgill, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5f7c3079-7141-4199-8212-7d98415d2704#distribution 7f95029a-c6fd-4267-b367-1203696bda0d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from Udzungwa Mountains, Uluguru Mountains, Nguru Mountains, Nguu Mountains, and Mahenge Mountains in eastern Tanzania (Howell et al., 2004). See Tanzaniaherps.org for detailed distribution data.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1588 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7a8605e5-3819-4880-9b5c-ddd58d755434#distribution cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, western Rwanda, north-western Burundi and south-western Uganda (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0375a4de-9aff-43dc-81c2-6adcd2292a04#distribution 5e0a7b2f-882c-40ea-863f-1d0814b8dff7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from south-western and south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire and south-western Ghana. Although It may occur in Liberia, there are no known records (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1594 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e36cb55-d8c6-483a-a1cc-38ebd0baa659#distribution 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is restricted to eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. In Cameroon it is found in the mid-highlands of Bamboutos Mountains, the Bamileke Plateau (at Bangwa), Mt Kupe, Mt Nlonako, Mt Manengouba, and the Rumpi Hills, as well as the Obudu Plateau of Nigeria (Perret, 1966; Hofer et al., 1999; Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2acad649-be1a-4124-afb2-1474ffe5c64c#distribution 5c59ac19-9f95-4a75-8819-f08a55b8d53a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Frogs of the genus Pipidae are distributed in South America east of the Andes and adjacent Panama (Pipa) and in sub-Saharan Africa (Hymenochirus, Pseudhymenochirus, Silurana and Xenopus). In addition, there is an isolated record of Xenopus in northeastern Chad, and this species has also been introduced into parts of the USA, Mexico, Indonesia, and Europe.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/959 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 230a81ab-6fd2-4bd2-9a8a-755258a14227#distribution 28ac42bc-d4a0-438f-a524-2a7a71df833b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in Northern Algeria and Tunisia (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/855 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9cc4eab2-5130-47b1-8c3d-8b0581a67f6b#distribution 80b581fe-66ce-4bdb-8004-820c8e194fa9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is distributed in central Morocco (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/854 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0956b6b0-79be-4213-95ed-3810c205702a#distribution 13ec6613-454f-47f4-8495-617af76e002d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This range of this species is very imperfectly known. There are definite records from Entebbe in Uganda (the type locality), central Cameroon, and Mount Nimba in Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea. There are published records in addition from Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Ghana and Angola, but it is not certain that these refer to this species. If its distribution is not fragmented, it presumably occurs widely in West African savannahs, in southern Chad, the Central African Republic, northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and southern Sudan. There have been no recent records from Uganda and Mount Nimba, presumably due to the lack of herpetological work in these areas (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f476c941-9f16-4fd0-ba14-0f2e19fc7554#distribution 57ec7988-414d-43a5-918e-7996a6302aa8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena are distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. One species, Ptychadena mascareniensis, is also found in Madagascar, Seychelles, Mascarene Islands (introduced), and in Egypt in the area of Nile drainage to mouth.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/961 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4b5e984c-1eac-4ad7-b860-d0f4c7d4fdd7#distribution cbcc5466-9663-4227-ae89-a72acff37ed9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in Northern Morocco, northern Algeria, and northern Tunisia. It occurs to 2010 m in Morocco, 1550 m in Algeria, and 1500 m in Tunisia (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1707 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7b61159-3d47-4c20-b3e3-7d910c75b625#distribution 1c825b4b-2ec8-41ef-8d19-c593154428d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from coastal Kenya and Tanzania. It is abundant in both Tana River Delta and Bagamoyo with other records from central coastal Tanzania (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1712 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d57f864e-7ecc-41b6-8751-ad7210f6d332#distribution 448ff954-ab4c-4bd1-aca4-9e7674e8512a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1283 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 033c0a58-5543-47b3-858d-7294f5c6f204#distribution 43e3607b-c011-4c9f-aba7-8c1dece09151 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. purcelli is endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa areas (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1284 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 1ec31121-9ec7-4412-8e49-9e8a410c8de1#distribution 083af917-0509-4e40-aadb-51c633ed4741 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. regis is endemic to coastal mountain ranges of Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa (Boycott 1982).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1286 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce da36af10-f123-427a-9f5b-986655fa9dc7#distribution 9ece6da5-5fe9-45c7-9880-1b4020309daf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. fasciatus distribution includes South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, and Zambia, and Mozambique (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1683 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce e86be902-d32d-4f4a-a686-cfcfb8e503a1#distribution 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

V. amatolicus is restricted to a range in the Winterberg and Amatola mountains found in the Eastern Cape provice or South Africa (Boycott 1988d; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce f252a8b6-fbc4-42f5-bea4-5ef5ab3d0699#distribution 851a8e65-74be-4757-9784-2dd8f067c3c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. namaquensis is endemic to South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. It occurs in the predominantly winter-rainfall Namaqualand region of the Northern Cape and Western Cape provinces, from near the Gariep (Orange) River in the north to the Melkbos district in the south (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1202 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a 0a78df3d-3b9b-4066-82ad-3d0de655b599#distribution dd183bd4-a591-41cc-82c0-4d33dc354751 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. horstockii is endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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A. knysnae is endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1308 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 d8800187-1524-4a13-a270-192c731e2b41#distribution f624b0a5-84db-482c-95b6-1e5e09328021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. pardalisis is endemic to South Africa (Lambiris 1989a, 1994). Branch and Braack (1987) found that within South Africa the species live in isolated populations (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Anhydrophryne rattrayi is endemic to the Eastern Cape Province where it has a restricted distribution centered in the Amatola Mountains (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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This species is endemic to the southern Cape fold mountains in Western and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1203 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 9709f330-7089-4607-9e3e-d8f837ad7f6f#distribution 9b25d1d1-8b33-45e6-891d-8efa0859d4b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

L. xenodactylus is found in the southern KwaZulu-Natal highlands, but also marginally in adjacent parts of the Eastern Cape Province (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Poynton (1964) describes A. angolensis as being a widespread species distributed from Ethiopia, south through East Africa to southern Africa and westward to Angola (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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A. dracomontana is endemic to the highlands of southern and eastern Lesotho (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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A. fuscigula is found in South Africa; there is an extralimital population occurring in the Naukluft Mountains in Namibia (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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A. vandijki occurs at medium to high altitudes in the Swartberg and Langeberg mountain ranges in the east of the Western Cape Province of South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/776 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 71a5bbef-1a93-4d7d-88ca-4c111b5e321d#distribution 2fc2dcfc-bb7a-4631-bac4-608656506f09 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Lambiris (1989) found that A. hewitti is endemic to KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa where it is fairly widely distributed in suitable habitats in the midlands and on the lower slopes of the Drakensberg mountains (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/782 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 cb37f73b-db34-4c79-a4db-13abac4162c2#distribution c78a5d70-e262-43f7-87f8-1c63e7176400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. bicolor is endemic to the Riviersonderend, Du Toitsberg, Elandskloof and Limietberg mountains. It has been recorded at altitudes of 300–2000 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/787 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 6d1a7a9b-606c-4d7c-a090-849f2ab56d90#distribution d62c945f-2d69-4305-a569-68a643bfbee4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is endemic to the Kleinrivier Mountains, near Hermanus, South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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A. landdrosia is endemic to the Hottentots Holland and Kogelberg mountains of South Africa, reaching the coast near Rooi Els and Betty’s Bay, South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/786 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 b4124746-e0c5-4a56-91ba-c16577df15f5#distribution a3d864ed-e1c0-4edc-a5ea-2f99106acbec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. lightfooti is endemic to the Cape Peninsula. It is known from sea level to 1000 m at the top of Table Mountain (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/785 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 086a0a9b-8dec-4702-b7f1-57b766687a67#distribution 2915fe66-f2a2-4427-a09e-9f300ed0323f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. villiersi is endemic to the Western Cape Province, of South Africa where it is found on the slopes of the Hottentots Holland, Kogelberg, and Kleinrivier mountains and eastward to the Bredasdorp Mountains (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/789 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 db2c9dc3-b425-46d7-b821-9e930a685b0b#distribution 6bb364d7-bb7b-4f99-864f-6d71bb896c49 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Frost (2000) found that P. mababiensis occurs from the Sahel of East Africa to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, west to Namibia and southern Angola (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1569 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 d5e89947-bde9-4ec6-92d6-19050a7dfb69#distribution 6ee0efb7-057b-40a4-8950-e0d53751cfc9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. annectens is endemic to the larger Namib region, from Angola southward through western Namibia, reaching South Africa in the extreme northern parts of Northern Cape Province (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1500 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9e76eea8-935b-42c1-ab23-d793796ecc64#distribution 7d79febc-c73d-4793-a98b-492f8215ca6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. paludicola is endemic to the Cape fold mountains of the southwestern Western Cape Province (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1680 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 5370ee49-d186-4b0a-81fd-91804b5e5520#distribution 4a150e3a-61ba-4e4b-8f99-b8f97f336043 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. grayii distribution includes South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1684 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 08863587-a1c0-4463-89ed-822390016963#distribution 66a08355-5ce1-4d77-a208-35926b1c78ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. springbokensis is endemic to the Northern Cape Province of South Africa with an altitude ranging from 200–1600 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1690 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 b5f09645-112d-4847-805e-8bbe8626c515#distribution dcb5b389-ce64-44d8-bd87-2e25287fcf99 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Historical records indicate a wide distribution in the savannas of subsaharan Africa from Senegal in the west to Somalia in the east, and southward through East Africa to South Africa. T. cryptotis appears to be distributed from Angola through Zambia to Malawi, and southward through Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. In South Africa and Swaziland, T. cryptotis is known from the inland plateau and the dry interior regions (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1692 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 a2429276-e37f-42cb-a5d3-77b1fa645edc#distribution a762ece9-1e52-4d2d-b3a3-bd1aac1c1c66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

T. delalandii is endemic to South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1694 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 c30987b4-7d36-4039-b4c1-0d3d46f796d0#distribution edb0773e-ec8b-412e-b1cb-dfd7a088d49b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Poynton (1964) noted that T. marmorata ranges from Botswana eastward through Zambia, Malawi and Zimbabwe to southern Mozambique as well as South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1697 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9900f000-4cc6-463b-892f-3929ef547f9c#distribution 80cec0d7-5fda-438d-af70-e6ecd09c9b57 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

T. natalensis is recorded from Botswana, Zimbabwe and southern Mozambique and its distribution extends into the eastern part of the atlas region, where it occurs from sea level to the high inland plateau at 2000 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1693 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9c4254bf-0ec2-4811-977a-a6bb7ab43aca#distribution da8f2e5e-30b2-482e-80df-2dfe47dcb9b3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. wahlbergi is endemic to the east coast of South Africa, from just south of Port St Johns northward to the Mozambique border. In Kwa- Zulu-Natal, its range extends inland to altitudes of c.1000 m in the mist belt, where it is particularly common (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1062 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 6dabfd9a-f186-47d4-87e2-7b446bed9247#distribution bcd4388b-a6a2-48a5-a31f-dec6d15f0c0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. rangeri is endemic to South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1258 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Cunningham http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 9a537bdb-8b9e-4a70-8f07-3ee21eec79e0 58bb65d1-05f8-48d7-add0-65da3e51ef6c#distribution e22be30e-1a0c-4fed-b68c-f6e43d69722b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

V. angusticeps is endemic to the Fynbos Biome, within which it is widespread, extending from near Humansdorp in the east, and along the coastal flats and Cape fold mountains to Nieuwoudtville in the west (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1277 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Cunningham http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 9a537bdb-8b9e-4a70-8f07-3ee21eec79e0 7e34b68b-2a4f-46f0-a550-596e6767a85e#distribution 1935ba6e-54eb-436b-ad5c-d685d34899c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. pantherinus is endemic to the winter-rainfall region of the Western Cape. It has a restricted distribution range that spans a distance of about 140 km, from the Cape Peninsula in the west, eastward to beyond Gansbaai in the Pearly Beach area (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1238 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1cada028-122b-4a5d-8717-ee38287e52e5 96d6b5e5-595b-483a-a3e5-987e9388f079#distribution 3974b9fb-cd90-46f7-93de-d6faff8b6f59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. umbraculata is endemic to the high slopes of the Drakensberg and Lesotho highlands. The species occurs at altitudes of 1800–>3000 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/775 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 ae6456c2-2b8f-44c1-ab71-0f065e0e07e9#distribution d3318857-5abe-4b77-975a-cd7f6952b0b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. capense is endemic to the winter-rainfall region of the Western Cape (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/792 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 149513d9-2d58-4928-802c-d9c85cfa4f39#distribution f3efada9-26d4-4406-a931-02570f5fe17e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. rosei is endemic to the winter-rainfall region of Western Cape Province in South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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This species is endemic to Table Mountain on the Cape Peninsula of South Africa (Minter et al., 2004).

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M. capensis is endemic to South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho within 10 km of the coast in areas with an annual rainfall of >500 mm. The species is restricted to the winter-rainfall region of the Western Cape Province of South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/803 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 5d9372ad-6388-40f5-b297-36792dd304f5#distribution 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is endemic to the winter rainfall region of the Western Cape, generally occurring in relatively low lying areas (10–140 m a.s.l.) within 10 km of the coastline. Its distribution is correlated with the presence of nearby mountain ranges and an annual rainfall exceeding 500 mm p.a. (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#distribution b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is restricted to the western and central Rif Mountains and middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco. It is known only from about twenty fragmented localities, from 200-2,050 m asl (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2008). It is not present in the North African Spanish enclave of Ceuta (Mateo et al. 2003).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe fa765e2f-aeed-41b6-9495-0e4d51ada88a#distribution 1bbf40b1-88cb-4058-95d4-bfccde94e09a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietophrynus chudeaui is known only from its type locality, Bata Marsh in Sahel de Nioro, Mali (not Senegal, as erroneously reported in the original description; Chabanaud, 1919; Tandy and Keith, 1972; Tandy and Feener, 1985). Tandy (2004) reports further difficulties in precisely locating Bata Marsh.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1259 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 280daeba-c8db-4df6-835b-090e73b17bff#distribution 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The type series of this species was collected by the Lemaire Mission in Lofoï, in the Katanga province of what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo (de Witte, 1921). This species has also been found in leaf litter in multiple locations in northern Angola and in western Burundi (Channing, 2001; Drewes and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#distribution b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges from southeastern Cameroon and eastern Gabon, east through southwestern Central African Republic and northern Republic of the Congo to central Democratic Republic of Congo. It might occur in Equatorial Guinea (Amiet et al. 2004). Ohler (1996) describes its occurrence as “in the basin of the Congo river and in the Cameroonian plateaus.” There is an isolated record from Kakindo in south-central Angola but there is doubt regards the identity of this specimen (Rödel et al., in press). The contact zone between this species and Aubria subsigillata requires further investigation (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#distribution f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aubria subsigillata ranges from southwestern Cameroon through mainland Equatorial Guinea to southwestern Gabon. It occurs on the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) (Amiet et al. 2004). Jackson et al. (2007) have collected A. subsigillata as far east as the northeastern part of the Republic of the Congo. The contact zone between this species and the more recently described Aubria masako and A. occidentalis is poorly understood and requires further investigation. It is possible that this species ranges as far west as Nigeria. An old record from Angola is shown by Perret (1996) to belong to a very different, undescribed species (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#distribution b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hylarana lemairei has been found in northern Angola, northern Zambia, and the adjacent southern and southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Perret, 1977; Channing, 2001).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f01ed2e3-d4d3-4571-a012-d7e87e1de8ea#distribution 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hyperolius nasicus is known only from its type locality, Kasiki, at 2,300 m asl in the Marungu Highlands in southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo. This locality was inadvertently stated to be in northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo by Schiøtz (2006a; Schiøtz 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#distribution f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This West African species ranges from Gambia to southern Mali, northern Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, northern Ghana, Togo, northern Benin and northern Cameroon. There do not appear to be records from Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Niger and Nigeria, although it presumably occurs in these countries. Only a few localities are known over a huge area, but this is probably due at least in part to very limited fieldwork taking place within its range (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 805c5295-8289-4ac5-91f3-0995eb2b2af1#distribution 7d8799f5-92d4-40f6-91a7-c604e59d93ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges widely from Senegal and Gambia, east to northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Garamba National Park). There appear to be no records from Guinea-Bissau and Sudan, but it presumably occurs in these countries (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1661 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe af525338-031a-4bce-9d8f-d3205ddec0ee#distribution 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was initially described from Madié (also spelled Medje) in the Ituri forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, it has been observed in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Budongo and Bwamba forests in western Uganda, including the cities of Boyulu, and Kisangani (formerly Stanleyville) and the Uele plains. Records from Faradje and Garamba may not actually be this species (Boulenger, 1919; Noble, 1924; Largen and Howell, 2004; Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe ea81f25e-2f78-426d-afe3-4746ce1c96f9#distribution cea0ab91-8d10-49bc-8b4e-8266b6b2a6b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges from Senegal to northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo and western Ethiopia. Records from coastal Gabon and southern Congo are currently assigned to Ptychadena taenioscelis; the boundary between these two species is imperfectly understood (especially in Uganda, from where neither species has been recorded, but both probably occur). There do not appear to be records from Mauritania, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Niger, Chad, Sudan and Uganda, but it is likely to occur in these countries (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1648 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe c2a256de-a5e7-418d-a5a7-b3445f30767d#distribution 1852a73d-46b7-498f-8f79-b5eb55136c1f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

N. bonebergi is endemic to the South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland region and restricted to the coastal forests of southern KwaZulu-Natal and northern Eastern Cape provinces, at altitudes below 900 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/804 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be fbd93d8a-79d4-44f8-9976-7e4237aa439b#distribution 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This widespread species is distributed from the Democratic Republic of Congo, eastern Ethiopia and Somalia, south through East Africa to northeastern South Africa. Its range extends westward through northern Botswana and northern Namibia to southern Angola (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be f2065449-641b-4e03-93f7-4c72305dee38#distribution 8a2284ea-a095-4fcd-9cb9-9cd0d3fbc0ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. wealii is endemic to South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1499 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#distribution 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Heleophryne depressa is found in the Cederberg range to the north and the west of the Breede and Berg Rivers in the Eastern region of South Africa (du Preez and Carruthers, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 83b31854-1dc3-4380-9f24-8161ea6faf7b#distribution ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges from northern Sierra Leone, through southern Guinea and Liberia to southwestern Côte d'Ivoire. Records from eastern Ghana and Togo refer to Conraua derooi. A record from eastern Côte d'Ivoire refers to a juvenile Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 361e1652-f00d-4f92-b30f-f848a8b4ece3#distribution 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in northern and western Ethiopia, extending into southern Eritrea, in highlands west of the Rift Valley (Largen 2004). It has been documented from montane grasslands near both Asmara and Addis Ababa, and it appears to be common in forests at lower elevations near the towns of Jimma and Bonga in western Ethiopia (Largen and Spawls 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 5217ffdf-874f-474e-a0f7-ff466a7e4f74#distribution a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua derooi was originally described from the Misahohé forest in western Togo, and includes all records of Conraua alleni from eastern Ghana and Togo. This species was thought to be endemic to the Togo-Volta Highlands of eastern Ghana and western Togo (Rödel and Schiøtz 2004) until Kouamé et al. (2007) found what are likely the largest remaining populations of this species in the Atewa Range Forest Reserve, extending its western range limit into central Ghana (Kouamé et al. 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 b160ebeb-6968-4012-82a1-daafafcffe26#distribution 666ca8a0-115e-4b7c-8c8d-4b3d5eada0b1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. acutirostris is restricted to the southwestern ranges of the Cape fold mountains. The most westerly range in which it occurs is the Hottentotsholland Mountains, the most easterly the Langeberg Mountains; these ranges also represent the northern limits of the species (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1205 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 d3eb8707-b1be-47d8-88ef-6642ece903eb#distribution 932d1ffd-244f-416d-a684-55e83b50d6e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This diminutive species occurs widely in the Cape fold mountains of the Western Cape Province, from northeast of Clanwilliam, to the Outeniqua Mountains in the southeast. On the Cape Peninsula it occurs with B. gibbosus in some localities, and to the east its range coincides, in part, with that of B. acutirostris and B. fuscus. B. montanus probably occurs in a number of relatively inaccessible mountainous areas not surveyed (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1204 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 c7ba03dd-b399-4ee4-b2a6-bf6ba933474e#distribution dcac2756-77c5-4ed6-bc66-907bc45a19ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. rosei has a coastal distribution; nowhere does the species occur more than 45 km inland. The distribution extends from Lambert’s Bay on the west coast, to Gouritsmond on the south coast. Crawford and Dyer (2000) found that the species is common on Robben Island (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1196 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 dfeaf9bc-e89a-4473-b9a0-1cbc6d7603a2#distribution 3217f09d-099c-4a82-b628-8d1a6b0a2715 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. dorsalis is found in three major disjunctive populations: (1) from eastern Sierra Leone easterly to western Togo; (2) from western Nigeria into the western part of Democratic Republic of Congo; (3) and in western subcoastal Angola. However, it is possible that the Angolan population is in fact contiguous with the population to the north. Other observation records from Uganda and western Kenya actually refer to Afrixalus osorioi (Schiøtz et al., 2009).

This species is distributed in the following countries: Angola; Cameroon; The Democratic Republic of the Congo; Côte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone (Schiøtz et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1328 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#distribution d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is endemic to mountains in the Eastern Arc chain of Tanzania, including Uluguru, Udzungwa, East and West Usambara, and South Pare Mountains. It most likely occurs more widely than these records suggest (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 de87b70c-0d5c-409e-8925-cc8a9e8990e6#distribution 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Poynton and Broadley (1988) found A. maculatus to be very widespread in Africa: found in West Africa, East Africa and southern Africa. Although the species is generally distributed through the savannas of sub-Saharan Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce cc4837a1-7512-438f-8cdf-651d3f826970#distribution 052fc6db-e7ce-47c0-83f7-29b8755b2f19 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. natalensis is endemic to South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1281 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce d674b475-2cdd-414d-ad53-2f2c37622e83#distribution 4832a5e9-d683-459c-9fe6-528b064a3d6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. pickersgilli is endemic to South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1471 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 327359db-b4cc-4a02-8190-390966e08adb#distribution 0aea4d97-d8c1-4663-ade0-0ef321127453 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

L. natalensis is endemic to South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1189 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 4eccaa4a-a5b3-4f97-bcc7-e98cfec80827#distribution 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. marmoratus is distributed across most of sub- Saharan Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 27db3800-7349-4d38-b83d-4ddc9a3ab278#distribution 839bfb09-5c00-4d08-af35-4f588109d3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (2001) found that P. fenoulheti is present in the north of South Africa, as well as Zimbabwe, eastern Botswana, southern Zambia, Namibia, and Mozambique (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1271 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e d0c12303-ea07-42fc-883e-d396745b6479#distribution b8820aef-e547-491e-a133-b827e4997e6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. wageri is endemic to South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1681 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e a32a7ba5-2604-4eaa-8319-924be5b3664a#distribution 320d2999-9c01-4402-922d-2f6f045851f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in North Eastern South Africa, Northwest Swaziland, Southern Namibia and eastern Zimbabwe (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1276 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 538c7f3e-a9f4-46db-b6de-518bd2fd84fa#distribution a4ff8a4c-4109-43bf-a5ab-a0a242a7b420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from Kenya and Tanzania in areas experiencing less than 800 mm mean annual rainfall.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/852 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 d1d43be4-437d-42af-97d8-595727192eb4#distribution 2e726e98-053f-42c3-800d-1c7b6071a362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. guttatus is endemic to South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1290 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 fc562a56-527b-4806-9c5c-354a5e955ca0#distribution 2c8ab9f7-5b90-45eb-acf0-f1c3abe9f892 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The extent of X. itombwensis distribution is unknown beyond the Itombwe Massif in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Evans et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1620 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 478c7a2b-95a7-4e06-859d-487da11af17e#distribution 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. lenduensis is distributed across the Lendu Plateau in the northern portion of the Albertine Rift, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Evans et al., 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 28eeff2c-e7c3-4aa6-b6e6-06a437054b3e#distribution 5354d848-787d-4d04-b9ab-fd88bc569080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Bishop and Passmore (1993) describe A. ngongoniensis as being endemic to a small area of mistbelt on the eastern escarpment in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape of South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/790 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 2767e4eb-eed6-4e3a-bf67-bd0e10d22cbd#distribution 57f07e11-60b0-49b7-aa66-eb4dc2d8f2e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. acuticeps occurs in the Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Somalia, extending southward to South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1385 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 4f690ef8-0add-4f43-ac5e-c86b14a988be#distribution d23ab9aa-7939-4b2a-a838-b5e13534b958 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. argus is distributed from the coastal lowlands of southern Somalia, southward through Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, eastern Zimbabwe and Mozambique, as well as South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1384 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 608ad5ac-8d66-4ad1-af16-8c93df7a6037#distribution 8e59472f-87b1-431f-aa1d-6389544bc875 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. adspersus occurs in Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, southern Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (Text modified from L.R. Minter in Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1199 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Andres Avila http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 69b1584c-05b9-4ac9-946b-8f6b562a641a 71c46580-5d7e-4169-bdf2-bf05d0d91f46#distribution 8bf8d12e-7003-4fc3-a21c-7abe0790e97f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. bagginsi is endemic to KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1198 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Andres Avila http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 69b1584c-05b9-4ac9-946b-8f6b562a641a 5ae20a6e-bdbd-4e39-8251-bb5b50182b65#distribution 2c976048-9c44-4ec4-ac0e-9ddd0a2bfb6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Bates (2002)recorded that A. vertebralis is found at high altitudes in Lesotho and adjacent mountain ranges in KwaZulu-Natal, Free State and Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, including the Witteberg range (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/780 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 2fa856be-1e13-41ce-a52f-baa0121e582b#distribution 37066e4d-4b5b-489f-a634-c35dab64e95d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Strongylopus kilimanjaro is known only from certain mid-slope locations on the flank of Mount Kilimanjaro in northern Tanzania (Stuart, 2006). This anuran species, observed most recently in 2005, has been collected at an elevation of approximately 3230 metres above sea level (Clark & Poynton, 2005).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1689 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5cd95f4b-7434-4b86-86fe-ed92ec936c04#distribution 58c8d9bb-64c7-4684-a0d4-257fa0fe832e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Species within the genus Strongylopus are generally restricted to southern and eastern Africa, with countries of occurrence including South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Kenya. Elevations of occurrence are limited from sea level to 3250 metres. Three of the species are endemic to high altitude niches in Tanzania, and two of the species are endemic to South Africa. Most of the taxa within the genus are restricted to very narrow geographic ranges.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1039 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 2d9052d8-a5a8-46b7-ace0-d2ce9bff41eb#distribution 0531d12f-d4a5-4459-a679-34387c906787 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is described only from the type locality, Khorixas in north west Namibia (Dawood and Channing, 2002).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1696 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 ba9c72b0-7116-44b7-9530-673ac56d33f5#distribution ad07e6ca-65ca-46b7-b192-9adfca5dbda7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges from southwestern Angola, through northern Namibia and Botswana, to southern Zimbabwe, northern South Africa, Swaziland, and southern Mozambique.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1703 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 bec5c4cf-3de2-4c5a-b7ff-c6320f80d401#distribution 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from the central plateau of Tanzania, but probably has a wider distribution, extending into Kenya (Channing et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 c4cc29c0-e47d-4ff2-99b2-033dc383c33d#distribution a057293a-229b-4a37-ab14-28ab15233048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is distributed throughout South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, Namibia and southwestern Angola.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1700 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 cb183f22-6fe9-4acf-bb94-d30a9c3580f5#distribution 2b777e36-1e29-4a60-9d9d-20f61d9600ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species ranges from northwestern Namibia and western Angola, through Zambia, Zimbabwe and southern Democratic Republic of Congo, to northern Tanzania. It is likely to be found in Mozambique and Malawi (Channing and Minter, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1698 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 1c9f6838-617e-4a54-ab5b-bfded8663391#distribution 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Not to be mistaken for H. tanneri (which inhabits the West Usambaras, and looks very similar, though without gular spines) or H. minutissimus (found in the Udzungwa and Rubeho Mountains. This species also has distinctive spines, but a different breeding biology, call, etc.). In Tanzania, H. spinigularis is found in the East Usambara Mountains, Nguu and Nguru Mountains, Uluguru Mountains. In Malawi, H. spinigularis is found only on Mount Mulanje (extensive sampling in intervening areas show that all other sites in southern Tanzania and Northern Malawi are confirmed absences.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lucinda Lawson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und b4178447-99c1-4644-b52d-b23ed2b34ca5 4b8e2f21-639a-4445-a842-1393662c8308#distribution ce78969f-3b3e-4672-bc10-b6eee3f0dfd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is endemic to the Bale Mountains, east of the Rift Valley, in Ethiopia, where it has been found at 3,200m asl.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1191 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#distribution 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Specimens were recorded from Mbololo and Dawida blocks (Mbololo, Ngangao, Chawia, Fururu, Vuria, Ndiwenyi, Mwachora and Boma-Wundanyi forests; see Figure 2 in publication). Based on surveys conducted in the Taita Hills, it has been calculated that the spatial distribution of Callulina dawida. The estimated extent of occurrence of C. dawida is equal to 168.2 km2 and the estimated area of occupancy is about 4.3 km2. These are respectively the area included in the polygon (minimum convex hull polygon) obtained by linking the localities where presence of the species was recorded and the area of eight forest fragments in the Taita Hills where C. dawida is known to occur.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 27cc10e2-2fda-4e6d-adf2-2826d5d183b3#distribution ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is presently known from remnant forest patches on the West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania, including Mazumbai FR, Ambangula FR, Shume-Mugambo FR, and Philipshof.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b822d27a-4ae9-4971-8d38-757966e33ea2#distribution 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Callulina laphami was collected only in the Kindoroko and Minja montane forests, at elevations between 1730 m and 2000 m. Based on current knowledge of the species’ distribution and evidences on habitat preference, the estimated extent of occurrence is equal to or less than 16.5 km2; this includes Kindoroko forest reserve and Minja FR. This small extent is compounded with an observed decline in area and quality of the habitat (Hall et al., 2009). Currently the population density does not appear to be low but because of the highly fragmented habitat, conservation measures for protecting the species might be important.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 97fd2775-117f-45c4-9b64-5e9756d5d441#distribution dd3c7a91-807e-411c-bb27-824f9cca9489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Callulina shengena has been found only in montane forest dominated by the forest tree Ocotaea usambarensis at elevations between 1920 m and 2100 m. Based on current knowledge of the species’ distribution and evidence of forest dependancy, the estimated extent of occurrence of C. shengena is equal to or less than 35 km2, and the known area of occupancy is about 3 km2; these are respectively the area including the elevational distribution (1920 – 2100 m) of this species in the Chome forest reserve and the area included in the polygon obtained by linking the localities where the presence of the species was recorded. The species is common in the area in which it has been found, but it is confined to the montane forest zone where persistent and large scale logging of O. usambarensis occurs. Extensive areas of the forest appear to be heavily logged and considerable habitat damage is done during this process. The presence of one population at only a single, small location is compounded by an observed decline in area and quality of the habitat (Hall et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1212 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f d76ee7fd-a74b-4151-8c9a-6c66e32cb581#distribution bd3ccb09-7ea6-4ff7-a324-4bf84f5a6017 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Callulina stanleyi was found only in submontane forest at elevations between 1200 m and 1300 m. Based on current knowledge of the species’ distribution and evidence of dependency on forest, the estimated extent of occurrence of C. stanleyi is equal to or less than 9.7 km2; this is the area including an elevational distribution (1200 – 1600 m) of the submontane habitat in Chome. As with the two other newly described species, population density does not appear to be low, but C. stanleyi is confined to a small fragment of submontane forest existing along the eastern boundary of Chome forest reserve, which is bordered by extensive farmlands. The presence of one population at only a single, small location, is compounded by an observed decline in area and quality of the habitat (Hall et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1208 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 82a6a3c8-9490-487b-a5ad-d740cdeb0a20#distribution 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the Ukaguru Mountains in eastern Tanzania between 1,500 and 1,900m asl. It is thought likely to be endemic to the Ukaguru Mountains.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f dcfbdd61-e55a-4c68-8e2f-74ee1cc303b7#distribution 31966cf5-acd6-48e8-9368-f4aa3ef431fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in southeastern Tanzania from the Uluguru Mountains, southwest to Mount Rungwe and Songea, and southeast to Nchingidi.

It is irregular in occurrence, but this is probably because it is overlooked because of its very secretive habits.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1220 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 8c637f28-66a8-4d27-a3ca-abdb723d6d25#distribution 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. laevis is widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa.

Within its southern distribution, it is a common and widespread species, occurring from sea level to nearly 3000 m in Lesotho. In the west, it is apparently absent in areas of extreme aridity, including much of the Kalahari and Bushmanland in Northern Cape Province. Its distribution extends eastward as far as the Great Escarpment, where it comes into contact with X. muelleri in the low-lying parts of Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 3487e7cf-bbef-4291-bed6-64d99ad20aaa 4467a8e1-4904-4488-a4d0-f9e9f7ceca5e#distribution e30bc8c5-17cd-48f1-afbd-cb272d67f56c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The distribution of X. muelleri in sub-Saharan Africa is divided into two distinct areas containing animals that are morphologically similar but probably represent allopatric sibling species (Kobel et al. 1996). One of these forms, X. muelleri-East, extends from southeastern Kenya to South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1627 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 3487e7cf-bbef-4291-bed6-64d99ad20aaa 737042da-ef06-41ea-80c1-d0951ac5250c#distribution d9275a58-df60-448c-b94a-9863bfd38758 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. sopranus is found in South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho and may also occur in southern Mozambique (Passmore and Carruthers, 1995; Minter 1998, 2003; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1201 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 5d7f9e4f-11a0-4b47-ad9c-c06cf50783eb#distribution bfee30ab-90ec-4311-81ff-2de6fbfd02ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. sylvestris is endemic to Limpopo Province of South Africa, where it occurs on the slopes and crests of the Blouberg, Soutpansberg, Wolkberg and Drakensberg ranges (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1197 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df f51521d6-d054-4692-9491-f559e4707328#distribution 7f6fe033-eb82-49be-9c0d-e666ed2a68fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. verrucosus is endemic to the South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland region (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1195 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 1355c430-1dfe-4216-9bd1-ada25e2b7af7#distribution afcc65ec-cc55-4e1f-adf3-467d4cd80a54 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only in South Africa in Town Bush Valley, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/801 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 2e1d06f0-a01d-44b8-866e-b5478053ff86#distribution 8132db23-6d9b-48f6-8b8f-cbc43d8473e7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is distributed through Angola, northern Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Mozambique (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1288 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 717d82cb-0521-4ecf-ae55-dc213a5f8349#distribution 201b0d65-4fac-4a51-90ad-f7b35fcbb596 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. uzungwensis is recorded from Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi, southward to Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and central Mozambique (Stewart 1967; Poynton and Broadley1985b; Channing 2001). The species is also found in South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1676 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df d285a673-4269-439d-8373-93b050da12b7#distribution 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Cacosternum boettgeri is a very abundant and widespread species, occurring in most suitable habitat throughout its range at both high and low elevations. This frog inhabits South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, the savanna regions of Namibia, eastern Botswana, southern Zambia and the Zimbabwe plateau. The range of C. boettgeri may have increased in the last century due to human activity, particularly where bush and reeds have been cleared and grass has been introduced (Van Dijk 1971b) along with domestic stock (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 d58e0a5d-715a-4993-b12c-f05fae3ea488#distribution 7c0a0aa0-855a-4caf-bd83-83823e27e5c3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. karooicum is endemic to the arid Karoo regions of the Western and Northern Cape provinces of South Africa, where it is known from only a few widely separated localities (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/791 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 cea4c383-4d44-4a09-b4a4-d27f576d9c2f#distribution 4a2fcc57-e898-4cf1-9361-82b75fcbb517 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. namaquense is found throughout Namaqualand, South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/795 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 fe982a8e-2468-4ccb-bdb9-462f439b8844#distribution 6f3d04c1-a0fa-4721-8272-f6934a474f93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Cacosternum parvum (previously C. nanum parvum) occurs along the Drakensberg escarpment in South Africa. In South Africa it is also found from the northern parts of Eastern Cape Province but appears to have its stronghold in KwaZulu-Natal, and it is also found in Swaziland (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/800 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 ac55e5b9-7a16-414e-8f39-2900551e3c50#distribution ea5303b2-238d-4812-b46c-f79cac8e9d44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. garmani has a wide distribution in the eastern savannas of Africa, ranging from Somalia in the north to South Africa in the south (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1253 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A. Turner http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#distribution und a13bed59-3cf7-416c-b45c-ad1026defb54 7e6c7d0b-4039-4cc4-9c74-100ba99a3bd9#evolution 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A group identified by Zimkus (2009) that includes P. cricogaster is endemic to the mountains of western Cameroon and eastern Nigeria, part of the geologic rift zone termed the Cameroon Volcanic Line, and supports the view that montane regions have acted as centres of speciation.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#evolution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02816618-adc9-4f8a-9659-1bec3176673f#evolution eed8f395-72d0-43f9-8a00-c2f3368c1824 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Zimkus et al. (2012) found that most Phrynobatrachus species breed in small, lotic bodies of water and have aquatic eggs with free-living, feeding tadpoles. However, reproductive modes that provide autonomy from permanent water bodies evolved independently at least seven times. These shifts towards alternate reproductive modes are not linked to a common temporal event, clades that exhibit alternate reproductive modes have lower diversification rates than those that deposit eggs aquatically. In addition, adult habitat, pedal webbing and body size have no effect on diversification rates. Although these traits are not associated with increased speciation rates, they may still provide opportunities to extend into new niches, thus increasing overall diversity.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1028 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#evolution und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fc562a56-527b-4806-9c5c-354a5e955ca0#evolution 2c8ab9f7-5b90-45eb-acf0-f1c3abe9f892 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. itombwensis and X. wittei are probably sister species derived from the same allo-octoploid ancestor (Evans et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1620 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#evolution und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 478c7a2b-95a7-4e06-859d-487da11af17e#evolution 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. lenduensis and X. vestitus have derived from the same allo-octoploid ancestor (Evans et al., 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#evolution und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#evolution b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The detailed phylogeny, biogeography, and evolutionary history of the genus Alytes are still active areas of study (Martínez-Solano et al. 2004; Gonçalves et al. 2007). Alytes maurus has been consistently grouped with A. muletensis and A. dickhilleni in what is called the Baleaphryne clade, although relationships within this clade, or between this clade and other Alytes species are still incompletely understood. According to Martínez-Solano et al. (2004), the genus Alytes originated in the Iberian Peninsula before 18 Ma, with A. maurus diverging from the other two Baleaphryne species approximately 5-8 Ma.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#evolution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#evolution b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The evolutionary history of Aubria masako is not yet well understood, although Aubria is consistently thought to be the sister genus to Pyxicephalus. Ohler and Kazadi (1990) hypothesized that, since Pyxicephalus appears more derived than Aubria, it either evolved from Aubria, or otherwise Aubria evolved from it in a form of paedomorphosis. Ohler and Kazadi (1990) claimed that ecological evidence suggested Pyxicephalus was the more derived clade, but Ohler (1996) suggests that in fact Aubria is more derived than Pyxicephalus, which would imply some paedomorphic events in Aubria’s evolutionary history.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#evolution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#evolution f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

According to Ohler’s review of the genus Aubria (1996), Aubria subsigillata is sister to A. masako. The genus Aubria, in turn, is sister to Pyxicephalus in the subfamily Pyxicephalinae, which is sister to the subfamily Dicroglossinae. Ohler and Kazadi (1990) hypothesized that, since Pyxicephalus appears more derived than Aubria, it either evolved from Aubria, or otherwise Aubria evolved from it in via paedomorphosis. Ecological evidence suggests that Pyxicephalus was the more derived clade (Ohler and Kazadi 1990), but Ohler (1996) suggests that in fact Aubria is more derived than Pyxicephalus, which would imply some paedomorphic events in Aubria’s evolutionary history.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#evolution und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 776624a3-8716-407f-ae22-68461d550880#evolution 328c9e07-41c9-497a-a8a5-c5837e5f0576 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The phylogenetics of D. scovazzi are clearly related to the vicariance created by the Strait of Gibraltar and the geological formation of that geographic feature. Morphology and DNA of D. scovazzi have been compared with D. jeanneae. Individuals of the D. scovazzi populations of North Africa and southwest Iberia were sampled and contrasted with sampling of D. jeanneae from eastern Iberia. Morphologies of these two related taxa were differentiated using Mahalanobis distance metrics. Results showed that the effective Mahalanobis distance was greater for the intercontinental than the intracontinental populations by a factor of 2.3 to 3.3. Thus the geographic barrier of the Strait of Gibraltar has had a strong effect on the morphological differentiation as well as the genetic differentiation of the two taxa. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA and allozyme differentiation is substantial, suggesting the species separation between D. scovazzi and D. jeanneae precedes or is coincident with the formation of the Strait of Gibraltar (Busack & Lawson, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/915 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#evolution und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 c4cc29c0-e47d-4ff2-99b2-033dc383c33d#evolution a057293a-229b-4a37-ab14-28ab15233048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tomopterna tandyi is a tetraploid species, which was result of a hybridization event between T. cryptotis and T. delalandii (Channing and Bogart, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1700 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#evolution und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 98a83692-66ee-425e-87e8-ac820948c62e#genetics b8278059-f90d-4025-83f6-a36988104fd2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Wieczorec et al. (2001) analyzed the mitochondrial DNA of 24 of the 45 recognized subspecies. They concluded that of these 24,10 should be considered separate species, including H. glandicolor and H. goetzei. More work is needed to assess the status of the subspecies that were not included in Wieczorec et al. (2001).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1356 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5567a471-2bff-4f83-8fd3-64965b5d0071#genetics fdc88bc5-d5eb-4da7-bd77-5c87832751a2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The mitochondrial 16S rRNA differs between P. euskircheni and P. parkeri by 5.94-8.69%. Intraspecific variation was 0.00%-3.14% (N= 9) in P. euskircheni, which was higher than in the other taxa. Specimens formed two locality based (Mt. Kupe and Mt. Nlonako) subclusters. The specimens from each cluster showed the same low within site variability as in other Central African Petropedetes species (Mt. Kupe: 0.00%-0.39%; Mt. Nlonako: 0.00%). The genetic differences between vouchers from Mt. Kupe and Mt. Nlonako could not be backed up with morphological characters, and at present male specimens are only known from Mt. Kupe (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1517 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 50031fba-e4ce-4166-898d-89f2518e476e#genetics a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A genetic comparison of a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (611 bp, including gaps) by Barej et al. (2010) found that interspecific comparison between P. johnstoni and all other Central African Petropedetes taxa resulted in uncorrected p-distances that ranged between 3.85%-9.03% with this species most closely related to P. vulpiae.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#genetics 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A genetic comparison of a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (611 bp, including gaps) by Barej et al. (2010) found that interspecific comparison between P. palmipes and all other Central African Petropedetes taxa resulted in uncorrected p-distances that ranged between 7.80%-11.76% with this species most closely related to P. euskircheni.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1522 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5984543b-ba52-4bb6-8c3a-01d52f9b7084#genetics ea940e5f-8027-497a-9db3-af5833096412 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The uncorrected p-distances of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA fragment gave the following results for Petropedetes parkeri: interspecific comparison between P. parkeri and all other Central African Petropedetes taxa ranged between 5.94%-12.39%, while the intraspecific variation within P. parkeri was much lower at 0.00%-0.22% (N= 4; Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1515 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0213af3f-75d4-49ac-b5a6-c26ebe436248#genetics 1f151ad0-b597-481f-a90a-43c7b34466ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Comparison of the uncorrected p-distances of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA between P. perreti and all other Central African Petropedetes ranged between 2.84%-10.16%. There was no intraspecific variation between the sequences of P. perreti (N= 6). This species was most closely related to P. juliawurstnerae (2.84%-3.59%; Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1514 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51815546-aa98-44e5-aeaf-d0c3aabbd8b7#genetics c10ad5c4-67b3-44f8-8a5f-85775fc7166c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A genetic comparison of a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (611 bp, including gaps) by Barej et al. (2010) found that interspecific comparison between P. vulpiae and all other Central African Petropedetes taxa resulted in uncorrected p-distances that ranged between 3.68%-9.53%. This species was most closely related to P. johnstoni. Intraspecific variation within P. vulpiae was much lower at 0.00%-0.20% (N= 6).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1513 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3af821b8-aa5b-4a95-95a2-e2e569fe05cb#genetics fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes reveal that two populations are currently identified as P. calcaratus (A and B; Zimkus et al., 2010). Additional analyses are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of these populations, specifically with respect to the relationship between P. calcaratus B and P. annulatus. Phrynobatrachus calcaratus A and B, as well as P. annulatus and P. calcaratus A, differ from each other by uncorrected molecular divergences of 7–8% in mtDNA, while P. annulatus and P. calcaratus B differ by 3–4%.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef6cbd15-907e-498d-aee3-a4f3478bce05#genetics cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. francisci is the sister species of P. bullans (Zimkus, 2010). These two species are in turn sister taxa to the clade containing P. acridoides and P. pakenhami.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a394f79e-79e0-4482-9979-cd6512a3645f#genetics 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

No sequence data is currently available for this species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 24813f47-b493-48db-85bb-637f9aeafea7#genetics 8986d907-d4cd-4ec5-8d9c-6a871b166970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Sequence data is not currently available for this species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1595 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0828bc64-361a-4c27-a751-6d25ea1cbd50#genetics 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from mitochondrial 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA , as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes support a sister relationship between P. africanus and a monophyletic clade of species that includes all highland (submontane and montane) Cameroonian and Nigerian taxa (Zimkus, 2009; ZImkus et al, 2010). P. batesii is the single lowland species that falls within this group of highland endemics, including P. manengoubensis, P. werneri, P. chukuchuku, P. cricogaster, and P. steindachneri.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0021e28-c4a8-4ddd-9a26-8271f94f4e94#genetics b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Sequence data from mitochondrial 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA , as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes support a sister relationship between P. auritus and P. plicatus (ZImkus et al, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02be8d1b-fd88-401a-b417-c185d1b488e6#genetics c8f9e655-dc5e-4c7c-9b89-209e45ea0791 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Sequence data is not currently available for this species, but it most likely falls within the group of large-bodied puddle frogs restricted to the Albertine Rift, including P. acutirostris, P. dendrobates, P. petropedetoides, and P. versicolor identified by Zimkus et al. (2010). This group is also hypothesized to include P. dalcqui, P. irangi, and P. sulfureogularis. Molecular data also indicate that the aforementioned group of puddle frogs is sister to P. krefftii from East Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1555 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc41b6b5-54ae-4106-89df-2c78717e9636#genetics 82f8055b-501c-4e3c-bb5e-860804803ccb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes reveal that P. annulatus is sister to one population of P. calcaratus (B; ZImkus et al, 2010). Phrynobatrachus calcaratus A and B, as well as P. annulatus and P. calcaratus A, differ from each other by uncorrected molecular divergences of 7–8% in mtDNA, while P. annulatus and P. calcaratus B differ by 3–4%. Additional analyses are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of these populations, specifically with respect to the relationship between P. calcaratus B and P. annulatus.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1548 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3f5af35e-71a7-4fec-a310-119c1aff9b14#genetics 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from mitochondrial 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA , as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes support a sister relationship between P. africanus and a monophyletic clade of species that includes all highland (submontane and montane) Cameroonian and Nigerian taxa (Zimkus, 2009; ZImkus et al, 2010). This group includes P. chukuchuku, P. cricogaster, P. manengoubensis, P. steindachneri, P. werneri, and one lowland species, P. batesii.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 baa1d954-57a0-4305-83e2-12922ddcdd14#genetics 6e284a6d-7f0a-41bf-b607-255866ae0c63 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. acutirostris is the sister species to other large-bodies puddle frogs from the Albertine Rift, including P. dendrobates, P. petropedetoides, and P. versicolor (Zimkus, 2010). This group is also hypothesized to include P. dalcqui, P. irangi, and P. sulfureogularis.This group of puddle frogs in turn is sister to P. krefftii from East Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1574 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#genetics b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. acridoides and P. pakenhami are sister species (Zimkus et al., 2010). These two species are in turn sister taxa to P. francisci and P. bullans.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 97f2ed0d-3c88-41da-a4c1-99d538248649#genetics b854003a-8e29-4cb0-95a7-777bda079229 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku differs from 12 Cameroonian species of Phrynobatrachus by mitochondrial (12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA) sequence divergence of 4.94–18.69%. No sequence divergence was detected amongst the three P. chukuchuku sequences. Of the miniaturized Cameroonian species examined, Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku is genetically closest to P. werneri and P. manengoubensis with a 4.94–5.54% difference in the mtDNA fragment examined (Zimkus, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1591 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7e6c7d0b-4039-4cc4-9c74-100ba99a3bd9#genetics 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment support a sister relationship between P. cricogaster and P. steindachneri (Zimkus, 2009). Mitochodrial sequence data from the same mtDNA genes, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes also support the sister relationship between P. cricogaster and P. steindachneri (ZImkus et al, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3949b720-f3e8-4d4d-8d0a-2c30d5f4bd3f#genetics f6b6b38a-b52d-4de2-85d1-1720e16124e2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Sequence data is not currently available for this species, but it most likely falls within the group of large-bodied puddle frogs restricted to the Albertine Rift, including P. acutirostris, P. dendrobates, P. petropedetoides, and P. versicolor identified by Zimkus et al. (2010). This group is also hypothesized to include P. asper, P. irangi, and P. sulfureogularis.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1543 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1a3b32ea-b2b6-4079-b223-ab2a232d4e42#genetics 4986ed07-deb4-4fa9-bcbf-276cb76c0d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. danko forms a clade with P. werneri and P. manengoubensis (Blackburn, 2010). These three species are part of a much larger clade identified by Zimkus (2009) that is restricted to the mountains of the Cameroon Volcanic Line and the associated lowlands.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1539 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5c66f737-5a2d-4c94-9b72-f37c0dd25704#genetics 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. dendrobates is the sister species of the P. versicolor and P. petropedetoides, and these three species are in turn sister to P. acutirostris (Zimkus, 2010). This group is also hypothesized to include P. dalcqui, P. irangi, and P. sulfureogularis.These large-bodies frogs from the Albertine Rift are sister to P. krefftii from East Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef495710-c5dd-4410-8fed-7841e2804d30#genetics 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phylogenetic reconstruction utilizing the12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNAgenes demonstrates monophyly of both Phrynobatrachus dispar from Príncipe (Uyeda, Drewes, and Zimkus, 2007). Sequence divergence within species was generally trivial compared to among-species divergences with inter-island pair-wise comparisons having a mean sequence divergence of 0.057 ± 0.002. Sequence divergence of Phrynobatrachus ranged from 0.001–0.005 (mean = 0.003 ± 0.001). Sequence data also demonstrate considerable divergence between Phrynobatrachus leveleve and P. dispar. Using a low estimate of divergence of 19% for the cytochrome b gene and a molecular clock estimate as high as 1.4% sequence divergence per million years, a value considerably higher than estimated divergence rates found in other amphibians (Caccone et al. 1997; Veith et al. 2003), suggests a time of divergence that predates the estimated origin for São Tomé of 13 million years ago (Lee et al. 1994).

Mitochodrial sequence data from the same mitochondrial 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA , as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes support a sister relationship between P. dispar and P. mababiensis A (Namibia), and in turn P. leveleve is sister to these two species (ZImkus et al, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f4f839ba-f3c3-4df7-88bc-9d9172883765#genetics 3aa3fd2c-87fb-4cca-9fe3-500133cf3507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. bullans is the sister species of P. francisci (Zimkus, 2010). These two species are in turn sister taxa to the clade containing P. acridoides and P. pakenhami.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1540 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0d77adc-c012-43a2-a772-dd0bc7394726#genetics 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. fraterculus is the sister species to P. maculiventris and three possible new species: P. sp. nov 3 from Guinea, P. aff. gutturosus 1 from Côte d’Ivoire, and P. aff. gutturosus 2 from Côte d’Ivoire (Zimkus, 2010)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ee51143e-8ebb-4d28-93e9-81f3f720b744#genetics 5b5590b6-c71f-452a-814d-9804cfd5a6e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. graueri is the sister species of group that contains P. kinangopensis and the West African species P. tokba, P. intermedius and P. liberiensis (Zimkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1528 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02816618-adc9-4f8a-9659-1bec3176673f#genetics eed8f395-72d0-43f9-8a00-c2f3368c1824 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Relationships among puddle frogs of the family Phrynobatrachidae (one genus: Phrynobatrachus) were reconstructed using mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes (Zimkus et al., 2010). Monophyly of the Phrynobatrachidae is well supported, and three major clades of Phrynobatrachus are identified. Biogeographic history was also reconstructed using habitat preference, geography and elevation data Most species favor forest over savanna habitats, and the most recent common ancestor of the Phrynobatrachidae reconstructed as a forest species. Three independent colonizations of highland regions were identified, one in each of the three major clades. Ancestral reconstructions support an East African origination of puddle frogs. Most species are restricted to one of five sub-Saharan regions and are distributed within the Eastern, Central, and Western zones with far fewer species in Southern Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1028 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 80eb7914-7bd8-4dbc-81f4-05bb438e0d46#genetics d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. gutturosus is the sister species of P. pintoi (Zimkus et al., 2010). Zimkus et al. (2010) also identified two additionally populations that are morphologically similar to P. gutturosus. Phrynobatrachus aff. gutturosus 1 and 2 from Côte d’Ivoire will likely be described as new species after additional investigation. Although morphologically similar to P. gutturosus, these two populations occur within forests, whereas the type from Liberia was most likely collected in farmbush, and the specimen identified as P. gutturosus from Côte d’Ivoire is from a savanna zone.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 85fc8790-52c2-457f-8e4f-2126c06564b1#genetics aa5b9a99-f8ed-41cb-8eca-849b839bd183 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. minutus is the sister species of P. inexpectatus, and this clade in turn is sister to P. scheffleri (Zimkus, 2010). P. inexpectatus falls within a larger group of puddle frog species endemic to high elevations of East Africa that also includes P. keniensis, P. kakamikro, P. mababiensis (C), P. minutus, P. parvulus, P. rungwensis, and P. uzungwensis (Zimkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1530 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d284b7ea-912f-4541-ba74-473727460241#genetics c94a42a5-4a94-4200-b3e8-4250a6067713 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. maculiventris is the sister species of P. liberiensis, and these two species are in turn sister to P. tokba (Zimkus, 2010). The analysis of mitochondrial 16S rRNA revealed P. maculiventris differed from P. liberiensis by 4.7 ± 0.7 % (N= 15; Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1531 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51526ed2-ca51-4ff5-90ec-16e9ae89df88#genetics 13890b85-01d3-45a9-8fad-266d50d401d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

No sequence data is currently available for this species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1536 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b5e56ae-affe-4a77-bdc2-1991fdefe6c3#genetics 43687184-84ff-4a1c-877d-3ec86a5673b6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. kakamikro is sister species to P. mababiensis C from central Tanzania (Zimkus and Schick, 2010; Zimkus et al., 2010). This species falls within a larger group of puddle frogs from East African montane regions that also includes P. parvulus, P. inexpectatus, P. minutus, P. rungwensis, P. scheffleri, and P. uzungwensis (Zimkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1578 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5e517975-dfaa-4df5-955a-a0d85293a9c9#genetics 6211e78d-d368-496e-8674-7dc9a4acf105 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. keniensis is sister to a group that includes P. inexpectatus, P. minutus, P. rungwensis, P. scheffleri, and P. uzungwensis (Zimkus and Schick, 2010; Zimkus et al., 2010). P. keniensis falls within a larger group of puddle frog species from endemic to high elevations of East Africa that also includes P. kakamikro, P. mababiensis (C), and P. parvulus (Zimkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1577 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f4fb93c6-6d27-4916-8b7a-76bc638ee608#genetics 0d1f5a92-ce79-47d2-969e-f72a796fe6bf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. kinangopensis is the sister species of group that contains the West African species P. tokba, P. intermedius and P. liberiensis (Zimkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1572 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 31156049-076b-4e88-98bb-f0de189a7779#genetics ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. krefftii is the sister species to a clade of large-bodies puddle frogs from the Albertine Rift, including P. acutiroistris, P. dendrobates, P. petropedetoides, and P. versicolor (Zimkus, 2010). This group of puddle frogs in turn are sister to Phrynobatrachus sandersoni.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#genetics dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. latifrons is the sister species of a group that contains P. cf. hylaois and P. aff. latifrons (Zimkus et al., 2010). The two populations of puddle frogs identified as P. aff. latifrons from the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania are morphologically similar to the West African P. latifrons but differ from this species by 18–19% in mtDNA. In addition the P. aff. latifrons populations differ from each other by 7–8%. Additional study is needed to determine if these species can be assigned to known species or if this group comprises one or two new species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 16ed6290-6018-4310-ad67-2637ef4baef9#genetics 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phylogenetic reconstruction utilizing both cytochrome B and the 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment demonstrate monophyly of P. leveleve from São Tomé (Uyeda, Drewes, and Zimkus, 2007). Sequence divergence of Phrynobatrachus leveleve ranged from 0.000–0.009 (mean = 0.004 ± 0.001) for cytochrome B and 0.001–0.003 (mean = 0.002 ± 0.001) for the 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment. Sequence data also demonstrate considerable divergence between Phrynobatrachus leveleve and P. dispar. Using a low estimate of divergence of 19% for the cytochrome b gene and a molecular clock estimate as high as 1.4% sequence divergence per million years, a value considerably higher than estimated divergence rates found in other amphibians (Caccone et al. 1997; Veith et al. 2003), suggests a time of divergence that predates the estimated origin for São Tomé of 13 million years ago (Lee et al. 1994).

Mitochodrial sequence data from the same mitochondrial 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA , as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes support a sister relationship between P. dispar and P. mababiensis A (Namibia), and in turn P. leveleve is sister to these two species (ZImkus et al, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9db299e3-260e-4c84-b774-d424031ceb56#genetics d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. maculiventris is the sister species of P. aff. gutturosus 2 from Côte d’Ivoire, most likely a new species (Zimkus, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44167320-d7b8-413a-bf8e-fb776a637cf6#genetics a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus werneri was found to be paraphyletic with respect to P. manengoubensis by Zimkus (2009) based on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA. The mean sequence divergence between P. werneri and P. manengoubensis was 3.16% ± 0.78, two sequences of P. werneri differed by 3.95%, and no variation was detected amongst sequences of P. manengoubensis. Additional specimens of P. werneri, particularly from Mt Kupe, Mt Nlonako, and Mt Manengouba, are needed for molecular and morphological comparison to determine if P. manengoubensis should be synonymized with this species or multiple species are currently identified as P. werneri.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b76b6209-6b80-4e37-a8cb-d0d2627fb34b#genetics f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. inexpectatus is the sister species of P. minutus, and this clade in turn is sister to P. scheffleri (Zimkus and Schick, 2010; Zimkus et al., 2010). P. minutus falls within a larger group of puddle frog species endemic to high elevations of East Africa that also includes P. keniensis, P. kakamikro, P. mababiensis (C), P. minutus, P. parvulus, P. rungwensis, and P. uzungwensis (Zimkus et al., 2010).

Specimens previously identified as P. minutus from Muti Deyo, 53 km south of Addis Ababa, were identified as a potential new species sister to P. pallidus by Zimkus and Schick (2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3b5c263f-ab70-4773-b0a9-9297dc062cef#genetics 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In analyses by Zimkus et al. (2010), samples assigned to P. natalensis formed a clade but exhibited extraordinary genetic diversity. Pairwise sequence divergences of mtDNA among conspecific populations of P. natalensis varied from 0.2% to 12.2%. Five main clades were identified that had pairwise divergences greater than 4.7% (P. natalensis A–E). This complex was sister to a group containing P. acridoides, P. pakenhami, P. bullans, and P. francisci.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a83db5db-bd48-4779-9e0d-9602fff9ae7d#genetics 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. pakenhami and P. acridoides are sister species (Zimkus et al., 2010). These two species are in turn sister taxa to P. francisci and P. bullans.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 916f0418-fc27-4822-b015-78128ce6cf82#genetics 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. pallidus is the sister species to a clade that includes P. mababiensis B (Kenya and Tanzania), P. ukingensis, and P. ungujae (Zimkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8298682f-c627-4fd0-bd63-75d043d488c2#genetics 9c528af0-017d-4c79-aec9-c4eb755372a6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. parvulus is sister species to P. kakamikro and P. mababiensis C from central Tanzania (Zimkus and Schick, 2010; Zimkus et al., 2010). This species falls within a larger group of puddle frogs from East African montane regions that also includes P. inexpectatus, P. minutus, P. rungwensis, P. scheffleri, and P. uzungwensis (Zimkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1562 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 07e574d7-55f6-4772-9ade-fe7692b52d60#genetics 26bb0093-48bd-48e1-b7e9-fc0f31bf631b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. petropedetoides is the sister species of P. versicolor, and these species are in turn sister to other large-bodies puddle frogs from the Albertine Rift, including P. acutirostris and P. dendrobates (Zimkus, 2010). This group is also hypothesized to include P. dalcqui, P. irangi, and P. sulfureogularis, and in turn is sister to P. krefftii from East Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1559 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 38e7e457-805b-4ca6-bd40-bfcd676c22ce#genetics 011a684f-0e28-40dd-854d-71c266e64a66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. phyllophilus is the sister species of a clade containing P. alleni, P. ghanensis, and P. guineensis (Zimkus, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1580 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00436892-8636-4021-b2be-18535b4a3060#genetics 3f316c90-be90-4a38-bb2c-18b4b1be784d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus pintoi differed between 7-16% in the 560 investigated base pairs of the 16S rRNA gene from 17 West African and Central African species of the genus Phrynobatrachus (Hillers et al., 2008). Genetically the new species is closest to P. fraterculus, P. cornutus, and P. gutturosus.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 da405e57-2e2c-4a4c-97cc-afa2868395fd#genetics b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from mitochondrial 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA , as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes support a sister relationship between P. auritus and P. plicatus (ZImkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 33b6578b-bc10-4703-9864-d92a86b1e13b#genetics 57ab534d-f71a-4278-b62d-0a2b772a1026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. rungwensis is sister to P. uzungwensis (Zimkus and Schick, 2010; Zimkus et al., 2010). P. rungwensis falls within a larger group of puddle frog species from endemic to high elevations of East Africa that also includes P. inexpectatus, P. keniensis, P. kakamikro, P. mababiensis (C), P. minutus, P. parvulus and P. scheffleri (Zimkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1547 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e15fa537-a034-451c-82e6-a7795593bc9b#genetics caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Placement of Phrynobatrachus sandersoni differed between the mitochodrial sequence data (12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment mtDNA) and both the RAG-1 and combined topologies in analyses by Zimkus et al (2010). RAG-1 results supported the placement of P. sandersoni within clade A, which contains P. acutirostris, P. krefftii, and P. petropedetoides, whereas mtDNA supports a sister group relationship between this species and the other two major clades identified in the study (B and C) as this species falls outside clade A.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d13abef2-275a-4cde-8b11-ba64632879e3#genetics 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. inexpectatus and P. minutus are the sister clade to P. scheffleri (Zimkus et al., 2010). These species fall within a larger group of puddle frogs that are endemic to East African montane regions and also includes P. keniensis, P. kakamikro, P. mababiensis (C), and P. parvulus, P. rungwensis, and P. uzungwensis (Zimkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 971993b1-526d-46c8-8cc7-b31f0a5c619d#genetics a6894435-ce55-424c-8877-327f893bc668 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from mitochondrial 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA , as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) identified monophyletic clade of species that includes all highland (submontane and montane) Cameroonian and Nigerian taxa (Zimkus, 2009; ZImkus et al, 2010). This group includes P. chukuchuku, P. cricogaster, P. manengoubensis, P. steindachneri, P. werneri, and one lowland species, P. batesii. Phrynobatrachus steindachneri was identified as the sister species of P. cricogaster.

Molecular analyses of mtDNA revealed a population of P. steindachneri, including six specimens from Mt. Oku (both Lake Oku and the summit), differed between 2.77 – 3.20% when compared to other P. steindachneri (Zimkus, 2009). In an unpublished list of Cameroonian anurans compiled in 1978, Amiet includes a species of Phrynobatrachus, P. sp. 11, which was collected near Lake Oku, but no additional description was provided. Analysis of additional specimens may reveal that the population on Mt. Oku is a new species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1598 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0bbe384-2a2a-4dbb-b1d4-987b2b835149#genetics 268e04ea-0940-461f-b335-720360a16d37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

No sequence data is currently available for this species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1605 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 94840559-5c8b-47ea-855c-09b1d51ee640#genetics 34920512-7018-4edc-a0d3-e23661a83ac0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

No sequence data is currently available for this species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1607 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ad10b6a3-4c6f-487c-bbe3-2ebc85c5da8c#genetics 011b2060-aea3-4675-8e83-9cdcb7adc91c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

No sequence data is currently available for this species. However, it is assumed that this species falls within the group of West African puddle frogs identified by Zimkus et al. (2010) that exhibit a prominent eyelid spine, including P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. cornutus, and P. villiersi.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1606 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c13191-5401-4e5f-b6ad-002fd3a552f9#genetics f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Zimkus and Schick (2010) found that P. ungujae may be synonymous with P. ukingensis, which is not surprising given that this species was often confused with P. ukingensis prior to its description (Pickersgill, 2007). This result was confirmed in an phylogenetic analyis of the genus by Zimkus et al. (2010). Further investigation, including additional genetic samples of both species, is needed.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 58b7f558-aed8-4e39-a9fe-bca3bd151974#genetics cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from the 16S rRNA gene demonstrate that sequences of P. ungujae form a polytomy with P. ukingensis, and this clade is found to be sister to specimens identified as P. mababiensis B from Kenya and Tanzania. (Zimkus and Schick, 2010). In complete analyses of 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment by Zimkus et al. (2010), this result is supported. These molecular analyses suggest that P. ungujae may be synonymous with P. ukingensis, which is not surprising given that this species was often confused with P. ukingensis prior to its description (Pickersgill, 2007). However, only a single sequence of P. ukingensis was included in this study, and as a result further investigation, including additional genetic samples of both species, is needed.

. http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5f7c3079-7141-4199-8212-7d98415d2704#genetics 7f95029a-c6fd-4267-b367-1203696bda0d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. uzungwensis is sister to P. rungwensis (Zimkus and Schick, 2010; Zimkus et al., 2010). P. uzungwensis falls within a larger group of puddle frog species from endemic to high elevations of East Africa that also includes P. inexpectatus, P. keniensis, P. kakamikro, P. mababiensis (C), P. minutus, P. parvulus and P. scheffleri (Zimkus et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1588 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7a8605e5-3819-4880-9b5c-ddd58d755434#genetics cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes indicate that P. versicolor the sister species of P. petropedetoides, and these species are in turn sister to other large-bodies puddle frogs from the Albertine Rift, including P. acutirostris and P. dendrobates (Zimkus, 2010). This group is also hypothesized to include P. dalcqui, P. irangi, and P. sulfureogularis, and in turn is sister to P. krefftii from East Africa.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0375a4de-9aff-43dc-81c2-6adcd2292a04#genetics 5e0a7b2f-882c-40ea-863f-1d0814b8dff7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochodrial sequence data from 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (RAG-1) genes reveal that P. villiersi is the sister species to the group that contains two populations currently identified as P. calcaratus (A and B) and P. annulatus (Zimkus et al., 2010). Additional analyses are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of these populations, specifically with respect to the relationship between P. calcaratus B and P. annulatus.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1594 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e36cb55-d8c6-483a-a1cc-38ebd0baa659#genetics 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus werneri was found to be paraphyletic with respect to P. manengoubensis by Zimkus (2009) based on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA, valine-tRNA, and 16S rRNA. The mean sequence divergence between P. werneri and P. manengoubensis was 3.16% ± 0.78, two sequences of P. werneri differed by 3.95%, and no variation was detected amongst sequences of P. manengoubensis. Additional specimens of P. werneri, particularly from Mt Kupe, Mt Nlonako, and Mt Manengouba, are needed for molecular and morphological comparison to determine if P. manengoubensis should be synonymized with this species or multiple species are currently identified as P. werneri.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4f529949-27a6-46a1-9b0a-0bbe35625436#genetics 0531d12f-d4a5-4459-a679-34387c906787 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Results of mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequence analysis revealed that T. damarensis ranged from 0 to 0.6%, and it differed from other species in the genus from 2.7% (from T. delalandii) to 5.7% (from T. tandyi; Dawood and Channing, 2002). This species was found to be sister to T. krugerensis and T. marmorata in analyses by Dawood and Uqubay (2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1696 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5ea86e1a-f517-4dda-b3ce-bafccbef8045#genetics 798aff21-d1e8-4a84-aeef-e313f3e1ca04 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The single sequence of T. elegans included in the phylogenetic study by Zimkus and Larson (2011) differs from other species in the genus by 2.5% (T. sp. Arusha) to a maximum of 7.7%–7.9% (T. kachowskii).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1701 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9ee930d6-f896-4398-87d7-62e6b001d4b8#genetics 93e16ef0-ae46-481e-852e-3693170f9382 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tomopterna kachowskii differed from other species in the genus by 3.5%–6.3% (T. delalandii) to a maximum of 7.7%–7.9% (T. elegans), while intraspecific variation was 0.0–0.7% (Zimkus and Larson, 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1699 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 068ec060-e701-4a67-ad26-a11d69c62b91#genetics ad07e6ca-65ca-46b7-b192-9adfca5dbda7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was found to be sister to T. marmorata in analyses by Dawood and Uqubay (2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1703 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d9a5b9e7-143b-4aa0-843f-7bf2764c9345#genetics 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Evans et at. (2011) found that X. lenduensis is the sister species of X. vestitus using mtDNA (12S and 16S ribosomal DNA, transfer RNA-valine and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and nuclear (RAG-1) data.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#genetics b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mitochondrial 16S and cyt-b sequences exist under GenBank accession numbers AY442019-AY442026, AY514027-AY514035, and AY442027-AY442036 (16S, 16S, and cyt-b, respectively) (Martinez-Solano 2004). Gonçalves et al. (2007) have also sequenced the mitochondrial gene ND4 and surrounding tRNAs, and the nuclear intron ß-fibint7 for A. maurus and several other Alytes species, and inserted them into GenBank under the accession numbers EF441291-EF441343.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe fa765e2f-aeed-41b6-9495-0e4d51ada88a#genetics 1bbf40b1-88cb-4058-95d4-bfccde94e09a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Very little is known about the phylogenetics of Amietophrynus chudeaui. It has been suggested to fall in the Amietophrynus blanfordii group (Tandy and Keith, 1972) or to be synonymous with Bufo pentoni, Amietophrynus regularis, or Amietophrynus xeros (Tandy and Feener, 1985; Frost, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1259 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 5217ffdf-874f-474e-a0f7-ff466a7e4f74#genetics a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Preliminary analysis shows that the Conraua derooi populations in the Atewa Range Forest Reserve in central Ghana are genetically differentiated from those in the Volta region further north in eastern Ghana and western Togo, underlining the need to protect populations of this species in both regions (Rödel et al. unpubl. data, cited in Hillers et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 a5adf8b8-da93-4b5a-bc19-190408f11dc6#genetics 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Discoglossus is an anuran clade whose origin can be traced to the Upper Miocene. Extant species of this genus are similar morphologically, and exhibit a circum-Mediterranean Sea distribution. The earliest phylogenetic split within the genus separated D. montalentii from a clade comprising all other species of the genus. D. montalentii is monophyletic for haplotype variation at all loci and has distinctive morphological, bioacoustic, and karyotypic characters. Pabijan et al. found moderate support for a sister-group relationship between the Iberian Peninsula Discoglossus species and the Moroccan D. scovazzi, and high support for a D. pictus/D. sardus clade occurring around the Tyrrhenian basin (Pabijan et al. 2012).

Pabijan et al. explain the speciation of D. galganoi, D. scovazzi, D. pictus and D. sardus as the consequence of a "nearly simultaneous, vicariant diversification". The timing of such speciation is not completely evident, but may have coincided with the ultimate geotectonic rearrangement of the western Mediterranean Sea geography in the Mid-Miocene, or possibly later during the Messinian salinity crisis (Pabijan et al. 2012).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#genetics 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In analyses, Callulina species form a well-supported clade – as demonstrated by high bootstrap values. Within this grouping, the geographically close Usambara species C. kreffti and C. kiswamsitu form a clade – albeit weakly supported – with C. dawida
a sister group to this clade. Overall the analyses demonstrate the genetic distinctiveness of the three Callulina species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 27cc10e2-2fda-4e6d-adf2-2826d5d183b3#genetics ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In analyses, Callulina species form a well-supported clade – as demonstrated by high bootstrap values. Within this grouping, the geographically close Usambara species C. kreffti and C. kiswamsitu form a clade – albeit weakly supported – with C. dawida a sister group to this clade. Overall the analyses demonstrate the genetic distinctiveness of the three Callulina species (Loader et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 475d062b-cfe9-481e-9e27-0dd32cc02a9b#genetics 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

To test the distinctiveness of Callulina species and infer their evolutionary relationships we constructed two alignments of sequence data for all six described species: (1) all Callulina individuals for which 12S and 16S were available (2) all individuals for which 12S, 16S and cytb were available. The two datasets comprised (1) 18 individuals with 762 unambiguously aligned characters, of which 533 were constant, 89 variable, and 140 informative under parsimony (only 1 gap present, alternative coding of this gap made no difference in resulting trees), and (2) 14 individuals with 1185 unambiguously aligned characters, of which 884 were constant, 98 variable, and 203 informative under parsimony. Phrynomantis was used as outgroup as in previous analyses, following Loader et al., (2009). Analysis of Alignments 1 and 2 yielded single most parsimonious (MP) trees of 422 and 870 steps, respectively, and the trees (not shown) are not notably different to those recovered in likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses were conducted with the GTR+I+G model. Both analyses supported the monophyly of Callulina, and rejected suboptimal topologies in most tests. For Alignment 1 both analyses demonstrate the genetic distinctiveness of the named species, with highly supported reciprocally monophyletic groupings recovered for each, and suboptimal topologies significantly different in MP tests (apart from C. stanleyi - see Figure 8a). The truncate finger/toe species (C. dawida, C. laphami, C. shengena) form a paraphyletic assemblage outside a clade of all expanded finger/toe species. The sister species grouping between C. shengena and C. laphami is weakly supported. The expanded finger/toe clade of C. kreffti, C. kisiwamsitu, and C. stanleyi is weakly supported, though the sister pair of the morphologically similar C. kisiwamsitu and C. stanleyi is strongly supported. Both analyses of Alignment 2 recover multiple individuals of each named species (where included) together in maximally supported clades and significantly different from suboptimal topologies. Different from Alignment 1, C. shengena is recovered as the sister to all other species instead of grouping with C. laphami, though this is weakly supported. Analyses of Alignment 2 (as with Alignment 1) recovered a truncate toed paraphyletic assemblage outside a clade of all expanded finger/toe species. Constrained topologies including a monophyletic North and South Pare radiation (C. stanleyi, C. lapami, C. shengena), or a monophyletic South Pare (C. stanleyi, C. shengena) radiation are both statistically significantly suboptimal for both alignments using MP and ML (p= <0.05). Pairwise distances show high genetic distinctiveness of all named Callulina species (>4.2%, mean of 8.4% among all species).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b822d27a-4ae9-4971-8d38-757966e33ea2#genetics 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

To test the distinctiveness of Callulina species and infer their evolutionary relationships we constructed two alignments of sequence data for all six described species: (1) all Callulina individuals for which 12S and 16S were available (2) all individuals for which 12S, 16S and cytb were available. The two datasets comprised (1) 18 individuals with 762 unambiguously aligned characters, of which 533 were constant, 89 variable, and 140 informative under parsimony (only 1 gap present, alternative coding of this gap made no difference in resulting trees), and (2) 14 individuals with 1185 unambiguously aligned characters, of which 884 were constant, 98 variable, and 203 informative under parsimony. Phrynomantis was used as outgroup as in previous analyses, following Loader et al., (2009).

Analysis of Alignments 1 and 2 yielded single most parsimonious (MP) trees of 422 and 870 steps, respectively, and the trees (not shown) are not notably different to those recovered in likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses were conducted with the GTR+I+G model. Both analyses supported the monophyly of Callulina, and rejected suboptimal topologies in most tests. For Alignment 1 both analyses demonstrate the genetic distinctiveness of the named species, with highly supported reciprocally monophyletic groupings recovered for each, and suboptimal topologies significantly different in MP tests (apart from C. stanleyi). The truncate finger/toe species (C. dawida, C. laphami, C. shengena) form a paraphyletic assemblage outside a clade of all expanded finger/toe species. The sister species grouping between C. shengena and C. laphami is weakly supported. The expanded finger/toe clade of C. kreffti, C. kisiwamsitu, and C. stanleyi is weakly supported, though the sister pair of the morphologically similar C. kisiwamsitu and C. stanleyi is strongly supported. Both analyses of Alignment 2 recover multiple individuals of each named species (where included) together in maximally supported clades and significantly different from suboptimal topologies. Different from Alignment 1, C. shengena is recovered as the sister to all other species instead of grouping with C. laphami, though this is weakly supported. Analyses of Alignment 2 (as with Alignment 1) recovered a truncate toed paraphyletic assemblage outside a clade of all expanded finger/toe species.

Constrained topologies including a monophyletic North and South Pare radiation (C. stanleyi, C. lapami, C. shengena), or a monophyletic South Pare (C. stanleyi, C. shengena) radiation are both statistically significantly suboptimal for both alignments using MP and ML (p= <0.05). Pairwise distances show high genetic distinctiveness of all named Callulina species (>4.2%, mean of 8.4% among all species).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 97fd2775-117f-45c4-9b64-5e9756d5d441#genetics dd3c7a91-807e-411c-bb27-824f9cca9489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

To test the distinctiveness of Callulina species and infer their evolutionary relationships we constructed two alignments of sequence data for all six described species: (1) all Callulina individuals for which 12S and 16S were available (2) all individuals for which 12S, 16S and cytb were available. The two datasets comprised (1) 18 individuals with 762 unambiguously aligned characters, of which 533 were constant, 89 variable, and 140 informative under parsimony (only 1 gap present, alternative coding of this gap made no difference in resulting trees), and (2) 14 individuals with 1185 unambiguously aligned characters, of which 884 were constant, 98 variable, and 203 informative under parsimony. Phrynomantis was used as outgroup as in previous analyses, following Loader et al., (2009). Analysis of Alignments 1 and 2 yielded single most parsimonious (MP) trees of 422 and 870 steps, respectively, and the trees (not shown) are not notably different to those recovered in likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses were conducted with the GTR+I+G model. Both analyses supported the monophyly of Callulina, and rejected suboptimal topologies in most tests. For Alignment 1 both analyses demonstrate the genetic distinctiveness of the named species, with highly supported reciprocally monophyletic groupings recovered for each, and suboptimal topologies significantly different in MP tests (apart from C. stanleyi - see Figure 8a). The truncate finger/toe species (C. dawida, C. laphami, C. shengena) form a paraphyletic assemblage outside a clade of all expanded finger/toe species. The sister species grouping between C. shengena and C. laphami is weakly supported. The expanded finger/toe clade of C. kreffti, C. kisiwamsitu, and C. stanleyi is weakly supported, though the sister pair of the morphologically similar C. kisiwamsitu and C. stanleyi is strongly supported. Both analyses of Alignment 2 recover multiple individuals of each named species (where included) together in maximally supported clades and significantly different from suboptimal topologies. Different from Alignment 1, C. shengena is recovered as the sister to all other species instead of grouping with C. laphami, though this is weakly supported. Analyses of Alignment 2 (as with Alignment 1) recovered a truncate toed paraphyletic assemblage outside a clade of all expanded finger/toe species. Constrained topologies including a monophyletic North and South Pare radiation (C. stanleyi, C. lapami, C. shengena), or a monophyletic South Pare (C. stanleyi, C. shengena) radiation are both statistically significantly suboptimal for both alignments using MP and ML (p= <0.05). Pairwise distances show high values highlighting the genetic distinctiveness of all named Callulina species (>4.2%, mean of 8.4% among all species).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1212 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f d76ee7fd-a74b-4151-8c9a-6c66e32cb581#genetics bd3ccb09-7ea6-4ff7-a324-4bf84f5a6017 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

To test the distinctiveness of Callulina species and infer their evolutionary relationships we constructed two alignments of sequence data for all six described species: (1) all Callulina individuals for which 12S and 16S were available (2) all individuals for which 12S, 16S and cytb were available. The two datasets comprised (1) 18 individuals with 762 unambiguously aligned characters, of which 533 were constant, 89 variable, and 140 informative under parsimony (only 1 gap present, alternative coding of this gap made no difference in resulting trees), and (2) 14 individuals with 1185 unambiguously aligned characters, of which 884 were constant, 98 variable, and 203 informative under parsimony. Phrynomantis was used as outgroup as in previous analyses, following Loader et al., (2009). Analysis of Alignments 1 and 2 yielded single most parsimonious (MP) trees of 422 and 870 steps, respectively, and the trees (not shown) are not notably different to those recovered in likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses were conducted with the GTR+I+G model. Both analyses supported the monophyly of Callulina, and rejected suboptimal topologies in most tests. For Alignment 1 both analyses demonstrate the genetic distinctiveness of the named species, with highly supported reciprocally monophyletic groupings recovered for each, and suboptimal topologies significantly different in MP tests (apart from C. stanleyi - see Figure 8a). The truncate finger/toe species (C. dawida, C. laphami, C. shengena) form a paraphyletic assemblage outside a clade of all expanded finger/toe species. The sister species grouping between C. shengena and C. laphami is weakly supported. The expanded finger/toe clade of C. kreffti, C. kisiwamsitu, and C. stanleyi is weakly supported, though the sister pair of the morphologically similar C. kisiwamsitu and C. stanleyi is strongly supported. Both analyses of Alignment 2 recover multiple individuals of each named species (where included) together in maximally supported clades and significantly different from suboptimal topologies. Different from Alignment 1, C. shengena is recovered as the sister to all other species instead of grouping with C. laphami, though this is weakly supported. Analyses of Alignment 2 (as with Alignment 1) recovered a truncate toed paraphyletic assemblage outside a clade of all expanded finger/toe species. Constrained topologies including a monophyletic North and South Pare radiation (C. stanleyi, C. lapami, C. shengena), or a monophyletic South Pare (C. stanleyi, C. shengena) radiation are both statistically significantly suboptimal for both alignments using MP and ML (p= <0.05). Pairwise distances show high values highlighting the genetic distinctiveness of all named Callulina species (>4.2%, mean of 8.4% among all species).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1208 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 82a6a3c8-9490-487b-a5ad-d740cdeb0a20#genetics 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In summary, the tree demonstrates that Probreviceps durirostris is monophyletic, and is the sister species to Probreviceps m. rungwensis. Probreviceps m. rungwensis is also shown to have two divergent lineages, which each correspond to distinct areas- the Udzungwa and Southern Highlands. For further details of the analysis of species and intrageneric relationships in brevicipitines, see
Loader et al. (2004).

One alternative tree arrangement was investigated to evaluate a previous taxonomic hypothesis based on morphology (Parker, 1934), i.e. the monophyly of P. macrodactylus. Using parsimony, a Templeton test (Templeton, 1983) compared the optimal treewith constrained suboptimal topology. Likelihood tests (Shimadairo-HasegawaTest) were similarly applied to compare optimal and suboptimal trees. The best suboptimal trees including a constrained monophyletic P. macrodactylus subspecies complex, are a significantly worse fit to the data than the optimal arrangements. This result indicates, as shown by Loader et al. (2004), that P. macrodactylus requires re-evaluation, the subject of a paper in preparation.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#genetics und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 96648fe8-875a-4430-a075-5b4bae949411#growth 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The large tadpoles are brown with some flecking and can reach a total length of 80 mm or greater (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Tadpoles have a fleshy circular crown that allows them to float on the surface of the water. This unusual structure may also aid in respiration, providing greater surface area for gas exchange (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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The tadpoles hatch from the eggs very fast and bury into the mud at the sides of the puddle to feed there. Each tadpole has a crown of tissue on its head that helps with the low concentration of oxygen in these puddles (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

Larvae have a distinctive crown on their heads. They feed on the soft mud at the edges of their temporary puddles with only their flickering tails visible from above (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Freshly hatched tadpoles have very large yolk sacs; a body length of 2.3 mm and a total length of 5.6 mm. Shortly before metamorphosis (Gosner stages 37–41) tadpoles reach body lengths of 10.18–11.78 mm (x= 11.12 mm ± 0.67 sd; N= 4) and total lengths of 37.37–40.73 mm (x= 38.55 mm ± 1.58 sd; N= 4). Snout-urostyle length of froglets with four limbs and no or only short tails ranged from 9.75–13.31 mm (x= 11.45 mm ± 1.14 sd; N= 6; Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/907 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 076ec387-fdc1-465b-bf5f-b5c27ef57bd3#growth cfdad484-29b2-45e2-8243-5593b4c5bdfa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Exotrophic, lentic tadpoles; Gosner stage 25–28 larvae with: body elongate ovoid in dorsal, slightly depressed in lateral view (Fig. 8), sides of body almost parallel; small eyes, positioned dorsolaterally; nares large, positioned dorsally, approximately equal distance to eyes and snout-tip; oral apparatus in anteroventral position; dorsal lip wide and smooth, with anterior gap of marginal papillae; ventral
lip with large, biserial marginal papillae; submarginal papillae absent; upper jaw sheath is a narrow smooth arc; lower jaw sheath u-shaped; labial tooth row formula in young stages just after hatching: 0/0; stage 25 tadpoles and older have a labial tooth row formula of 1/1+1:2; supra-angular labial teeth row on bulging lip; infra-angular labial teeth rows on separate dermal lobes (Fig. 8); few labial teeth unidenticulate (most on upper lip); most labial teeth multidenticulate (Fig. 8); vent tube dextral; spiracle sinistral; very long tail axis (>2 times body length); tail axis height almost equals height of dorsal fin; dorsal fin originates dorsal to tail body junction, highest point is anterior to mid point of tail; ventral fin narrower than tail axis, almost parallel to tail axis; tail tip rounded. Body clear brownish dorsally, a band stretching between eyes from tail body junction anteriorly to level of nares slightly clearer brown, bordered by reddish brown line, lateral and ventral body parts almost translucent; three pairs of silverish spots caudal to eyes, converging towards mid body; tail axis cream with a narrow dorsal brown stripe, tail fins hyaline (Rödel et al., 2009).

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Tadpoles have a conspicuous circular crown that is thought to aid in respiration; a similar structure is found in the tadpoles of M. micranotis and M. taitana (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/879 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 421eb40a-c4f8-44cf-9067-5831e7475042#growth 5c0c371f-0c6f-4997-858d-0f26aed1c6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Rödel (2000) describes the tadpole: Large, very muscular animals with compact, almost rectangular bodies and long tails. The base of the tail axis particularly muscular. The dorsal section of the tail fin begins at the level of the vent and shows a slightly convex border, whereas that of the ventral section is more or less straight. Tail fin occasionally with a tail filament. The fin is translucent clear or mottled with dark. The eyes are positioned laterally. The thick upper lip is clearly visible from above. Depending on the respective substrate, the tadpoles are either beige, dark brown or olive. A marked green metallic basic coloration is usually discernible, and this metallic glimmer can be considered as a feature which distinguishes these tadpoles from those of any other species. The keratodont formula is 0 // 2. The upper horny jaw is slender and slightly convex at the center, the lower one very sturdy, showing two prominent "teeth". The jaws are not serrated and are lined by thick lips. The latter are lined laterally and caudally by a single row of small papillae. Those papillae at the corners of the mouth are the largest. The horny teeth are located in skin depressions; each has one single point, and the ratio width / length is 1/1.7 – 1/3.2, depending on the respective position. The blunter teeth are usually arranged at the end of a row.

No freshly hatched tadpoles have been found. The smallest tadpole ever collected measured 8 mm. Tadpoles grow quite rapidly; three weeks after the start of the rainy period, tadpoles were about to metamorphose. At this stage, the BL was 16–20 mm (TL: 43–53 mm). Animals with fully developed hind limbs measured 17–20mm (BL; TL: 51–62 mm). The longest larva whose hind limbs were just emerging measured 56 mm. The length of freshly metamorphosed young frogs was 20–21 mm. Lambiris (1989) shows a larva which resembles the animals found in the Comoé National Park. Showing an identical oral disc with enlarged anterior papillae, they have higher backs and are altogether more rounded. Lambiris (1989) gives a maximal TL of 88 mm (BL: 29 mm). He does not mention any metallic glimmer. The drawing in Wager (1986) is even more similar to the Comoé tadpoles, but it does not show any enlarged papillae on the oral disc. According to Wager (1986), these rather fat tadpoles even achieve a TL of 95 mm (BL: 25 mm). The end of the elongate tail fin is lash like.

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Tadpoles are brown with bright specks and the undersides are light in color. Tadpoles reach 45 mm in length. Mouthparts are small and not heavily keratinized (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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The tadpole has a tooth formula of 1,2+2/3 (Schiøtz, 1999).

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Larval development takes between 85 and 95 days; the giantism that is characteristic of adults is not yet noticeable (Sabater-Pi, 1985).

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Sabater-Pi (1985) reported on the tadpole morphology, including a chronological table of larval development.

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According to Channing and Howell (2006), tadpoles originally identified as Parhoplophryne usambarica by Barbour and Loveridge (1928) were subsequently identified as this species. These tadpoles were not described, other that to state that they were found in wild bananas on November 30th and included four tadpoles with minute hind limbs, five tadpoles with hind limbs, and four frogs with long tails but well-developed limbs.

Harper et al. (2010) described the tadpoles as pale, slender and possessing long tails. They also possess a unique structure on the abdomen, a ‘belly-finger,’ which allows them to maneuver in small spaces.

Tadpoles reach 28 mm in length. They have a series of distinct papillae on the snout and upper lips, distinguishing them from H. uluguruensis. No labial teeth, jaw sheaths or external nares are present. The spiracle is median, ventral and located 1/3 along the body from the vent. (Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0864801-ea55-4398-92b3-b5263b7aa6d2#growth 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The is the description of a tadpole, MCZ A-13795, from Barbour and Loveridge (1928): Length of body twice is the width and one fifth the length of the tail. A pigmented spot marks the site of the external nares. Eyes are on the upper surface of the head; the distance between them is two times that between the pigmented spots and greater than the width of the mouth. The mouth opening is forward. The upper lip is arcuate; lower lip is folded. A median groove and two lateral flaps are most conspicuous. Over each branchial (gill) region is a peculiar flap, the function of which is unknown. The spiraculum on the lower surface is somewhat closer to the snout than the anus; it is not visible from above. Anus is median, opening on the lower surface of the subcaudal crest. Tail is three and a half times as long as deep, bluntly pointed. The total length of the fully developed tadpole is 15 mm, and from tip of nose to vent it measures approximately 5 mm.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 61661187-f8dc-4e2e-91c6-a959c58330b2#growth 41251ba4-d3aa-4f51-ab8f-05e04bdc3985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

According to Channing and Howell (2006), tadpoles originally described as Parhoplophryne usambarica by Barbour and Loveridge (1928) were subsequently identified as Hoplophryne rogersi.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/896 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 50031fba-e4ce-4166-898d-89f2518e476e#growth a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

One tadpole of this species, collected at Musola (500–700 m) on Bioko Island, was described by Barej et al., (2010). The tadpole (Gosner stage 41) has fully developed hind limbs (18.6 mm) and rudimentary webbing. The vent tube is regressed. Body length is 11.3 mm (total length 26.3 mm), and its femoral glands were already 1.8 mm long. Barej et al. (2010) assume the identity of this species because no other Petropedetes species from Bioko exhibits rudimentary webbing (P. cameronensis possesses half-webbed feet). Its body is broad and slightly flattened. The flanks are not parallel, rather slightly convex. Nostrils are closer to the eye than to the snout tip. Tail axis is long and very muscular. No tail fins are visible. The end of is tail shrunken, in life probably pointed. Kkeratodont formula is as folows: 3+3//1+1:2; the upper three rows are interrupted by the upper jaw sheath.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#growth 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Lamotte et al. (1959) found tadpoles in high numbers in small rocky pools at the foot of rapids. The general coloration of the tadpoles is grey on dorsum and flanks, a duller colour around eyes and nostrils. The venter is translucent, and the intestinal tract is visible. The overall body shape is flat. Large eyes are situated in the first third of bod. The tail almost twice as long as body, and tail tip is pointed. Jaw sheats are small, narrow and serrated. The keratodont formula in younger stages is 4:3+3//1+1:5 and 3+3//1+1:2 in older ones. Schiøtz (1966) associates the change in keratodont with a changes in biology; younger larvae are rheophilous and older ones are semiterrestrial, scraping algae off stones. More developed tadpoles are darker than those at earlier stages. Tadpoles do not exceed a total length of 35 mm (25 mm being tail; Lamotte et al. 1959).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1522 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0213af3f-75d4-49ac-b5a6-c26ebe436248#growth 1f151ad0-b597-481f-a90a-43c7b34466ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The elongated tadpoles have an ovoid, flat, almost pointed body and a very long and muscular tail that exceed the body length by at least three times. Only the last third of the tail has very narrow hyaline tail fins; the dorsal ones being a bit longer than the ventral ones. The eyes are very large and positioned almost dorsally. Nostrils are positioned slightly closer to the eyes than to the snout-tip. The mouth is positioned anteroventrally. The keratodont formulae in stage 28 tadpoles is 3+3//2+2:1; the keratodont formula of one tadpole (ZFMK 69232, Gosner stage 41) slightly differed: 3+3 //1+1:2. The upper and lower jaws are shaped like a narrow V. The spiracle is small and not visible in dorsal view. The overall dorsal coloration is greenish brown, beset with minute bluish dots. Short reddish stripes are discernible along the vertebral line. The venter is almost uniformly whitish. Stage 41 larvae (N= 3) had a body length of 12.7 mm (total length 36 mm) and very long hind legs (20.5 mm; Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1514 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3af821b8-aa5b-4a95-95a2-e2e569fe05cb#growth fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Rödel (2000) reports that freshly hatched tadpoles are minute (approx. 2–3 mm). Tadpoles with developed hind legs measured 6.1–6.4 mm (BL; TL: 13.5–16.5mm), and the smallest froglet collected measured 8 mm and weighed 0.05 g. Schiøtz (1963) states that the largest tadpole that he ever found was 15 mm (TL), and rhe SVL of recently metamorphosed froglet was 6 mm. Loveridge (1941) reports 12 mm for young frogs.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8a1f40f6-c31b-4e46-ac62-ae1bf0e8434f#growth fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Newly hatched tadpoles are extremely small, measuring only 2–3 mm, and have external gills Rödel (2000). Gills reduced within the two subsequent days. The keratodont formula is 1 / 1+1 // 2+2 / 1. The filamentous papillae exhibited by P. latifrons and P. francisci are absent. Schiøtz (1963) describes larvae whose dorsal tail fin is somewhat narrower and begins at a more craniad position. Both the fin and the base of the tail axis bear numerous black spots. The keratodont formula 1 // 3, but Schiøtz reports that this is perhaps not the normal configuration, because of the abnormal development of the said larvae.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#growth b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles are small and fat with oval bodies and eyes situation close together on the dorsum on the head. The nostrils are closer to the snout tip than the eyes. The eye diameter is less than the interorbital space. The spiracle is barely visible on the flank, only slightly protruding, with its opening directed postero-laterally. The tail is 150% of the trunk length, and the caudal muscle, excluding the fins, is 50% of the trunk depth. The tail tip is sharply pointed. The oral disc is not visible from above. The upper lip is only weakly developed and is slightly convex. Rostrodonts are narrow and finely pigmented. A single row of keratodonts are present supra-angularly, and the proximal rows are drawn into a 'V' shape. Either row may be interrupted medially. A single row of weak papillae is present laterally and double on either side of the outermost row of keratodonts. Ventrally there is a row of long, filamentous papillae (Pickersgill, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef495710-c5dd-4410-8fed-7841e2804d30#growth 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aquatic tadpoles are currently known but undescribed (R. Drewes, pers. comm.).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 31156049-076b-4e88-98bb-f0de189a7779#growth ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Length of body nearly twice the width and approximately one half the tail length. Nostrils slightly nearer the snout tip than eye. Eyes positioned dorsolaterally. The distance between the eyes is somewhat greater than the width of the mouth. The spiracle is on the left side, directed upwards, and much closer to the eye than the posterior end of the body; it is visible from above and below. Anal tube is horizontal in the lower edge of the subcaudal fin and slightly bent to the right. The tail is slightly more than fours times as long as deep and sharply pointed. The upper and lower fins rather narrow. The buccal disc is rather large and tranverse. The upper lip is slightly arched and edged with small, horny teeth. THe lower lip and sides fimbriated and with many blunt papillae. Two rows of fine horny teeth between the upper lip and horny beak, which is wide, arched, and well developed, considerably overlapping the well-developed but much smaller lower beak. Posterior to the beak, three long parallel series of horny teeth are present. The color is greyish above and whitish or transparent below. The tail is finely speckled with dusky brown (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#growth dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles are ovoid in shape, and a feeble constriction is discernible on a level with the spiracle. The respective parts show a conspicuous red pigmentation. The basic color of the very tiny tadpoles is dark red-brown. The tail fin is transparent or finely spotted, starting dorsally on the last quarter of the body and converging evenly towards the tip of the tail. On live animals, the serrated horny beaks seem to be very narrow. If the skin has contracted, e.g. on animals prepared for SEM photos, the beaks appear more voluminous. The keratodont formula is 1 / 1+1 // 2+2 or 1+1 // 2+2. These variations have been recorded within the offspring of a single pair. Additional yet very short and more caudal tooth rows may precede the papillae. All the tooth rows are arranged on the outer edges of dermal folds. The horny teeth have short broad bases. They bear a short semicircular "crown" with 4–5 tips. The mouth is surrounded by a single row of cone-shaped papillae followed by a variable number of filamentous ones. Freshly hatched tadpoles with external gills, do not yet possess oral discs. Their BL is 1.1–1.4 mm (TL: 3.7–4.1 mm). Reared in captivity for two months, they measured 6 mm BL, and 17 mm TL, possessing fully developed hind legs. A few days later, the first young frogs, of approx. 6 mm, left water. Tadpoles captured in ponds and possessing developed hind legs measured 8–10mm. According to my observations, the forelegs emerge at a BL of 7 mm (TL: 12 mm). Six weeks after the beginning of the rains, the first young frogs were observed on the edges of the ponds. They measured 7–7.5 mm, and their coloration was already as variable as in adult frogs.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 16ed6290-6018-4310-ad67-2637ef4baef9#growth 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aquatic tadpoles are currently known but undescribed (R. Drewes, pers. comm.).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9db299e3-260e-4c84-b774-d424031ceb56#growth d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles of Phrynobatrachus maculiventris are easily assignable to the genus Phrynobatrachus by their body shape, the long filamentous papillae (that are however only comparatively few in number and particularly massive) and very small size at metamorphosis. However, they differ from all known congeners by their very peculiar, aposematic black and yellow dorsal pattern (Rödel et al., 2009)

Larvae are exotrophic are lotic. Body is ovoid in dorsal view, slightly depressed in lateral view. Body length approximately two times of body width. Comparatively large eyes are positioned dorsolaterally; nares are large, positioned dorsally, closer to tip of snout than to eyes. Oral disc is ventral. Dorsal lip wide and smooth; ventral lip with uniserial marginal papillae, the four median ones very long and filamentous. The upper jaw sheath is shaped as a depressed "m". The lower jaw sheath is u-shaped, and the jaw sheath edges are only pigmented towards the edges which are serrated. Labial tooth row formula is 1/1+1:1. Infra-angular labial teeth rows present on separate dermal lobes. Keratodonts are almost translucent, light brown, and thus hard to see. Vent is dextra and spiracle is sinistral. Tail length only slightly longer than body length. Tail axis height at its base is almost equal to maximum height of dorsal fin. The dorsal part of fin originates dorsal to tail-body junction, and the highest point is at mid-length of tail. The ventral part of fin is narrower than tail axis (musculature), almost parallel to tail axis. The tail tip is rounded. Dorsum is black, interrupted by three clear yellow transverse bands: the first on the snout, the other two at mid-body and at the posterior end of the body, respectively. The tail axis is yellowish with black bands. The ventral surfaces are light coloured, and the tail fin transparent. In preservative the colouration fades to light beige and brown. Judging from the oldest tadpole stages, juveniles most likely metamorphose with approximately 6.5-7.5 mm snout-vent length. The tadpole description is based on six specimens at Gosner stages 36-41 (ZMB 71594).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 38e7e457-805b-4ca6-bd40-bfcd676c22ce#growth 011a684f-0e28-40dd-854d-71c266e64a66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Two tadpoles were preserved five days after hatching. At that time, they had reached stage 33–34 and measured 11.0 and 11.3 mm total length. Body length was 3.9 and 4.0 mm, respectively. Another eight tadpoles were preserved 18 days after hatching. They were in stage 37–41, the later ones ready to metamorphose. The largest tadpole (stage 41) measured 4.7 mm body length and 13.0 mm total length. SVL of metamorphosed froglets is about 5 mm.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1580 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b168c396-c79a-4c47-b06a-26949e7bc828#growth 011a684f-0e28-40dd-854d-71c266e64a66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Body is ovoid in dorsal view and oval to slightly compressed in lateral view. Body length is approximately 1.7 times body width (measured at the plane of the eyes), and body length is 0.5 tail length. Eyes positioned dorsolaterally. Nostrils positioned laterally, hard to see from dorsal view, and closer to snout tip than to anterior corner of the eyes. Tail is straight, and if extrapolated, axis of tail passes through eyes. Tail is moderately webbed with the fin height 1.1 times the body height. The dorsal fin originates at the dorsal tail-body junction. The dorsal fin is slightly curved, and the ventral fin is nearly parallel to the tail axis. The tail tip is pointed. The oral disc is small and anteroventral, bordered by single row of papillae with a rostral gap, caudal with long filamentous papillae. A few additional papillae are grouped in oral angles. Jaw sheaths are thin and evenly broad U-shaped. The labial tooth row formula is 1: 1 + 1/3; the third tooth row in the lower lip is very short. The spiracle is sinistral and visible dorsally. The vent opens medially and is positioned basicaudally. In life, tadpoles are uniform brown, the fin hyaline with a very few small dots. The ventrum is slightly lighter. In preservation, areas around eyes and tip of the snout become lighter in color.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1580 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e15fa537-a034-451c-82e6-a7795593bc9b#growth caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Endotrophic or non-feeding larvae with a small mouth (when compared to P. alticola) that lacks jaw sheaths and keratodonts (Rödel and Ernst, 2002). The tadpole does not have a fully developed alimentary canal, it only develops and is functional at the time that the tadpole develops into a frog (Amiet, 1981). A description of the tadpole can be found in Amiet (1981).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 20eec41a-1803-44a2-a45a-4540c031ed43#growth acdf2da2-7cd8-471e-8c8f-3514a4ec8465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Most obvious difference between Phrynobatrachus tokba and other species of the genus is the incomplete differentiation of the tadpole’s mouthparts and the lack of external gills and a spiracle, which is the small opening to the outside of the gill chamber-breathing pore (Rödel and Ernst 2002).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1608 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b2ac0d05-fe32-460f-9c0c-301b657f9b23#growth 7d79febc-c73d-4793-a98b-492f8215ca6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles have long tails and may grow to 32 mm in length. They hide in soft mud (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1680 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 bc4b1f9a-0432-41f9-85bb-242f48651c54#growth d117fd82-c02d-4b81-b3a6-20f760d4b657 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles are gray with a pale head, have clear tail with scattered dark spots and are up to 54 mm in length (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1647 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c51e6b7c-bce8-4084-ab8f-c858558ddc8f#growth 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The labial tooth row formula of this species is 4(2-4)/3(1). A full description and illustration of the tadpole of Tomopterna luganga can be found in Haas et al. (2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5ae20a6e-bdbd-4e39-8251-bb5b50182b65#growth 2c976048-9c44-4ec4-ac0e-9ddd0a2bfb6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Lambiris (1988b) describes the tadpole is adapted to life in fast-flowing water in having a wide, flat body, a heavy but narrowly-webbed tail, and a large sucker-like mouth for obtaining a firm grip on smooth rocks. Tadpoles initially prey on infusoria, and later scavenge on detritus (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/780 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 27db3800-7349-4d38-b83d-4ddc9a3ab278#growth 839bfb09-5c00-4d08-af35-4f588109d3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (2001) noted that tadpoles feed on algae on the bottom and sides of the pools (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1271 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e a32a7ba5-2604-4eaa-8319-924be5b3664a#growth 320d2999-9c01-4402-922d-2f6f045851f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles form a squirming mass and grow to a maximum length of 24 mm after only a few days. According to Lambiris (1988e), metamorphosis is usually completed after 20 days (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1276 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 3e2b54b7-74b3-4f3f-8dfd-e8fcd284c4f5#growth 483b48cd-bc0b-4f0a-a41a-0e4f0155804e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles hatch after a week and mass together as small, very black, forms. They have toxins which make them unpalatable to birds and mammals but are eaten by clawed frogs and aquatic insects. After two months, small metamorphs begin to leave the water and move into the surrounding habitat. These can be so numerous that they carpet the ground in some areas and it is difficult to avoid stepping on them. Many fall prey to predators and their numbers reduce sharply over the following months as they disperse into the environment. At this small size they can be confused with Arthroleptis xenodactyloides and Phrynobatrachus scheffleri (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1247 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 a4e1cd05-e620-4549-9947-e5f9f0b6f380#growth 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles hatch inside the hole and move across the intermediate ground when the area is fl ooded. The tadpoles have a distinctively large tail fin (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 8b2e478d-8f81-4159-b5d2-427767b3054b#growth 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles grow within the puddles and metamorphose into juveniles which can also be found at the side of the stream (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 81cd4643-c91f-4ae1-b1f7-68681d30164f#growth 41f6b4db-ffb6-4253-b108-57a4edfcf3b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles take two months to develop into small frogs which take another nine months to become adult size (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1642 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 6dc452a9-e00d-4962-8f62-acc1807aab5f#growth 1abc8823-1db1-48f4-84de-cfb182ecf756 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles are large and fish-like, they are up to 130 mm long with deep keel-like tails that arise from the top of the head (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1483 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 033c0a58-5543-47b3-858d-7294f5c6f204#growth 43e3607b-c011-4c9f-aba7-8c1dece09151 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Boycott (1982) found tadpoles metamorphs leave the water during March and April (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1284 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce e86be902-d32d-4f4a-a686-cfcfb8e503a1#growth 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles are brown in colour and benthic in habit (Boycott 1988d; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 668ccfcb-a382-4309-b6f3-605327e12ff3#growth 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Wager (1986) found that tadpoles may grow to 80 mm in length (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 7554efeb-61d6-4b53-9456-1457894bc589#growth 9e6241db-9d3c-47c8-89b5-07efc187892a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (2001) found that the tadpoles reach about 55 mm in length. They are dark brown or velvety black with deep, dark fins and a paddle-like tail. The tadpoles are easily distinguished from those of A. fuscigula, which have only a small amount of pigment in their tails (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/776 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 424cf47b-da45-48d5-8d36-44051fa7ef2c#growth a057293a-229b-4a37-ab14-28ab15233048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles vary in colour according to the turbidity of the water in which they are found (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1700 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 7e34b68b-2a4f-46f0-a550-596e6767a85e#growth 1935ba6e-54eb-436b-ad5c-d685d34899c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The relatively small, dark, benthic tadpoles develop into tiny 11-mm long toadlets that leave the water in October–December in their thousands. Relatively few of the offspring develop into adults: most fall victim to a variety of predators (including their own kind) and other hazards (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1238 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 1cada028-122b-4a5d-8717-ee38287e52e5 149513d9-2d58-4928-802c-d9c85cfa4f39#growth f3efada9-26d4-4406-a931-02570f5fe17e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles are dark in colour and attain a length of about 21 mm, of which more than half comprises the tail. The tiny toads are about 6.25 mm in length when they leave the water (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1265 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#growth b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles are 24-56 mm long. Tadpole body length is 55-77% (mean 62; n = 8) of the length of the tail. The distance between the extremities of the lips is 2.1-2.8 times (mean 2.5; n = 8) the distance between the nostrils. The distance from the tip of the snout to the opening of the spiracle is 58-79% (mean 72) of the distance from the spiracle to the base of the anal tube. The size of the mouth (distance between the extremities of the lips) is 10.8-13.8% (mean 12.3; n = 7) of the total length.

The lengths of the lower two (out of three) posterior tooth rows are approximately equal. The upper anterior tooth row is entirely double with the two rows of teeth of regularly equal density; in 10 samples, once triple in the central 2/5, once triple in the central 5/7, and once entirely triple. The lower anterior tooth row is at least triple; partially or completely quadruple in all tadpoles that began to grow posterior legs after reaching approximately 4 cm. The upper posterior tooth row is at least triple in its central third in small tadpoles, at least in its central half in tadpoles 4 cm or longer, and even largely quadruple in 7 out of the 9 of these. The middle posterior tooth row is always double at the extremities, triple at least in the central 2/5, and partially quadruple (up to 3/4 of the tooth row) in 6 of the 9 tadpoles longer than 4 cm. The lower posterior tooth row is at least double, with a third row represented 11 times out of 12 but very unevenly (from 8 teeth to the central 3/5 of the tooth row).

Additionally, tadpoles of A. maurus have a pigmented network of chromatophores that follows a very loose and irregular grid structure, and, commonly, a dark trisegmented border on the lower jaw, with the outer segments more prominent than the inner segment. The distance between the eyes is distinctly smaller than the size of the mouth (Pasteur and Bons 1962, translated/adapted by Dietterich 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#growth b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

“The tadpole is about 40 mm long, with eyes close together on top of the head. The labial tooth formula is 5(3-5)/3. The tadpoles become progressively darker with age and on the sides and underside show the adult color pattern of white spots on a dark background. The tadpoles are gregarious, forming large schools in the form of compact balls” (Channing 2001).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#growth f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles are dark in color and frequently aggregate into ball-shaped schools (Knoepffler 1976). The tail (23 mm) is slightly longer than the body (16 mm). The keterodont rows formula is 2:4+4/3 (Ohler 1996). Schiøtz (1963) gave a more thorough description in Danish.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#growth b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

One tadpole examined by Schmidt and Inger (1959) has a snout-vent length of 22.0 mm and a tail length of 37.0 mm. The hind limbs in this specimen are almost completely developed and have two metatarsal tubercles, fully webbed toes, and small toe disks. The body is subspherical with the sinistral spiracle slightly closer to the eye than to the vent. The upper tail fin is somewhat deeper than the muscle. The body and tail (in preservative) are pale brown with dark brown spots; on the tail the spots are nearly completely confined to the muscle. The oral disk is subterminal, and the labial tooth formula is I:4+4/1+1:II. A staggered, uninterrupted double row of papillae extends across the posterior lip and over the lateral quarters of the upper lip. The papillae remain in two rows at the corners of the oral disk. The beaks are weak with feeble serrations, and they are creamy white basally and brownish near the edges. A black edge is present only on the anterior beak. The strong brown spots on the tail remain present even in later developmental stages in which the tail has been partially resorbed (Schmidt and Inger, 1959). The body of the tadpole is robust and covered with “very interesting glandular patches arranged in specific patterns” (Channing, 2001).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#growth f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpole of Kassina cassinoides is morphologically similar to the tadpoles of other Kassina species, but it seems to be larger than that of K. fusca and have a higher fin (Schiøtz, 1999). Rödel et al. (2002) report that K. cassinoides tadpoles can only be identified to species shortly before metamorphosis; earlier in their development they cannot be distinguished from other Kassina tadpoles.

Newly hatched tadpoles have a body length of 2.5-3.0 mm and a total length of 8.5-9.0 mm. They lack an oral disc but they have external gills, paired ventral adhesive organs and a large yolk sac. Once they develop the oral disc, the keratodont formula is 1//1+1/1. “It is surrounded by two lateral and one caudal row of papillae. The two inner rows have shorter papillae. A rostral gap is present. The horny teeth are arranged on dermal folds. They are longish and usually have one, rarely two, tips. The massive horny beaks are serrated… The forelegs of a tadpole measuring 55 mm [in total length] were about to break through” (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe b59aa922-9aa0-4ec1-9231-43bc74a7d439#growth 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles are brown above and light below with a clear fin and may reach 45 mm in length (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe fbd93d8a-79d4-44f8-9976-7e4237aa439b#growth 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles are gregarious. They resemble Xenopus tadpoles, but lack tentacles and have deeper, pigmented fins (black or red). They are filter-feeders, maintaining their position in the water column by means of a rapidly undulating tail tip (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#growth 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpole of this species can grow up to 60 mm in length. It has a streamlined body with a large oral disc as a sucker, used to stay stationary in quick-moving mountain streams. It has a muscular tail that is bluntly rounded and dark at the tip, and a dorsal fin that is deeper than the ventral one. The body is grey to brown, similar to the rocks in the habitat. It has narrowly spaced nostrils which are closer to the eyes than to the tip of the snout. Its spiracle is on the lower half of the tadpole, pointing backwards at 40°. It has no jaw sheaths (du Preez and Carruthers, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 3808a61c-29a2-4d74-936f-3b05726af759#growth f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles may grow to 62mm and have large suctorial mouths—an oral discs with multiple rows of labial teeth, four on the upper jaw and more than twelve on the lower. No lower keratinized jaw sheath is present. The head is streamlined and wide, and the fins are narrow. The labial tooth row formula is 4/14 to 4/17 (Channing, 2001).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 02a71423-1eb5-4bfe-a025-4743ed593673#growth 49052df3-f4b5-40e9-ac50-eb25c2b2ce4d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

As with all tadpoles of the Amietia genus, tadpoles of A. wittei exhibit long low tails and multiple labial tooth rows (Wasonga & Channing, 2007). A single tadpole individual, at Gosner stage 39, was measured at 70.9 millimetres, with the head presenting as bluntly rounded. The large eyes are positioned dorsolaterally. The oral disc manifests a double row of rounded marginal papillae, with the rostral gap in the papillae spanning practically the entire labium. Labial teeth present as compound, with tips rounded. Both the lower and upper jaw sheaths exhibit pigmentation over half of their height, and each jaw sheath is finely serrated (Wasonga and Channing, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/768 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a62e27a9-29e7-47eb-94f5-06ea16f1ae39#growth 2ca67d46-e3fa-4857-adc3-9554988e1ed3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles may attain a length of up to 41 millimeters (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/914 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3cbe395e-5e8d-4e28-b532-d625227909a4#growth 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The following description of the tadpole stage is based upon Gosner Stage 36 and Stage 37 specimens, with DNA validation for a Stage 37 individual. In lateral view the body shape is ovoid, with body length approximately equal to body height. Snout presents as oblique, and the mouth is directed ventrally. The bulging eyes are of moderate size, and they are directed laterally. The pineal ocellus is present at the level of the anterior border of the eye. The minute nares are rounded directed somewhat more laterally than anterolaterally. The spiracle is tubular and moderately large in size, situated closer to the tail than snout. The oval vent tube is of moderately large size, and the tail fins and tail musculature are classified as moderate. The tail tip exhibits a somewhat rounded appearance. Jaw sheets are capsulated and rounded. In vivo, the exterior color is a pale orange with dark spots, and the iris is a golden orange. Body length is approximately 24 millimeters (Conradie, Tweddle, Makinen & Bills, 2012).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 92ee92f0-91fa-44d1-85f5-ff4355ca8cd0#growth 6fdd23c2-b179-4ae8-9aed-b1299708eafc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles of K. fusca are similar to those of K. senegalensis, but more diminutive and with a lower tail fin geometry. The tooth formula is: 1/1+1,1 or 1/2+2. (Schiøtz. 1999)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1479 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#growth f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles of P. varaldii can attain a length of 13 centimeters (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1505 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 1bbcf246-3330-4ce3-80ff-cb0cd2dba767#growth 78b73904-0081-4fee-98a6-131e29bbecd7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles are almost transparent; they hang in the water with their tails flickering, and filter algae from the water. Two long barbs come from the corners of their mouths giving them the appearance of a catfish, but the eventual growth of legs will betray their amphibious nature (Text modified from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1624 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ John Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und 06ed9708-c00d-431d-b595-29a60e8616e4 ac55e5b9-7a16-414e-8f39-2900551e3c50#growth ea5303b2-238d-4812-b46c-f79cac8e9d44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (2001) observed that tadpoles assume a lighter or darker colouring to match the substrate (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1253 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A. Turner http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#growth und a13bed59-3cf7-416c-b45c-ad1026defb54 83b31854-1dc3-4380-9f24-8161ea6faf7b#habitat ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in the vicinity of fast-flowing permanent streams in rainforests in hilly country. It is forest-dependent, and is not found in open areas. It occurs from low altitudes to more than 1,000m asl (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004). It is commonly found on stones and root structures close to the water's edge or out of the water (Schiøtz, 1964).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 361e1652-f00d-4f92-b30f-f848a8b4ece3#habitat 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is highly but not exclusively aquatic, and it is most commonly found in or near rivers, streams, and large pools. Individuals tend to dive into deep water when startled, and while this species appears to prefer montane grasslands and forests at altitudes of 800-2500 m asl, it can also be found in forests at lower elevations (Largen 2004, Largen and Spawls 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 5217ffdf-874f-474e-a0f7-ff466a7e4f74#habitat a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua derooi is a permanently aquatic species confined to flowing water in rainforest habitats. Adults prefer slightly rocky streams (Hillers 2008, Hillers et al. 2009), and tadpoles of this species have also been found in streams (Rödel and Schiøtz 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 3808a61c-29a2-4d74-936f-3b05726af759#habitat f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in clear, permanent, and quick-moving mountain streams with rocky bottoms (Channing, 2001). These cannot be non-perennial streams, as the tadpole takes at least two seasons to metamorphose and so cannot be out of the water if the stream disappears. The banks of the streams are usually steep and heavily vegetated, although without trees (Boycott, 1988).

Boycott and Branch (1988) state that H. hewitti appears to have one of the most restricted distribution ranges of any southern African amphibian. Its distribution is limited to the Elandsberg range where it is restricted to four rivers, the sources of the four rivers extend over a distance of just 10 km. The greatest distance separating any two of these rivers is 3.5 km. The recorded altitudinal range is 400–550 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 1adc4698-bbec-4955-9b5d-364fb8800fdb#habitat 01104f83-1718-44f4-bc6c-37db9ad1b1ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. semidiscus inhabits a variety of vegetation types in the Savanna Biome, usually in low-lying areas (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1438 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Alexander http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 17764dbe-e459-4b5b-b491-e4b0903d0845 ea81f25e-2f78-426d-afe3-4746ce1c96f9#habitat cea0ab91-8d10-49bc-8b4e-8266b6b2a6b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in dense, low grassland throughout the humid and dry savannah zone, and also in dry forests, gallery forests, montane grassland, and in some disturbed habitats in the forest zone. It is often found close to water, and especially on the banks of rivers and pools. It occurs up to 1,900 m asl in Ethiopia (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1648 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe c2a256de-a5e7-418d-a5a7-b3445f30767d#habitat 1852a73d-46b7-498f-8f79-b5eb55136c1f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

N. bonebergi is always associated with forest streams and pools with rocky beds especially, but not exclusively, in ravines (Harrison et al. 2001). Typically, the frogs inhabit streams with short, fast-flowing sections alternating with longer sections of slow-flowing water and pools of varying size and depth (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/804 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be f2065449-641b-4e03-93f7-4c72305dee38#habitat 8a2284ea-a095-4fcd-9cb9-9cd0d3fbc0ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. wealii inhabits the Grassland Biome. This species is also found in pastures, clearings in forests and grassy corridors between plantations. De Waal (1978) found that during hibernation the frog is found in holes made by other animals such as the the Giant Girdled Lizard Cordylus giganteus or found under logs or rocks (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1499 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#habitat 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The frog lives in clear mountain streams, and are often found stationary and well-camouflaged among the stones on the sandy bottom (Fitzsimons, 1946).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 9a15338c-366a-467c-8add-8c5085d81cab#habitat faccb92b-26ed-4707-b6dc-64e908cf512f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. mauritanicus inhabits a gamut of habitat types, and is found widely across a large swath of northwest Africa, prominently within the Mediterranean woodlands and scrub ecoregion (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007). The species altitude ranges from around sea level up to 2650 meters above mean sea level, with the high point in the Atlas Mountain Ranges (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2009). Specific habitat types range from damp meadows and coastal dunes to stony settings with permanent or ephemeral surface water; it may also be found in some scrub areas, particularly dominated by Chamerops humilis, Olea europaea and Pistacia lentiscus. During daytime heat, this anuran hides under rocks or in underground holes or burrows. In particular, within Morocco, the taxon may be found from sea level to 2650 metres in elevation. Diet is dominated by consumption of coleopterans, but also includes scorpions (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1246 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 b160ebeb-6968-4012-82a1-daafafcffe26#habitat 666ca8a0-115e-4b7c-8c8d-4b3d5eada0b1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. acutirostris occurs only in areas of high precipitation in uplands and mountains, both in Mountain Fynbos and in Afromontane Forest. Where mountains reach the coast, the species can occur at sea level (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1205 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 d3eb8707-b1be-47d8-88ef-6642ece903eb#habitat 932d1ffd-244f-416d-a684-55e83b50d6e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. montanus is restricted to the Fynbos Biome, and usually occurs in Mountain Fynbos vegetation, but is also known from altered habitats such as pine plantations. It is usually found on coarse, acidic, sandy soils, but it is also known from heavier, shale-derived soils. It generally occurs at high altitudes but is also found at sea level in areas where mountains reach the coast (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1204 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 c7ba03dd-b399-4ee4-b2a6-bf6ba933474e#habitat dcac2756-77c5-4ed6-bc66-907bc45a19ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. rosei occurs in coastal lowlands and lower slopes in the Fynbos and Thicket biomes; it does not extend into the Succulent Karoo Biome to the north. It inhabits sandy substrates in Dune Thicket and probably in Limestone Fynbos and Sand Plain Fynbos, although occurrence in the latter two veld types, sensu stricto, requires confirmation. This species occurs in well-vegetated areas and is not recorded from unstable dunes, or places where a coastal plain is absent and Mountain Fynbos descends to the coast (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1196 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 dfeaf9bc-e89a-4473-b9a0-1cbc6d7603a2#habitat 3217f09d-099c-4a82-b628-8d1a6b0a2715 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. dorsalis is typically found in grassy vegetation, cultivated land, bush land and degraded forest in the forest belt and in forest outliers and gallery forests in moist savanna. It is rather adaptable as to habitat, but requires some type of sheltering cover. The species does not occur in primary rainforest (Schiøtz et al., 2009)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1328 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 c06041ca-f07c-4e33-9091-cb30a4f1619d#habitat bfc463af-8a27-4c97-bda3-a1e74902decc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adult A. inyangae are found in the vicinity of rock armored, rapid velocity streams in montane grassland. Adults have been also found sitting on rock ledges behind waterfalls, or on rocks protruding from the midst of rapids; juveniles typically frequent quieter backwaters. Eggs are characteristically deposited by the female in shallow rocky pools (Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/766 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 02a71423-1eb5-4bfe-a025-4743ed593673#habitat 49052df3-f4b5-40e9-ac50-eb25c2b2ce4d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. wittei is found in montane moorlands and grasslands in the lower elevations of the East African montane moorlands ecoregion and in the upper elevations of the East African montane forests ecoregion (Hogan, 2013). The species habitat is in a climate of extreme temperature and solar insolation variations, with nightly freezes occurring in the moorlands, and extreme heat and sunlight intensity occurring almost every day in this equatorial high altitiude zone (Hogan, 2013). Soils in the moorland portion of the species range are of pronounced acidic characteristic (Hogan, 2013). This terrestrial anuran is associated with freshwater cold streams in montane moorland (Hogan, 2013), grassland (Lötters et al. 2004) and perhaps also forest, Moreover, it has also been found in one town (Lötters et al. 2004). Elevations of occurrence are bracketed between 2080 and 3100 metres (Lötters et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/768 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a62e27a9-29e7-47eb-94f5-06ea16f1ae39#habitat 2ca67d46-e3fa-4857-adc3-9554988e1ed3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

D. pictus is present in a wide variety of western Mediterranean habitats, including open, sandy coastal areas, pastures, vineyards, woods and forests, often in dense vegetation proximate to surface water bodies. This anuran breeds in most types of lentic (still water) habitats; moreover, while classified by the IUCN as a freshwater species, it is sometimes present in not only in freshwater marshes, but also in brackish water. In Sicily, populations have been associated with irrigation channels, water cisterns, pipes and canals in cultivated areas (Bosch et al. 2009). While known to occur near sea level altitudes, the species has been observed at elevations up to 1000 meters in Algeria (Salvador, 1996).

In terms of habitat descriptions per ecoregion occurrence, D. pictus is known from the South Appenine mixed montane forests as well as the Mediterranean woodlands and forests (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007).

Aestivation is thought to occur by spending hot summer months beneath stones or in rock crevices (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/914 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a5adf8b8-da93-4b5a-bc19-190408f11dc6#habitat 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The North African species of Discoglossus are associated with streams, cisterns and pools of either fresh or saline water, where breeding occurs in such wetland habitats. The chief ecoregion of occurrence in North Africa is the Mediterranean woodlands and forests (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007). Terrestrial habitats in North Africa include oak forests, Nerium oleander scrub and archaeological ruins. (Salvador et al. 2009). Individuals can often be discovered hiding under rocks, in crevices and even under the bark of cork oaks (Quercus suber). It is thought that the North African occurrences can endure relatively minor habitat modification.

In southwestern Europe, habitat is generally near streams that traverse woodlands or forests. D montalentii occurrences are near freshwater; however, D. sardus may be found near brackish or freshwater systems. Furthermore, D. sardus occurs in Sardinia (including the Maddalena Archipelago and the island of San Pietro); Corsica and several small islands of the Tyrrhenian sea (Iles d'Hyères, Giglio, Montecristo); and on the Italian mainland, the species is reported from the small peninsular Monte Argentario (Tuscany). D. sardus inhabits a variety of biotopes, from the open, desolate and windy coastal zone between Bonifacio and Cap Pertusato, to the forest streams of la Forêt de Bavella, and from Mediterranean maquis at sea level to mountain conifer forests (Delaugerre and Cheylan, 1992).

On the Iberian Peninsula D. galganoi is separated from D. jeanneae by the Guadalquivir river in the southern part of its distribution, and by the saline lakes in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula. Contact zones between the two species are expected in the eastern portion of the Sierra Morena, near the Sierra de Guadarrama and along the northwestern edge of the Meseta Norte (Garcia-Paris and Jockusch, 1999). D. galganoi is mostly found in or in the direct vicinity of water. They are found in stagnant waters, in swamps and mountain streams and even in brackish waters (Noellert & Noellert, 1992).

Habitat (for D. nigriventer) in the Middle East is restricted to the Hula wetlands in northern Israel, and possibly similar adjacent habitats in Syria. The wetlands of Lake Hula were drained for mainly agricultural purposes in the 1950's, dealing a severe blow to viable habitat in this region (Disi et al. 2012).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 776624a3-8716-407f-ae22-68461d550880#habitat 328c9e07-41c9-497a-a8a5-c5837e5f0576 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species is associated with streams, cisterns and pools of either fresh or saline water. It breeds in such wetland habitats; females lay a maximum of 1000 eggs at one time. Terrestrial habitats of the species include oak forests, Nerium oleander scrub and archaeological ruins (Salvador et al. 2009). D. scovazzi is chiefly found in Mediterranean woodlands and forests (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007). Individuals can often be discovered hiding under rocks, in crevices and even under the bark of cork oaks (Quercus suber). It is thought that the species can endure some relatively minor habitat modification.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/915 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3c206f6a-9ae4-461e-a517-f264f61de30d#habitat 345462df-7c3a-408b-8bdf-7e3723295948 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. robusta lives in and near cold, fast-flowing freshwater streams, in grasslands as well as forests. It does not require tree cover, and in Nkongsamba it can even be found in populated areas. It prefers colder, faster water than does C. goliath, and the tadpoles of C. robusta thrive in rapid, even torrential, water. Around Nkongsamba, Conraua robusta, C. crassipes and C. goliath occur sympatrically (Amiet & Gartshore, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1506 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9d3322f8-7de3-4a56-a2d2-6abd89ea0f86#habitat f628bf44-8f5d-4c41-ba0c-a4d1d6b45a17 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. vilhenai was found in gallery forest in the humid savannah zone, and is considered a terrestrial species (Schiøtz & Channing, 2004). The occurrence of the holotype is within the Angolan Miombo woodlands ecoregion (WWF & Hogan, 2007) It is thought to breed in freshwater.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1468 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 92ee92f0-91fa-44d1-85f5-ff4355ca8cd0#habitat 6fdd23c2-b179-4ae8-9aed-b1299708eafc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

K. fusca is chiefly found in areas that are generally arid to semi-arid savanna, but in the more flooded grasslands of such an ecoregion. The chief ecoregion in which such habitats occur is the West Sudanese savanna. (Hogan. 2013) This anuran is most typically found to occur on the floodplains of the Niger River and its tributaries in the low lying flooded meadows.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1479 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3cbe395e-5e8d-4e28-b532-d625227909a4#habitat 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. darlingi is a terrestrial anuran found on open savannahs, flooded grasslands, savannah woodland, and forest, occurring chiefly in upland areas. These habitats span varied realms from subtropical or tropical dry forests and moist lowland forests. moist savanna, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, riverine, swamp, inland lakes and marshland.There is limited information on its adaptability to secondary habitats. Its breeding occurs via a tadpole stage swimming in lentic or lotic waters in quasi-permanent to permanent waterbodies, including river side-channels, lakes, small rivers, ponds, flooded grasslands and swamps. (Poynton & Channing, 2004; World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 7f2440fc-6c9d-49b8-9244-dc3b6fc67961#habitat 7c125c80-c3a6-4ef2-90f2-f404ab691d06 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. occipitalis is found along river banks, rock-pools and savanna ponds, with a preference being observed for savanna environments. (Poynton & Broadley. 1985) At Comoé National Park, this species avoids forests, but in other locales this anuran has been found in wooded areas. (Gruschwitz et al. 1991) An example ecoregion where H. occipitalis can be found that features both savanna and woodland is the Central Zambezian miombo woodlands. (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan. 2007) As an example of forest habitat H. occipitalis is found in Tai National Park, (Rödel. 2000) where it can be observed in rocky pools along the Hana River, which riparian zone is surrounded by primary forest. Breeding water temperatures have sometimes been recorded at elevated temperatures at up to 40 degrees Celsius.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1280 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 84cec7f5-bd19-4c56-8ffe-b829d2ac1e87#habitat f1a79b5e-7d55-4d3b-a2c6-4cd3f7cadfef http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. cystocandicans is found in two geographically limited ecoregions: (i) East African montane moorlands and (ii) East African montane forests (Hogan, 2013). Soils are generally acidic, particularly in the moorlands ecoregion (Hogan, 2013). In both cases the elevation niche is relatively high, in the range of 2200 (where the type locality exists) to 4000 metres above mean sea level. Preferred habitat types are open farmland and high-altitude grassland. It breeds in temporary, and sometimes permanent freshwater pools. It is often found in association with Hyperolius montanus (Schiøtz et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1400 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 77ada9bf-a582-43f5-b54d-84ed5fc2c9ed#habitat cc2bd34c-335e-4784-9e27-6659cb810faf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. benguellensis is generally associated with habitat types that have emergent vegetation at the margins of swamps, riparian zones and lacustrine fringes in savannas and grassland habitats (Schiøtz & Poynton. 2004; World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2012). Furthermore, this anuran breeds in swamps, shallow plans, emergent vegetation, vleis, lakes and permanent pools (Schiøtz & Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1377 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 06bb952e-6087-4dad-8b21-1db791ad4d6e#habitat 0d1f5a92-ce79-47d2-969e-f72a796fe6bf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. kinangopensis is associated with rain-filled temporary pools in montane grassland, where it is thought to breed (Msuya et al., 2004). The grasslands above 3000 metres in elevation are generally montane moorlands, which also have an assembly of herbaceous species and are lacking of true trees (Hogan, 2013). The grasslands below 3000 metres in elevation are generally clearings in the montane forests.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1572 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#habitat f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. varaldii is fundamentally fossorial in habit, dwelling chiefly in sandy lowland uncultivated soils, frequently found in the vicinity of cork woodlands. The species breeding sites are most often lentic temporary water bodies, such as, dayas and rain puddles. P. varaldii is not known to be adaptive to anthropogenically modified habitats (Salvador et al. 2004). This species is known to occur only between sea level and 350 meters above sea level (Salvador et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1505 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 593b4575-01e3-4a3c-bca8-b94114b7b72f#habitat 78b73904-0081-4fee-98a6-131e29bbecd7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in permanent ponds within forest or agricultural landscapes. It is also often found in small wells, which it falls into when dispersing. It is distributed at elevations between 600 and 1700 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1624 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c9a48b-c603-4cac-811f-94c3a6760a82#habitat 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in fast-flowing rivers in lowland rainforest, and in secondary and agricultural habitats, including tea plantations. The tadpoles live in fast, even torrential, water, and at the foot of small waterfalls (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e571e8e4-354b-49fc-9f29-010d7795f4e9#habitat 90fa7dad-8a5d-4757-957d-412f5fa95729 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in montane grasslands at elevations between 1500 and 3000 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1688 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fefbee1f-da53-40c1-b446-843ec2d01f90#habitat 0180c2aa-a67c-4d0e-bfdd-0643a86705c4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found within the soil and leaf litter of montane forests and likely in the loose fertile soil on farms. It is found at elevations between 600 and 2000 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1708 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c6b05df0-3799-4f81-95a5-cfabe49d52ac#habitat 31966cf5-acd6-48e8-9368-f4aa3ef431fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in moist lowland and montane forest, savanna, and miombo woodland at elevations up to 1600 m (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1220 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ddd538e4-5e35-4479-ae68-d42a6d7e1b81#habitat cccdbd87-aa74-46db-b5e8-7a2cc67847aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in the soil and leaf litter of the forest and within loose soil on small farms at elevations between 500 and 1400 m (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1709 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 75a5e7d3-863a-42e2-b85a-d6032b2fa28e#habitat 883b8fed-3808-4cce-b2f0-2dc58617867e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found within forest soil and leaf litter, within the soil of small farms, and sometimes on the surface of the soil. It is found at elevations between 400 and 1500 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5d9372ad-6388-40f5-b297-36792dd304f5#habitat 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. gilli inhabits blackwater wetlands in low-lying coastal areas. These are permanent and seasonal seepages, marshes, ponds, pans, vleis and coastal lakelets, in a variety of fynbos vegetation types and, in places, a mixture of fynbos and dune thicket. The vegetation types include mostly Mountain Fynbos, Sand Plain Fynbos (on the Cape Flats), or Mountain Fynbos mixed with either Limestone Fynbos or Dune Thicket. The substrate has a predominantly sandy base and varies, depending on the humic content, from white or grey to a dark brown or blackish soil (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

The water is humic and dark in colour, low in nutrients, high in dissolved solids, and typically has a low pH at a minimum 3.4 (Picker 1985). It has been demonstrated that the tadpoles of X. gilli can tolerate pH as low as 3.6, whereas X. laevis tadpoles have a reduced rate of survival below pH 5–6. Picker (1985) as well as Picker and De Villiers (1989) reported that X. gilli avoids habitats that have been disturbed by urban development or agriculture, or that contain invasive plants and animals (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#habitat b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is generally found in humid sites in montane karst and escarpment areas. Adults inhabit cracks and fissures in rocks, or live under stones close to permanent streams, pools, and other bodies of water. Surrounding vegetation may be scrub, cork oak groves, and orchards (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe fa765e2f-aeed-41b6-9495-0e4d51ada88a#habitat 1bbf40b1-88cb-4058-95d4-bfccde94e09a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The four known specimens of this species were collected around fast-drying puddles near Bata Marsh in Sahel de Nioro, Mali (Chabanaud, 1919). More detailed information about this habitat was not recorded, and subsequent difficulties in precisely locating Bata Marsh may make this information difficult to elucidate (Tandy, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1259 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 280daeba-c8db-4df6-835b-090e73b17bff#habitat 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species lives in leaf litter in wooded areas (Channing, 2001; Drewes and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#habitat b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in swamps or along small streams in lowland rainforest, gallery forest and degraded secondary habitats (farm bush) in the forest zone. It breeds in still-water pools and marshes (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#habitat f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in swamps or along small streams in lowland rainforest, gallery forest and degraded secondary habitats (farm bush) in the forest zone. It breeds in still-water pools and marshes (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#habitat b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Schmidt and Inger (1959) report that Hylarana lemairei and H. albolabris live primarily in rain forests. However, H. albolabris has also been documented from nearby savannas, coffee plantations, grassy swamps, water holes, and low vegetation (Schmidt and Inger, 1959). Channing (2001) reports that Hylarana lemairei lives in permanent bodies of water. It has also been found in riparian forests in savannas, primarily in upland habitats (Channing and Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f01ed2e3-d4d3-4571-a012-d7e87e1de8ea#habitat 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Very little is known about the habitat or ecology of Hyperolius nasicus, as the species is known only from its type locality, Kasiki, at an altitude of 2,300 m asl in the Marungu Highlands in southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo. In general, frogs in the genus Hyperolius live primarily on shrubs and trees (Laurent, 1943; Schiøtz 2006b; Schiøtz 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#habitat f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Kassina cassinoides is a species of dry savannas, wooded savannas and gallery forests. It breeds in temporary water, favoring large, well-vegetated pools. The frogs call from the ground and from elevated sites in the vegetation. It is believed to be an adaptable species (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2008). Kassina cassinoides favors low-altitude savannas with 900-1500 mm of annual precipitation and a dry season less than seven months long, and it may not be able to tolerate drier climates (Amiet, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe af525338-031a-4bce-9d8f-d3205ddec0ee#habitat 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species lives mainly on the rainforest floor. The specimens examined by Noble (1924) were collected in and near temporary pools on the forest road, where they were apparently breeding.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe d284b7ea-912f-4541-ba74-473727460241#habitat c94a42a5-4a94-4200-b3e8-4250a6067713 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

All specimens of the new species were collected in swampy parts of primary rainforest within the Ankasa Reserve (Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1531 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51526ed2-ca51-4ff5-90ec-16e9ae89df88#habitat 13890b85-01d3-45a9-8fad-266d50d401d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is most likely dependent upon montane forest, and its currently known altitudinal range is approximately 1,900-2,300m asl. (Drewes and Perret, 2000; Drewes et al., 2004). Males have been found calling on the banks of small streams from under roots or logs, and from holes in the mud.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1536 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02816618-adc9-4f8a-9659-1bec3176673f#habitat eed8f395-72d0-43f9-8a00-c2f3368c1824 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Puddle frogs occupy a diverse range of habitats, including primary and secondary forests,savannas, grasslands, and agricultural areas (Zimkus et al., 2010). They are also distributed across a wide altitudinal range from lowland areas to montane regions up to approximately 3000 m (IUCN et al., 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1028 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b1767341-bdff-4a19-bbe4-d1a8691ad3c6#habitat c728e8b9-371f-49b5-b5b5-1b0129a28fa1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is restricted to the drier parts of primary rainforest up to approximately 1,000m asl., where it is an arboreal species usually found low in the trees (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1532 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ee51143e-8ebb-4d28-93e9-81f3f720b744#habitat 5b5590b6-c71f-452a-814d-9804cfd5a6e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a leaf-litter puddle frog, generally living in the interior of, and on the edge of montane forest. Its altitudinal range is not well known, but it most likely occurs above 1,000 m asl. It is often associated with swampy in forest (Drewes et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1528 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0d77adc-c012-43a2-a772-dd0bc7394726#habitat 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a rainforest species, where it is generally found close to small streams in leaf-litter. It can survive in secondary forest and plantations, but not in open areas. It probably occurs up to at least 1,000m asl, perhaps higher (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00f6a751-9e85-4b2f-9d90-e785767ee5c6#habitat 8d2102a5-eba7-44dd-b2ce-5373bebc502d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information on its habitat and ecological preferences (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1542 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 85fc8790-52c2-457f-8e4f-2126c06564b1#habitat aa5b9a99-f8ed-41cb-8eca-849b839bd183 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found amongst herbaceous vegetation or rocks at the swampy margins of lakes, rivers, streams and temporary pools in both moist grassland and forest clearings. It breeds in lake edges, rivers, streams and pools. It is generally found at 1,300-2,800m asl, possibly down to 800m asl (Largen et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1530 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 80eb7914-7bd8-4dbc-81f4-05bb438e0d46#habitat d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a species of closed-canopy forest, gallery forests, and humid wooded savannas, though it is much more typical of forests. It can probably survive in secondary forest. It is usually found in the surroundings of ponds and swamps. It breeds in large temporary ponds and swamps (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3af821b8-aa5b-4a95-95a2-e2e569fe05cb#habitat fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a species of gallery forests in humid savannas, secondary forest along streams in the forest zone, and farm bush. It sometimes colonizes savanna habitats that have not been burned. It is mainly a lowland species, but occurs up to 1,200 m asl in Cameroon (Rödel and Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 008b5b9a-9271-4e15-a559-ee611b21e989#habitat 72c264da-54ae-451c-9dc7-26a6da492fec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found within rocky streams in undisturbed montane forests at elevations between 300 and 1950 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1512 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0d2b4055-cdc0-452f-b527-2e963afbae70#habitat 61d39f46-949e-4778-8b98-d7f6793bb4e4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found in forest, grassland and agricultural areas near forest at elevations between 1800 and 2000 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1498 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0828bc64-361a-4c27-a751-6d25ea1cbd50#habitat 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in lowland rainforest and in degraded secondary vegetation near forest, but not in open areas away from forest (Amiet et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0021e28-c4a8-4ddd-9a26-8271f94f4e94#habitat b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives on the floor of primary, secondary and riparian rainforest, and is often associated with rivers. It is not found in open habitats outside forest (Amiet et al., 2004). It reaches submontane elevations on Bioko Island (up to 1200–1300 m) but is present only at lowland elevations (up to 900 m) on mainland Cameroon (Zimkus, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc41b6b5-54ae-4106-89df-2c78717e9636#habitat 82f8055b-501c-4e3c-bb5e-860804803ccb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

All specimens have been found in primary forest close to inselbergs in leaf-litter (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1548 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3f5af35e-71a7-4fec-a310-119c1aff9b14#habitat 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a lowland forest species that can survive in somewhat degraded forest, but not in open habitats outside forest (Amiet et al, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 baa1d954-57a0-4305-83e2-12922ddcdd14#habitat 6e284a6d-7f0a-41bf-b607-255866ae0c63 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is presumably a forest species as it has been recorded as occurring in forest streams. It is also presumably a montane species, but its altitudinal range is not recorded (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1574 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7ce8847-5a3a-428c-879b-f03473ed987a#habitat 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a species of lowland rainforest, surviving to some limited extent in degraded forest. It is often found by tracks and small marshes in the forest. It breeds in small pools (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#habitat b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a low-altitude species found below 700 m that inhabits dry and humid savannahs, shrubland, grassland and coastal habitats, and it is adaptable to alteration of its habitats (Pickersgill et al., 2004; Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 97f2ed0d-3c88-41da-a4c1-99d538248649#habitat b854003a-8e29-4cb0-95a7-777bda079229 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku is known only from high altiude grasslands of Mt Oku (2800 m), Cameroon. Such grasslands do not occur in other highland areas of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, such as Mt Kupe (summit 2064 m), Mt Nlonako (summit 1825 m), Mt Manengouba (summit 2411 m), Tchabal Mbabo (highest elevation approximately 2380 m), or Obudu Plateau (highest elevation approximately 1700 m).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1591 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b5e56ae-affe-4a77-bdc2-1991fdefe6c3#habitat 43687184-84ff-4a1c-877d-3ec86a5673b6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species was found in a small temporary pond in anthropogenic grass land on the forest edge (Schick et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1578 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e15fa537-a034-451c-82e6-a7795593bc9b#habitat caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a lowland species that probably occurs up to over 1,000m asl., living in the vicinity of streams in forest. It only survives in secondary habitats at higher elevations (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 82be3e37-ffe2-433a-9b8b-2318405b34ed#habitat a0df547b-94ad-40bf-b514-cb5ba189158e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in both the savannah and forest zones; at Garamba, it is found in a variety of habitats from gallery forest to open grassland, frequenting marshes, ponds and streams. Its habitat preferences in the forest zone are not clear, though it is suspected to survive well in heavily degraded former forest or farm bush (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1601 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 94840559-5c8b-47ea-855c-09b1d51ee640#habitat 34920512-7018-4edc-a0d3-e23661a83ac0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information regarding the habitat and ecology of this species, but it is likely to be a montane forest species. The massif of Nanzergwa extends from 2,300-2,500m asl. (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1607 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fc12c2e7-a432-4661-a921-6331a2040690#habitat ad36a0c5-4d90-4ade-9761-1536ef76d516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is distributed in montane grassland and occasionally forest-edge habitats at 2,500-3,100 m. It can be found in disturbed habitats (Largen, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1666 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1f2dee0f-c9a4-4b1a-8b0c-db646079d6df#habitat 6772a593-b35b-40ab-9b96-b006c59b32e6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in montane and submontane forest.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1214 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e36cb55-d8c6-483a-a1cc-38ebd0baa659#habitat 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in and around small streams, roadside ditches, raphia swamps and marshes, surrounded by submontane and montane forest and grassland. It can survive in altered habitats. It breeds in still water and marshes (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 971993b1-526d-46c8-8cc7-b31f0a5c619d#habitat a6894435-ce55-424c-8877-327f893bc668 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is associated with slow-flowing watercourses in montane forests, forest strips, and montane grassland. It can be found in very open situations. It breeds in still water and marshes. It occurs up to 2,100m asl on Mount Oku (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1598 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0bbe384-2a2a-4dbb-b1d4-987b2b835149#habitat 268e04ea-0940-461f-b335-720360a16d37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It appears to be restricted to marshy areas in dry forest and grassland, especially where there is vegetation in the water. Its altitudinal range is unclear, though it probably occurs above 1,200m asl. (Channing et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1605 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5e517975-dfaa-4df5-955a-a0d85293a9c9#habitat 6211e78d-d368-496e-8674-7dc9a4acf105 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a species of montane meadows and grassland often associated with the waterbodies such as swamps and streams. It is occurs up to 3,000m asl. (Msuya et al., 2004). Learn more about the habitat of P. keniensis at the Encyclopedia of Earth's page on East African montane moorlands.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1577 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 31156049-076b-4e88-98bb-f0de189a7779#habitat ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is generally associated with montane and submontane forest, and is also found in rural gardens and in open areas, but generally not far from forest and certainly not in completely open landscapes (Loader et al., 2004). It is found in small streams, marshes, and pools (Channing and Howell, 2006) Its altitudinal range is 700-1,500m asl. (Loader et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 27806236-72ce-48d0-99a9-cf6804d158c2#habitat d623aa2b-0fc1-4310-9fc1-b06763fcf3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found only in forest, mostly in primary but sometimes also in secondary forest, and is usually associated with swampy areas, breeding in small forest streams. It probably occurs up to at least 1,000m asl, and perhaps even higher (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1571 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9db299e3-260e-4c84-b774-d424031ceb56#habitat d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The two localities with known habitat descriptions were in secondary and primary rainforests (Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1565 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4443e716-0aa5-4304-808a-5f3feb5d1300#habitat 07286bb6-00b0-4bbe-9180-d6a8ca553d40 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in humid savannah, grassland, and rainforest and degraded former forest (farm bush) at medium altitudes in permanently wet sites. It is believed to be able to survive in agricultural land in wet areas. It is particularly associated with flooded grassland, interspersed with reeds, where it presumably breeds (Pickersgill and Channing, 2004).

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This gallery forest where the holotype was collected was situated in a small depression surrounded by savanna habitat. In the area where P. pintoi was found, the forest was approximately 150 m wide. The edges were dominated by shrubs, while there were a small number of larger trees in the central section, with a more important canopy and open shrub stratum. P. pintoi was found in the leaf litter of this central area, close to the river. The soil was partly sandy with some stones and mainly covered with leaf litter. With the exception of the gallery forests, the general landscape in the Boulléré / Sangaradi area was dominated by savanna habitats on bauxite outcrops.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 38e7e457-805b-4ca6-bd40-bfcd676c22ce#habitat 011a684f-0e28-40dd-854d-71c266e64a66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in swampy parts of primary rainforest and does not survive in secondary habitats. It prefers habitat comprised of a sparse understorey and canopy, and a nearly closed tree-storey. Leaf litter coverage at these sites was about 80% (Rödel and Ernst, 2002). It probably occurs up to at least 1,000m asl, and perhaps even higher (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1580 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ad10b6a3-4c6f-487c-bbe3-2ebc85c5da8c#habitat 011b2060-aea3-4675-8e83-9cdcb7adc91c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is believed to be a lowland rainforest species (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1606 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8878d0c6-6942-4520-9b12-4b89004aab70#habitat 74ddd2ce-78a7-4da4-a35a-34d15b86f275 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species lives in leaf litter on the floor on montane forest from 1800m asl up to 2,200 m. It has not been found outside forest habitats (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

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This species is found in lowland forest up to 410 m. It tolerates some degree of habitat degradation including selective logging (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/879 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a3a7621-725d-446b-8f88-6a234cc4d087#habitat c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is typically found in montane grassland at elevations between at 1,500 and 2,700m asl. but penetrates at least marginally into tropical deciduous forest and into somewhat arid savannah. It is usually found in marshy situations, and in the vicinity of streams (Largen, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1296 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f40f0126-0086-4152-848b-81bc662c830c#habitat 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species inhabits wet submontane rainforest; it is never found in open areas away from mature forest, although it tolerates slightly disturbed habitat, including banana patches near mature forest. It is found at elevations between 900 and 1650 m (Howell et al., 20040; Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 115e636b-2f30-4dc5-936f-040a9d848a5d#habitat 78b08515-3f99-45b7-a961-4c4a5b440720 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in coastal savanna woodlands at elevations up to 800 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1167 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b64ed5ea-737f-4db6-9c66-2d55bc884d9c#habitat 270692a7-685b-4b9a-b7d7-349a1f1158cc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is common in savanna, grassland, and shrubland in coastal lowlands at elevations up to 1400 m. It tolerates some degree of habitat alteration and may be found in agricultural areas (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1488 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d3ebc02c-72a8-40ae-96aa-f9501359d36f#habitat 285e1759-60a8-420f-8569-308a37589a3e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is common in savanna, grassland, and shrubland in coastal lowlands at elevations up to 2000 m. It tolerates some degree of habitat alteration and may be found in agricultural areas (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1475 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 298f0040-e98d-4f9d-9022-2041af29a2aa#habitat d1f0d599-7773-4e5f-a8fe-4f61dfe44cd2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

They are associated with savanna habitat and are not generally seen in forested areas (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/952 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3c616620-bf16-4393-8210-8497b45821a6#habitat 4b5f3e54-b4a5-4372-8d20-953982015d52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information on the habitat and ecology of this species. It could be a species of montane forest, or montane grassland, or possibly high-altitude swamps. The altitude of the type locality is also not known, but it is likely to be greater than 2,000 m (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/892 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17386030-0e95-4c41-8eee-6c6394ae7b69#habitat 98893545-8ad6-465e-80cd-aaaf15fd84c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species resides in the soil of montane and submontane forest (400 - 1450 m), as well as altered habitats, such as small farms (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/897 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1d97a6f7-19fb-4f60-a164-68f3ba6612e9#habitat 62afe0ca-15b4-4cb4-84e1-c24bda83bfa5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found in coastal forests and woodlands at elevations up to 1000 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/872 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6308393e-05d3-4bec-959e-4f4ad35b32a0#habitat 6cc25cc8-a3cf-42c8-ba28-44b754364bf8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in lowland coastal forest, and woodland at elevations up to 800 m. It tolerates some degree of habitat alteration if adequate cover is available (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/870 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ab4edf65-bf93-4bb9-80e4-070688fc3d66#habitat cfdad484-29b2-45e2-8243-5593b4c5bdfa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The type locality is situated in the centre of Banco National Park, and the frogs were collected from a water filled rill (1 m width, about 50 cm deep; clear; slow-flowing water; submerged vegetation) that is situated between a clearing and swampy rainforest (Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/907 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fe68af67-a4cc-4800-acb6-bdcf662ba632#habitat f7795cab-a695-488f-bf10-d47ce3344598 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found in coastal lowlands including woodland, dry forest and farmland at elevations up to 650 m. It is often associated with areas of sandy soil or rocks and tolerates a small amount of habitat
degradation, being found in areas of low-intensity agriculture (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/871 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44a7b114-1d04-4d04-8b8a-a5b963b9b5b6#habitat d63fde15-3f27-48a2-8d75-190e64b00e92 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lived only in soaked herbaceous vegetation in the spray zone of the Kihansi Falls at elevations of 600–940 m (Channing et al., 2009; Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/889 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 549794e1-29a4-41c6-9e76-9089f2d65530#habitat f5d67cde-bf6e-46d8-a75f-7b1fa09ef002 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from tall, submontane rainforest between 1080 and 1345 m (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/893 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6bf3773a-91e4-41b8-9f9a-b10f3bf48833#habitat b9b20f5d-8490-4814-9284-ae7b56ac01ca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found only in forested hilly country (near sea level up to 1,400m asl.) and lives in or near water (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1523 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#habitat 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in rocky areas in lowland forest, usually near flowing water, and cannot survive significant modification of its forest habitat (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1522 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ce0294ab-6353-44fa-94f9-2fdbb33e1687#habitat 9d5222e5-1355-427c-a6ce-d74a1697e77d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in rocky forest streams within undisturbed forestat elevations between 600 and 1800 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1516 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 79776144-f7bb-4459-84e3-f84a2777dcfa#habitat 1641854e-2440-4c74-af07-5770105722af http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known only from the type locality in the Ukaguru Mountains at 1840 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/866 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 366bf196-b1e5-4cce-9d5b-3da3ed301635#habitat 8f12a24f-df5f-4923-8147-a968dcdcb167 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in the vicinity of fast-flowing rivers and streams in rainforest. Rivers and streams have a sandy bottoms and clean, slightly tannic oxygen-rich waters (Sabater-Pi, 1985). It can survive in secondary habitats close to rivers, as well as in forest, but not in very heavily degraded areas (farm bush). It is generally found at low to medium altitudes, below 1,000m asl. (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e0a1d661-1a9e-4369-8fc7-b876d3b76f6a#habitat 20742e55-fed6-461f-9ce6-4148a4c0d3d2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found within coastal savannas, humid woodlands and degraded forest at elevations up to 1000 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1470 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e04e250-8a73-4a46-af1f-add88d0187a6#habitat 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is associated in with emergent vegetation at the margins of swamps, rivers and lakes in all types of savannah, grassland and bush land, as well as many human-modified habitats, including cultivated land, towns and gardens. It spreads rapidly into recently created waterbodies (Schiøtz et al., 2004). It is found at elevations up to 1400 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c74f0bf3-0caa-41d1-a4fc-3e6cdc5f5d63#habitat 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. maculatus inhabits various vegetation types within the Savanna and Grassland biomes, as well as on the Zululand coastal plain (Lambiris 1989a). Although this species is usually associated with riverine habitats in the Ivory Coast it occurs in both forest and savanna habitats (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

A. maculatus is a widespread species associated with lowland rivers, forest edges and humid savanna at elevations up to 1700 m. It tolerates degraded habitat including agricultural fields (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d26b11c4-3613-444c-83f9-308c18fd999c#habitat e4fbf835-dede-47ec-8a9a-29663108281b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found within leaf litter in submontane and montane forest at elevations between 750 and 1800 m. It may be found in villages near forests (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1244 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 133c38c4-9cba-4a26-9635-7b46d171d49a#habitat d23eed55-1d66-4f58-8169-65e14bd0cba6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in forest streams at elevations between 750 and 1000 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/779 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3b65e084-f155-4cb7-95ef-a4aa13f60b9c#habitat 8f082328-bb4d-4387-b0f0-1df936593e7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in streams in forest and montane grassland at elevations between 1740 and 2000 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/778 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e7255dd-7fe1-4cf6-90f6-3e8e77f8d355#habitat 5957bed9-fd1b-474d-9cd3-0d384fde8cbb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in wet, montane grasslands at elevations from 1800–2050 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1325 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc8708c2-7f5a-4fba-8943-cc19a6c2cb2d#habitat 59652306-c075-40d5-a40a-8ee39c9f9baa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in grassland, savanna, and coastal forests at elevations from 0 – 1200 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1318 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5530ff93-95f8-483f-8143-4a46844e4915#habitat 66ef2b97-6fad-4920-b469-5afd94c705c5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in leaf litter of lowland and montane forest at elevations from sea level to 2000 m. It is often found under logs and in banana leaves (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1065 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 474fb827-c5f9-4751-8606-8f3894432200#habitat ddba1054-01b9-4a21-973a-a49a29662f98 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a common species in the Usambaras and is found in the soil (typically the top 20 cm) in forests and on smallfarms. It is absent from compacted soils (e.g. tea plantations), but can penetrate very hard forest soils to depths > 50 cm. It is found at elevations between 300 and 1500 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/898 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6fb72832-0f4f-492e-a5f6-ccba9838b97d#habitat f05a584e-0e2e-4302-8481-52cc348bb750 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in leaf litter within montane forest, and the type specimen was collected at 1530 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1068 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d356aba8-c091-46ca-8742-0c1b4cb5dc3e#habitat c91c885e-a1e5-4a5f-8403-cf4efb9fafce http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in vegetation in forest clearings and was collected at 300 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1077 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 202a7792-d7eb-4e88-bf2b-baced1375ef9#habitat 3945176f-73a8-4adc-a9f5-887f2169af18 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has been found in very low numbers in agricultural areas. The only protected area within its Kenyan distribution is Shimba Hills where they occur in natural forest. It has been found at elevations from 140 to 450 m (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/903 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c2d9592b-6e36-42e7-8b34-8509432e8ac2#habitat c6f0fa8a-b3a1-421e-880a-972702dddc54 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known from grasslands at elevations above 1500 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1207 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 323ea0d3-65cf-48fb-9c11-532593dbd29c#habitat 3f6dcd88-6397-48e6-b5cb-a1fbdefd0b52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species inhabits forest, including banana patches, at elevations from 600 to 2200 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/890 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 367160e8-03b1-4ff5-bff9-b5ab9263472d#habitat e8d01d41-7adf-49ad-acd4-37e74aed3441 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in undisturbed montane forest and montane grassland at elevations up to 1200 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/887 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a9ba870-e145-414a-83c0-b7707f5a0d46#habitat d420b434-a08f-4212-8bb6-090ef218d160 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

All specimens were found in moist submontane rainforest, close to a stream at 1200 m (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/886 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 66682645-7d33-417c-a1e2-f74e9f6de828#habitat 5114252b-5513-4abe-a3c7-33e712cd8b7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

All specimens were in montane forest at approximately 1800 m in a valley dominated by the tree fern Cyathea manniana. The animals were found on vegetation up to 1.3m from the ground during rainy evenings along a stream and close to standing water. It was most often found on small trees, shrubs or bushes (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/885 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6d617c9f-a318-46c6-b61d-df5ebbfc3890#habitat fdb4232c-4b31-4e06-8736-9962a1e5720d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The only known specimens were collected in closed submontane forest relatively close to a stream and a dry riverbed at 920 - 950 m (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/881 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a87ad317-2968-425f-bcca-aebaa15931d5#habitat 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a forest-dependent species, and does not survive in degraded habitats. Its altitudinal range is not fully known, but it is a species of medium to high altitudes (Schiøtz et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a1663f9-8e8b-48b8-bd69-aeb7990b1aad#habitat 0323b683-f94c-4173-b2df-ab67ba1843c2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in floodplain grasslands at elevations from 200 – 500 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1241 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 10dcff12-8fa6-456c-b3a5-67022c20bab6#habitat 8b5a6376-45d3-4da2-987a-67f5d55093fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in a wide range of arid habitat types including dry savannas, woodlands, dry riverbeds and near oases at elevations between 200 and 1800 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1223 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ba93660e-6eb1-4f55-b7d9-b39d6699acb3#habitat 3b3af21d-111a-4d4e-a020-54625489dfb1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a very common species that can be found in the leaf-litter of montane and submontane forests, as well as grasslands and a range of degraded habitat types, from 850 – 2050 m (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1083 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4ff7f06b-5531-4875-a7ae-80ebe8862b6e#habitat ff70bd05-e983-47c3-bbba-5483829a64a8 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found within leaf litter in forests and is known from elevations between 1383 and 1900 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1090 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7498085e-e01b-4457-81d4-42b6dc450f60#habitat f84d1822-5fb6-4c28-a6f5-98fd3787290c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found within leaf litter within forests and is known only from the type locality in the Nguru Mountains at an elevation of 830 m (Blackburn, 2009; Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1078 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e72ef301-96dd-485f-ad89-d9a68c3791bb#habitat 940392dd-9102-4566-a996-94e8b836249f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a species of montane forest, including bamboo and areas near agriculture, known from elevations between 1790 and 2100 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1093 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f15db997-55e7-442a-aacb-1cf79f5f1045#habitat bc7b42ca-b174-4637-9d6a-fa3457a53bee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is distributed in montane forest and is known only from the type locality in the Rubeho Mountains at 1900 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1091 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f3191907-dd69-4096-a9bc-b704bc1e7145#habitat 5bf4d2dc-6324-4492-879f-ca0b7391e21d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found within the leaf-litter of moist evergreen montane forests at elevations between 1500 and 2000 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/921 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 421eb40a-c4f8-44cf-9067-5831e7475042#habitat 5c0c371f-0c6f-4997-858d-0f26aed1c6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in dry and more humid savannas, and it is absent from pockets of forest and high rocky terrain within its range. Since the large temporary waters and small mud holes where it is known to breed are not common habitats, its distribution is patchy. It is able to survive in modified habitats (Rödel et al., 2004). It is found at elevations up to 1200 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/714 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5fc29338-362f-4cfc-bd82-553346192003#habitat 529d9482-6c64-4702-aa6a-782825cbdd74 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found only in undisturbed submontane and montane forest from 900 – 1800 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1172 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 55c2860d-b53f-4f38-b800-97f12347eac9#habitat 58ad5f18-4d60-4d0f-ac90-80900a7fd520 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in montane rainforest at elevations between 700 – 2100 m, and it is often found along streams (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1152 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3a54247c-2c09-416a-a14e-2a727f28fa9b#habitat cccbd471-0b14-4e14-878b-6a419a1aeb68 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a species of lowland rainforest in hilly country found at altitudes between 300 and 1,000m asl. It is not known to what extent it can adapt to forest disturbance (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1128 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b737153-7903-493d-8463-dbfc0db47975#habitat 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in wet areas of forest and agricultural land at elevations up to 2000 m (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17a67148-bbdb-451a-87cd-0956ca0bce06#habitat 6521ec38-ef4a-42b0-9014-489aa95d86fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found in dry and moist forest, savanna and shrubland at elevations from 0 - 2000 m; it tolerates some degree of habitat alteration (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1352 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1297f50f-c344-4234-a48b-6c6f3b93a1de#habitat 7367564c-766b-43e8-8996-60222b08b7d2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in undisturbed montane forest, and it is known only from the type locality in the within the Usambara Mountians of Tanzania at an altitude of 1410 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1439 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 26a54e23-7777-4639-b7cf-3e664b84a5b0#habitat 11119a8d-7157-429f-af1c-06a653a445a7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found within high elevation grasslands (1400–2000 m). It tolerates a moderate degree of habitat modification and can be found in some agricultural areas (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1465 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6e747caf-454e-44f7-acc0-ca528c3df680#habitat 81350b25-76a4-42c2-ae23-ef8d2bf4d592 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found at high elevation (1500–1850 m) grasslands and degraded habitats including open farmland, pastures, gardens and former forest (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1463 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fc5239dc-34ab-4e41-a4c1-05ea84a21c02#habitat 7549207b-e012-4412-a7aa-2b3c0e89f8c6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in coastal forests and formerly forested areas of Kenya at elevations between 140 and 350 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1415 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0034935b-1c98-48ea-a3eb-5e3cdc231984#habitat fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is normally a leaf-litter species, but it can be found inside the axils of wild bananas. It is found at elevations from 600 – 1200 m (Harper et al., 2010).

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This is normally a leaf-litter species but can be found inside fallen bamboo stems or on wild bananas. It is not found in disturbed forest. The elevational range is unclear, but this frog can be found above 1200 m (Harper et al., 2010); it ranges higher than Hoplophryne rogersi.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b170956-7c18-49ae-8845-7992e44b0732#habitat 098b492c-c12b-48ef-895c-e25f5dcf6ec9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in permanent bodies of water within savannas at elevations up to 900 m. It is also often found within towns (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/841 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a20704b3-416a-4477-b2ec-f7a3dd47aea3#habitat a7b1c5e7-92b2-4c9d-84bd-ea045e95e6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in swamps within montane forest. It was collected at an elevation of 1740 m in the Udzungwa Mountains (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1358 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b897fbd9-4b26-43bf-85d5-0612b058a0f0#habitat 7fe106ad-6b49-43f4-ab31-f400431d6f42 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found in a wide variety of habitat types including forest, grasslands, shrubland and savanna at elevations between 200 and 900 m (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1473 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0a16754e-6882-4c96-8648-8e277a1b0a66#habitat 15a9fa61-d43a-4e19-b5b9-6c3f08d8f58c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in a wide range of habitat types, including savanna, shrubland, grassland, and degraded habitats, such as, agricultural and urban area at elevations up to 900 m (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1443 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 70f2ca2f-6181-41f2-80fb-0c2f420f025e#habitat 2735a23b-df56-4951-98aa-77df4ffdb130 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in open high-elevation grasslands and forest clearings at elevations above 1800 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1454 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 63656e20-ec28-43b3-82c1-31946bde24a7#habitat 6425ff9a-2c2a-4115-adc1-241ecf2f50f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in dry and moist forest at elevations up to 1200 m, and it is also found in degraded habitats, including gardens (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1456 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4e95ec5d-c3a2-4740-8c75-0176ecea6a20#habitat 2baa120f-f738-4648-b6ab-b6387e3aac88 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in lowland and montane forest and forest edges from 300 to 1800 m. It tolerates a moderate amount of habitat degradation and can be found in banana patches (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/884 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cbd8b4dc-9340-4de7-96ff-aa2886c8c4e8#habitat 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

All records have been from montane and submontane forest between 1230 and 2000 m, including in the ecotone between forest and ericaceous vegetation. The type series was collected in montane forest dominated by Ocotea usambarensis and Podocarpus sp. (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1affad54-0f22-4c22-952d-d0f15dcd5828#habitat 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a terrestrial species living in forest, bamboo, and grasslands at the forest edge from 1,350-2,800 m asl. It has been found in maize cultivation, but needs to be close to the forest edge, and probably cannot tolerate complete opening up of its habitat (Loader et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dfc9ce18-866e-4bf3-8a9d-0cb6f588a2ef#habitat 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species inhabits the forest floor of undisturbed moist montane forest at elevations from 1500 to 1650 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 50031fba-e4ce-4166-898d-89f2518e476e#habitat a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in lowland forest and mangrove forests, and can tolerate a limited degree of habitat disturbance (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51815546-aa98-44e5-aeaf-d0c3aabbd8b7#habitat c10ad5c4-67b3-44f8-8a5f-85775fc7166c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is associated with streams within forests and gallery forests (Frétey and Blanc, 2001; Barej et al., 2010). It is known from lowland localities, but also reaches altitudes above 1000 m (e.g. Mertens 1965; Plath et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1513 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef6cbd15-907e-498d-aee3-a4f3478bce05#habitat cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It occurs in savannahs, including in areas with long dry seasons, and breeds in flooded grassland and in pools of water with fringing vegetation. It also breeds in paddy fields, and has been found in ditches in towns (Moyer et al., 2004)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a394f79e-79e0-4482-9979-cd6512a3645f#habitat 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The holotype and only specimen was collected from a flooded meadow partially fringed by pine trees at approximately 1,600m asl. This species is most likely associated with montane grassland (Pickersgill, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1584 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 24813f47-b493-48db-85bb-637f9aeafea7#habitat 8986d907-d4cd-4ec5-8d9c-6a871b166970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a species of swamps and marshes in both montane forest and montane grassland. It occurs at very high altitudes, from at least 2,400m asl (perhaps lower) to over 3,000m asl. (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1595 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02be8d1b-fd88-401a-b417-c185d1b488e6#habitat c8f9e655-dc5e-4c7c-9b89-209e45ea0791 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is known to live in swamps both within and outside montane forest, above 2,400m asl. (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004). According to Laurent (1964), P. asper is most commonly founds in the brooks that come down from the hills through bamboo woods and light gallery forest composed of hagenias, lobelias, and varies bushes.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1555 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7e6c7d0b-4039-4cc4-9c74-100ba99a3bd9#habitat 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in submontane and montane primary and secondary forest, degraded forest, and dense brush from 850-1,850m asl. It does not appear to survive in completely open habitats (Amiet and Gartshore, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3949b720-f3e8-4d4d-8d0a-2c30d5f4bd3f#habitat f6b6b38a-b52d-4de2-85d1-1720e16124e2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is recorded from at 1,900-2,000m asl. and is presumed to be a montane forest species (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1543 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5c66f737-5a2d-4c94-9b72-f37c0dd25704#habitat 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives both in leaf-litter and beside streams in montane forest, occurring between 800 and 1,800m asl., and it appears to be a species confined to the interior of forest (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef495710-c5dd-4410-8fed-7841e2804d30#habitat 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus dispar is distributed from low to medium elevations (sea level- 948 m) on Príncipe Island. It is present in primary forest, farm bush (heavily degraded former forest), and abandoned plantations where wet conditions prevail. It is generally not present close to human habitation (Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f4f839ba-f3c3-4df7-88bc-9d9172883765#habitat 3aa3fd2c-87fb-4cca-9fe3-500133cf3507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a species of humid and dry savanna, also living in altered habitats, such as agricultural areas and villages. It breeds in a variety of temporary water habitats, including small temporary ponds and puddles, and ditches in villages (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1540 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#habitat dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in wooded and open savanna, secondary forest, heavily degraded former forest (farm bush), agricultural areas, and inselbergs in rainforest. It avoids closed primary rainforest. It breeds in temporary ponds, puddles, and roadside ditches.

Typical P. accraensis were found in the rainforest zone of the Ivory Coast, both in areas disturbed by man and in those parts of the primary forest at the Tai National Park where vegetation happens to be rather scanty (e.g. on Inselbergs). Hughes (1988) quotes P. accraensis for any habitat in Ghana, but this probably shows that he does not distinguish savanna and forest forms. Schiøtz (1967) considers P. accraensis a "farm bush" element of the fauna, i.e. occupying an intermediary position between savanna and forest species. Lamotte (1967b) quotes both savanna and forest locations, but the latter are reported to prevail. Different types of water bodies are colonized at different seasons.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 16ed6290-6018-4310-ad67-2637ef4baef9#habitat 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is distributed from low to medium elevations (sea level - 1450 m) on São Tomé island. It is present in primary forest, farm bush (heavily degraded former forest), and abandoned plantations where wet conditions prevail. It is generally not present close to human habitation (Drewes, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44167320-d7b8-413a-bf8e-fb776a637cf6#habitat a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The habitat surround the relatively shallow Crate Lake is montane grassland (2,000m asl.).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b76b6209-6b80-4e37-a8cb-d0d2627fb34b#habitat f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is found amongst herbaceous vegetation or rocks at the swampy margins of lakes, rivers, streams and temporary pools in both moist grassland and forest clearings. It is generally found at 1,300-2,800m asl, possibly down to 800m asl. (Largen et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a83db5db-bd48-4779-9e0d-9602fff9ae7d#habitat 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in the leaf litter of the forest floor, as well as iin forest fringes and clearings. It has not been found in areas away from the forest (Pickersgill and Howell, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 916f0418-fc27-4822-b015-78128ce6cf82#habitat 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It has been found calling from puddles and pools, occupying areas with denser fringing vegetation than Phrynobatrachus mababiensis. It has also been in sites where dense bush has been cleared for vegetable plots. The little available evidence suggests that it survives well in habitats modified by humans. There are records from very close to sea-level, up to 429m asl in the West Usambara footlhills (Pickersgill, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ca07d98f-ba74-4d91-bdd3-419182822f97#habitat 8c23a261-06b0-4171-841f-a75b6370c029 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is known from grassy and shrubby savannah, and from gallery forests in Garamba National Park. Its habitat preferences in the forest zone (e.g., at Kunungu and Mauda) are not clear, though it is suspected to survive well in heavily degraded former forest (farm bush; Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1561 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8298682f-c627-4fd0-bd63-75d043d488c2#habitat 9c528af0-017d-4c79-aec9-c4eb755372a6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a species of humid savannahs and grassland, including montane grassland, sometimes penetrating montane forest. It survives well in agricultural land, including in rice paddies. Most records are probably from over 1,000m asl, and it probably occurs up to over 2,000m asl. (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1562 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 da405e57-2e2c-4a4c-97cc-afa2868395fd#habitat b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a species of primary and sometimes secondary forest that does not survive outside forest (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 33b6578b-bc10-4703-9864-d92a86b1e13b#habitat 57ab534d-f71a-4278-b62d-0a2b772a1026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a species of miombo woodland savannahs, and open grassland, including montane grassland. It is likely to be able to adapt to altered habitats, although data are lacking. It is found at higher elevations from approximately 1,000 m-2,000 m asl. (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1547 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 20eec41a-1803-44a2-a45a-4540c031ed43#habitat acdf2da2-7cd8-471e-8c8f-3514a4ec8465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a species found in leaf-litter of secondary forests with a broken canopy, tree fall gaps in primary forest, heavily degraded former forest (farm bush) and occasionally in moist savannah. It occurs up to 1,600m asl.(Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1608 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c13191-5401-4e5f-b6ad-002fd3a552f9#habitat f889d03b-51f2-4149-9a2f-5e74fa8e6e1d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a montane species, probably occurring above 1,000m asl, and perhaps ranging to over 2,000m asl in places. It is found in forest, forest edges, and open montane grassland. It may live in marshy areas in open habitats, or at the edges montane forest. (Mazibuko and Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1596 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 58b7f558-aed8-4e39-a9fe-bca3bd151974#habitat cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Both Jozani Forest and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest are coastal forest. This species lives within leaf litter on the forest floor. All records are from very close to sea-level (Pickersgill, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5f7c3079-7141-4199-8212-7d98415d2704#habitat 7f95029a-c6fd-4267-b367-1203696bda0d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It inhabits submontane and montane forest, where it is associated with mountain streams. It has not been found in degraded habitats. It generally occurs above 900m asl (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1588 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7a8605e5-3819-4880-9b5c-ddd58d755434#habitat cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a leaf-litter species of mountain forest that is particularly associated with swamps and rivulets and occurs only in undisturbed habitats. It probably occurs mainly above 1,500m asl and ranges to at least 2,300m asl. (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

Loveridge (1942) does not doubt that this is a forest-associated species but notes that the majority of individuals collected from the he Kigezi district were found in deforested uplands. According to Laurent (1964), P. versicolor from the Itombwe Highlands are most commonly found in the peaty bogs and exists less frequently in the brooks that come down from the hills through bamboo woods and light gallery forest.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0375a4de-9aff-43dc-81c2-6adcd2292a04#habitat 5e0a7b2f-882c-40ea-863f-1d0814b8dff7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a species of primary forest, and is not found in secondary forest (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1594 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17ade2da-14ef-4bab-8d96-0ca1a5167b98#habitat f2485b4d-0ed1-4fce-a51f-910ceb181a59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in high elevation savannas and grassland up to 1900 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1667 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0956b6b0-79be-4213-95ed-3810c205702a#habitat 13ec6613-454f-47f4-8495-617af76e002d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Cameroon it lives in savannahs and grasslands, including flooded grassland, avoiding areas with tall grass and other vegetation. It breeds in temporary marshes. On Mount Nimba it is said to live in both forest and savannah (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7b61159-3d47-4c20-b3e3-7d910c75b625#habitat 1c825b4b-2ec8-41ef-8d19-c593154428d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in large numbers in mud near rice paddies and other water bodies, and it is known only from just above sea level (0 – 10 m; Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1712 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4dd63240-1954-41c0-a6da-2a7912ae0e1e#habitat 2c8ab9f7-5b90-45eb-acf0-f1c3abe9f892 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

These species was locally abundant in standing water associated with mineral extraction in a region that was surrounded by mature forest and also mixed use agricultural areas (Evans et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1620 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 47edb759-ae01-4e4d-bbc1-aa8cc0ef60a7#habitat ee2daf70-7c9e-4d9b-be0e-1a47abc73509 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Boycott and De Villiers (1986) reported that H. rosei occurs mostly in streams draining the wetter southern and eastern slopes, the habitat receive annual rainfall of 1600–2000 mm with an altitude of 240–1060 m. The vegetation types in these habitats are Afromontane Forest and Mountain Fynbos, respectively (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1287 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 b1ad9a73-16f4-4046-bad5-6c0cdefeb7a1#habitat 2b2ffdfc-6ac6-4e9c-bfe0-3f321b58c118 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

M. capensis has specialized habitat requirements and is sensitive to urban and agricultural threats and invasive plants and animals. The species is restricted to certain wetlands in low-lying coastal areas of the Fynbos Biome. The wetlands comprise ponds, pans, vleis and coastal lakelets filled with darkly stained, humic, generally acidic waters (pH 4.0–7.0). Most of these wetlands are seasonal, and by late summer most breeding sites are dry. Some of the larger wetlands (<25%) at times still retain some water by the end of the dry season, and a few never seem to dry up. The wetland substrates tend to contain a dark humic layer, and the sandy surroundings vary from white to grey to almost black, depending on the humic content. When their wetland habitat starts to dry up, these frogs bury themselves and aestivate through the dry season (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/803 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 149513d9-2d58-4928-802c-d9c85cfa4f39#habitat f3efada9-26d4-4406-a931-02570f5fe17e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The areas in which this species occurs receive 600–3000 mm rain per annum. The localities vary in altitude from 60 m on the southern Cape Peninsula, to 1600 m, although >80% of localities are above 400 m. C. rosei has a geographically fragmented distribution pattern that, based on current knowledge. This toad is restricted to mountains where it occurs in undisturbed Mountain Fynbos of the Fynbos Biome. Although it is usually associated with the generally flatter topography on mountain tops recorded from low-lying plateaus on the southern Cape Peninsula (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1265 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 ae6456c2-2b8f-44c1-ab71-0f065e0e07e9#habitat d3318857-5abe-4b77-975a-cd7f6952b0b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. capense inhabits flat or gently undulating low-lying areas with poorly drained loamy to clay soils. It also occurs in more sandy habitats but appears to be absent from the deep sands of the Cape Flats and adjoining coastal regions. It is restricted to altitudes below 280 m in areas that receive an annual rainfall of 300–1000 mm (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/792 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 5370ee49-d186-4b0a-81fd-91804b5e5520#habitat 4a150e3a-61ba-4e4b-8f99-b8f97f336043 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. grayii occurs from sea level to 1800 m in the mountains of Lesotho and Swaziland

This species is found in the winter-rainfall region of Western Cape Province, and in the summer-rainfall region to the North. Annual rainfall is 250–2000 mm in the winter-rainfall region, and 500–1000 mm summer-rainfall region. The species inhabits the entire Fynbos Biome as well as parts of the Succulent Karoo, Nama Karoo, Savanna, Grassland, Thicket and Forest biomes. Outside the relatively temperate, southwestern parts of its range, S. grayii is largely restricted to uplands (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1684 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 08863587-a1c0-4463-89ed-822390016963#habitat 66a08355-5ce1-4d77-a208-35926b1c78ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In relatively low-lying areas, S. springbokensis inhabits Upland Succulent Karoo vegetation in the Succulent Karoo Biome, while on the mountains it occurs in North-western Mountain Renosterveld of the Fynbos Biome. These areas receive annual rainfall of <60 mm. In this arid environment, these frogs are restricted to the proximity of springs, seeps, small permanent and nonpermanent streams and artificial impoundments (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1690 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 a2429276-e37f-42cb-a5d3-77b1fa645edc#habitat a762ece9-1e52-4d2d-b3a3-bd1aac1c1c66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

T. delalandii inhabits lowlands and valleys throughout the Fynbos and Succulent Karoo biomes. Annual rainfall in these areas is 60–750 mm (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1694 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 c30987b4-7d36-4039-b4c1-0d3d46f796d0#habitat edb0773e-ec8b-412e-b1cb-dfd7a088d49b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

T. marmorata inhabits a range of bushveld vegetation types in the Savanna Biome. It seems to prefer sandy soil and occurs in areas where annual rainfall is 500–1000 mm. It breeds in slow-flowing rivers and streams as well as isolated pools, pans or dams with sandy substrates (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1697 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9900f000-4cc6-463b-892f-3929ef547f9c#habitat 80cec0d7-5fda-438d-af70-e6ecd09c9b57 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

T. natalensis is found in a variety of vegetation types in the Grassland and Savanna biomes. These areas receive annual rainfall of 300–1000 mm (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1693 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 6dabfd9a-f186-47d4-87e2-7b446bed9247#habitat bcd4388b-a6a2-48a5-a31f-dec6d15f0c0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species occurs in subcoastal areas, a distribution that encompasses the Fynbos and Grassland biomes. This toad is usually restricted to altitudes >1000 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1258 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Cunningham http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 9a537bdb-8b9e-4a70-8f07-3ee21eec79e0 7e34b68b-2a4f-46f0-a550-596e6767a85e#habitat 1935ba6e-54eb-436b-ad5c-d685d34899c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species has a distinctly coastal distribution and is generally associated with low-lying areas within about 10 km of the sea. Its distribution correlates with large wetland areas, including rivers, and an annual rainfall of ≥ 600 mm. B. pantherinus is mainly associated with sandy coastal
lowlands but, in places, can also be found in valleys and on the lower mountain slopes and hills near the coast. It is a wide-ranging species and, although it seems to spend most of its time away from water, this toad is always found in the general vicinity of wetland habitats such as rivers, coastal lakes, vleis and pans. (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1238 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 1cada028-122b-4a5d-8717-ee38287e52e5 96d6b5e5-595b-483a-a3e5-987e9388f079#habitat 3974b9fb-cd90-46f7-93de-d6faff8b6f59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. umbraculata inhabits Alti Mountain Grassland vegetation, in topography characterized by steep slopes and fast-flowing streams. Annual precipitation is 500– 750 mm and occurs as summer thunderstorms and winter snowfalls (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/775 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 668ccfcb-a382-4309-b6f3-605327e12ff3#habitat 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amietia angolensis inhabits the Grassland and Savanna biomes, and forest fringe. Annual rainfall in these areas is 500–900 mm. The species tolerates some habitat disturbance and is frequently associated with human habitation, taking up residence in ditches and ponds, often where reeds and water lilies are present (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 ce5b92bc-27b5-4a37-b9bf-bc7fb4134e71#habitat 03a0670d-fd3b-4f47-aa26-4779d5a8cb50 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Walton (1984) reported that A. dracomontana is found in montane grassland at altitudes above 2000 m in areas that usually experience snow in winter and where annual rainfall is >700 mm (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/767 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 d01a9b58-6bd7-4b7e-9d8b-f6d685df97e9#habitat cc6337c7-19c4-4f76-a575-67451791412f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. fuscigula inhabits mainly the Grassland and Fynbos biomes, but fragmented populations occur in the southwestern parts of the arid Succulent Karoo and Nama Karoo biomes. It occurs in both winter- and summer rainfall areas, where annual precipitation ranges from 200 mm in the Karoo to >3000 mm on the Cape fold mountains. A. fuscigula uses the same habitat throughout the year. It is associated with permanent springs, ponds and farm dams in the dry northwest, while elsewhere it occurs along most well-vegetated waterways (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/774 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 7554efeb-61d6-4b53-9456-1457894bc589#habitat 9e6241db-9d3c-47c8-89b5-07efc187892a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Visser and Channing (1997) describe this species as inhabiting Mountain Fynbos that receives annual rainfall of 300–800 mm, mainly in winter. The frog is associated with rocky streams on steep, wellvegetated slopes and forested gorges (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/776 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 71a5bbef-1a93-4d7d-88ca-4c111b5e321d#habitat 2fc2dcfc-bb7a-4631-bac4-608656506f09 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. hewitti inhabits pockets of forest and dense natural vegetation alongside streams in ravines and valleys in mountainous terrain up to 2700 m. It may be found amongst the leaf litter on the forest floor, in wet mossy embankments near waterfalls and rapids, or in small pools on the walls of rocky kloofs (Lambiris 1989). Annual rainfall is >750 mm over most of its range (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/782 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 cb37f73b-db34-4c79-a4db-13abac4162c2#habitat c78a5d70-e262-43f7-87f8-1c63e7176400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This frog is associated with moss and matted vegetation found in seepages and along heavily vegetated streams, often on steep slopes. It is known from montane fynbos where the winter rainfall exceeds 750 mm (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/787 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 6d1a7a9b-606c-4d7c-a090-849f2ab56d90#habitat d62c945f-2d69-4305-a569-68a643bfbee4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A .drewesii inhabits dense vegetation along stream edges and seepages, in montane fynbos. This species is found in wet areas at altitudes >200m, these areas have a winter rainfall that receives 500–750 mm (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/788 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 4914ac16-025c-4677-af21-f485a3bee639#habitat 6aa45b8f-b0c8-4f5a-8fba-4cf4ee3b8d44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. landdrosia inhabits montane fynbos and forest (A.L. de Villiers pers. comm.) along streams and in seepages, including those on steep slopes. It occurs in winter rainfall areas that receive annual rainfall >750 mm. It is found from sea level to 1600 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/786 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 b4124746-e0c5-4a56-91ba-c16577df15f5#habitat a3d864ed-e1c0-4edc-a5ea-2f99106acbec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is restricted to montane fynbos and Afromontane forest in the winter rainfall region, where annual rainfall is >750 mm. It inhabits seepages, both in open fynbos and kloofs, where the vegetation is thick and the substrate is sandy or rocky (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/785 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 086a0a9b-8dec-4702-b7f1-57b766687a67#habitat 2915fe66-f2a2-4427-a09e-9f300ed0323f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. villiersi is found in montane fynbos where the annual rainfall is >750 mm. It inhabits seepages and has been found amongst thick vegetation alongside small streams, even in plantations of exotic trees. It occurs from sea level to altitudes of 1800 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/789 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 db2c9dc3-b425-46d7-b821-9e930a685b0b#habitat 6bb364d7-bb7b-4f99-864f-6d71bb896c49 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. mababiensis inhabits open to wooded savanna and, less frequently, grassland, where summer rainfall is 500–1000 mm p.a. The species is also found in disturbed habitats near villages and other developments (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1569 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 d5e89947-bde9-4ec6-92d6-19050a7dfb69#habitat 6ee0efb7-057b-40a4-8950-e0d53751cfc9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The average annual rainfall in this region is <60 mm (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1500 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9e76eea8-935b-42c1-ab23-d793796ecc64#habitat 7d79febc-c73d-4793-a98b-492f8215ca6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species inhabits marshy areas, shallow seepage zones and shallow streams along rock outcrops in Mountain Fynbos. It is known from all altitudes between 200 and 1800 m wherever suitable habitat is present. The rainfall in these areas exceeds 2000 mm p.a., and falls mainly in winter (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1680 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 1a94d481-d26b-4af9-a824-ada7cd28292d#habitat da8f2e5e-30b2-482e-80df-2dfe47dcb9b3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. wahlbergi is a forest species, but also occurs in adjacent thickets and grasslands that have dense cover and accumulations of leaf litter. These frogs are common where they occur and frequently inhabit gardens and even alien tree plantations (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1062 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Andres Avila http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 69b1584c-05b9-4ac9-946b-8f6b562a641a d6abfce7-29ba-4613-b97d-73eabc188107#habitat e22be30e-1a0c-4fed-b68c-f6e43d69722b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Within its range, V. angusticeps occurs in two very distinct environments, namely coastal flats and rocky montane areas. Most records come from sandy soils in areas of high winter rainfall in the Fynbos Biome. Montane records of this species are from scattered sites high in the Cape fold mountains, such as around 1500 m in the Swartberg Mountains and near the summit of Matroosberg (Text modified from M. Cunningham in Minter et al. 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1277 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Andres Avila http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 69b1584c-05b9-4ac9-946b-8f6b562a641a 5ae20a6e-bdbd-4e39-8251-bb5b50182b65#habitat 2c976048-9c44-4ec4-ac0e-9ddd0a2bfb6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species inhabits Afro Montane Grassland and Alti Mountain Grassland of the Grassland Biome, usually at altitudes of 1750–3282 m. These frogs occur in cold, clear streams and associated pools with rocky substrates, in mountainous areas, including most major rivers and their tributaries in Lesotho. A. vertebralis is largely aquatic, but may be found on rocks and under stones or amongst vegetation at the water’s edge (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/780 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 27db3800-7349-4d38-b83d-4ddc9a3ab278#habitat 839bfb09-5c00-4d08-af35-4f588109d3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. fenoulheti inhabits a variety of bushveld vegetation types in the Savanna Biome and is occasionally found in adjacent grassland. Its distribution lies within the summer-rainfall region (Text modified from M.F. Bates in Minter et al. 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1271 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e d0c12303-ea07-42fc-883e-d396745b6479#habitat b8820aef-e547-491e-a133-b827e4997e6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

At lower altitudes, S. wageri inhabits mistbelt forest, while at high altitudes up to 2000 m, it occurs in montane grassland. Adults may be found amongst vegetation or stones on the banks of clear streams and pools (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1681 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e a32a7ba5-2604-4eaa-8319-924be5b3664a#habitat 320d2999-9c01-4402-922d-2f6f045851f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

V. gariepensis inhabits the thick and Grassland Biomes. This species can survive in areas of low temperature and extrememly arid conditions, and has even been found moving in the snow (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1276 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 55bb0372-3919-444c-96ea-b914adb751bf#habitat 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

If you find a very large tadpole in quiet waters of a stream or river in the Taita Hills of Kenya, it is almost certainly the Angola river frog (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

This is a widespread species in forest, grassland, savanna and agricultural areas that is associated with permanent water (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 538c7f3e-a9f4-46db-b6de-518bd2fd84fa#habitat a4ff8a4c-4109-43bf-a5ab-a0a242a7b420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It can be most easily found around dams, pools and swampy areas, where males call from perches on reeds and bushes (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

This species is found in dry savanna, shrubland and grassland at elevations up to 1100 m. It can be found in agricultural and suburban areas (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/852 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 0686d42b-30d5-4ab9-81f3-91487de7df0e#habitat 448ff954-ab4c-4bd1-aca4-9e7674e8512a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The terrestrial habitat of H. orientalis is confined to patches of Afro-montane Forest surrounded by Mesic Mountain Fynbos (Moll et al. 1984). This species inhabits clear, slow- to swift-flowing perennial mountain streams in forested ravines and gorges, in areas where the annual rainfall is 600–3000 mm (Boycott 1982). Altitudinal range is 215–500 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1283 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 001b8647-d702-4281-ac9f-ae23be42b6ec#habitat 4cb797de-820e-4c93-95e1-fcccd0c1878c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. fonensis occurs in symparty with A. albolabris. H. fonensis has been found in northeastern flank of the Pic de Fon and the Parc National de Haute Niger forest habitat. These parks consist mainly of Guinea savannah, but also include some forest remnants that harbour tropical forest species. It has been suggested that this species might be widespread in the Guinean transition zone between rainforest and humid Guinea savannah (Rodel and Bangoura, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/840 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 478c7a2b-95a7-4e06-859d-487da11af17e#habitat 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. lenduensis was collected from grasslands with isolated trees. The populations were found in small bodies of standing water, occasionally in disturbed agricultural areas but not in highly disturbed areas or where vegetation was completely cleared (Evans et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 28eeff2c-e7c3-4aa6-b6e6-06a437054b3e#habitat 5354d848-787d-4d04-b9ab-fd88bc569080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The breeding and non-breeding habitat is in Short Mistbelt Grassland, Moist Upland Grassland, and Afromontane Forest t occurs at altitudes in excess of 1000 m. Preferred sites are located on fairly steep slopes (30–40°) on either side of seepage channels, covered with a dense growth of indigenous grasses. Most of the known sites are surrounded by exotic tree plantations. The frogs are usually found at the bases of grass and sedge tussocks amongst a network of loose tunnels in the humus layer (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/790 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 2767e4eb-eed6-4e3a-bf67-bd0e10d22cbd#habitat 57f07e11-60b0-49b7-aa66-eb4dc2d8f2e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species inhabits the Savanna and Grassland biomes (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1385 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 4eccaa4a-a5b3-4f97-bcc7-e98cfec80827#habitat 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. marmoratus inhabits a variety of vegetation types within the Savanna, Grassland and Forest biomes. It is a widespread and abundant species along the coast and at low altitudes (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 d674b475-2cdd-414d-ad53-2f2c37622e83#habitat 4832a5e9-d683-459c-9fe6-528b064a3d6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. pickersgilli inhabits Coastal Bushveld-Grassland (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1471 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 6dc452a9-e00d-4962-8f62-acc1807aab5f#habitat 1abc8823-1db1-48f4-84de-cfb182ecf756 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species occurs throughout Mozambique and the eastern lowlands of Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya. It inhabits a wide variety of bushveld vegetation types, predominantly in the Savanna Biome (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1483 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 327359db-b4cc-4a02-8190-390966e08adb#habitat 0aea4d97-d8c1-4663-ade0-0ef321127453 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The habitat of this species is Coastal Forest, Sand Forest and Coastal Bushveld/ Grassland in the Forest and Savanna biomes (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1189 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 cc4837a1-7512-438f-8cdf-651d3f826970#habitat 052fc6db-e7ce-47c0-83f7-29b8755b2f19 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. natalensis occupies both Forest and Grassland biomes. Vegetation types include Afromontane Forest, Wet Cold Highveld Grassland, Moist Upland Grassland, North-eastern Mountain Grassland, Afro Mountain Grassland and Short Mistbelt Grassland. H. natalensis inhabits clear, swift-flowing streams in mountainous terrain; these waters flow through wooded and forested habitat and have headwaters in montane grassland. Annual rainfall in these habitats is 800–2700 mm (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

The recorded altitudinal range is 580– 2675 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1281 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 033c0a58-5543-47b3-858d-7294f5c6f204#habitat 43e3607b-c011-4c9f-aba7-8c1dece09151 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. purcelli occurs in clear, swift-flowing, perennial mountain streams in wooded ravines and gorges in the winter-rainfall region. Boycott (1982) recorded the habitat to have a altitudinal range at 60–1770 m, with an annual rainfall of 600–3000 mm (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1284 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 1ec31121-9ec7-4412-8e49-9e8a410c8de1#habitat 083af917-0509-4e40-aadb-51c633ed4741 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. regis occurs in clear, slow- to swift-flowing streams, and is restricted to high-rainfall forest areas that receive 900–1200 mm p.a. (Boycott 1982). The recorded altitude for the species is 230–790 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1286 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce da36af10-f123-427a-9f5b-986655fa9dc7#habitat 9ece6da5-5fe9-45c7-9880-1b4020309daf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. fasciatus inhabits a variety of vegetation types in the Forest, Fynbos, Thicket, Grassland and Savanna biomes. It occurs in well-watered areas with annual rainfall >500 mm, and it is rarely found far from permanent water (Greig et al. 1979). It ranges mainly through the summer-rainfall region, but extends into the winterrainfall region in the southwest (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1683 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce e86be902-d32d-4f4a-a686-cfcfb8e503a1#habitat 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found mostly in moist grasslands at high-altitudes between 1400 and 1800m; it is absent from forests and plantation area adjacent to these habitats. It can be found under rocks and logs, and in forest clearings (Boycott 1988d; Minter et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce f252a8b6-fbc4-42f5-bea4-5ef5ab3d0699#habitat 851a8e65-74be-4757-9784-2dd8f067c3c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. namaquensis appears to favour scrub-covered, deep, and principally red sands in the Succulent Karoo Biome, specifically in the Strandveld and Lowland Succulent Karoo vegetation types. The harsh, brackish soils of the Knersvlakte are avoided. Unlike B. macrops, this species is not confined to coastal dunes and substantial populations were encountered in the interior (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1202 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a 0a78df3d-3b9b-4066-82ad-3d0de655b599#habitat dd183bd4-a591-41cc-82c0-4d33dc354751 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The range of H. horstockii is at a southerly extreme, lying in the area between the coast and the southern mountain ranges. The range is found in the Fynbos Biome with coastal vegetation types (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1359 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a d8800187-1524-4a13-a270-192c731e2b41#habitat f624b0a5-84db-482c-95b6-1e5e09328021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. pardalis inhabits grassy or open bushveld areas, parks and gardens in the Thicket, Grassland and Savanna biomes, and uses large, permanent water bodies for breeding (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1236 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 d00052a9-5d6f-44fb-9679-fa31c5d1d058#habitat 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species inhabits Afromontane Forest at altitudes generally >1100 m. It appears to flourish in the grassland/forest ecotone and also occurs in short grass in small open patches of wetland within forests (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 824dc7e2-1253-4ea1-b735-3308308fd183#habitat 139776c3-bfe7-4240-b5ca-04b1b4a534be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. fuscus occurs at altitudes well in excess of 1000 m in the mountains, but where these reach the coast, it occurs at sea level, with an average annual rainfall of 1050 mm. B. fuscus often occurs at high densities in suitable habitats. In forest these frogs may be found in short, vertical tunnels under logs (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1203 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 9709f330-7089-4607-9e3e-d8f837ad7f6f#habitat 9b25d1d1-8b33-45e6-891d-8efa0859d4b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species occurs in the Grassland Biome, mainly in high altitude Moist Upland Grassland that receives annual summer rainfall of 650–1000 mm. It also inhabits Short Mistbelt Grassland and North-eastern Mountain Grassland (Lambiris 1989; Harrison et al. 2001). Most populations occur at altitudes of 1000 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1156 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#habitat d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It inhabits closed, intact rainforest, not surviving in seriously disturbed habitats outside forest (Howell et al., 2004).

L. parkeri is found in montane forest from 200 – 2000 m. It does not tolerate severely modified habitat. (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2e17dee9-47dc-4c76-8beb-034ec692cac8#habitat af4652df-db1e-473d-8c0e-d9a19cb44026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in savanna woodland and grassland in coastal lowlands up to 1700 m. It tolerates some degree of habitat degradation but requires vegetation (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1147 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2ee8d132-4376-463d-93b2-910532f83a8d#habitat b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

L. flavomaculatus is primarily found in semideciduous forest in coastal areas, but it also occurs in lowland and montane forest up to 1600 m. It tolerates some degree of habitat degradation (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1163 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 efbf001c-82c0-4145-a5a8-ae63a662d3c1#habitat 3d7d9b20-d6fd-42d9-9971-924a8e74c219 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. microps is found in flooded savanna and meadow, in ponds and in swamps, beneath rotting wood, in fossorial habitat under savanna soils, and also occasionally in arboreal habitats (e.g., in the canopy top of palms and other savanna tree species). P. microps is most frequently encountered in subterranean cavities near open water, under rotting tree trunks in open savanna, or on the edges of gallery forests and in forest islands (Rödel, 2000). A major ecoregion of occurrence is the West Sudanian savanna, in particular the vast Niger River Basin (Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1501 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 effc8efe-6221-4c13-bd5a-ea254a795297#habitat af585d2c-13fb-42a2-8564-319aea0daebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species natural habitats consist of subtropical or tropical dry shrubland; subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grasslands; and intermittent freshwater marshes. P. beiranus is found in two distinct and disjoint ecoregions: the Zambezian flooded grasslands (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007) and the Zambezian coastal flooded savanna. The warmest part of the range is in the Zambezian coastal flooded savanna, where the warmest month is February with a mean maximum temperature of 81.7 degrees Fahrenheit over the 109 period of record. Frost events are infrequent, and may occur several days per year.

Further field research is needed to identify the species preferred habitat; to date, most observations have been made in grassland areas that flood intermittently subsequent to rains. Its adaptability to human altered habitats is not well known.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1269 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 53c24b42-3472-4a9c-9685-67e69d04d98f#habitat d21c45bd-39b1-4225-b6a8-0d0b622aca7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. damaranus, according to the IUCN account, is a terrestrial anuran presumed to live in semi-arid habitats and breeds in temporary freshwater waterbodies (Channing & Tandy, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1270 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 60ff1673-d3ae-4abd-9051-eafe57a4cccc#habitat cfc24548-6d16-48f1-83fa-e8c4204b4de2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Genus Poyntophrynus occurs in a number of habitats including subtropical or tropical dry shrubland; karoo shrubland; grassland; bushveld savanna; subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grasslands; desert, including moderate altitude habitat up to 1500 metres; and intermittent freshwater marshes. One species, P. vertebralis, is additionally found in the Drakensberg alti-montane ecoregion and the Highveld grasslands of the middle reaches of the Orange River (Hogan, 2013).

P. beiranus, for example, is found in two distinct and disjoint ecoregions: the Zambezian flooded grasslands and the Zambezian coastal flooded savanna (World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2007). An example of the desert occurrence is P. damaranus, known only from the Kaokoveld Desert and Waterberg areas of northern and northwestern Namibia, where it occurs up to at least 1500 metres above mean sea level (Channing & Tandy, 2004; World Wildlife Fund & Hogan, 2008). P. fenoulheti presents an example within the genus of a bushveld savanna inhabitant.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/989 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5dd85029-956d-42f4-85aa-16bfe9de8a0d#habitat 85cb37e4-636b-491e-86d2-6cec918e976b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

According to the IUCN 2004 analysis, this terrestrial species lives in Nama Karoo shrubland, grassland, dry savannah and pastureland. It breeds in temporary shallow pans, freshwater pools or depressions containing rainwater, quarries, and rock pools along rivers. (Minter et al. 2004) However, more recent compilation of observations indicates that P. vertebralis is additionally found in the Drakensberg alti-montane ecoregion and the Highveld grasslands of the middle reaches of the Orange River. (Hogan. 2013)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1268 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 49231caa-4fba-445f-b82e-8fa1a478b60c#habitat 1a1268ea-1ab2-4140-90b0-90b2f5b25303 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. brongersmai has a preferred terrestrial habitat of semi-arid, hilly areas with Argania spinosa, Euphorbia spp. and graminaceous vegetation. This anuran may even be found in ploughed fields, and usually hides beneath stones during the day. The temporary freshwater ponds that it breeds in are chiefly located in rocky areas, and it has also been observed in modified water bodies, such as impounded ephemeral rivers and streams. (Salvador et al. 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1273 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 d50e77fb-0ba7-4baf-be32-a76504c37bdd#habitat a43756cc-e0b0-4dd4-bb9e-8b0aaa54fd9d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. mapacha utilises arid savanna habitat which has access to lentic waters and oxbows of tributaries of the Kwando River in the Caprivi Strip of Namibia (Channing, 1993; Hogan & World Wildlife, 2012). Breeding is believed to take place in shallow, muddy ephemeral freshwater pools or river tributary side-channels. Males call from hidden locations in shallow waters beneath vegetation (Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1679 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 7f824499-0eb7-4370-9b48-118a9380aa98#habitat c07405fc-6de4-437b-8377-0c265f5b989a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. schillukorum is typically found on the banks of rivers and lakes. In much of the Sahel it occurs in the West Sudanian savanna ecoregion, an arid to semi-arid environment; more specifically, the species is characteristically seen in the vicinity of the Sahelian river systems such as the Niger Basin (Hogan, 2013) P. schillukorum prey chiefly consist of moderately large active terrestrial animals, i.e. orthopterans, spiders and cockroaches. The diet does not appear to have significant seasonal variation (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1650 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 fc6788bd-eadb-4bf0-8ad7-2bfd6d2f181b#habitat 8a55c275-c931-4693-beb2-d6ce3fdb5b9e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. tellinii inhabits in a gamut of habitat types including humid and dry savannas, gallery forest, agricultural land, and even small villages. It can be found in and around rivers and temporary pools, and breeds in stagnant, temporary waters, generally near the shoreline (Rödel, 2000; Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1675 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 4ae8b2fe-c8ba-455a-8320-b7fd57c49cd5#habitat c3499a0c-fdf9-4672-9121-b58e81590306 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In the Comoé National Park, P. trinodis occurs only in savanna habitats; moreover, from reports of Guibé and Lamotte, this pattern of occurrence occurs in other areas of its range; moreover, arid to very arid savannas of the Sudan and Sahel region are preferred. The population in the northern Guinea savanna of the Comoé National Park therefore marks the southern border of its range. This anuran prefers small and shallow ponds (Rödel & Amiet, 2009).

The West Sudanian savanna is a large sub-Saharan ecoregion that provides classic habitat for the species, where it is present, for example, in the Niger Basin, favouring the semi-arid landscape, bathed in seasonal rains (Hogan, 2013) It is found in most of the habitats of this sub-Saharan Sahelian zone except for the rainforests and swamp forests.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1664 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 2fa856be-1e13-41ce-a52f-baa0121e582b#habitat 37066e4d-4b5b-489f-a634-c35dab64e95d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. kilimanjaro is thought to be associated with cold mountain streams in alpine African moorland and is believed to breed by larval development in these cold water streams (Stuart, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1689 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5cd95f4b-7434-4b86-86fe-ed92ec936c04#habitat 58c8d9bb-64c7-4684-a0d4-257fa0fe832e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Species of the genus Strongylopus are found in a number of riparian habitats, including fynbos heath, grassland, montane flooded grassland, savanna and forest edge. Generally the stream margins proximate to terrestrial habitats are richly vegetated. More specialised habitats are seen in some of the highly restricted range taxa; for example, Strongylopus kilimanjaro is found in alpine moorland near cold water streams (Stuart, 2006)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1039 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 2d9052d8-a5a8-46b7-ace0-d2ce9bff41eb#habitat 0531d12f-d4a5-4459-a679-34387c906787 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Like all species in this genus, Tomopterna damarensis is able to live in very dry areas by burrowing into soil during the dry seasons.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1696 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 bec5c4cf-3de2-4c5a-b7ff-c6320f80d401#habitat 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Like all species in this genus, Tomopterna luganga is able to live in very dry areas by burrowing into soil during the dry seasons.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 cb183f22-6fe9-4acf-bb94-d30a9c3580f5#habitat 2b777e36-1e29-4a60-9d9d-20f61d9600ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Like all species in this genus, Tomopterna tuberculosa is able to live in very dry areas by burrowing into soil during the dry seasons.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1698 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 4b8e2f21-639a-4445-a842-1393662c8308#habitat ce78969f-3b3e-4672-bc10-b6eee3f0dfd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is known only from giant heath (Erica arborea) woodland, just below the timberline. All specimens have been collected by day from beneath logs and boulders. Its breeding behaviour is unknown, but females have been found to contain large and unpigmented ova, which is probably indicative of either direct development or at least of a terrestrial nest.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1191 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#habitat 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species is presently only known from remnant forest patches in the Taita Hills, Kenya. This species is found at elevations between 1200 - 2200 m (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 27cc10e2-2fda-4e6d-adf2-2826d5d183b3#habitat ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a forest-dependent species found at elevations between 1200 - 1500 m (Harper et al., 2010). It is presumed to be intolerant of habitat degradation (Channing et al., 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 475d062b-cfe9-481e-9e27-0dd32cc02a9b#habitat 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives on the forest floor, hiding under rotting logs or stones. It can also climb to at least 2m in the vegetation, and has been found in the leaf axils of both wild and cultivated bananas.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b822d27a-4ae9-4971-8d38-757966e33ea2#habitat 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Cordeiro notes that his specimens were found “under damp rocks of valley side of small stream in deep forest.” Loader et al. (2010) found large adults during the day under rocks or logs in mature forest, and one small subadult was found at night perched on a shrub 0.3 m above the ground. Adults and juveniles were also found during night searches, perched on bushes and small tree branches, from 0.3 to 1.5 m above the forest floor, both along a wet stream valley and on drier ridges.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 97fd2775-117f-45c4-9b64-5e9756d5d441#habitat dd3c7a91-807e-411c-bb27-824f9cca9489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Loader et al. (2010) collected specimens in bucket pitfalls in the forest. Individuals found at night were perched on small understory branches, as well on bushes between 1 and 2.2 m above ground. One individual was sitting among the irregularities of the bark of a tree at over 2 m. One male and two females were found together at about 1.5 m high, sitting on small tree branches.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1212 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f d76ee7fd-a74b-4151-8c9a-6c66e32cb581#habitat bd3ccb09-7ea6-4ff7-a324-4bf84f5a6017 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The holotype was collected in a rotten log in forest. Other specimens were all collected in bucket pitfalls in the forest. Specimens were found on low bushes during the night both in dense forest and along a forest road (Loader et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1208 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f e5a55413-7d56-4059-bab3-06497ff94906#habitat 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Nectophrynoides viviparus has been collected in montane forest from approx. 1800 to 2700 m a.s.l in the Southern Highlands. This includes wet, open, secondary and disturbed montane forest, including logged Hagenia forest. In addition specimens have been collected in montane grassland and ericaceous heathland near the forest edge.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 82a6a3c8-9490-487b-a5ad-d740cdeb0a20#habitat 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

All records are from leaf litter in montane forest. It probably cannot tolerate forest clearance. It presumably breeds by direct development, like other members of its genus, without any dependence on water.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f dcfbdd61-e55a-4c68-8e2f-74ee1cc303b7#habitat 31966cf5-acd6-48e8-9368-f4aa3ef431fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lives in lowland and submontane forest and miombo woodland, where it burrows into logs in dry season. It occurs at both low and high altitudes up to 1,600m asl, perhaps more. It is not known whether or not it can tolerate any degradation of its habitat.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1220 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 8c637f28-66a8-4d27-a3ca-abdb723d6d25#habitat 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Prior to the advent of modern agriculture, X. laevis probably occurred in low densities in natural water bodies, such as streams, rivers and their pools. Nowadays, however, the species is also found in a variety of man-made water bodies such as farm dams, ponds, sewage purification works and fish farms. Eutrophic waters seem to produce the highest densities (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 3487e7cf-bbef-4291-bed6-64d99ad20aaa 2553aec0-0197-4993-bb18-9fdd4c3d4308#habitat 8e59472f-87b1-431f-aa1d-6389544bc875 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The subspecies B. a. adspersus inhabits semi-arid habitats with sandy to sandy-loam soils. Its distribution closely matches that of the Savanna Biome, particularly the bushveld vegetation types that are characterized by “a grassy ground layer and a distinct upper layer of woody plants” (Low and Rebelo 1996). It is conspicuously absent from the Grassland and Forest biomes.

The subspecies B. a. pentheri occurs in Eastern Thorn Bushveld, Spekboom Succulent Thicket and Valley Thicket.

In Polokwane and Grahamstown, parks and gardens with well-turned, sandy soil contain breeding populations of B. a. adspersus and B. a. pentheri respectively, indicating that this species can survive in a suburban environment.

The dry season (in this case, winter) is spent 15–30 cm below the surface, often in situations where soil moisture is conserved, for example, next to or under rocks, logs, stumps or tree roots (Jacobsen 1989; text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1199 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 052114be-6aa9-4db0-bceb-5266b3631ad2#habitat 8bf8d12e-7003-4fc3-a21c-7abe0790e97f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. bagginsi inhabits the grassy verges of roads in heavily afforested areas at altitudes of 900–1400 m. The vegetation at these localities, prior to afforestation, probably comprised Short Mistbelt Grassland or Moist Upland Grassland. At present, no populations are known from undisturbed habitat (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1198 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 737042da-ef06-41ea-80c1-d0951ac5250c#habitat d9275a58-df60-448c-b94a-9863bfd38758 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. sopranus inhabits a variety of vegetation types within the Forest and Savanna biomes: it is found in the dense, herbaceous undercover (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1201 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 5d7f9e4f-11a0-4b47-ad9c-c06cf50783eb#habitat bfee30ab-90ec-4311-81ff-2de6fbfd02ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The breeding and non-breeding habitat is Afromontane Forest and adjacent North-eastern Mountain Grassland (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1197 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df f51521d6-d054-4692-9491-f559e4707328#habitat 7f6fe033-eb82-49be-9c0d-e666ed2a68fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is found in Moist Upland Grassland, North-eastern Mountain Grassland, Afro Mountain Grassland and adjacent Afromontane Forest. Factors that are common to these vegetation types, and may limit the distribution of this species, are annual rainfall in excess of 700 mm and well-shaded soil, which result in higher soil moisture levels over relatively longer periods than is the case in drier, more open habitats. During dry periods, B. verrucosus remains below the surface. Minter (1998) followed a shallow burrow for 3 m until it dipped down and disappeared under a large rock, and found deep, vertical burrows near the call sites of several males (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1195 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 2e1d06f0-a01d-44b8-866e-b5478053ff86#habitat 8132db23-6d9b-48f6-8b8f-cbc43d8473e7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (2001) indicates that the habitat of H. guineensis is grassland and open bush where temporary pans are formed in the rainy season (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1288 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 717d82cb-0521-4ecf-ae55-dc213a5f8349#habitat 201b0d65-4fac-4a51-90ad-f7b35fcbb596 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. uzungwensis inhabits medium- to high-altitude grassland at 800–2300 m in the vicinity of pools and seepages (Stewart 1967). This species is inactive during the dry season. Loveridge (1953) unearthed a dormant individual in August on the Lichenya Plateau on the southwestern side of the Mulanje Massif, Malawi. In the wet season, adults are found in the grass near their breeding sites (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

This species is found in wet grasslands at moderate to high elevations (800 – 2300 m; Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1676 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df d285a673-4269-439d-8373-93b050da12b7#habitat 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. boettgeri inhabits a wide variety of vegetation types in the Nama Karoo, Succulent Karoo, Savanna, Grassland, Fynbos and Thicket biomes, but is usually absent from forest, although it is sometimes found in forest clearings. Within these biomes, it favours open areas with short vegetation and is especially abundant in grassy areas. This species can tolerate dry habitats, but also occurs in high rainfall areas (Van Dijk 1977). In the Kalahari, C. boettgeri occurs naturally only in pans or along river courses, but can also be found in artificially created water bodies. The species breeds in almost any small, temporary water body, such as pools in inundated grasslands, culverts and other rainfilled depressions.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 d58e0a5d-715a-4993-b12c-f05fae3ea488#habitat 7c0a0aa0-855a-4caf-bd83-83823e27e5c3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. karooicum occurs in arid areas in which rainfall is unpredictable. These areas are situated at altitudes below 600 m and receive an average annual (winter) rainfall of less than 300 mm (Schulze 1997). The frogs’ flattened appearance and habit suggests that this species is lithophilic, aestivating in rock cracks and crevices during long, unfavorable dry periods (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/791 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 cea4c383-4d44-4a09-b4a4-d27f576d9c2f#habitat 4a2fcc57-e898-4cf1-9361-82b75fcbb517 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. namaquense occurs in the winter-rainfall regions of Namaqualand with Succulent Karoo vegetation. The annual precipitation is low, averaging 150–300 mm (Schulze 1997). This species shelters under stones and exfoliating granite or in cracks during the dry season, emerging in wet periods to feed and reproduce (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/795 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 40127b6d-a16c-4ab8-9bad-9c4881bed37b#habitat 9f616a72-a78b-4031-ad26-aae34f8c2d4c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. nanum inhabits a wide variety of vegetation types in the Fynbos, Savanna, Grassland, Thicket and Forest biomes, occurring in areas of relatively high rainfall (Van Dijk 1971; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/799 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 fe982a8e-2468-4ccb-bdb9-462f439b8844#habitat 6f3d04c1-a0fa-4721-8272-f6934a474f93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is restricted to high-altitude grassland habitats above 1200 m (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/800 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 49067e29-3392-4a41-ad9d-7116f4c81be2#habitat b5969fa0-4b78-4981-bc74-2996cd893a04 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. striatum inhabits various vegetation types within the Grassland Biome in the summer-rainfall region (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/798 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 bf5f5a09-d968-4143-a768-b05bd925b73b#habitat 80b581fe-66ce-4bdb-8004-820c8e194fa9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species live from sea level to 1100 m. It spends the summer under stones and in fissures in the mud at depths of 30-50 cm and is aquatic during the reproductive season. Between December and January, young specimens are observed under stones or in the mud. They have been found in caves at depths of 60-70 m. (Text from Salvador, 1996, © Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/854 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und ca04c37d-ec2f-40c5-95ba-92ebf60c94e7 93f4ed14-4d02-44cf-897d-1d63a64f95ac#habitat cbcc5466-9663-4227-ae89-a72acff37ed9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Algeria it lives in Cedrus and Quercus woods. During the day it is found under stones and among roots. It lives near streams. It has been observed in caves. Groups of 15 to 20 active salamanders have been seen in November in Algeria (Text from Salvador, 1996, © Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1707 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#habitat und ca04c37d-ec2f-40c5-95ba-92ebf60c94e7 2ee8d132-4376-463d-93b2-910532f83a8d#life_cycle b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Emerging metamorphs are commonly seen on vegetation at Amani Pond in the East Usambaras and are around 15 mm (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1163 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c2d9592b-6e36-42e7-8b34-8509432e8ac2#life_cycle c6f0fa8a-b3a1-421e-880a-972702dddc54 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Juveniles have been observed in March (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1207 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ab4edf65-bf93-4bb9-80e4-070688fc3d66#life_cycle cfdad484-29b2-45e2-8243-5593b4c5bdfa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles hatched after 8–10 days with a large, bulging yolk sac, external gills, mouth still closed. One day after hatching tadpoles were free swimming. The mouth of eight day old tadpoles started opening; upper and lower jaw sheets became visible as narrow arches. The tadpoles still had external gills. Tadpoles lost the external gills after eleven days when they started feeding. Further development in captivity was very slow and most tadpoles died of unknown reasons. Embryos only developed and hatched successfully in slightly acid water (pH 6–6.5) and very low conductivity. Developmental time under natural conditions is unknown (Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/907 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5fc29338-362f-4cfc-bd82-553346192003#life_cycle 529d9482-6c64-4702-aa6a-782825cbdd74 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Metamorphosing larvae have been observed emerging from Amani pond in the East Usambaras (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1172 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b64ed5ea-737f-4db6-9c66-2d55bc884d9c#life_cycle 270692a7-685b-4b9a-b7d7-349a1f1158cc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The larval period can last as 10 months (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1488 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 366bf196-b1e5-4cce-9d5b-3da3ed301635#life_cycle 8f12a24f-df5f-4923-8147-a968dcdcb167 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Sabater-Pi (1985) reported on the metamorphosis of this species. In the final stage of metamorphosis (body length 14 mm) the tail has been reabsorbed completely or nearly completely. Specimens are similar to adults in shape and color, though slightly lighter and greener.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#life_cycle b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Metamorphosing froglets measure 7-7.5 mm in length (Pickersgill, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 80eb7914-7bd8-4dbc-81f4-05bb438e0d46#life_cycle d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Newly metamorphosed P. gutturosus ranged from 6 to 8 mm and weighed 0.03-0.05 g (Rödel, 2000). They mature at the age of four months with females measuring approximately 18 mm (SVL; Barbault, 1974). The average life expectancy of adult frogs is only two months (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#life_cycle dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The eggs are light sand yellow, and their diameter, incl. the jelly, is 2.2–2.3 mm and 0.8 mm.

Juveniles of this species fed throughout the dry season, thus maturing for the beginning of the next rainy season (Rödel 1995). The larvae usually prefer the bottom of the deeper zones of ponds, as well as more vegetated sites. They may be found throughout the rainy season (Rödel 1998b).

P. latifrons reaches sexual maturity at the age of 4–5 months, living only for further two months (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 38e7e457-805b-4ca6-bd40-bfcd676c22ce#life_cycle 011a684f-0e28-40dd-854d-71c266e64a66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Embryonic development lasts approximately 9–10 days, and larval development until metamorphosis lasts about three weeks (Rödel and Ernst, 2002).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1580 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0bbe384-2a2a-4dbb-b1d4-987b2b835149#life_cycle 268e04ea-0940-461f-b335-720360a16d37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A gravid female contained darkly pigmented eggs that were 0.6 mm in diameter (Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1605 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 27db3800-7349-4d38-b83d-4ddc9a3ab278#life_cycle 839bfb09-5c00-4d08-af35-4f588109d3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (2001) found that the tadpoles take 19 days to complete their development and undergo metamorphosis (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1271 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e d0c12303-ea07-42fc-883e-d396745b6479#life_cycle b8820aef-e547-491e-a133-b827e4997e6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles lie in the algae and mud at the bottom of the pools, moving slowly, but darting around rapidly if disturbed. They are often found in sunny positions in shallow water (Channing 1998). Tadpoles grow slowly in the cold of winter, and metamorphosis is completed after 5–9 months (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1681 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 55bb0372-3919-444c-96ea-b914adb751bf#life_cycle 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

They take two years before they metamorphose into frogs, growing to a very large size (up to 60 mm long; Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 5f0af8c0-abb8-4f51-b13b-b2b9bae4fb29#life_cycle 483b48cd-bc0b-4f0a-a41a-0e4f0155804e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Metamorphosis is complete after 5-6 weeks. Once front legs have developed the toadlets leave the water until their tails are absorbed (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1247 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 b2bf56a5-9129-494c-93cf-a0f10fb5bc6b#life_cycle 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Once the tadpoles hatch they remain in the underground nests where they cling to their mother (Rödel et al. 1995). During the dry season the tadpoles stay in the nest with their development frozen. Once the rains come the tadpoles leave the nest to feed. If the dry season lasts for a longer than two months the mother can carry the tadpoles on her back to the water Rödel et al. 1995; Kaminsky et al. 1999). Hemisus tadpoles take less time to reach metamorphosis and are exposed to predators for a shorter period of time. These adaptations are advantageous in an environment where rainfall is unpredictable and highly variable (Modified from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 1c8a336c-da2a-4db9-adeb-97ff80b791a3#life_cycle b8278059-f90d-4025-83f6-a36988104fd2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles develop over a period of weeks until the young metamorphs leave the water and move off into the surrounding area to grow (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1356 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 a4246c44-549f-44c2-ad46-41e2c62eb5ae#life_cycle af4652df-db1e-473d-8c0e-d9a19cb44026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Eggs are laid close to, but outside of the water, usually directly above on vegetation. The small tadpoles then develop inside the egg and hatch falling directly into the water as freeswimming tadpoles (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1147 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 28eeff2c-e7c3-4aa6-b6e6-06a437054b3e#life_cycle 5354d848-787d-4d04-b9ab-fd88bc569080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Bishop and Passmore (1993) found the tadpoles undergo direct development, emerging as fully formed froglets approximately 27 days after egg laying (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/790 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 2767e4eb-eed6-4e3a-bf67-bd0e10d22cbd#life_cycle 57f07e11-60b0-49b7-aa66-eb4dc2d8f2e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Within five days of being hatched tadpoles leave the egg capsule (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1385 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 4eccaa4a-a5b3-4f97-bcc7-e98cfec80827#life_cycle 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles hatch within five days and metamorphosis takes 6–8 weeks (Pienaar et al. 1967). Males reach sexual maturity at approximately one year (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 327359db-b4cc-4a02-8190-390966e08adb#life_cycle 0aea4d97-d8c1-4663-ade0-0ef321127453 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Approximately 13 days after the eggs are laid the tadpoles leave the egg capsules and move towards the water with jumping and wriggling movements (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1189 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 de87b70c-0d5c-409e-8925-cc8a9e8990e6#life_cycle 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles reach metamorphosis within six weeks in captivity and in as little as two weeks in the wild (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 1ec31121-9ec7-4412-8e49-9e8a410c8de1#life_cycle 083af917-0509-4e40-aadb-51c633ed4741 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Metamorphs leave the water November–January, after c.12 months in the larval stage (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1286 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce d00052a9-5d6f-44fb-9679-fa31c5d1d058#life_cycle 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species reproduces by direct development. Wager (1986) found larval development and metamorphosis are completed in about four weeks. The newly metamorphosed froglets measure only 4 mm from snout to vent (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 b4124746-e0c5-4a56-91ba-c16577df15f5#life_cycle a3d864ed-e1c0-4edc-a5ea-2f99106acbec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Development is direct and metamorphosis takes place 7–10 days after the eggs are laid (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/785 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 086a0a9b-8dec-4702-b7f1-57b766687a67#life_cycle 2915fe66-f2a2-4427-a09e-9f300ed0323f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Metamorphosis takes place after 10–14 days (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/789 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 db2c9dc3-b425-46d7-b821-9e930a685b0b#life_cycle 6bb364d7-bb7b-4f99-864f-6d71bb896c49 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Wager (1965) and Pienaar et al. (1976) found that metamorphosis is completed after about five weeks, at which stage the juvenile froglets are only 6 mm long (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1569 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 d5e89947-bde9-4ec6-92d6-19050a7dfb69#life_cycle 6ee0efb7-057b-40a4-8950-e0d53751cfc9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Development is quickly and free swimming tadpoles hatch within 18–36 hours. Older tadpoles are large and transparent with flattened heads and conspicuous fins, flecked with silver and gold. They are gregarious, forming schools that hang in the water column and filter out unicellular algae and diatoms (Channing 2001). The tadpole stage lasts at least eight weeks before metamorphosis is completed. During the dry season the adults aestivate in deep rock cracks (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1500 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 5370ee49-d186-4b0a-81fd-91804b5e5520#life_cycle 4a150e3a-61ba-4e4b-8f99-b8f97f336043 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In wet weather, tadpoles emerge from the egg capsules after 5 days and enter the water, but in dry weather they can survive in the capsules for as long as 63 days (Hewitt 1937). Wager (1965) and Du Preez (1996) record development takes place over a period of 3–6 months (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1684 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 08863587-a1c0-4463-89ed-822390016963#life_cycle 66a08355-5ce1-4d77-a208-35926b1c78ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (1986) found that development is arrested after the tadpole’s eyes and tail are well formed. Tadpoles remain at this stage until rain floods the nest and then emerge from the egg capsules to continue their development in the water (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1690 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 a2429276-e37f-42cb-a5d3-77b1fa645edc#life_cycle a762ece9-1e52-4d2d-b3a3-bd1aac1c1c66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tadpoles are benthic and reach 44 mm in length. Metamorphosis takes place within 25–35 days (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1694 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 9900f000-4cc6-463b-892f-3929ef547f9c#life_cycle 80cec0d7-5fda-438d-af70-e6ecd09c9b57 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Development is rapid and is completed within 2–3 weeks (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1693 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 7e34b68b-2a4f-46f0-a550-596e6767a85e#life_cycle 1935ba6e-54eb-436b-ad5c-d685d34899c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Metamorphosis is fairly slow, taking >10 weeks (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1238 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 1cada028-122b-4a5d-8717-ee38287e52e5 ae6456c2-2b8f-44c1-ab71-0f065e0e07e9#life_cycle d3318857-5abe-4b77-975a-cd7f6952b0b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The development of the eggs and tadpoles was described by De Villiers (1929). The tadpoles are benthic and the duration of metamorphosis is probably correlated with factors such as temperature and the availability of food and water (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/792 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 149513d9-2d58-4928-802c-d9c85cfa4f39#life_cycle f3efada9-26d4-4406-a931-02570f5fe17e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The embryos take up to 12 days to leave the egg capsules. Metamorphosis takes about six weeks, depending on temperature and the availability of food and water (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1265 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 47edb759-ae01-4e4d-bbc1-aa8cc0ef60a7#life_cycle ee2daf70-7c9e-4d9b-be0e-1a47abc73509 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. rosei tadpoles take >12 months to complete metamorphosis, and are ready to leave the water by April or May (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1287 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 5d9372ad-6388-40f5-b297-36792dd304f5#life_cycle 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The nektonic tadpoles feed on phytoplankton in the water and complete their metamorphosis by the end of summer. Rau (1978) recorded spawning activity over a four-month period and found metamorphosis to take about 120 days (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#life_cycle b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Metamorphosis has not been thoroughly studied but usually occurs when the tadpole is about 24 days old (Knoepffler 1976).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#life_cycle f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Metamorphosis has not been thoroughly studied in this species, but it usually occurs when the tadpole is about 24 days old (Knoepffler 1976).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe c2a256de-a5e7-418d-a5a7-b3445f30767d#life_cycle 1852a73d-46b7-498f-8f79-b5eb55136c1f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

After six days, the tadpoles are ready to wriggle out of the egg mass that becomes more liquid and sags downward. On hatching, tadpoles drop into the water to complete their development. Tadpoles are benthic and can complete metamorphosis in 60 days (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/804 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be fbd93d8a-79d4-44f8-9976-7e4237aa439b#life_cycle 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Wager (1989) report that tadpoles usually reach metamorphosis after about a month, depending on the availability of food (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be f2065449-641b-4e03-93f7-4c72305dee38#life_cycle 8a2284ea-a095-4fcd-9cb9-9cd0d3fbc0ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tadpoles develop slowly, and metamorphosis is completed after about eight weeks (Wager 1965) (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1499 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#life_cycle 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Heleophryne depressa can take up to two years to metamorphose (du Preez and Carruthers, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f a5adf8b8-da93-4b5a-bc19-190408f11dc6#life_cycle 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Embryonic development takes two to six days, depending on water temperature; at that point tadpoles about three millimeters in length are hatched and begin their diurnally active lifestyle. After 22 to 90 days the larvae metamorphosize to froglets with a snout vent length of about ten millimeters.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#life_cycle f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Metamorphosis generally occurs in May or June, and the young exit their surface water body with stubby tails. Newly metamorphosed individuals generally measure 21 to 34 millimeters as a snout-vent length (Salvador, 1996).

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Wassersug (1996) recorded that larvae hatch within two to three days and, after finishing the yolk supply, begin to feed on algae suspended in the water column. Tadpoles display coordinated schooling behaviour, and maintain their position in the water column by means of a characteristic undulating motion of the tail (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

Tinsley et al. (1996) found that the time to metamorphosis varies with temperature and the abundance of food. In optimal conditions, metamorphosis is possible within two months (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 3487e7cf-bbef-4291-bed6-64d99ad20aaa d285a673-4269-439d-8373-93b050da12b7#life_cycle 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Clutches of c.250 eggs are attached to vegetation below the surface of the water (Channing 2001). The tadpoles usually hatch two days later, and metamorphosis is completed within approximately two weeks (Pienaar et al. 1976; Wager 1986; text from Minter et al. 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 d58e0a5d-715a-4993-b12c-f05fae3ea488#life_cycle 7c0a0aa0-855a-4caf-bd83-83823e27e5c3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Boycott et al. (2002) found that the time taken to reach metamorphosis under natural conditions was recorded as 28 days (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Du Preez (1996) found that the eggs hatch within 24 hours, and metamorphosis takes place after 64 days (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1253 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A. Turner http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lifecycle und a13bed59-3cf7-416c-b45c-ad1026defb54 f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#look_alikes d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

According to Barbour and Loveridge (1928), this species is similar to L. uluguruensis, from which it is distinguished by its well separated vomerine teeth, its longer hind limbs, smooth dorsal skin and colouring. L. barbouri has similar eyes, but differs substantially from L. parkeri in dorsal coloration (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2e17dee9-47dc-4c76-8beb-034ec692cac8#look_alikes af4652df-db1e-473d-8c0e-d9a19cb44026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although this species has a similar appearance to the reed frog, Hyperolius glandicolor (e.g. discs on toes, sitting posture), they are not closely related. The pale-coloured tree frog belongs to the same group of frogs as the dwarf squeaker (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

Leptopelis argenteus and Leptopelis concolor differ in their dorsal markings and distribution, but they have identical advertisement calls and should possibly be considered subspecies rather than separate species (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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L. flavomaculatus adults in the gray-brown phase may easily be confused with adult L. vermiculatus, which have a nearly identical adult color phase. The most reliable means of differentiating between the two species is to compare the toe webbing, which is more extensive in L. vermiculatus, with the inner web reaching the disks of the first three digits (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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This species is not easily confused with other species as the dorsal stripes are distinctive (Harper et al., 2010).

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This species is similar to A. uluguruensis, but it lacks dorsal spines (Harper et al., 2010).

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The black band along the side of the head and body distinguish this species from most others in the genus. A. reesi also has the dark stripe, but has more extensive toe webbing than A. brauni. Schismaderma carens also has a dark stripe, but lacks parotid glands (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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A. maculatus and A. gutturalus are similar in build and dorsal markings, but A. maculatus does not have the distinctly raised parotid glands seen in A. gutturalis, and also lacks the reddish markings on the thigh. A. maculatus is also smaller than A. gutturalis, with females reaching 80 mm rather
than 120 mm (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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A. reesi has a dark stripe along the side of the head that is similar to A. brauni, but A. brauni has less extensive webbing and lacks the yellow ventral surface of A. reesi (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Amietophrynus xeros may be confused with A. gutturalis and A. maculatus, but the dorsal markings on A. xeros are not as dark in contrast with the dorsum. Also, A. xeros has distinctly raised parotid glands and red markings on the thighs that are absent in A. maculatus (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1223 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ba93660e-6eb1-4f55-b7d9-b39d6699acb3#look_alikes 3b3af21d-111a-4d4e-a020-54625489dfb1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The legs of A. affinis are long (tibia greater than ½ SVL) in contrast to many other Arthroleptis species. In addition, adult female A. affinis are smaller than A. nikeae, which reach 54 – 56 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Arthroleptis fichika and A. kidogo are very similar. Both are very small (< 15mm), have a dark spot in the groin and are darkly colored on the undersurfaces of the thighs. A. fichika has a dark band that runs from the snout, through the eye, over the tympanum and stops at the base of the arm. In A. kidogo this band continues beyond the base of the arm (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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It is very similar to A. fichika, but has a strongly reticulated dark and light pattern on the throat (Harper et al., 2010).

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The continuously white lower jaw of A. nguruensis distinguishes this species from other Arthroleptis species in the Nguru Mountains (Harper et al., 2010).

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The large size, long legs and broad head of A. nikeae distinguish this species from other Arthroleptis species in the Rubeho Mountians (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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A. stenodactylus has a large flat inner metatarsal tubercle that is absent in the other Arthroleptis species currently recognized in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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This species is similar to A. xenodactylus and A. xenodactyloides but the head is not distinctly wedge-shaped as in A. xenodactylus, and A. stridens lacks the papillate toe tips seen in A. xenodactyloides (Harper et al., 2010).

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The large size, long legs and broad head distinguish it from other Arthroleptis species in the West Usambaras (Harper et al., 2010).

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A. xenodactyloides may be confused with A. xenodactylus and A. stridens; however, A. xenodactylus never has dorsolateral stripes, and has papillate rather than rounded finger tips as in A. xenodactyloides. The wedge shaped profile of the snout in A. xenodactyloides distinguishes it from A. stridens (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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A. xenodactylus may be confused with A. xenodactyloides and A. stridens but can be distinguished by its distinctly papillate digit tips (Harper et al., 2010).

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This species is similar to B. uluguruensis but differs as it has a distinct diastema between vomerine and palantine teeth (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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It differs from all other Boulengerula, except B. taitanus, by its pigmentation with whitish marked annular grooves. It differs from B. taitanus by its distinctive brownish colouration, an exposed sphenethmoid, a higher mean number of annuli and vertebrae, and different phallus morphology (Müller et al., 2005). It is similar to B. taitanus but more slender and lacks the blue-black ventrum (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/899 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9ac340ff-afb6-4ae9-a518-21e11d7366d6#look_alikes 8b48391a-86c2-45f4-8ccb-0dee31e1bd7e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The nearby Sagalla caecilian, B. neideni is similar, but adults are brown and do not have the lateral serrations (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/900 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17386030-0e95-4c41-8eee-6c6394ae7b69#look_alikes 98893545-8ad6-465e-80cd-aaaf15fd84c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has a superficial resemblance to B. chamgamwensis as they are both pink (Harper et al., 2010). Barbour and Loveridge (1928) report that this species can be distinguished from B. boulengeri by its fewer annuli, having 125 to 135 (129, n=45). The colour of B. uluguruensis is totally different in life from that of B. boulengeri, and in alcohol it lacks the dorsal pigmentation of that species.

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Very similar in appearance to B. mossambicus, but the calls are distinctly different. It is thought that the two species do not overlap in range (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1207 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 987b1479-1735-45f8-9204-6b9037242521#look_alikes 10baa8ec-5aec-4782-b116-7a5f514ec639 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is very similar in appearance to B. fichus, but the calls are distinctly different. It is thought that the two species do not overlap in range (Harper et al., 2010).

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This species can be distinguished from C. striatum by the latter's immaculate white belly. None of the known advertisement calls of other species have a regular series of pulse trains, except for the territorial call of C. namaquense (Boycott et al. 2002), which has trains of four pulses.

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Toes are not as extensively webbed as those of C. xerampelina. Toe disks are also smaller than those of C. xerampelina (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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M. lindneri is similar to other species in the genus, but can be distinguished by the dark line on the ventral surface. The long flat parotid glands also distinguish it from several other species in the genus (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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It is similar to other species in the genus. Like M. uzunguensis, there is a dark spot on the chest, but M. loveridgei does not occur in the high elevation grasslands where M. uzunguensis is found. M. loveridgei can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its wide parotid gland that extends from behind the eye down to the corner of the mouth (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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M. micranotis is very similar to all other species in the genus, but can be distinguished from the other species because it lacks toe webbing, does not have distinctly raised parotid glands and has a dark belly and mottled throat (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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M. taitana is very similar to other members of the genus, but it can be distinguished by the black chest of the males and by the distinctly long raised parotid glands (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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This species has more extensive webbing than other species in the genus that occur in the Uluguru Mountains (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Resembling N. tornieri in body shape but substantially larger. Easily distinguished from N. tornieri, N. poyntoni, N. vestergaardi, N. minutus and N. viviparus by the absence of tympanum. Differing from N. wendyae, N. cryptus and N. frontierei in having expanded tip of fingers (the two latter species sometimes also have a weakly discernible tympanum under the skin). N. laevis has shorter hindlimbs (SUL/hindlimb = 1.20 versus 1.12 in N. pseudotornieri holotype), lacks hand webbing and has clearly raised parotoid glands, longer than the horizontal diameter of the eye. N. asperginis has rounded finger tips, is smaller with dark dorsolateral bands, and has a more developed webbing (Menegon et al., 2004).

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N. poyntoni can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its rounded finger and toe tips, body size, clearly visible tympanum and distinct parotid glands. Nectophrynoides poyntoni resembles N. tornieri in body size and shape but it is easily distinguished by its rounded fingers and toes (always expanded and truncated in N. tornieri), and by its advertisement call. It is easily distinguished from N. viviparus by the lack of massive glands on limbs and the smaller size. The presence of a clearly raised bicoloured parotoid gland in the scapular region and the bigger body size allow N. poyntoni to be distinguished from N. minutus and from N. frontierei, which have parotoid glands reduced to just a few small conical glands. he presence of a clear tympanum differentiates this species from N. asperginis, N. laevis, N. pseudotornieri, N. wendyae and N. cryptus. The last species occasionally has a depression marking the tympanic area or a reduced tympanum outlined under the skin, but is easily distinguished from N. poyntoni in having a longer foot than tibia. N. poyntoni resembles N. vestergaardi in size, body and head shape and in having rounded tips of fingers and toes, but it differs morphometrically from it in both hind and forelimb proportions, in the shape of the parotoid glands and also in the dorsal pattern (Menegon et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/886 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8878d0c6-6942-4520-9b12-4b89004aab70#look_alikes 74ddd2ce-78a7-4da4-a35a-34d15b86f275 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

N. paulae and N. tornieri also occur in the Ukaguru Mountains, but N. laticeps lacks the conical dorsal spines of N. paulae and has rounded finger tips unlike the truncate finger tips of N. tornieri (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/888 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3c616620-bf16-4393-8210-8497b45821a6#look_alikes 4b5f3e54-b4a5-4372-8d20-953982015d52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Resembling a small N. viviparus in body shape but lacking tympanum, massive parotoids and glands on limbs. It is easily distinguished from N. poyntoni, N. vestergaardi, N. minutus and N. tornieri by the absence of a tympanum. Differing from N. wendyae, N. frontierei and N. cryptus in having expanded tips of fingers (the latter two species occasionally have a weakly discernible tympanum, outlined under the skin). N. laevis can be distinguished from N. pseudotornieri by its shorter hindlimbs (SUL/hindlimb = 1.20 versus 1.12 in N. pseudotornieri holotype), the absence of hand webbing, and clearly raised parotoid glands, which are longer than the horizontal diameter of the eye. N. asperginis differs from N. laevis in having rounded finger tips, absence of parotoids, and by being smaller with dark dorsolateral bands (Menegon et al., 2004).

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N. frontierei can be distinguished from most other species in the genus by its lack of clearly visible tympanum and parotid glands.The tympanum, if present in N. frontierei, is weakly discernible, thus differing from N. minutus, N. tornieri, N. poyntoni, N. vestergaardi and N. viviparus, which have a well developed and clearly visible tympanum. This species differs from N. cryptus (which in some specimens has a reduced tympanum) and from N. laevis by its lack of parotoid glands. In N. pseudotornieri the parotoid glands are weakly discernible but N. frontierei is readily distinguished from it by the rounded tip of the fingers and the smaller size. It differs from N. asperginis, which has dark dorsolateral bands and more developed webbing. This species does resemble N. minutus in size and body shape. (Menegon et al., 2004).

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M. usambarae is very similar to the other species in the genus, but the ventral surface is light with darker mottling and lacks the distinct chest spot, ventral stripe or black belly found in the other species (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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H. ornata is similar in body shape to Pyxicephalus edulis, but it lacks the teeth-like projections on the jaw (Harper et al., 2010).

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L. vermiculatus adults in the gray-brown phase may easily be confused with adult L. flavomaculatus, which have a nearly identical adult color phase. The toe webbing on L. vermiculatus is extensive, but never reaches the disks of the first three digits as it does in L. flavomaculatus (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1172 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f40f0126-0086-4152-848b-81bc662c830c#look_alikes 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Individuals with the blue-green dorsal color are never the same bright green color of L. flavomaculatus or L. vermiculatus. The eyes of L. uluguruensis are never red or orange as in L. barbouri (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 55c2860d-b53f-4f38-b800-97f12347eac9#look_alikes 58ad5f18-4d60-4d0f-ac90-80900a7fd520 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Leptopelis parkeri has similar eyes, but differs substantially from L. barbouri in dorsal coloration (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1152 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 115e636b-2f30-4dc5-936f-040a9d848a5d#look_alikes 78b08515-3f99-45b7-a961-4c4a5b440720 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Leptopelis argenteus and Leptopelis concolor differ in their dorsal markings and distribution but have identical advertisement calls (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1167 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ec3ff191-cb89-46c2-9f6a-e624768dc49b#look_alikes baafdc58-a971-4dbe-9edb-8fb2b2a805fa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is similar in appearance to H. glandicolor morphs that lack dorsal markings, but H. tuberlinguis has yellow rather than pink or red disks on the toes and fingers (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1422 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b64ed5ea-737f-4db6-9c66-2d55bc884d9c#look_alikes 270692a7-685b-4b9a-b7d7-349a1f1158cc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

K. maculata is similar to K. senegalensis, but has distinctive bright red-orange markings on the thigh (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1488 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d3ebc02c-72a8-40ae-96aa-f9501359d36f#look_alikes 285e1759-60a8-420f-8569-308a37589a3e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

K. senegalensis lacks the bright red-orange markings that are present on the thigh of K. maculata. K. senegalensis may be composed of multiple cryptic species (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1475 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ad99e82d-85ea-4959-bdd0-9030c0e840a2#look_alikes 7f2e3a91-37a5-45a6-aeac-7ca27bf308f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

According to the the original description by Laurent (1979) and Schiøtz (1999), this species is similar to Hyperolius platyceps.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1424 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b737153-7903-493d-8463-dbfc0db47975#look_alikes 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. tanneri is very similar in appearance (a green frog with regular white dorsolateral lines), though larger than H. spinigularis and lacking gular spines. H. tanneri occupies the same perching habitat as H. spinigularis (broad leaves overhanging water) and is also voiceless. H. minutissimus is also often mistaken as H. spinigularis, and all records of H. spinigularis from the Udzungwa Mountains appear to be misassigned. While some color morphs of H. minutissimus appear similar to H. spinigularis, the the lines are often more yellow and broken than H. spinigularis. While H. minutissimus has gular spines, they are far fewer.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 039e245c-05a3-4f1b-848f-59ea63f89d9b#look_alikes 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. spinigularis is very similar in appearance to H. tanneri. The black spines on the throat of the males distinguish this species from others in the genus (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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It is similar to H. mitchelli in size and coloration, but lacks the light spots on the heels (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1352 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1297f50f-c344-4234-a48b-6c6f3b93a1de#look_alikes 7367564c-766b-43e8-8996-60222b08b7d2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. tanneri is very similar in appearance to H. spinigularis, but H. tanneri lacks black spines on the throat and ventrum (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1439 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 26a54e23-7777-4639-b7cf-3e664b84a5b0#look_alikes 11119a8d-7157-429f-af1c-06a653a445a7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Some individuals have color patterns similar to morphs of H. minutissimus (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1465 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6e747caf-454e-44f7-acc0-ca528c3df680#look_alikes 81350b25-76a4-42c2-ae23-ef8d2bf4d592 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has similar coloration to male H. argus, but H. pseudargus has less extensive webbing on the toes (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1463 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 79776144-f7bb-4459-84e3-f84a2777dcfa#look_alikes 1641854e-2440-4c74-af07-5770105722af http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This a monotypic species, and the appearance is distinct and not easily confused with other species (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/866 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0034935b-1c98-48ea-a3eb-5e3cdc231984#look_alikes fe03dd70-7aa0-4a26-b7e6-1dbe3d37593e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There are no known similar species within the geographic range of H. rogersi (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/894 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0864801-ea55-4398-92b3-b5263b7aa6d2#look_alikes 2d14b6f3-1f35-4653-8fb3-2c18576f6dd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is similar to Hoplophryne rogersi, but their distributions do not overlap (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/895 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6b170956-7c18-49ae-8845-7992e44b0732#look_alikes 098b492c-c12b-48ef-895c-e25f5dcf6ec9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The glandular texture of this species skin distinguishes it from similar species (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/841 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a20704b3-416a-4477-b2ec-f7a3dd47aea3#look_alikes a7b1c5e7-92b2-4c9d-84bd-ea045e95e6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsal pattern of this species is distinctive (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1358 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b897fbd9-4b26-43bf-85d5-0612b058a0f0#look_alikes 7fe106ad-6b49-43f4-ab31-f400431d6f42 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is part of the Hyperolius viridiflavus complex. It is similar to H. mariae, but the vertical stripes on the sides are distinctive (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1473 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e04e250-8a73-4a46-af1f-add88d0187a6#look_alikes 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dorsal markings are distinct (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1408 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 70f2ca2f-6181-41f2-80fb-0c2f420f025e#look_alikes 2735a23b-df56-4951-98aa-77df4ffdb130 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The tiny males may be confused with H. pictus metamorphs, but the latter typically have three
distinct lines on the dorsum which H. minutissimus lacks. H. minutissimus is similar to H. spinigularis, but H. minutissimus lacks blue coloration and the males are substantially smaller than in H. spinigularis (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1454 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 63656e20-ec28-43b3-82c1-31946bde24a7#look_alikes 6425ff9a-2c2a-4115-adc1-241ecf2f50f0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. mitchelli can be distinguished from H. puncticulatus by the light spots on the heels.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1456 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4e95ec5d-c3a2-4740-8c75-0176ecea6a20#look_alikes 2baa120f-f738-4648-b6ab-b6387e3aac88 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The widely expanded and truncate finger and toe tips, along with the visible tympanum distinguish this species from most other species in the genus (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/884 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cbd8b4dc-9340-4de7-96ff-aa2886c8c4e8#look_alikes 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species resembles N. tornieri in size and body shape but is easily distinguished from it by the rounded fingers and toes without truncated ends. The presence of an elongated and continuous parotoid gland from otic to scapular region, the larger size and the foot length equal or greater than tibia length, allows N. vestergaardi to be distinguished from N. minutus. N. vestergaardi differs from N. asperginis, N. laevis, N. pseudotornieri and N. wendyae by the presence of a tympanum. N. cryptus and N. frontierei sometimes possess a reduced, weakly discernible tympanum, N. vestergaardi is distinguished from them by the presence of narrow and elongated parotoid glands (scapular in N. cryptus, absent in N. frontierei). This species is readily distinguished from N. viviparus by the absence of massive glands on the limbs and by the smaller size. The species resembles N. poyntoni in size, body and head shape, and in rounded tips of fingers and toes. However, it differs in both fore and hindlimb proportions (limbs are significantly shorter in N. vestergaardi), in parotoid glands shape (forming a continuous ridge from otic to scapular region in N. vestergaardi, whereas in N. poyntoni the parotoids are discontinuous) and in dorsal and lateral colour pattern (pale dorsum with darker sides and a thin vertebral line in N. vestergaardi; Menegon et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dfc9ce18-866e-4bf3-8a9d-0cb6f588a2ef#look_alikes 1a61b0a8-b051-4fa1-a5ed-191e9df4326a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dark undersides of the thighs and the presence of white tubercles make this species easily distinguishable from others of the genus (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 61661187-f8dc-4e2e-91c6-a959c58330b2#look_alikes 41251ba4-d3aa-4f51-ab8f-05e04bdc3985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Parhoplophryne usambarica is similar to Hoplophryne, but the latter has a reduced first finger and spines in males (Harper et al., 2010). Barbour and Loveridge (1928) note that the color in life P. usambarica is almost identical to H. rogersi, but the snout is more pointed than in H. rogersi.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/896 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5567a471-2bff-4f83-8fd3-64965b5d0071#look_alikes fdc88bc5-d5eb-4da7-bd77-5c87832751a2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Petropedetes euskircheni has rudimentary webbing and can easily distinguishable from species with developed webbing (P. palmipes and P. perreti, both fully webbed; P. cameronensis and P. juliawurstnerae, both half-webbed). The presence of a distinct tympanum and a tympanal papilla distinguish P. euskircheni from P. cameronensis and P. palmipes. This species can also be separated from P. vulpiae and P. johnstoni by the size of the femoral gland in these species. In addition, males of P. euskircheni are larger than P. vulpiae and P. johnstoni. P. parkeri and this species are morphologically similar and both have small femoral glands.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1517 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 50031fba-e4ce-4166-898d-89f2518e476e#look_alikes a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. johnstoni is easily differentiated from other Central African congeners by its rudimentary webbing. P. palmipes and P. perreti are both fully webbed; P. cameronensis and P. juliawurstnerae are half-webbed. The presence of a distinct tympanum and a tympanal papilla distinguishes P. johnstoni from P. cameronensis and P. palmipes, which lack these characters. The small but distinct tympanum and the large femoral glands differentiate P. johnstoni from P. euskircheni, P. parkeri and P. vulpiae, which are all species with reduced webbing. Furthermore, P. johnstoni seems to be strictly restricted to lowland localities in coastal areas, while the other species live inland or are montane (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ce0294ab-6353-44fa-94f9-2fdbb33e1687#look_alikes 9d5222e5-1355-427c-a6ce-d74a1697e77d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Petropedetes yakusini is similar in appearance, but the ranges of the two species do not overlap (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1516 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#look_alikes 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Snout more pointed than in other species. y the amount of webbing it can easily be differentiated from those with half-webbed toes, including P. cameronensis and P. juliawurstnerae, and the rudimentary-webbed species, including P. euskircheni, P. johnstoni, P. parkeri and P. vulpiae. P. perreti is the only other Central African Petropedetes that is fully webbed. P. palmipes can be easily distinguished from P. perreti by the size of the tympanum, which is very small and rather indistinct in both sexes of P. palmipes, while it is large and distinct in P. perreti. In addition, breeding males of P. perreti possess a tympanic papilla, which is lacking in P. palmipes (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1522 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0213af3f-75d4-49ac-b5a6-c26ebe436248#look_alikes 1f151ad0-b597-481f-a90a-43c7b34466ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is one of to the two Petropedetes with fully developed webbing. P. euskircheni, P. johnstoni, P. parkeri and P. vulpiae all have rudimentary webbing. This species can be easily distinguished from P. palmipes (fully webbed) and P. cameronensis (half-webbed) by its larger and distinct tympanum and the tympanic papilla in males. The most similar species is P. juliawurstnerae (Barej et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1514 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51815546-aa98-44e5-aeaf-d0c3aabbd8b7#look_alikes c10ad5c4-67b3-44f8-8a5f-85775fc7166c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is distinct from species with developed webbing (P. palmipes and P. perreti, both fully webbed; P. cameronensis and P. juliawurstnerae, both half-webbed). The presence of a distinct tympanum and a tympanal papilla separates P. vulpiae from P. cameronensis and P. palmipes, who lack these characters. Petropedetes vulpiae can be differentiated from P. johnstoni by the size of the tympanum (the tympanum is smaller than the eye diameter in P. johnstoni) and the size of femoral glands (the femoral glands are more developed in male P. johnstoni). Petropedetes vulpiae differs from P. parkeri and P. euskircheni sp. nov. by body size (P. vulpiae is smaller than P. parkeri and P. euskircheni; the femoral gland is larger in males and females of P. vulpiae than in P. parkeri and P. euskircheni; the tibia / SUL ratio is higher in both sexes of P. vulpiae; the shape of the tympanum, (males of P. parkeri have a rounder tympanum than P. vulpiae, whereas it can be somewhat flattened in P. euskircheni, but less than in P. vulpiae).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1513 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 008b5b9a-9271-4e15-a559-ee611b21e989#look_alikes 72c264da-54ae-451c-9dc7-26a6da492fec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is similar to Petropedetes martiensseni, but their ranges do not overlap (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1512 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0d2b4055-cdc0-452f-b527-2e963afbae70#look_alikes 61d39f46-949e-4778-8b98-d7f6793bb4e4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is most similar to frogs of the genus Kassina, but it is easily distinguished by its white-tipped warts (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1498 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3af821b8-aa5b-4a95-95a2-e2e569fe05cb#look_alikes fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is morphologically most similar to those small species exhibiting an eyelid spine, including P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. cornutus, and P. taiensis.

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P. bullans has a broad and rounded head, resembling a slender Tomopterna (Pickersgill, 2007). It is morphologically most similar to P. natalensis but can be distinguished by its smaller size (P. bullans males up to 24 mm; P. natalensis males up to 32 mm) and different advertisement call (Crutsinger et al., 2004). This species is distinguished from P. mababiensis, P. parvulus, P. scheffleri,P. stewartae, P. ukingensis, P. uzungwensis by a visible tympanum. It is distinguished from P. acridoides, P. dendrobates, P. graueri, P. irangi, P. pakenhami, P. perpalmatus, P. rouxi, and P. versicolor by the absence of digital discs.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a394f79e-79e0-4482-9979-cd6512a3645f#look_alikes 7a7f3ef2-ffda-4113-8037-378dd35f6ece http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species differs from many other East African dwarf puddle frogs because the extent of its webbing. Most small species, including P. inexpectatus, P. kakamikro, P. keniensis, P. mababiensis, P. minutus, P. parvulus, P. pallidus, P. scheffleri, P. rungwensis, P. ukingensis, and P. ungujae have absent or rudimentary webbing. P. uzungwensis exhibits moderate to extensive pedal webbing, but not the dark throat and gular apparatus of P. breviceps. P. anotis has a yellow throat in life. P. stewartae (SVL < 20 mm) and P. breviceps appear to be most similar in extent of webbing and size. Male P. stewartae and P. breviceps also appear to also share the dark throat and baggy gular sac, but a median gular fold is absent in the former.

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P. chukuchuku, P. manengoubensis, and P. werneri are smaller in size and either lacks or have only a rudimentary pedal webbing. P. cricogaster can easily be distinguished by it's bullseye ventral pattern. P. batesii, P. africanus, P. auritus, P. natalensis, P. plicatus, and P. steindachneri have moderate to extensive pes webbing with 1.5–3.5 phalanges free of webbing on toe IV.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0021e28-c4a8-4ddd-9a26-8271f94f4e94#look_alikes b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus plicatus most resembles P. auritus, but it can be distinguished by its slightly larger size (males 36 mm; females 40 mm), indistinct tympanum, less webbing (up to 3 phalanges free on digit IV), and increased pigmention on the ventral side.

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It is most similar to those species restricted to the Albertine Rift, including P. acutirostris, P. dalcqui, P. dendrobates, P. petropedetoides, P. sulfureogularis, and P. versicolor. It is morphologically most similar to P. acutirostris and P. sulfureogularis but differs by its more extensive pedal webbing and absence of digital discs. Male P. asper are also easily distinguished from P. sulfeoregularis by the absence of a yellow vocal sac. In P. acutirostris, the scapular glands are often relatively weakly developed and exhibit a different pattern: a double Y in the scapular region. In P. acutirostris, the dark pigmentation on the venter is more spread out, intense, and clearly defined, and there is a clear longitudinal line in the middle of the throat that is absent in P. asper. The head and other dimensions are relatively larger in P. acutirostris with the exception of the size of upper eyelid. The major difference is that the interorbital space is 35% larger in P. acutirostris, and the length of the 3rd digit is approximately 20% shorter.

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This species is morphologically most similar to those small species exhibiting an eyelid spine, including P. calcaratus, P. cornutus, P. taiensis and P. villiersi. All these species can be considered small in size and have absent or rudimentary webbing. Digital discs are absent in P. calcaratus and P. taiensis. The throat in male P. calcaratus is also dark in color. Digital discs are present in P. cornutus and P. villiersi, as well as P. annulatus. The venter of P. cornutus is white with dark spots, while the ventral pattern of P. villiersi includes two longitudinal, thick and parallel dark brown to black bands across the throat, and large spots on the belly. The cream-colored background often forms a cross on the chest where the spots are absent.

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De Witte (1933) notes that this species is similar to P. plicatus.

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The presence of enlarged “teeth” the lower jaw makes males of this species easily identifiable. The only other species of Phrynobatrachus that exhibits mandibular pseudo-teeth is Phrynobatrachus sandersoni, which exhibits greatly enlarged T-shaped digital discs.

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Phrynobatrachus pakenhami is morphologically most similar to P. acridoides. According to Loveridge (1941), the latter can be distinguished by the barring (brown and white) present on the lower jaws, and the smaller body size (23-27 mm). However, he used these characters to distinguish P. pakenhami from what he believed was P. acridoides on Pemba Island, and this species is not believed to be found on the island. Pickersgill (2008) reported that apart from the advertisement call and slightly smaller size, there is little to distinguish P. acridoides from P. pakenhami.

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Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku is morphologically most similar to other small Cameroonian species, such as P. latifrons, P. calcaratus, P. cornutus, P. hylaios, P. manengoubensis, and P. werneri. Phrynobatrachus latifrons has distinct webbing and males exhibit a yellow throat, whereas P. chukuchuku generally lacks webbing and males possess a black throat. Phrynobatrachus chukuchuku can be easily differentiated from P. calcaratus and P. cornutus because it does not have an eyelid cornicle. Phrynobatrachus werneri and P. hylaios differ from P. chukuchuku by much darker coloration, both on the dorsum and venter (not including the dark or black gular region found in males), as well as the presence of ventral spines in males. This species differs from large-bodied Cameroonian Phrynobatrachus (P. africanus, P. auritus, P. batesii, P. cricogaster, P. natalensis, P. plicatus, and P. steindachneri) by absence of pes webbing (Zimkus, 2009).

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This species is morphologically most similar to those small species exhibiting an eyelid spine, including P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. taiensis and P. villiersi. All these species can be considered small in size and have absent or rudimentary webbing. Digital discs are absent in P. calcaratus and P. taiensis. The throat in male P. calcaratus is also dark in color. Digital discs are present in P. annulatus and P. villiersi, as well as P. cornutus. The venter of P. annulatus is white with dark rings with white interiors. The ventral pattern of P. villiersi includes two longitudinal, thick and parallel dark brown to black bands across the throat, and large spots on the belly. The cream-colored background often forms a cross on the chest where the spots are absent.

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This species is one of the few puddle frogs that can be easily identified due to it's distinct bullseye ventral pattern.

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It is most similar to those species restricted to the Albertine Rift, including P. acutirostris, P. asper, P. dendrobates, P. petropedetoides, P. sulfureogularis, and P. versicolor. This species is similar and somewhat intermediate between P. dendrobates and P. versicolor with the broad digital discs off the first, and the squat proportions of the second.

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Blackburn (2010) outlines the ways that this species differs from other puddle frogs in Cameroon and Nigeria.

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It is most similar to those large species restricted to the Albertine Rift and East Africa, including P. acutirostris, P. asper, P. dalcqui, P. dendrobates, P. krefftii, P. petropedetoides, and P. sulfureogularis. This species is distinguished from P. versicolor by its slim aspect, longer tibia, longer fingers and more developed digits. P. petropedetoides has a blunter snount when compared to P. dendrobates, and males exhibit minute spines only on the feet.

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Phrynobatrachus dispar is morphologically most similar to other miniature species of puddle frogs, including P. leveleve, P. calcaratus, P. cornutus, P. inexpectatus, P. keniensis, P. kinangopensis, P. mababiensis, P. minutus, P. parvulus, and P. scheffleri. P. leveleve and dispar can be readily distinguished from each other in both sexes. Phrynobatrachus leveleve are distinguished from Phrynobatrachus dispar by a lower jaw distinctly marked with vertical banding, a darkened vocal sac, the presence of minute spicules arranged in a U-shaped pattern along the anterior margin of the jaw and a proportionally smaller eye. Males of P. dispar have distinct white-tipped conical asperities, whereas P. leveleve have fewer asperities, which are only faintly noticeable to the naked eye. Female P. leveleve are distinguished from female P. dispar by the absence of asperities in most individuals, smaller size and duller coloration. Female P. dispar (N=20, SVL=22.2 mm) are also significantly larger than P. leveleve (N=17, SVL=19.6 mm). Although highly polymorphic, the overall coloration of both male and female P. leveleve is duller, generally lacking distinct vertical barring on the thigh and leg as found in P. dispar. Phrynobatrachus dispar is distinguished from P. calcaratus and P. cornutus by the absence of an eyelid cornicle (although a small bump may be observed in the same location).

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Phrynobatrachus fraterculus differs from several small West African puddle frogs (P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. taiensis, P. villiersi) by the absence of an eyelid cornicle. It differs from P. francisci, P. intermedius, P. plicatus, P. liberiensis, P. natalensis,and P. latifrons (= P. accraensis, Frétey 2008) by its much less developed webbing (Guibé & Lamotte, 1963; Rödel et al., 2009). It may be confused with P. maculiventris, with which it shares the almost completely smooth dorsal skin and large femoral glands in males (Barbour and Loveridge, 1927; Parker, 1936; Blackburn, 2005; Rödel et al., 2009). P. fraterculus can be differentiated from P. maculiventris by its complete white upper lip, compared to white spots on a brown upper lip in P. maculiventris. A distinct ventral pattern in also present in P. maculiventris with large irregularly shaped dark brown blotches separated by thin white lines.

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Other species from northern Democratic Republic of Congo include P. albomarginatus, P. giorgii, P. parkeri, and P. perpalmatus. P. congicus is also reported from Democratic Republic of Congo, but more specific locality information is lacking.

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Drewes and Vindum (1994) note that P. graueri is similar to P. bequaerti from which it differs in having slightly less extensive webbing on toe V.

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Squeaker frogs of the genus Arthroleptis and puddle frogs of the genus Phrynobatrachus are distantly related but have been confused for more than a century and continue to be difficult for many to distinguish. Definitive characteristic that can be used to differentiate between them include the presence of an outer metatarsal tubercle and a tarsal tubercle in Phrynobatrachus. Arthroleptis only exhibits an inner metatarsal tubercle, which is also found in Phrynobatrachus. Arthroleptis generally have relatively wider heads than Phrynobatrachus (Zimkus and Blackburn, 2008).

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P. gutturosus differs from P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. cornutus, P. taiensis, and P. villiersi by the lack of an eyelid tubercle. It differs from P. alleni, P. francisci, P. latifrons, P. intermedius, P. natalensis, and P. plicatus by its less developed webbing. The belly of male and female P. guineensis always shows large black spots, whereas this species has a white venter. Breeding males of P. gutturosus exhibits a black throat, while yellowish throats are also present in males of P. latifrons and P. fraterculus. P. phyllophilus has discs present on both finger and toe tips.

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It is morphologically most similar to other small-sized East African species of puddle frogs, including P. kakamikro, P. keniensis, P. kinangopensis, P. mababiensis, P. minutus, P. pallidus, P. parvulus, P. rungwensis, P. scheffleri, P. ukingensis, P. ungujae and P. uzungwensis. This species is smaller than the sympatric P. minutus, and adult males of the latter species have bright yellow throats in life, appearing light in color in preservation. It is also appreciably smaller than P. keniensis, P. kinangopensis, and P. scheffleri. P. scapularis is similar in size and webbing but exhibits a pale strip on the back of the thigh. Both P. rouxi and P. ukingensis exhibit weak digital discs, and the former has more extensize webbing with 3 phalanges free on toe IV and 2 phalanges free on toe V (Grandison and Howell, 1984). P. kinangopensis, P. perpalmatus, and P. rouxi are of similar size but display digital discs and a visible tympanum (both absent in this species). In addition, the foot of P. kinangopensis and P. perpalmatus exhibits extensive webbing. P. pallidus, P. rungwensis, P. ukingensis, P. ungujae and P. uzungwensis share similar snout-vent lengths with P. inexpectatus and exhbit an indistinct tympanum, but differ through presence of well developed digital discs (versus absence in P. inexpectatus). In addition, P. uzungwensis exhibits extensive pedal webbing (vesus rudimentary webbing in P. inexpectatus). P. breviceps, P. keniensis, and P. stewartae exhibit more extensive pedal webbing (at maximum two and a half phalanges of fourth toe free of webbing).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1530 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d284b7ea-912f-4541-ba74-473727460241#look_alikes c94a42a5-4a94-4200-b3e8-4250a6067713 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

From a number of the smaller West African Phrynobatrachus species, including P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. taiensis, and P. villiersi, this species can be distinguished by its size (> 22 mm), the absence of an eyelid cornicle and a different ventral pattern. P. ghanensis and P. pintoi lack an eyelid cornicle, but are also much smaller and have a different ventral coloration. P. tokba, P. gutturosus, and P. fraterculus are smaller, have a more slender body shape and scapular glands that are differently shaped or absent (P. fraterculus). These three species have only very rudimentary traces of webbing. The ridges differentiate P. intermedius from P. brongersmai that has scapular glands that form an X-shaped pattern and brown stippling on the gular and pectoral regions; as well as from P. guineensis, P. phyllophilus, P. accraensis, P. francisci, and P. natalensis that mostly have two pairs of comma shaped scapular glands, but no ridges. Webbing is also more developed in P. accraensis, P. francisci, and P. natalensis than P. intermedius. P. alleni has ridges that resemble P. plicatus (X-shape, see below) but are shorter. These ridges are also much more distinct in P. alleni than in P. intermedius. Furthermore P. alleni has either a white (females), or a yellowish (males) venter, whereas the throat and breast are dark colored in P. intermedius. Yellowish throats are also present in males of P. accraensis and P. fraterculus (Rödel et al., 2009).

P. intermedius differs from all Phrynobatrachus species previously mentioned by the presence of a very distinct blackish-brown face mask. A face mask is also present in P. batesii, P. liberiensis, and P. plicatus. The Central African P. batesii has much less developed webbing compared to the P. intermedius, and P. batesii females have a white throat. Thus, P. intermedius is morphologically most similar, although somehow intermediate to P. plicatus and P. liberiensis. Adult P. plicatus and P. liberiensis males have very distinct folds on a completely black throat; males of P. intermedius are unknown. P. intermedius shares with P. plicatus a more pointed snout and a more conspicuous face mask, compared to P. liberiensis. In P. intermedius the throat bears some small whitish spots or points. Female P. plicatus have a uniform dark throat and the P. plicatus snout is more rounded in lateral and more pointed in dorsal view. Both sexes of P. plicatus can be readily distinguished from the P. intermedius by distinct long and X-shaped dorsal ridges that clearly exceed the middle of the back. These ridges are usually bordered by a color that is either lighter or darker than the rest of the back and thus makes the ridges even more conspicuous. The dorsal ridges are much less conspicuous and shorter in P. intermedius, not exceeding the middle of the back. Few P. plicatus, some sympatric with P. intermedius, may have comparatively short dorsal ridges. However, these are still longer and much more distinct in P. plicatus than in P. intermedius, and the ridges converge and diverge, thus forming an X-like figure. P. intermedius ridges are only slightly converging. P. plicatus further has a less broad head and more developed webbing than P. intermedius. The greenish dorsal spots of the P. intermedius holotype occasionally occur also in P. plicatus. Many P. plicatus posses paired or unpaired black spots in the most caudal quarter of the back, a character not observed in any other West African Phrynobatrachus (Rödel et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1531 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51526ed2-ca51-4ff5-90ec-16e9ae89df88#look_alikes 13890b85-01d3-45a9-8fad-266d50d401d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus krefftii, the only other large species of puddle frog in East Africa, can be distinguished from P. irangi by it's slightly smaller size (SVL up to 36 mm in males and 41 mm in females), more extensive webbing (1-2 phalanges free on toe IV), larger inner metatarsal tubercle, and shorter fiifth toe. Breeding males of P. krefftii also have a sharply projecting snout, lack asperities on the plantar surface of the foot and exhibit a darkly outlined lower jaw with bright yellow throat.

There are also a number of osteological differences between the two species, revealed by cleared and double-stained specimens. The nasals of P. irangi are widely spaced, not greatly dilated medially and are not overlapped posteriorly by the sphenethmoids; P. krefftii nasals are more broadly dilated medially, less widely spaced, and overlapped by anterior projection of the sphenethmoids. The presacral vertebrae in P. krefftii are strongly imbricate; those of P. irangi are non-overlapping. The base of the omostemum in P. irangi is slightly notched; that of P. krefftii is moderately forked. The sternal style off P. irangi is near-rectangular, only slightly compressed medially, with a medial width greater than half the width of the anterior margin; that of P. krefftii is compressed medially, so that the medial width is half the width of the proximal margin of the structure. The bases of the thyrohyals originate posterior to a line drawn through the bases of the posterolateral processes in P. irangi. The thyrohyals of P. krefftii are deeply invasive into the corpus of the hyoid plate and extend anterior to the bases of the posterolateral processes.

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Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus, P. mababiensis (including its junior synonyms P. vanrooyeni, P. chitialaensis, P. broomi), P. minutus, P. parvulus (including its junior synonyms P. schoutedeni, P. ukingensis nyikae) and the P. scheffleri are morphologically most similar to P. scheffleri. Toe webbing in P. inexpectatus is almost absent and the throat of males is strongly suffused with dark grey pigment (Largen, 2001). Phrynobatrachus minutus and P. parvulus males in breeding condition can be distinguished by throat colour, yellowish and dark grey, respectively (versus light grey in P. scheffleri). Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus is slightly smaller than the new species (mean SVL 14.5 and 16.4 mm in males and females, respectively). P. minutus and P. parvulus males in breeding condition can be distinguished from this species by throat colour, i.e. yellowish and dark grey, respectively, versus light grey in P. kakamikro. Phrynobatrachus scheffleri possesses a papilla on the tongue and femoral glands (both absent in P. kakamikro). Femoral glands are also present in P. inexpectatus, P. minutus and P. parvulus. The following can be distinguished from P. kakamikro by having larger adult SVL: Phrynobatrachus acridoides (ca. 25 mm), P. auritus (> 35 mm), P. bullans (ca. 25 mm), P. dendrobates (> 30 mm), P. irangi (> 50 mm ), P. kreffti (> 35 mm), P. natalensis (> 24 mm), P. pakenhami (> 25 mm) and P. versicolor (> 25 mm). Phrynobatrachus graueri, P. kinangopensis, P. perpalmatus, and P. rouxi are of similar SVL, but display digital discs and a visible tympanum (both absent in P. scheffleri). In addition, the foot of P. kinangopensis and P. perpalmatus is well webbed (versus rudimentary webbing in P. kakamikro). Phrynobatrachus pallidus, P. rungwensis, P. ukingensis, P. ungujae and P. uzungwensis share similar SVL with P. kakamikro and exhbit an indistinct tympanum, but differ through presence of well developed digital discs. In addition, the throat is heavily pigmented in P. ukingensis, and P. uzungwensis exhibits extensive pedal webbing (vesus rudimentary webbing in P. kakamikro). Phrynobatrachus breviceps, P. keniensis, and P. stewartae exhibit more extensive pedal webbing (at maximum two and a half phalanges of fourth toe free of webbing versus three free of webbing in P. scheffleri).

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This species is morphologically similar to other small East African puddle frog species. Phrynobatrachus pallidus, P. rungwensis, P. ukingensis, P. ungujae and P. uzungwensis also have an indistinct tympanum, but differ by the presence of well-developed digital discs. In addition, the throat is heavily pigmented in P. ukingensis, and P. uzungwensis has extensive webbing. Male P. minutus, P. kakamikro, and P. parvulus in breeding condition can be distinguished by their throat colours, i.e., yellowish, greyish, and dark grey, respectively.

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Phrynobatrachus irangi, the only other large species of puddle frog in East Africa, can be distinguished from P. krefftii by it's slightly larger size (SVL up to 46 mm in males and 51 mm in females), less extensive webbing (3 phalanges free on toe IV), smaller inner metatarsal tubercle, and longer fiifth toe. Breeding males of P. irangi also have rounded snouts, asperities on the plantar surface of the foot and breeding males lack a bright yellow throat.

There are also a number of osteological differences between the two species, revealed by cleared and double-stained specimens. The nasals of P. irangi are widely spaced, not greatly dilated medially and are not overlapped posteriorly by the sphenethmoids; P. krefftii nasals are more broadly dilated medially, less widely spaced, and overlapped by anterior projection of the sphenethmoids. The presacral vertebrae in P. krefftii are strongly imbricate; those of P. irangi are non-overlapping. The base of the omostemum in P. irangi is slightly notched; that of P. krefftii is moderately forked. The sternal style off P. irangi is near-rectangular, only slightly compressed medially, with a medial width greater than half the width of the anterior margin; that of P. krefftii is compressed medially, so that the medial width is half the width of the proximal margin of the structure. The bases of the thyrohyals originate posterior to a line drawn through the bases of the posterolateral processes in P. irangi. The thyrohyals of P.krefftii are deeply invasive into the corpus of the hyoid plate and extend anterior to the bases of the posterolateral processes.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 16ed6290-6018-4310-ad67-2637ef4baef9#look_alikes 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus leveleve is morphologically most similar to other miniature species of puddle frogs, including P. dispar, P. calcaratus, P. cornutus, P. inexpectatus, P. keniensis, P. kinangopensis, P. mababiensis, P. minutus, P. parvulus, and P. scheffleri. Phrynobatrachus leveleve and P. dispar can be readily distinguished from each other in both sexes. Adult males are distinguished from P. dispar by a lower jaw distinctly marked with vertical banding, a darkened vocal sac, the presence of minute spicules arranged in a U-shaped pattern along the anterior margin of the jaw and a proportionally smaller eye. Males of P. leveleve have fewer asperities, which are only faintly noticeable to the naked eye. By contrast, P. dispar males have distinct white-tipped conical asperities. Female P. leveleve are distinguished from female P. dispar by the absence of asperities in most individuals, smaller size and duller coloration. Female P. leveleve of the type series were also significantly smaller (N=17, SVL=19.6 mm) than female P. dispar (N=20, SVL=22.2 mm). Although highly polymorphic, the overall coloration of both male and female P. leveleve is duller, generally lacking distinct vertical barring on the thigh and leg as found in P. dispar. Phrynobatrachus leveleve is distinguished from P. calcaratus and P. cornutus by the absence of an eyelid cornicle (although a small bump may be observed in the same location). Phrynobatrachus leveleve is further distinguished from P. parvulus and P. minutus of the mainland by larger size, stouter habitus and smaller femoral glands in males (Uyeda, Drewes, and Zimkus, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 27806236-72ce-48d0-99a9-cf6804d158c2#look_alikes d623aa2b-0fc1-4310-9fc1-b06763fcf3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

From a number of the smaller West African Phrynobatrachus species, including P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. taiensis, and P. villiersi, this species can be distinguished by its size (> 22 mm) and the absence of an eyelid cornicle.P. ghanensis, P. maculiventris, and P. pintoi are also smaller and have a different ventral coloration. P. tokba, P. gutturosus, and P. fraterculus are smaller, have a more slender body shape, and have only very rudimentary traces of webbing. The throat and breast are dark colored in P. intermedius, and yellowish throats are also present in males of P. accraensis and P. fraterculus. This species is morphologically most similar to P. intermedius and P. plicatus, these species have a more pointed snout and a more conspicuous face mask, compared to P. liberiensis. P. plicatus also have characteristic, distinct long and X-shaped dorsal ridges that clearly exceed the middle of the back.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1571 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9db299e3-260e-4c84-b774-d424031ceb56#look_alikes d43638c6-6114-4d9a-9365-3061a699102c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus maculiventris differs from several small West African puddle frogs (P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. taiensis, P. villiersi) by the absence of an eyelid cornicle. It differs from P. francisci, P. intermedius, P. plicatus, P. liberiensis, P. natalensis, and P. latifrons (= P. accraensis, Frétey 2008) by its much less developed webbing. It differs from all the above mentioned species plus P. batesii, P. brongersmai, P. ghanensis, P. guineensis, P. gutturosus, P. phyllophilus, P. pintoi, and P. tokba by the absence of dorsal warts or ridges. It may be confused with P. fraterculus, with which it shares the almost completely smooth dorsal skin and large femoral glands in males. P. fraterculus can be differentiated from P. maculiventris by its complete white upper lip, compared to white spots on a brown upper lip in P. maculiventris, and the venter of P. fraterculus that has a few small black spots or is uniform clear, compared to the distinct ventral pattern in P. maculiventris with large irregularly shaped dark brown blotches separated by white lines.

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Comparison of specimens of P. manengoubensis with P. werneri by Zimkus (2009), including type material (P. manengoubensis, MNHNP 1939.113; P. werneri, ZMB 20434), revealed no significant morphometric differences between these species. P. chukuchuku may be distinguished from P. manengoubensis and P. werneri by much darker coloration, both on the dorsum and venter (not including the dark or black gular region found in males of these species), as well as the presence of ventral spines.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b76b6209-6b80-4e37-a8cb-d0d2627fb34b#look_alikes f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is morphologically most similar to other small-sized East African species of puddle frogs, including P. kakamikro, P. keniensis, P. kinangopensis, P. mababiensis, P. minutus, P. pallidus, P. parvulus, P. rungwensis, P. scheffleri, P. ukingensis, P. ungujae and P. uzungwensis. This species is larger than the sympatric P. inexpectatus, and adult males of the latter species have dark grey throats in life (Largen, 2001). P. graueri, P. bequaerti, and P. rungwensis are slightly larger, and adult males of these species have dark grey to black throats. Male P. parvulus and P. ukingensis also exhibit heavily pigmented throats. P. scapularis is smaller in size and webbing but exhibits a pale strip on the back of the thigh. Both P. rouxi has more extensize webbing with 3 phalanges free on toe IV and 2 phalanges free on toe V (Grandison and Howell, 1984). P. kinangopensis, P. perpalmatus, and P. rouxi are of smaller size and exhibit a visible tympanum. In addition, the foot of P. kinangopensis and P. perpalmatus exhibits extensive webbing. P. pallidus, P. rungwensis, P. ukingensis, P. ungujae and P. uzungwensis have well developed digital discs. In addition, P. uzungwensis exhibits extensive pedal webbing. P. breviceps, P. keniensis, and P. stewartae exhibit more extensive pedal webbing (at maximum two and a half phalanges of fourth toe free of webbing). P. scheffleri

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a83db5db-bd48-4779-9e0d-9602fff9ae7d#look_alikes 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Phrynobatrachus pakenhami is morphologically most similar to P. acridoides. According to Loveridge (1941), the latter can be distinguished by the barring (brown and white) present on the lower jaws, and the smaller body size (23-27 mm). However, he used these characters to distinguish P. pakenhami from what he believed was P. acridoides on Pemba Island, and this species is not believed to be found on the island. Pickersgill (2008) reported that apart from the advertisement call and slightly larger size, there is little to distinguish P. pakenhami from P. acridoides.

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Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus, P. kakamikro, P. mababiensis, P. minutus, and P. parvulus are morphologically similar to P. pallidus. Toe webbing in P. inexpectatus is almost absent and the throat of males is strongly suffused with dark grey pigment (Largen, 2001). Phrynobatrachus anotis, P. minutus and P. parvulus males in breeding condition can be distinguished by throat colour, yellow in the first two and dark grey in the latter. The foot of P. kinangopensis and P. perpalmatus is well webbed (versus rudimentary to absent webbing in P. pallidus). Phrynobatrachus rungwensis, P. ukingensis, and P. uzungwensis share similar SVL, exhibit well developed digital discs and an indistinct tympanum but are slightly larger. In addition, the throat is heavily pigmented in P. ukingensis, and P. uzungwensis exhibits extensive pedal webbing. Phrynobatrachus breviceps and P. stewartae also exhibit more extensive pedal webbing (at maximum two and a half phalanges of fourth toe free of webbing).

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De Witte (1933) noted that this species is similar to P. giorgii but can be distinguished by the 1st finger shorter than the 2nd, by the outer metatarsal tubercle located at longer distance from the tarsal tubercle than the inner metatarsal tubercle, the granular skin of the back and the less extensive webbing on the toes. Inger (1968) noted its similarity to P. acridoides.

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Boulenger (1905) reported that this species was similar to P. dispar and could be distinguished by a shorter snout, more distinct webing between the toes and less distinct digital expansions.

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It is most similar to those large species restricted to the Albertine Rift and East Africa, including P. acutirostris, P. asper, P. dalcqui, P. dendrobates, P. krefftii, P. petropedetoides, and P. sulfureogularis. This species is distinguished from P. versicolor by its slim aspect, longer tibia, longer fingers and more developed digits. P. petropedetoides has a blunter snount when compared to P. dendrobates, and males exhibit minute spines only on the feet, whereas the latter exhibits these minute spinules on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body.

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Morphologically P. phyllophilus is most similar to P. guineensis, although a number of characters allow their separation. The belly of male and female P. guineensis always shows large black spots. In P. phyllophilus, no more than a few black points may be present in this region. The thumb of reproductive males in P. guineensis is extremely swollen, and no subarticular tubercle is visible. Breeding males of P. phyllophilus have thumbs that are not swollen, and a subarticular tubercle is clearly discernible. P. guineensis also often have a clear vertebral line that continues on the femur, tibia, and metatarsus (Guibé and Lamotte, 1961, 1963), and this color pattern is never observed in P. phyllophilus. Lastly, all P. guineensis have yellow hips and orange toe and finger tips, characters that are always absent in P. phyllophilus.

Phrynobatrachus phyllophilus differs from P. alleni, P. intermedius, P. liberiensis, P. natalensis, and P. plicatus by its smaller size. This species differs from P. alticola, P. tokba, P. gutturosus, P. fraterculus, and P. calcaratus by its more developed webbing, and it differs from P. latifrons, P. francisci, P. natalensis, P. alleni, and P. plicatus by its less developed webbing. P. phyllophilus differs from P. calcaratus, P. villiersi, P. taiensis, and P. annulatus by the lack of an eyelid tubercle. Phrynobatrachus alleni and P. plicatus differ from all other West African Phrynobatrachus by their dorsal ridges, in the shape of scapular glands. Males of this species differ from male P. alleni and P. latifrons by the yellow throat. It differs from P. ghanensis, P. villiersi, P. annulatus, P. fraterculus, P. maculiventris and P. guineensis by the different ventral coloration.

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Morphologically P. pintoi is most similar to a variety of other small West African Phrynobatrachus species, i.e. P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. cornutus, P. ghanensis, P. guineensis, P. phyllophilus, P. taiensis, and P. villiersi. Presence of an eyelid cornicle differentiates P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. cornutus, P. villiersi, and P. taiensis differ from P. pintoi. P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, and P. taiensis also differ in ventral coloration (see Perret 1988). P. cornutus usually has an almost uniform dark (males) or white throat with black bars on the mandible (females, for an exception see MHNG1031.14 in Fig. 4, Perret 1988), while P. villiersi has a venter with a blackish, reticulated pattern on clear blue ground. P. pintoi differs from P. guineensis and P. phyllophilus by its almost absent webbing and the lack of expanded toe and finger tips. P. guineensis has similar warts on the eyelids and on the back as P. pintoi, but always possess bright yellow markings in the groin area, whereas this region is black P. pintoi. P. phyllophilus has almost always only one dark bar on thighs and lower leg, P. pintoi has three. P. ghanensis is similar to P. pintoi in body shape, warty eyelids and ventral coloration but differs by better developed webbing and very well developed discs on toes. Small differences in color pattern are black bars on the upper lip that are very distinct in P. ghanensis (Fig. 4 in Assemian et al. 2006). The black ventral spots of the latter species often have a clearer center or are less distinctly delimited (Schiøtz 1964; Perret 1988) than in P. pintoi. P. brongersmai differs from the new species by having small but distinct discs on toes that are half webbed, a presumably larger size (SVL: 21–27 mm), four dorsal warts that form an X-shaped pattern and brown stippling on the gular and pectoral regions (Parker 1936); whereas P. pintoi has no discs, almost no webbing, differently shaped dorsal warts and distinct black blotches on the throat (Hillers et al., 2008).

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Phrynobatrachus auritus most resembles P. plicatus, but it can be distinguished by its slightly smaller size (males up to 29 mm; females up to 35 mm), distinct tympanum, more webbing (only 1-2 phalanges free on digit IV), and less pigmention on the ventral side.

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This species closely resembles other small-sized puddle frogs from East Africa, including P. inexpectatus, P. keniensis, P. kakamikro, P. mababiensis (C), P. minutus, P. parvulus, P. scheffleri and P. uzungwensis (Zimkus et al., 2010). P. uzungwensis has pronounced pedal webbbing, making it easily distinguishable from P. rungwensis. Phrynobatrachus minutus and P. parvulus males in breeding condition can be distinguished by throat colour, yellowish and dark grey, respectively. P. rungwensis also resembles P. stewartae, especially when specimens are dessicated and do not show the digital discs clearly (Poynton and Broadley, 1985).

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The presence of enlarged “teeth” the lower jaw makes males of this species easily identifiable. The only other species of Phrynobatrachus that exhibits mandibular pseudo-teeth is Phrynobatrachus africanus, which exhibits only small digital discs.

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De Witte (1933) noticed many similarities with P. tokba. However, he found this species to be distinct because its tympanum is completely hidden, while Chabanaud (1921) says that the tympanum of P. tokba is "about indistinct" and compares its diameter to the eye. In addition, the skin of the P. tokba was described as shagreened (convered in minute asperities) while P. scapularis is somewhat smoothe between the large warts.

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Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus, P. mababiensis (including its junior synonyms P. vanrooyeni, P. chitialaensis, P. broomi), P. minutus, P. parvulus (including its junior synonyms P. schoutedeni, P. ukingensis nyikae) and the P. kakamikro are morphologically most similar to P. scheffleri. Toe webbing in P. inexpectatus is almost absent and the throat of males is strongly suffused with dark grey pigment (Largen, 2001). Phrynobatrachus minutus and P. parvulus males in breeding condition can be distinguished by throat colour, yellowish and dark grey, respectively (versus light grey in P. scheffleri). The following can be distinguished from P. scheffleri (< 20 mm SVL) by having larger adult SVL: Phrynobatrachus acridoides (ca. 25 mm), P. auritus (> 35 mm), P. bullans (ca. 25 mm), P. dendrobates (> 30 mm), P. irangi (> 50 mm ), P. kreffti (> 35 mm), P. natalensis (> 24 mm), P. pakenhami (> 25 mm) and P. versicolor (> 25 mm). Phrynobatrachus graueri, P. kinangopensis, P. perpalmatus, and P. rouxi are of similar SVL, but display digital discs and a visible tympanum (both absent in P. scheffleri). In addition, the foot of P. kinangopensis and P. perpalmatus is well webbed (versus rudimentary webbing in P. scheffleri). Phrynobatrachus pallidus, P. rungwensis, P. ukingensis, P. ungujae and P. uzungwensis share similar SVL with P. scheffleri and exhbit an indistinct tympanum, but differ through presence of well developed digital discs (versus absence in P. scheffleri). In addition, the throat is heavily pigmented in P. ukingensis, and P. uzungwensis exhibits extensive pedal webbing (vesus rudimentary webbing in P. scheffleri). Phrynobatrachus breviceps and P. stewartae exhibit more extensive pedal webbing (at maximum two and a half phalanges of fourth toe free of webbing versus three free of webbing in P. scheffleri).

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This species is morphologically most similar to the larger Cameroonian puddle frog species, including P. africanus, P. auritus, P. batesii, P. cricogaster, and P. plicatus. Male P. africanus have enlarged “teeth” in the lower jaw. P. batesii differs by its indistinct tympanum and prominent dorsal glandular folds from behind the eyes to the sacral region. P. auritus also has narrow glandular folds is normally present that begin behind the eyes, converge in the scapular region, and continue down the back to the sacral region. P. cricogaster can be identified by its 4-5 additional tarsal tubercles, one which forms a small spur with the heel, and distinct bullseye ventral pattern.

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This species differs from many other East African dwarf puddle frogs because the extent of its webbing. Most small species, including P. inexpectatus, P. kakamikro, P. keniensis, P. mababiensis, P. minutus, P. parvulus, P. pallidus, P. scheffleri, P. rungwensis, P. ukingensis, and P. ungujae have absent or rudimentary webbing. P. uzungwensis exhibits moderate to extensive pedal webbing, but not the grey throat and gular sac described in male P. stewartae. P. anotis has a yellow throat in life. P. stewartae and P. breviceps (SVL < 17.5 mm) appear to be most similar in extent of webbing and size. Male P. stewartae and P. breviceps also share the dark throat and baggy gular sac, but a median gular fold is absent in the former.

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It is most similar to those species restricted to the Albertine Rift, including P. acutirostris, P. asper, P. dalcqui, P. dendrobates, P. petropedetoides, and P. versicolor but can easily be distinguished from all these species by the presence of a yellow throat in breeding males. It differs from P. asper by its less extensive pedal webbing and presence of digital discs. Laurent (1951) believes that P. sulfureogularis is morphologically similar to P. versicolor, although the former is larger in size and exhibits larger digital discs. It is comparable in size to P. acutirostris, but it can be distinguished by a number of features: shape of the head of which the canthus is not angular and the snout is not flattened, smaller interorbital space, well developed digital discs, and posterior limbs that are longer and more muscular. In P. acutirostris, the scapular glands are often relatively weakly developed and exhibit a different pattern: a double Y in the scapular region. The dark pigmentation on the venter of P. acutirostris is also more spread out, intense, and clearly defined with a clear longitudinal line in the middle of the throat.

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This species is morphologically most similar to those small species exhibiting an eyelid spine, including P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. cornutus, and P. villiersi. All these species can be considered small in size and have absent or rudimentary webbing. Digital discs are present in P. annulatus, P. cornutus, and P. villiersi. Digital discs are absent in P. calcaratus, but males exhibit a dark violet to black throat.

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This species is distinguished from many other small East African puddle frogs by the presence of digital discs; Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus, P. mababiensis (including its junior synonyms P. vanrooyeni, P. chitialaensis, P. broomi), P. minutus, P. parvulus (including its junior synonyms P. schoutedeni, P. ukingensis nyikae) and the P. kakamikro are all similar in size but do not exhibit expanded toe tips. The foot of P. kinangopensis and P. perpalmatus is well webbed, distinguishing it from this species. Phrynobatrachus rungwensis, P. ungujae, and P. uzungwensis exhibit well-developed digital discs and an indistinct tympanum. Phrynobatrachus ungujae differs by its smaller size (snout–vent length < 16 mm). Phrynobatrachus rungwensis does not exhibit a light subtympanic band, and males have grey throats. Phrynobatrachus uzungwensis differs by its extensive pedal webbing, and the gular region in males is yellow. Phrynobatrachus breviceps and P. stewartae also exhibit more extensive pedal webbing (at maximum two and a half phalanges of fourth toe free of webbing).

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Phrynobatrachus ungujae differs from many East African dwarf puddle frogs by its well-developed digital discs, often with terminal points. Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus, P. mababiensis (including its junior synonyms P. vanrooyeni, P. chitialaensis, P. broomi), P. minutus, P. parvulus (including its junior synonyms P. schoutedeni, P. ukingensis nyikae) and the P. kakamikro are all similar in size but do not exhibit expanded toe tips. Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus, P. minutus and P. parvulus males in breeding condition can also be distinguished by throat colour, dark grey, yellowish and dark grey, respectively. The foot of P. kinangopensis and P. perpalmatus is well webbed, distinguishing it from this species. Phrynobatrachus rungwensis, P. ukingensis, and P. uzungwensis share similar SVL, exhibit well-developed digital discs and an indistinct tympanum but are slightly larger. In addition, the throat is heavily pigmented in P. ukingensis, while P. uzungwensis exhibits extensive pedal webbing, and the gular region in males is yellow. Phrynobatrachus breviceps and P. stewartae also exhibit more extensive pedal webbing (at maximum two and a half phalanges of fourth toe free of webbing).

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It is most similar to those large species restricted to the Albertine Rift and East Africa, including P. acutirostris, P. asper, P. dalcqui, P. dendrobates, P. krefftii, P. petropedetoides, and P. sulfureogularis. P. versicolor is rather stout with sturdy limbs and is similar in body form to P. krefftii. It differs by having a longer snout than eye diameter, interorbital space broader than upper eyelid and less developed pedal webbing. This species is also similar to the P. dendrobates and is distinguished by its more stocky and robust body with shorter fingers and tibiae, digital discs that are less developed, and the position of the nostril located at a greater distance from the eye the tip of the snout.

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This species is morphologically most similar to those small species exhibiting an eyelid spine, including P. annulatus, P. calcaratus, P. cornutus, and P. taiensis. All these species can be considered small in size and have absent or rudimentary webbing. Digital discs are absent in P. calcaratus and P. taiensis. The throat in male P. calcaratus is also dark in color. Digital discs are present in P. annulatus and P. cornutus, as well as P. villiersi. The venter of P. annulatus is white with dark rings with white interiors, while that of P. cornutus includes a white background with large, round spots.

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This species is similar in appearance to P. aequiplicata and P. longirostris (Boulenger, 1919; Frost, 2010). It differs from P. aequiplicata by its less oblique frenal region and the presence of only two glandular dorsal folds, although these folds are continuous. It differs from P. longirostris by its shorter head, its more concave frenal region, and by its two continuous glandular dorsal folds instead of six discontinuous folds (Boulenger, 1919). Noble (1924) adds that P. aequiplicata may have short dorsal folds, but it lacks the dorsolateral folds of P. christyi, it has vomerine teeth only on the inner edge of the choanae rather than projecting over the anterior ends of the choanae, and it has more extensive toe webbing than P. christyi. This is especially visible on the fourth toe, where the webbing of P. christyi terminates proximal to the proximal joint of the penultimate phalange, but the webbing of P. aequiplicata extends distal to that joint (Noble, 1924).

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This species can be distinguished from other members of the genus by its geographic location, large
tympanum and protruding snout (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Comparison of specimens of P. manengoubensis with P. werneri by Zimkus (2009), including type material (P. manengoubensis, MNHNP 1939.113; P. werneri, ZMB 20434), revealed no significant morphometric differences between these species. P. chukuchuku differs from this species by its significantly darker coloration, both on the dorsum and venter (not including the dark or black gular region found in males of these two species).

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The coloration of this species is distinctive (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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This species may be confused with the moss frogs of the genus Arthroleptella as they are found in the same habitat (Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Multiple characteristics are necessary to distinguish P. grandisonae from other members of the genus. The back of the thigh is mottled, in contrast to the horizontal or vertical bands of several of the other species in the genus. P. grandisonae lacks ridges on the snout, does not have a pale triangle on the snout, and has long legs (tibia longer than ½ SVL; Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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It is very similar to the Anchieta’s ridged frog but differs in the Taita Hills of Kenya by commonly having a stripe (cream coloured, green or brown) running the length of their back to the tip of their nose (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

This species can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the horizontal stripes on the backs of the thighs, the lack of a pale triangle on the snout and the extent of toe webbing (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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P. mossambica can be distinguished from other members of the genus by its shorter legs (tibia equal to or less than ½ SVL; text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1641 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 bc4b1f9a-0432-41f9-85bb-242f48651c54#look_alikes d117fd82-c02d-4b81-b3a6-20f760d4b657 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. anchietae and P. oxyrhynchus both have a pale triangle on the snout, but P. anchietae has horizontal stripes on the posterior surface of the thigh rather than mottling as in P. oxyrhynchus (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1647 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0956b6b0-79be-4213-95ed-3810c205702a#look_alikes 13ec6613-454f-47f4-8495-617af76e002d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Perret (1979) noted that it had frequently been confused with Ptychadena bibroni (= P. mascareniensis).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 72af3bfb-b01f-4994-8575-4450fed84c12#look_alikes cd374ed8-0a12-4604-a203-cdc95fd395e2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The distinct vertical bands on the backs of the thighs and the pair of ridges on the snout distinguish this species from others in the genus (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1636 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a912819f-507b-4926-90ce-bd78c59dfcee#look_alikes 201b0d65-4fac-4a51-90ad-f7b35fcbb596 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. uzungwensis has a pair of ridges on the snout and the backs of the thighs are not striped distinguishing this species from others in the genus (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1676 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dcc8b59f-0df0-4f52-9bd6-b6d1c6e84cb3#look_alikes 70a1f901-7421-4c22-aabe-f495f27edc14 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This was previously considered a subspecies of P. adspersus, but the teeth-like projections and large size are distinctive (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1705 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9b485851-548d-4731-99ff-014331b5ee97#look_alikes cc48f22d-13fa-4ea6-9bb2-b275b0a6474f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is superficially similar to Amietophrynus brauni, but lacks parotid glands (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1274 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7b61159-3d47-4c20-b3e3-7d910c75b625#look_alikes 1c825b4b-2ec8-41ef-8d19-c593154428d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is similar in color to B. niedeni (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1712 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ddd538e4-5e35-4479-ae68-d42a6d7e1b81#look_alikes cccdbd87-aa74-46db-b5e8-7a2cc67847aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species resembles S. uluguruensis and S. vittatus (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1709 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fefbee1f-da53-40c1-b446-843ec2d01f90#look_alikes 0180c2aa-a67c-4d0e-bfdd-0643a86705c4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S.kirkii and S. vittatus are both lighter in color and often have pink ventra (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1708 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 75a5e7d3-863a-42e2-b85a-d6032b2fa28e#look_alikes 883b8fed-3808-4cce-b2f0-2dc58617867e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

S. kirkii and S. uluguruensis are morphologically similar to this species (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e571e8e4-354b-49fc-9f29-010d7795f4e9#look_alikes 90fa7dad-8a5d-4757-957d-412f5fa95729 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is similar to the Ptychadena species, but has only a very minimal amount of webbing.The extremely long toes are distinctive. There is still some disagreement regarding the species boundary between S. fuelleborni and S. merumontanus, which some taxonomists consider to occur only on Mt. Meru (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1688 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4f529949-27a6-46a1-9b0a-0bbe35625436#look_alikes 0531d12f-d4a5-4459-a679-34387c906787 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is morphologically distinguished from T. tandyi, T. delalandii, T. cryptotis and T. krugerensis by its smoother skin. The first three are also distinguished from this species by their presence of a dorso-lateral line. It is distinguished from T. cryptotis, T. marmorata and T. krugerensis by the heavy black pigmentation around the jaw line. It differs from T. natalensis, in having a weakly developed supra-tympanic ridge. It is distinguished from all other species of Tomopterna by its advertisement call (Dawood and Channing, 2002).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1696 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 9ee930d6-f896-4398-87d7-62e6b001d4b8#look_alikes 93e16ef0-ae46-481e-852e-3693170f9382 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tomopterna kachowskii and T. elegans are distinguished from other species of sand frogs by their visible tympana, presence of an outer metatarsal tubercle and moderate pedal webbing. Tomopterna elegans is distinguished from T. kachowskii by slightly more extensive webbing and variable presence of a discontinuous row of small glands beneath the tympanum (Zimkus and Larson, 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1699 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 afba2071-992c-4374-a098-3e7ce2bd875f#look_alikes e7ee76d3-d6b6-47b7-85c7-b4bcd858ece2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tomopterna monticola differs from T. tandyi by the absence of an outer metatarsal tubercle and from T. cryptotis by a much smaller inner metatarsal tubercle, compared to the length of the second toe. T. monticola seems more similar to T. luganga than to T. tuberculosa in respect to webbing, webbing being less pronounced in T. tuberculosa than in T. luganga. T. luganga seems to differ from T. monticola by the presence of a blackish lower flank, clearly delimitating the reddish back from the white venter, and by a possibly more distinct tympanum. A darker band on the flanks might have existed in T. monticola, at least the region behind the forearm bases seems to be more intensively pigmented. However, the black and white marbling described by Channing et al. (2004) almost certainly never existed in ZMH A04402. Concerning the skin texture, T. monticola seems to be somehow intermediate between T. luganga (almost smooth skin) and T. tuberculosa (warty skin) by having clearly discernible, but few warts scattered on the back. It seems that some of these warts might have been arranged in two longitudinal rows along the back, what would speak in favour of closer similarity of T. monticola with T. tuberculosa (see Channing & Howell 2006). An inner metatarsal tubercle that is shorter than the first toe also speaks in favour of T. tuberculosa (Rödel and Hallermann; 2006)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1702 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e301f3c5-60b4-4ad7-9927-48c49ad08b2a#look_alikes 2e6945a0-c394-414e-b64c-356db6583ea1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is distinguished from B. gariepensis by its characteristic vocalization and various morphological features, including: poorly developed parotoid glands, weakly developed tarsal fold, small tympanum, relatively smooth skin, and large eyes (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1278 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 593b4575-01e3-4a3c-bca8-b94114b7b72f#look_alikes 78b73904-0081-4fee-98a6-131e29bbecd7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The sub-ocular tentacle of X. borealis is much shorter than ½ the diameter of the eye, while that of X. muelleri is greater than ½ the diameter of the eye (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1624 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d756c5ba-68de-404c-bc06-0487cc1839cc#look_alikes e30bc8c5-17cd-48f1-afbd-cb272d67f56c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The sub-ocular tentacle of X. borealis is much shorter than ½ the diameter of the eye while that of X. muelleri is greater than ½ the diameter of the eye (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1627 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1adc4698-bbec-4955-9b5d-364fb8800fdb#look_alikes 01104f83-1718-44f4-bc6c-37db9ad1b1ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. semidiscus and H. argus are morphologically similar there are clear differences in their calls (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1438 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Alexander http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 17764dbe-e459-4b5b-b491-e4b0903d0845 27db3800-7349-4d38-b83d-4ddc9a3ab278#look_alikes 839bfb09-5c00-4d08-af35-4f588109d3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html


http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1271 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e a32a7ba5-2604-4eaa-8319-924be5b3664a#look_alikes 320d2999-9c01-4402-922d-2f6f045851f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

V. gariepensis is similar to B. robinsoni. B. robinsoni can be distigushied based on its orange back with green spots, poorly developed parotoid glands, weakly developed tarsal fold, small tympanum, relatively smooth skin, and relatively large eye (Branch and Braack 1995). V. gariepensis is found mainly along river banks while B. robinsoni is found in springs and temporary water sources (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1276 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 001b8647-d702-4281-ac9f-ae23be42b6ec#look_alikes 4cb797de-820e-4c93-95e1-fcccd0c1878c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. fonensis has a similar appearance to A. albolabris and A. asperrima; however, A. albolabris and A. asperrima males have much darker backs than H. fonensis. In A. albolabris the backs are nearly always coloured with irregular black spots, while in A. asperrima these spots are often present but occasionally might be absent (Rodel and Bangoura, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/840 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 1c8a336c-da2a-4db9-adeb-97ff80b791a3#look_alikes b8278059-f90d-4025-83f6-a36988104fd2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species can be confused with Leptopelis concolor and Chiromantis petersii. However, it is smaller than both these species and is the only one with black and yellow patterned females (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1356 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 fc562a56-527b-4806-9c5c-354a5e955ca0#look_alikes 2c8ab9f7-5b90-45eb-acf0-f1c3abe9f892 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This new species is the sister taxon of Xenopus wittei but differ substantially in morphology, male vocalization, and mitochondrial and autosomal DNA (Evans et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1620 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 478c7a2b-95a7-4e06-859d-487da11af17e#look_alikes 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

X. lenduensis is sympatric with X. laevis, but the former is much larger in size and has larger eyes compared to X. laevis. Dorsal and ventral colorization and morphology distinguish X. lenduesus from its sister taxon, X. vestitus (Evans et al., 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 e86be902-d32d-4f4a-a686-cfcfb8e503a1#look_alikes 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Originally described as a subspecies of V. angusticeps, V. amatolicus is smaller and is lacking a fringe of webbing around the fingers and toes (Carruthers 1995; Channing 2001; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 9709f330-7089-4607-9e3e-d8f837ad7f6f#look_alikes 9b25d1d1-8b33-45e6-891d-8efa0859d4b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It lacks the dark mask of L. mossambicus, and the dorsal mottling that is common in L. natalensis. Other characters that distinguish L. xenodactylus from these two species are its longer toes and fingers with less distinct discs at their tips. The size of the inner metatarsal tubercle and extent of webbing between the toes are intermediate between those of the other two species (Poynton 1963; Van Dijk 1978; Lambiris 1989; Passmore and Carruthers 1995; text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1156 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 7e34b68b-2a4f-46f0-a550-596e6767a85e#look_alikes 1935ba6e-54eb-436b-ad5c-d685d34899c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The beautiful dorsal pattern of chocolate-brown patches on bright yellow background, with a yellow vertebral stripe, distinguishes this species from the partially sympatric B. rangeri that has generally dull brown dorsal markings, and B. angusticeps that, in this area, has a greyish dorsal surface covered in dark brown blotches, and yellow colouring on the upper surfaces of its feet (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1238 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 1cada028-122b-4a5d-8717-ee38287e52e5 149513d9-2d58-4928-802c-d9c85cfa4f39#look_alikes f3efada9-26d4-4406-a931-02570f5fe17e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. rosei cannot be confused with any other toad in its distribution range. The only other member of the genus is the allopatric species, C. tradouwi which, unlike C. rosei, has a tympanum and produces an advertisement call (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1265 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#look_alikes b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Alytes maurus adults are very similar in morphology to A. obstetricans, but they occupy different ranges (A. maurus occurs only in Morocco and is the only known African species of Alytes, whereas A. obstetricans and other distinguishable Alytes spp. occur in Europe or on nearby islands) (Martínez-Solano et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe fa765e2f-aeed-41b6-9495-0e4d51ada88a#look_alikes 1bbf40b1-88cb-4058-95d4-bfccde94e09a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

According to Chabanaud (1919), A. chudeaui has a wider interorbital space than A. blanfordii and lacks the latter species’ dorsal warts. However, more recent work has suggested that A. chudeaui was described from material insufficient to define a species and that it is likely synonymous with Bufo pentoni, Bufo regularis (now Amietophrynus regularis), or Bufo xeros (now Amietophrynus xeros), all of which have been collected near the type locality of A. chudeaui (Tandy and Feener, 1985; Frost, 2010). Until this taxonomic dispute is resolved, distinguishing A. chudeaui from these three species will likely remain difficult.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1259 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 280daeba-c8db-4df6-835b-090e73b17bff#look_alikes 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species superficially resembles its close relatives Arthroleptis boulengeri and A. carquejai, but it can be distinguished by its fingers and toes, which lack rounded or enlarged tips. The metatarsal tubercle of A. carquejai is also larger than that of A. lameerei (de Witte, 1921).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#look_alikes b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aubria masako can be differentiated from its close relative A. subsigillata by the location of femoral glands, foot webbing, and skin coloration. In particular, the femoral glands of A. masako are closer to the knee and located more posteriorly than in A. subsigillata, where they are located midway between the knee and the cloaca on the ventral side of the thigh. The feet of A. masako are less webbed (I 1½ - 2 II 1 – 2½ III 2 – 3 IV 2½ - 1 V) than those of A. subsigillata (I 1 – 2 II 1 – 2 III 1 – 2.5 IV 2.5 – 1 V). As for skin color, the dorsum of A. masako is more speckled than A. subsigillata and may possess a medio-dorsal line which is absent in A. subsigillata; additionally A. masako may have warts but the skin of A. subsigillata is smooth. Ventral coloration progresses differently in the two species as well: the mottled pattern of A. masako disappears first on the vent whereas in A. subsigillata it disappears first on the throat (Ohler 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#look_alikes f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Aubria subsigillata can be differentiated from its close relative A. masako by the location of femoral glands, foot webbing, and skin coloration. In particular, the femoral glands of A. subsigillata are located midway between the knee and the cloaca on the ventral side of the thigh, whereas in A. masako they are closer to the knee and located more posteriorly. The feet of A. subsigillata are more webbed (I 1 – 2 II 1 – 2 III 1 – 2.5 IV 2.5 – 1 V) than those of A. masako (I 1½ - 2 II 1 – 2½ III 2 – 3 IV 2½ - 1 V). As for skin coloration, the dorsum of A. subsigillata is more uniformly colored than that of A. masako and lacks a mid-dorsal line; additionally, A. masako may have warts but the skin of A. subsigillata is smooth. Ventral coloration develops differently in the two species as well: the mottled pattern of A. subsigillata disappears first on the throat whereas in A. masako it disappears first on the vent (Ohler 1996).

The difference between Aubria subsigillata and A. occidentalis is harder to determine because there is still some disagreement about these species’ identities and the boundaries between them. Perret (1994) argues that they can be distinguished by the position of the femoral gland (in the middle of the femur in A. occidentalis, closer to the knee in A. subsigillata) and possibly by the sound of their calls, but Ohler (1996) claims they are the same species. Amiet (2004) agrees with Perret (1994) that A. occidentalis and A. subsigillata are different species, but does not specify how to differentiate them.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#look_alikes b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Hylarana lemairei can be distinguished from its close relative Hylarana albolabris by the smaller size of its eyes and the discs on its fingers and toes. In particular, the diameter of the eye of H. lemairei is less than or equal to that of the tympanum and the discs are only slightly wider than the penultimate phalanges; the eyes and discs of H. albolabris are larger. Compared to H. albolabris, H. lemairei has a wider glandular dorsolateral line and brown ventral coloration (de Witte, 1921). Schmidt and Inger (1959) confirmed that H. lemairei has smaller finger discs and a darker ventral coloration than H. albolabris, but did not find evidence that the two species differed in the size of the eye or the dorsolateral line. According to Channing (2001), this species can be distinguished from the nearby relatives H. parkeriana, H. galamensis, and H. darlingi by the presence of its finger and toe disks and its internarial distance, which is more than 1.5 times the distance between the snout and the nostril (this distance is shorter in the other species).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#look_alikes f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species can be distinguished from other Kassina species because their dorsal stripes are either entirely distinct or the dorsum is spotted (Boulenger, 1903; Schiøtz, 1967, 1999; Rödel, 2000).Kassina cassinoides is larger than this species, and its median two dorsal stripes are more or less confluent. Kassina fusca is smaller, brown, and spotted. K. senegalensis is also smaller than K. cassinoides and lacks the double dorsal stripe (Schiøtz 1999). Kassina cassinoides can be distinguished from K. senegalensis by the terminal disks of the digits and short web between the toes, both of which are absent in the latter (Boulenger, 1903).

K. cassinoides can also be distinguished from some of its closest relatives by habitat. K. cassinoides and K. fusca prefer dry savanna habitats, but K. arboricola is found predominantly in rain forests, and K. senegalensis is much more widespread, occurring in both moist and dry savannas and in coastal thickets (Hughes, 1988).

All of the members of the genus Kassina have similar calls, which take the form of clear-toned upwards glissandos. However, the call of K. cassinoides is sufficiently “deeper and more sonorous” than the calls of the sympatric K. senegalensis and K. fusca that calling males can be distinguished in the field by ear (Schiøtz, 1999).

Young tadpoles of K. cassinoides are darker and more slender than other Kassina tadpoles, but their subsequent development is extremely similar to that of K. senegalensis and K. fusca tadpoles. However, the tadpoles of K. cassinoides may also be distinct enough from other Kassina tadpoles to be identified to species when they are about to metamorphose (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 64e6c940-da15-488c-9c07-24e5a6333725#look_alikes 107e8492-d6d4-40dc-8588-ce5ae820ff30 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species can be distinguished from its close relative Phrynobatrachus acridoides by its very accentuated canthus rostralis and its more vertical frenal region, as well as by its granular dorsal skin (de Witte 1921).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1526 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe b59aa922-9aa0-4ec1-9231-43bc74a7d439#look_alikes 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. anchiete can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the pale triangle on the snout, horizontal stripes on the backs of the thighs, and extensive toe webbing with only the last joint of the longest toe free of webbing (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f8e45493-1e35-4c0a-8c27-16dc20ba72f7#look_alikes ad36a0c5-4d90-4ade-9761-1536ef76d516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Differs from Rana aberae Ahl, 1925 (synonymized with P. anchietae), also from Ethiopia, in its shorter hind limbs, less fully webbed toes, differently proportioned fingers and toes, and vermiculate belly.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1666 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Harith Farooq http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 82a46d6b-9cb6-485e-b7b1-fb7b132dd1cf d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#look_alikes 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Heleophryne depressa lacks the metacarpal tubercle on the first finger that is found in H. rosei. In addition, it has a horizontal line through its eye and webbing on the last phalanges of the fifth toe, which H. rosei does not exhibit (du Preez and Carruthers, 2009)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 3808a61c-29a2-4d74-936f-3b05726af759#look_alikes f02a8b9a-1db9-4235-80da-8ca00998afee http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Heleophryne hewitti is slightly larger than Heleophryne regis. The tadpoles of each species, additionally, vary greatly in nostril morphology, tail length, and proportions. The call of Hewitt's Ghost Frog is one of the largest differences between it and related species; Heleophryne regis' call is distributed over a much wider frequency range, and the initial part of the call starts higher and sweeps downward. Finally, no other ghost frogs are found in the area of H. hewitti (Boycott, 1988).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1282 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 83b31854-1dc3-4380-9f24-8161ea6faf7b#look_alikes ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua alleni is morphologically quite similar to Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Barbour and Loveridge, 1930). For example, they both exhibit a conspicuous transverse fold that connects the posterior edges of the upper eyelids, and the toes are completely webbed to the tips (Loveridge, 1941). Barbour and Loveridge (1930) compared a 28 mm specimen of H. occipitalis (then classified as Rana occipitalis) with the holotype 28 mm specimen of C. alleni and made the following observations:

1) The snout of C. alleni is much shorter (4.25 mm) than that of H. occipitalis (5.5 mm), and as a result its overall shape is rounder and less sharply tapered anteriorly.

2) The nostrils of C. alleni are positioned much more closely together (2 mm) than in H. occipitalis (2.65 mm), and they barely affect the overall contour of the head, whereas the more prominent nostrils of H. occipitalis give the head an angular appearance when viewed laterally.

3) The tympanum is small and indistinct in C. alleni but is large and conspicuous in H. occipitalis, with a diameter of 2.25 mm.

4) Conraua alleni and H. occipitalis both exhibit a strongly pronounced transverse dermal fold that meets the posterior borders of the orbits; however, in very juvenile H. occipitalis only a smooth, broad depression is present.

5) The thighs of C. alleni are much stouter, with a transverse measurement of 7.5 mm, as opposed to 5.5 mm in H. occipitalis.

6) Dorsally, C. alleni is covered with subequal warts, giving its back an almost granular appearance, whereas the dorsal warts of H. occipitalis are very unequal and tend to form ridge-like series.

7) The two species are differently colored, and the upper lip of H. occipitalis is blotched, unlike in C. alleni (Barbour and Loveridge, 1930).

Loveridge (1941) also compared C. alleni with H. occipitalis, and added the following distinctions:

8) The vomerine teeth in C. alleni form two oblique rows; anteriorly, they touch the inner posterior edge of the choanae, and they converge posteriorly. Meanwhile, vomerine teeth are absent in young H. occipitalis, but form two round groups located between but posterior to an imaginary line connecting the hind edges of the choanae.

9) The tips of the toes of C. alleni are dilated into small, distinct disks, whereas the tips of the toes of H. occipitalis are not dilated (Loveridge, 1941).

The species can be distinguished from Conraua crassipes by its indistinct tympanum, a strongly developed fringe on the third finger, no dermal fold on the forearm, and relatively shorter hindlimbs. C. crassipes, meanwhile, has a distinct tympanum, no finger fringes, a fold on the outer side of the arm near the olecranon, and a relatively longer leg (Parker, 1936).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 5217ffdf-874f-474e-a0f7-ff466a7e4f74#look_alikes a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua derooi resembles C. robusta rather closely, in its highly developed toe disks, the swelling in the postoccipital and suprascapulary region, the coloration, and the fine dermal folds on the dorsal surface of the limbs. However, C. derooi differs from C. robusta by its smaller size, its more indented tongue, its shorter tibia, its finer tarsal fold, and its non-chitinous nuptial pads. The digit lengths of C. derooi also vary less per individual than in C. robusta (Hulselmans 1972).

Conraua derooi differs more visibly from C. crassipes: C. derooi is slightly larger, with darker coloration, no well-defined dorsal spots, and no dermal fold near the elbow. Additionally, C. derooi has better developed toe disks, a relatively longer first toe, and a better developed internal metatarsal tubercle than C. crassipes. Furthermore, the tympanum of C. derooi is not visible externally, and the placement of the supratympanic fold differs between the two species (Hulselmans 1972).

Conraua derooi differs from C. alleni by its much larger size, its much darker coloration, its more widely smoky-brown ventral surface, the absence of well-defined dorsal spots, and its well-defined toe disks. Thus, these two species are easily differentiated even though they share several characters, including the pattern of subtle lateral warts and the position of the supratympanic fold (Hulselmans 1972).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 72fc3594-1172-422b-a041-0e14854d5fc3#look_alikes 267e6b61-81e9-4168-b837-5163b2d996fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Predominantly brown colored forest species of Leptopelis occurring in sympatry with the taxon L. aubryioides may include L. aubryi (Duméril, 1856), L. calcaratus (Boulenger, 1906), L. millsoni (Boulenger, 1895), L. modestus (Werner, 1898), L. ocellatus (Mocquard, 1902), L. rufus (Reichenow, 1874) and L. zebra Amiet, 2001 (e.g. Schiøtz, 1967; 1999; Amiet, 2001). These species differ from L. aubryioides as follows: L. aubryi, L. millsoni, L. rufus, and L. zebra lack a dermal spur on heel; furthermore, L. millsoni and L. rufus are much larger, with adult females having 74-87 mm SVL, and L. zebra lacks a spotted venter; L. ocellatus differs by coloration, slightly larger size (females 48-58 mm SVL) and a sharp canthus rostralis. Leptopelis aubryioides is readily distinguished from L. modestus by the presence (versus absence in L. modestus) of dermal spurs on heels and snout shape. When comparing the types of L. aubryioides with specimens and diagnoses of L. calcaratus, the following differences are evident: L. calcaratus mainly differs from L. aubryioides by a sharp canthus rostralis in cross section (vs. rounded), longer snout, and the presence of a distinct contrasting white blotch below the eye.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1146 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jörn Köhler http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 80b5edb8-93c0-439f-a2a0-e8d50557e601 bec5c4cf-3de2-4c5a-b7ff-c6320f80d401#look_alikes 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Tomopterna luganga can be distinguished from other Tomopterna of East Africa by five characters: presence of a continuous infa-tympanic gland, absence of metatarsal tubercle, webbing not reaching the middle subarticular tubercle of 4th toe, webbing notch between 4th and 5th reaching distal subarticular tubercle of 5th toe, and the inner metatarsal tubercle/2nd toe ratio <140% (Channing et al, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#look_alikes 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A morphometric analysis on 101 Callulina specimens were carried out in Loader et al. (2009): Callulina kreffti (57 individuals), C. kisiwamsitu (23 individuals), and C. dawida (21 individuals). Using an ANOVA analysis, three sets (each species) for all measures including ratios using snout-urostyle length, were investigated for any statistically significant differences. Statistical significance was shown in the following characters: snout-urostyle length ratios, distal phalange width (p = ≥ 0.001), infraorbital distance (p = ≥ 0.001), and jaw width (p = ≥ 0.001) (Table 1). The degree of digital expansion is identified as a key diagnostic feature for discriminating Callulina species. Furthermore, the robust shape of the head is shown to be statistically different in the new species from other species, as indicated by the significant larger jaw width (Table 1 in the original description). The infraorbital distance is also shown to be significantly different between species. The size of the tympanum is largest in the new species, although not statistically significant. All other morphological characters examined were not shown to be statistically significant, reflecting the generally similar shape and morphology of all species of Callulina.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 27cc10e2-2fda-4e6d-adf2-2826d5d183b3#look_alikes ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is overall morphologically similar to C. kreffti (Table 1 in original description). However, the two taxa are distinguished by the following characters: (1) Callulina kisiwamsitu has a rounded canthus rostralis and a distinctly truncated snout (the latter is less pronounced in C. kreffti, Fig. 3); (2) In C. kisiwamsitu, there is no contact between inner and outer tubercles on either the hand and the foot (tubercles very close or in contact in C. kreffti, Figs. 4 and 5 in original description); (3) Inner metatarsal tubercle larger than outer metatarsal tubercle in C. kisiwamsitu (metatarsals tubercles are about equal in size in C. kreffti, Fig. 5); (4) Dorsal and lateral body surfaces of C. kisiwamsitu have uniformly small warts (C. kreffti have large, broadbased warts as well as small warts); (5) The ratio between the widths of Finger 3 at the level of the distal subarticle tubercle relative to the width of its toe tip is always more than three-fourths in C. kisiwamsitu (three-fourths or less in C. kreffti, see Table 1); (6) Cleared-and-stained specimens show Y-shaped expanded terminal phalanges in C. kisiwamsitu (T-shape in C. kreffti, Fig. 6 in original description); (7) In C. kisiwamsitu, the distance between the tympanum and the posterior corner of the eye is equal to or greater than the tympanum diameter (Fig. 3 in original description; usually less than the tympanum diameter in C. kreffti, in a few cases it is slightly larger); and (8) Peak dominant frequency of advertisement calls of C. kisiwamsitu is always below 2 Khz, and peak dominant frequency in C. kreffti is always above 2 Khz, usually around 2.5–2.6 KHz (Fig. 7 in the original description).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f d76ee7fd-a74b-4151-8c9a-6c66e32cb581#look_alikes bd3ccb09-7ea6-4ff7-a324-4bf84f5a6017 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. stanleyi differs from Callulina kreffti in having less expanded third finger (>0.75 distal width at third terminal phalanx - distal width at subarticular tubercle). C. stanleyi differs from Callulina dawida in having expanded finger and toe tips. C. stanleyi differs from Callulina laphami and C. shengena by presence of a tympanum, and expanded toe and finger tips. C. stanleyi is morphologically very similar to Callulina kisiwamsitu, though the two species can be distinguished on the basis of DNA sequence, call, and distribution data. Additionally, the following morphometric characters (against SUL) differ significantly (p < 0.05) in the two species based on T-test analyses: TD, ED, ND, JW, NLD, IOD, snout length (as measured from lower lip to apex of anterior dorsal margin of snout), outer metatarsal tubercle of the hand (as measured along its longest axis). Many of the head character differences between C. stanleyi and C. kisiwamsitu and indicate the larger, more robust head of the former.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1208 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 82a6a3c8-9490-487b-a5ad-d740cdeb0a20#look_alikes 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. durirostris is a medium sized Probreviceps which can be easily distinguished from all other species: (1) Snout morphology: P. durirostris has a markedly pointed snout, which is hardened white with ridges along the canthus to the apex of the snout. Probreviceps m. rungwensis has a pointed snout, but is not hardened, white in colour, nor does it have a ridged canthus. All other species of Probreviceps have relatively rounded snouts. (2) Tympanum size: P. durirostris is sexually dimorphic with respect to tympanum size, which varies from 13 to 16% of SUL in males, and 4 to 7% in females. This is similar to P. m. rungwensis, which varies from 9 to 14% in males, and 4 to 7% in females. Both P. m. loveridgei and P. m. macrodactylus males do not possess such large tympani, varying from 4 to 7% in males, and 3 to 5% in females. Four P. rhodesianus specimens measured vary in typmanum size 3–5% of SUL. P. uluguruensis does not have a visible tympanum. (3) Finger ridging: Parker reported a fleshy ridge along the inner side of the second and third finger in P. uluguruensis. Finger ridging is present in P. durirostris, though in some specimen only faintly and not as strongly as P. uluguruensis. Similarly, in P. m. rungwensis and P. rhodesianus finger ridging is present, though very slight in the latter. The ridge is almost entirely absent in P. m. macrodactylus and P. m. loveridgei. (4) Position of vent: The vent opens posteroventrally in P. durirostris (as in P. m. macrodactylus, P. m. loveridgei, and P. m. rungwensis) (opens ventrally in P. rhodesianus, and P. uluguruensis). (5) Advertisement call: the new species can be distinguished from all other species recorded. The call of P. durirostris is a very slow series of clicks, slightly faster than one every two seconds. This contrasts with the calls of three taxa of Probreviceps in Tanzania that are rapidly pulsed chirps (Mkonyi et al 2004), varying from a mean of 20/sec (P. uluguruensis); 38/sec (P. m. macrodactylus) to 90/sec (P. m. loveridgei). The calls of P. m. rungwensis from Mount Rungwe and the Udzungwa Mountains in Tanzania, and P. rhodesianus from Zimbabwe, are unknown.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 052114be-6aa9-4db0-bceb-5266b3631ad2#look_alikes 8bf8d12e-7003-4fc3-a21c-7abe0790e97f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. verrucosus is larger than B. bagginsi and has a granular skin with two or more longitudinal, glandular ridges on the dorsum. The call of B. verrucosus is lower in pitch and longer than that of B. bagginsi (emphasized frequency 1550–2238 Hz; duration 421–912 ms; n = 34; Minter 2003).

Other Breviceps species that may occur in sympatry with B. bagginsi are B. sopranus, B. adspersus and B. mossambicus. Colour and markings are highly variable in these species and cannot be used to distinguish them from one another or from B. bagginsi. Identification should be based on their characteristic advertisement calls (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1198 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#lookalikes und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 75a5e7d3-863a-42e2-b85a-d6032b2fa28e#molecular_biology 883b8fed-3808-4cce-b2f0-2dc58617867e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

They taste badly, leaving a "burning chilli-pepper like" sensation in the mouth, indicating that they may carry skin toxins (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#molecularbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ae6456c2-2b8f-44c1-ab71-0f065e0e07e9#molecular_biology d3318857-5abe-4b77-975a-cd7f6952b0b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Rose (1926) described C. capense adults appearing to secrete a poisonous substance from their skin glands, as it was observed that frogs of other species died when placed in the same vivarium (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/792 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#molecularbiology und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 fbd93d8a-79d4-44f8-9976-7e4237aa439b#molecular_biology 182b8243-f739-4144-9d7e-15543d1e6643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

These frogs may be handled without ill effects, but if unduly alarmed or hurt, they produce copious skin secretions with an unpleasant odour. The secretions are toxic, irritant and lethal to other frogs confined in the same container. They are cardiotoxic, affecting the potassium channels in the membranes of human heart cells, and cause cell death within a short time (Van der Walt et al. 1992). In humans, prolonged skin contact, or assimilation of the toxin via cuts or scratches on the hands, can cause extremely painful swelling and other symptoms such as nausea, headache, respiratory distress and an increased pulse rate (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1504 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#molecularbiology und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be f2065449-641b-4e03-93f7-4c72305dee38#molecular_biology 8a2284ea-a095-4fcd-9cb9-9cd0d3fbc0ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Roseghini et al. (1988) found the skin contains small amounts of toxic peptides that can cause severe physiological reactions if eaten by a predator (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1499 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#molecularbiology und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be d9a5b9e7-143b-4aa0-843f-7bf2764c9345#population_biology 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Individuals were found to live in small populations of less than 40 (Evans et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c9a48b-c603-4cac-811f-94c3a6760a82#population_biology 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is rare around Yaounde, but much more common in the west of its range in Cameroon (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 51526ed2-ca51-4ff5-90ec-16e9ae89df88#population_biology 13890b85-01d3-45a9-8fad-266d50d401d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is little information on population size or density since this species is difficult to locate (Drewes et al., 2004).

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It is a common species where it occurs (Drewes et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1528 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0068f38d-714a-4e7c-9b71-76a60a8e6ef6#population_biology 107e8492-d6d4-40dc-8588-ce5ae820ff30 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information on the population status of this species, and there have been no subsequent records of it since its discovery, presumably due to a lack of herpetological work within its range (Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1526 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00f6a751-9e85-4b2f-9d90-e785767ee5c6#population_biology 8d2102a5-eba7-44dd-b2ce-5373bebc502d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information on the population status of this species, and there have been no subsequent records of it since its discovery, presumably due to a lack of herpetological work within its range (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1542 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c0d77adc-c012-43a2-a772-dd0bc7394726#population_biology 18b718fe-912b-4178-bb93-9376e2b125fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is very common in Guinea, but it is very rare in Taï National Park in Côte d’Ivoire (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1545 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 85fc8790-52c2-457f-8e4f-2126c06564b1#population_biology aa5b9a99-f8ed-41cb-8eca-849b839bd183 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is quite common in Ethiopia wherever suitable habitat is found.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1530 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b1767341-bdff-4a19-bbe4-d1a8691ad3c6#population_biology c728e8b9-371f-49b5-b5b5-1b0129a28fa1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a common species in suitable habitats (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1532 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3af821b8-aa5b-4a95-95a2-e2e569fe05cb#population_biology fdf32c32-4ad7-42d8-9d01-7cbce80bf7aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a very common species where it occurs (Rödel and Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1592 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0828bc64-361a-4c27-a751-6d25ea1cbd50#population_biology 39d2faa5-2102-4e63-a1cf-3345b1964529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is common around Yaounde in Cameroon, but it is generally localized and uncommon through most of its range (Amiet et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1597 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3f5af35e-71a7-4fec-a310-119c1aff9b14#population_biology 3ca7c8c5-198b-4773-a5b4-a8586688f1fb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a very common species (Amiet et al, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1575 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2fc7dddd-cc50-4733-823e-c42487229b98#population_biology b2187464-12a3-48ae-8398-c54d90efe796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is generally a common, sometimes abundant, species. It is important to note that there have been no recent records from South Africa, which is on the edge of its range (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1576 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7ce8847-5a3a-428c-879b-f03473ed987a#population_biology 9b736029-58a5-439b-982a-6e47e0b63362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a common species (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1529 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 94840559-5c8b-47ea-855c-09b1d51ee640#population_biology 34920512-7018-4edc-a0d3-e23661a83ac0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The population status of this species is unknown. There have been no recent records, presumably due to the lack of herpetological work within its range (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1607 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 971993b1-526d-46c8-8cc7-b31f0a5c619d#population_biology a6894435-ce55-424c-8877-327f893bc668 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is common, even abundant, within its small range (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1598 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e15fa537-a034-451c-82e6-a7795593bc9b#population_biology caee7053-9125-41ad-a4ee-9ff6023da240 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is common (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1604 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 82be3e37-ffe2-433a-9b8b-2318405b34ed#population_biology a0df547b-94ad-40bf-b514-cb5ba189158e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is apparently a fairly abundant species in Garamba National Park (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1601 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d13abef2-275a-4cde-8b11-ba64632879e3#population_biology 051873d1-199a-444f-9797-b705ff862264 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a poorly known species, and so there is little information on its abundance (Stuart and Cox, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1600 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ad10b6a3-4c6f-487c-bbe3-2ebc85c5da8c#population_biology 011b2060-aea3-4675-8e83-9cdcb7adc91c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It has not been found since it was originally collected in 1975. Over 30,000 frogs have been checked in the type locality in recent years, without recording this species, so it is either extremely rare or not a valid species (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1606 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e36cb55-d8c6-483a-a1cc-38ebd0baa659#population_biology 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a common species within its range (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 31156049-076b-4e88-98bb-f0de189a7779#population_biology ff2d0faa-c48d-4072-ba68-69a07e3c74e0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is widespread and common within its small range (Loader et al., 2004)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1567 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e1b1de88-dc0e-411b-90df-819db80393d3#population_biology dafa55c8-beda-45b0-82a6-720fd3db8a5c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an extremely common species (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1568 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 27806236-72ce-48d0-99a9-cf6804d158c2#population_biology d623aa2b-0fc1-4310-9fc1-b06763fcf3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a very common species in suitable habitats (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1571 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44167320-d7b8-413a-bf8e-fb776a637cf6#population_biology a02a6f61-3a1a-4471-bc42-1c75a49d24ec http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The population status of this species is unknown (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1566 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 4443e716-0aa5-4304-808a-5f3feb5d1300#population_biology 07286bb6-00b0-4bbe-9180-d6a8ca553d40 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although it is patchy in its distribution, at suitable locations populations tend to be large, and it can be locally very abundant (Pickersgill and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1560 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 38e7e457-805b-4ca6-bd40-bfcd676c22ce#population_biology 011a684f-0e28-40dd-854d-71c266e64a66 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a very common species, more so than Phrynobatrachus guineensis with which it has been confused (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1580 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b4d0f711-f727-4371-ab23-62dc6c64860b#population_biology 5f8a7839-be0d-4e8a-97d1-3b6e545d47bb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The population status of this species is unknown.There do not appear to be any recent records, presumably due to taxonomic confusion, and due to a lack of herpetological work within its range (Pickersgill and Howell, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1603 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3c616620-bf16-4393-8210-8497b45821a6#population_biology 4b5f3e54-b4a5-4372-8d20-953982015d52 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information on its population status as it is known only from a single specimen collected in April 2002 (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/892 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a3a7621-725d-446b-8f88-6a234cc4d087#population_biology c7c04459-1313-4c90-a0c5-e9c2350c1cb5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It seems to be relatively common in a number of different habitats (Largen, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1296 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f40f0126-0086-4152-848b-81bc662c830c#population_biology 89fbb010-32d8-42f4-998d-14380be5383a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a common species (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1154 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3a54247c-2c09-416a-a14e-2a727f28fa9b#population_biology cccbd471-0b14-4e14-878b-6a419a1aeb68 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is not common (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1128 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 cbd8b4dc-9340-4de7-96ff-aa2886c8c4e8#population_biology 2eec3b48-b8d4-4bd5-a71a-18943e773e44 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is little information available on its population status. However, the fact that 23 specimens have been found widely over the West Usambara Mountains, despite limited survey effort, suggests that it is not uncommon in suitable habitat within its small range (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/882 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e04e250-8a73-4a46-af1f-add88d0187a6#population_biology 7b03e71d-31b1-47b2-a01f-dbdadc94944a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an extremely abundant species (Schiøtz et al., 2004).

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In certain areas, like in the Mwatate or Sagalla valleys this is a very abundant species, but in other areas, at high altitudes or on the steep slopes of the Taita Hills, it is rarely seen (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17386030-0e95-4c41-8eee-6c6394ae7b69#population_biology 98893545-8ad6-465e-80cd-aaaf15fd84c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

These amphibians can be abundant and have been found in relatively high densities, up to 0.4/m2 (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/897 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 44a7b114-1d04-4d04-8b8a-a5b963b9b5b6#population_biology d63fde15-3f27-48a2-8d75-190e64b00e92 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It was formerly abundant in a tiny area, with a population of approximately 17,000 animals with natural fluctuations in the population size. The population increased until May 1999 when numbers subsequently dropped during the course of 2001 and 2002 with estimates of 11,000 individuals up until March 2002 (Channing et al., 2006). Populations increased again with a total population estimate of 20,989 individuals in June, 2003. The population then went into steep decline, and by mid-January 2004, only three individuals could be seen and just two males were heard calling. There were a handful of records of calling animals during the rest of 2004, one unconfirmed report from May 2005 (CBSG 2007), and no records of any individuals since, despite surveys (Channing et al., 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/889 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e8e5e424-82d9-4645-a623-b815dac6c369#population_biology 8955509a-528e-4254-99d0-9f40be9d987f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species appears to be absent from much of the Taita Hills with the majority of individuals from Mbololo and a few records from the Macha area (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/874 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6bf3773a-91e4-41b8-9f9a-b10f3bf48833#population_biology b9b20f5d-8490-4814-9284-ae7b56ac01ca http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although it is patchily distributed, it is very abundant where it occurs, for example on the Freetown Peninsula in Sierra Leone (Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1523 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 366bf196-b1e5-4cce-9d5b-3da3ed301635#population_biology 8f12a24f-df5f-4923-8147-a968dcdcb167 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It has decreased significantly as a result of harvesting for food (Amiet, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 870d41e8-99a7-4832-acb3-aee9bb63c95e#population_biology 409af6f0-c2a2-4da8-81b5-6efad0a2fa5e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a locally common species (Minter et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1193 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a87ad317-2968-425f-bcca-aebaa15931d5#population_biology 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is abundant where it occurs (Schiøtz et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 549794e1-29a4-41c6-9e76-9089f2d65530#population_biology f5d67cde-bf6e-46d8-a75f-7b1fa09ef002 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information on the population status of this species as it is known from only two specimens, collected in 1996 and 2000 (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/893 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2a9ba870-e145-414a-83c0-b7707f5a0d46#population_biology d420b434-a08f-4212-8bb6-090ef218d160 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is reasonably common within its tiny range, though much less numerous than the sympatric Nectophrynoides tornieri (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/886 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 66682645-7d33-417c-a1e2-f74e9f6de828#population_biology 5114252b-5513-4abe-a3c7-33e712cd8b7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is little information on its abundance. Ten specimens were collected on its discovery, and there has been only one subsequent record (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/885 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8878d0c6-6942-4520-9b12-4b89004aab70#population_biology 74ddd2ce-78a7-4da4-a35a-34d15b86f275 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It appears to be common within its small range (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/888 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 6d617c9f-a318-46c6-b61d-df5ebbfc3890#population_biology fdb4232c-4b31-4e06-8736-9962a1e5720d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The only two specimens known were collected in traps in February 1999 and are from a well-studied. It is therefore believed that this is a very rare species (Menegon and Loader, 2004; Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/881 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 421eb40a-c4f8-44cf-9067-5831e7475042#population_biology 5c0c371f-0c6f-4997-858d-0f26aed1c6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is common in many parts of its range, although it is often of very patchy occurrence. However, it is generally uncommon in West Africa, with small populations at any one locality (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/714 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1affad54-0f22-4c22-952d-d0f15dcd5828#population_biology 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is relatively common (Loader et al., 2004).

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The species is quite common in one tiny area, measuring roughly 300m x 300 m (Menegon et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/883 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 50031fba-e4ce-4166-898d-89f2518e476e#population_biology a184c075-0578-4c86-89ac-fb525869d567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a common species.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1520 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0e2b6567-555f-408a-ad87-0ac0ce916e4e#population_biology 9276be00-4a99-45ff-bbf3-c9e915679e2d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This is a rare species (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1522 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef6cbd15-907e-498d-aee3-a4f3478bce05#population_biology cdda16f9-49a9-4657-a224-8649f1b32d96 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a common species (Moyer et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1582 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 24813f47-b493-48db-85bb-637f9aeafea7#population_biology 8986d907-d4cd-4ec5-8d9c-6a871b166970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is little recent information on the population status of this species, but it is apparently not uncommon in suitable habitat (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1595 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d0021e28-c4a8-4ddd-9a26-8271f94f4e94#population_biology b80b68ef-1733-4020-b3d7-9d65a8f3a33c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a common species (Amiet et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1558 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 02be8d1b-fd88-401a-b417-c185d1b488e6#population_biology c8f9e655-dc5e-4c7c-9b89-209e45ea0791 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no recent information on the population status of this species (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1555 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc41b6b5-54ae-4106-89df-2c78717e9636#population_biology 82f8055b-501c-4e3c-bb5e-860804803ccb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an extremely rare species (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1548 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 baa1d954-57a0-4305-83e2-12922ddcdd14#population_biology 6e284a6d-7f0a-41bf-b607-255866ae0c63 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information on the population status of this species (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1574 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7e6c7d0b-4039-4cc4-9c74-100ba99a3bd9#population_biology 481b42e7-262f-4724-8af6-e110109b5fbd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is abundant at 1,400m asl on Mount Manenguba, but rare at 1,000m asl on Mount Nlonako (Amiet and Gartshore, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1546 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3949b720-f3e8-4d4d-8d0a-2c30d5f4bd3f#population_biology f6b6b38a-b52d-4de2-85d1-1720e16124e2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no information on the population status of this species, and there have been no subsequent records of it since its discovery, presumably due to a lack of herpetological work within its range (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1543 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5c66f737-5a2d-4c94-9b72-f37c0dd25704#population_biology 747e9302-0e61-4f79-b705-654cf79694fd http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is very poorly known; it appears to be an uncommon species in Kibale Forest, but more common in the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1538 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ef495710-c5dd-4410-8fed-7841e2804d30#population_biology 8b362555-a99a-401c-94b3-a77a70102b5b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is generally common where it occurs (Drewes, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1537 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 f4f839ba-f3c3-4df7-88bc-9d9172883765#population_biology 3aa3fd2c-87fb-4cca-9fe3-500133cf3507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a very common species (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1540 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 80eb7914-7bd8-4dbc-81f4-05bb438e0d46#population_biology d77611b1-ed1c-482b-ba41-1f0de8909d0a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a common species in suitable habitats (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1527 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5e517975-dfaa-4df5-955a-a0d85293a9c9#population_biology 6211e78d-d368-496e-8674-7dc9a4acf105 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a common species (Msuya et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1577 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 16ed6290-6018-4310-ad67-2637ef4baef9#population_biology 8338550c-96c2-4b62-8534-419f41d56ade http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is generally common where it occurs (Drewes, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1570 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b76b6209-6b80-4e37-a8cb-d0d2627fb34b#population_biology f7f0637c-59a5-4c9e-b480-8348a42b436e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is quite common in Ethiopia wherever suitable habitat is found (Largen et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1573 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3b5c263f-ab70-4773-b0a9-9297dc062cef#population_biology 35b17c6a-b701-4a27-8e0f-9a609af5abf4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a widespread and often abundant species (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2c1d1907-9122-491e-8b13-dd803f2a8af2#population_biology f1c7701c-7f95-4056-af79-17f9defd1518 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There are no recent records from either country, presumably due to lack of herpetological work within its range, although recent collections of frogs from southern Guinea might refer to P. brongersmai (Burger and Rödel, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1551 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a83db5db-bd48-4779-9e0d-9602fff9ae7d#population_biology 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a common species in Ngezi Forest Reserve. It is not clear that it survives elsewhere on the island, although intensive surveys have not yet been carried out (Pickersgill and Howell, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 916f0418-fc27-4822-b015-78128ce6cf82#population_biology 5f4cad32-4874-41c5-a43b-42d9d1a41911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is locally abundant, but little data are available, as it has probably been confused with other species (Pickersgill, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1556 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ca07d98f-ba74-4d91-bdd3-419182822f97#population_biology 8c23a261-06b0-4171-841f-a75b6370c029 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is apparently fairly abundant in Garamba National Park (Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1561 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 00436892-8636-4021-b2be-18535b4a3060#population_biology 3f316c90-be90-4a38-bb2c-18b4b1be784d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is only known from the holotype.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1579 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 da405e57-2e2c-4a4c-97cc-afa2868395fd#population_biology b80e640a-bc1c-4ad2-977f-240f7e5c9afb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is very common in suitable habitats (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1586 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 33b6578b-bc10-4703-9864-d92a86b1e13b#population_biology 57ab534d-f71a-4278-b62d-0a2b772a1026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a common species in suitable habitats (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1547 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 20eec41a-1803-44a2-a45a-4540c031ed43#population_biology acdf2da2-7cd8-471e-8c8f-3514a4ec8465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is an extremely common species (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1608 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 58b7f558-aed8-4e39-a9fe-bca3bd151974#population_biology cb26cb8a-e434-42d8-b608-f0fcd13d863c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is abundant in Jozani Forest (Pickersgill, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1587 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5f7c3079-7141-4199-8212-7d98415d2704#population_biology 7f95029a-c6fd-4267-b367-1203696bda0d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is regularly encountered within its small range (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1588 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7a8605e5-3819-4880-9b5c-ddd58d755434#population_biology cecf1278-5d63-43f0-9a52-3ea8b68ef81a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Uganda, the species is common in the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest but is uncommon in Kibale Forest (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1593 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0375a4de-9aff-43dc-81c2-6adcd2292a04#population_biology 5e0a7b2f-882c-40ea-863f-1d0814b8dff7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a very common species in suitable habitat (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1594 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0956b6b0-79be-4213-95ed-3810c205702a#population_biology 13ec6613-454f-47f4-8495-617af76e002d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Cameroon, its abundance is hard to determine, since the species is difficult to capture (Rödel et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#population_biology f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is a hard species to find, and expertise is needed to separate it from Kassina senegalensis, so it is probably significantly under-recorded. Nevertheless, it appears to be reasonably common in Comoé National Park in Côte d’Ivoire. Schiøtz (1999) suggests that this species may have relatively low population densities but a wide geographic range, and there are indications that populations fluctuate significantly (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe b59aa922-9aa0-4ec1-9231-43bc74a7d439#population_biology 3f027014-a52c-4b48-9864-826e4760285e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is abundant in many parts of its range (Poynton et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1662 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 805c5295-8289-4ac5-91f3-0995eb2b2af1#population_biology 7d8799f5-92d4-40f6-91a7-c604e59d93ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is widespread and abundant (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1661 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe ea81f25e-2f78-426d-afe3-4746ce1c96f9#population_biology cea0ab91-8d10-49bc-8b4e-8266b6b2a6b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Ptychadena pumilio is very common and abundant (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1648 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 83b31854-1dc3-4380-9f24-8161ea6faf7b#population_biology ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is extremely localized, but abundant wherever it occurs (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 361e1652-f00d-4f92-b30f-f848a8b4ece3#population_biology 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua beccarii appears to be abundant in several localities in Ethiopia, but its population demographics remain poorly understood, in part because it is very difficult to catch (Largen 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 5217ffdf-874f-474e-a0f7-ff466a7e4f74#population_biology a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua derooi may once have been abundant, but a survey in Ghana in the early 2000s failed to find it, suggesting a stark decline (Rödel and Schiøtz 2004). Since its original description in 1972, C. derooi had been recorded only twice, both times during the late 1970s, until its rediscovery in 2005 and 2007 in Ghana and Togo, respectively (Hillers et al. 2009). Fast-flowing streams in the Atewa Range Forest Reserve in southeastern Ghana appear to hold large and viable populations of C. derooi; these are likely to be this species’ largest remaining populations (Kouamé et al 2007). Overall, reliable demographic information for this species does not yet exist, especially in the Togo-Volta highlands where it may be limited to small, isolated patches of forest. More thorough population monitoring is urgently necessary in order to better understand this species’ population biology (Hillers et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 3c206f6a-9ae4-461e-a517-f264f61de30d#population_biology 345462df-7c3a-408b-8bdf-7e3723295948 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The species is considered uncommon, and its populations are limited to two modest sized ecoregions within Nigeria and Cameroon: the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests and the Cameroonian highland forests (Amiet & Gartshore, 2004; Hogan, 2013).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1506 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a62e27a9-29e7-47eb-94f5-06ea16f1ae39#population_biology 2ca67d46-e3fa-4857-adc3-9554988e1ed3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In addition to its native range, there are introduced populations of D. pictus in Spain and France, which populations appear to be abundant and expanding their range. This anuran is somewhat common in Sicily. Further information is needed on the populations of the species over the rest of its distribution, though it is thought to be common in some portions of its range (Bosch et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/914 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 7f2440fc-6c9d-49b8-9244-dc3b6fc67961#population_biology 7c125c80-c3a6-4ef2-90f2-f404ab691d06 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The IUCN regards this anuran as widespread and common over much of its range, with relict isolated populations in oases and wells in the Sahelian and Saharan regions. (Rödel. 2000)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1280 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3cbe395e-5e8d-4e28-b532-d625227909a4#population_biology 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In 2004 the IUCN asserted that H. darlingi was relatively common throughout much of its range (Poynton & Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9d3322f8-7de3-4a56-a2d2-6abd89ea0f86#population_biology f628bf44-8f5d-4c41-ba0c-a4d1d6b45a17 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

As of the year 2004 the IUCN asserts there is minimal reliable data on this anuran, since there have been no recent records of observation, presumably due to the lack of herpetological work within its range (Schiøtz & Channing, 2004). As WWF and Hogan (2007) point out, the lack of biological research in this region of Angola from 1974 to present derives from the longstanding instability and warfare commencing when Cuban mercenaries invaded in 1974 to destablise the country (WWF & Hogan,. 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1468 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 effc8efe-6221-4c13-bd5a-ea254a795297#population_biology af585d2c-13fb-42a2-8564-319aea0daebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

As of the year 2004 the IUCN has asserted that the population status of P. beiranus is unknown (Tandy et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1269 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 49231caa-4fba-445f-b82e-8fa1a478b60c#population_biology 1a1268ea-1ab2-4140-90b0-90b2f5b25303 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This anuran can be locally abundant in suitable and unaltered habitat, but its population is in decline, because its habitat area is being reduced and fragmented. As a net population trend, the IUCN has classified this species as decreasing (Salvador et al. 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1273 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#population_biology d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species can be rare in some localities and common in others (Howell et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 327359db-b4cc-4a02-8190-390966e08adb#population_biology 0aea4d97-d8c1-4663-ade0-0ef321127453 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It is fairly common within its range, but local populations are probably quite small (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1189 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#population_biology b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Suitable habitats for this species are uncommon and fragmented across the range of the organism, but in appropriate habitats it can be quite common (Donaire-Barroso et al. 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 280daeba-c8db-4df6-835b-090e73b17bff#population_biology 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is generally cryptic, but it may be extremely common at particular times of the year (Channing, 2001; Drewes and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#population_biology b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Little information is available on its abundance (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#population_biology f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Little information is available on its abundance (Amiet et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#population_biology b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is thought to be abundant in appropriate habitats within its range (Channing and Poynton, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#populationbiology und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#reproduction d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It breeds in slow-flowing streams, although the eggs are laid in a nest on land not far from water (Howell et al., 2004). Eggs are laid in mud cavities near slowly flowing streams (Harper et al., 2010). Eggs as large as 4 mm have been found (Channing and Howell, 2006).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d61b64f1-f404-44f9-9ecb-a434fb32092d#reproduction d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “a quiet buzzing.” Channing and Howell (2006) report that males call from high in trees at 1.5 kHz.

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Breeding starts at the beginning of each rainy season. Males call while perched 1 – 2 m above the ground several meters distance from each other on vegetation, often far from water. Eggs are laid in cavities in the mud. Larvae hatch into the water when the nest is inundated with water (Text Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1147 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2ee8d132-4376-463d-93b2-910532f83a8d#reproduction b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Very little is known about the breeding habits of L. flavomaculatus. Males call from vegetation approximately 3-4 m above ground and from burrows on the ground. It is assumed to lay eggs in burrows near water and larvae are thought to hatch and develop in water (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1163 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a7d4d156-a730-40e3-bb48-0f8fae40a0db#reproduction b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males call from dense vegetation as high as four meters above the ground or from the mouth of burrows in the ground (Harper et al., 2010). Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “a clack with a peculiar tonal quality.”

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Eggs are deposited on folded leaves above still water, and tadpoles drop into ponds, puddles, ditches, ruts and herbaceous marshes where they develop (Schiøtz et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1328 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e7255dd-7fe1-4cf6-90f6-3e8e77f8d355#reproduction 5957bed9-fd1b-474d-9cd3-0d384fde8cbb http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “a long, even buzzing.”

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1325 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dc8708c2-7f5a-4fba-8943-cc19a6c2cb2d#reproduction 59652306-c075-40d5-a40a-8ee39c9f9baa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Eggs are laid on blades of grass (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1318 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 7b1a6d7b-34d8-495c-83d7-4004e1e1325d#reproduction 59652306-c075-40d5-a40a-8ee39c9f9baa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The call is a series of clicks (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1318 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 a87ad317-2968-425f-bcca-aebaa15931d5#reproduction 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It breeds in swampy valley bottoms and temporary pools in closed-canopy forest (Schiøtz et al., 2008). Eggs are placed on vegetation above water. Clutches are small, containing 10 - 12 eggs (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e69c283c-e289-4f25-a8d5-ee2886aafc20#reproduction 90729792-c450-4a71-b5fd-3a01f5f7449c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A quiet buzzing sound of variable duration (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1317 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 133c38c4-9cba-4a26-9635-7b46d171d49a#reproduction d23eed55-1d66-4f58-8169-65e14bd0cba6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Eggs are laid on the edges of streams. Larvae hatch and develop in the water (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/779 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 3b65e084-f155-4cb7-95ef-a4aa13f60b9c#reproduction 8f082328-bb4d-4387-b0f0-1df936593e7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Eggs are laid on the edges of streams. Larvae hatch and develop in the water (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/778 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d26b11c4-3613-444c-83f9-308c18fd999c#reproduction e4fbf835-dede-47ec-8a9a-29663108281b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It breeds in streams where it lays long strings of thousands of small, darkly pigmented eggs directly into the water (Harper et al., 2010).

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The advertisement call is a single, long, deep note (Text from Harper et al., 2010). It was described by Channing and Howell (2006) as “a loud rattling snore” with 72 pulses per second.

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The advertisement call may be heard during the day or night almost any time during the year (Salvador, 1996). However, based upon the onset of the chief breeding season commencing in January, and of the secondary breeding season starting in April, it is reasonable to expect that those months punctuate peaks in call activity.

Some of the early recordings from the Air region of Niger, the Hoggar Mountains and from Mali are now deemed to have been improper logging of Bufo xeros.

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A. maculatus call is easily identified. Individuals call at different pitches so that alternate calls are readily distinguishable (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

The call is a rapid trill half a second in duration (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Breeding occurs in permanent bodies of water or during seasonal flooding (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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The call is like a loud “hoot” (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Eggs are laid in moist soil or leaves and develop directly into small frogs without passing through a free-swimming tadpole stage (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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The call was described by Poynton et al. (2008) as “a series of whistling notes that are repeated at regular intervals.”

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Breeding occurs from December through February (Stewart, 1967). Males call from the ground amongst leaf litter. Unpigmented eggs are deposited in hollows or shallow burrows within leaf litter beneath bushes or around the roots of trees. Clutch size is 33–80 eggs, and eggs develop into small frogs without passing through a free-swimming tadpole phase (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928; Minter et al., 2004). After hatching, frogs measure 20 – 28 mm in length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males call from leaf litter during the day and at night. The call is a quick high-pitched whistle repeated at a rate of two per second (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Pickersgill (2007) describes the call as “musical, high-pitched and insect-like” in comparison to the more rasping call of A. xenodactyloides.

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This species is assumed to lay eggs in the leaf litter of the forest floor that hatch directly into small frogs (Harper et al., 2010).

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Eggs are laid in moist soil or leaves and develop directly into frogs without passing through a free-swimming tadpole stage. Emerging frogs can be as small as 5 mm (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Males call from exposed sites among leaf litter. The call is a high-pitched chirp (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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B. boulengeri lays eggs in a nest in moist soil that hatch directly into small pink caecilians. This species may have extended parental care with hatchlings feeding from the skin of their brooding mother, as reported for B. taitana. Eggs have been found in December and pink juveniles with their mothers during December and January, within the short rainy season (Harper et al., 2010).

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They are likely to be similar to other species in the genus, including direct development and possibly maternal care of hatchlings (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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This is a direct developing amphibian, laying eggs in small brooding chambers where the female guards them and turns them until they hatch. Once hatched the small pink juveniles have special teeth that are adapted to eat the skin from the mother’s back. This skin is believed to be especially nutritious for the young to grow quickly. By the time the young are ready to burrow independently in the soil they have changed to the distinctive black-blue colouration of this caecilian (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

Males have an intromittant organ (phallodium), which is inserted into the female cloaca during subterranean mating. As testes are active all year, mating may happen at any time, but breeding is associated with the short rains (October to December). Gravid females build round egg chambers in the soil, in which they lay their eggs (clutch size 1 to 10 eggs). Eggs hatch into small (30 mm) altricial juveniles with special foetal dentition which is used to remove shedding skin from the brooding female. Females are thought to shed more frequently and their skin contains extra nutrients. Juveniles stay with mothers until they reach 80 mm, after which they leave to live independently in the soil beginning with dark dorsal pigmentation, and later developing the blue ventrum. Adults are known to eat a wide range of soil macroinvertebrates dominated by termites and earthworms. Oversized prey is strongly gripped in the mouth while the animal rotates around its longitudinal axis (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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it is assumed to lay eggs terrestrially that hatch directly into small versions of the adults (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males call during the day from burrows in dense grass. The breeding period is short, lasting only a few weeks at the start of the rainy season. Because they are underground most of the year, very little is known about their natural history. They are assumed to lay eggs terrestrially that hatch directly into small frogs without passing through a free-swimming larval stage (Harper et al., 2010).

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Channing and Howell (2006) describe the call as “a pulsed whistle,” with the call most often containing 12 pulses.

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This species is a direct developer with no morphologically distinct, free-living larval phase; development occurs within the egg membranes and individuals emerge as tiny froglets. Reproduction is not associated with water (Minter et al., 2004).

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Males call from shallow water in temporary pools, often at the base of emergent vegetation. The call consists of a regular series of pulse trains with double or treble pulses. Often single pulses are at the beginning and sometimesthe end of the call. The call duration is approximately 0.5 sec, and the pulse rate is approximately 10.2/sec. The summary values for 133 calls from 26 individuals show 3 to 10 pulse trains (mean 6.1), and a mean emphasized frequency of 4.42 kHz (Channing et al., 2005).

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The call is a distinctive ‘chirp’ followed by musical pulses (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

The call is a series of quiet creaking croaks, sometimes repeated in short pulses (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Mode of breeding is unknown, but it is thought to breed in streams or ponds (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Most clutches seemed to have been deposited at night. Eggs were usually attached in groups to the dorsal surface of leaves or roots, mostly 2–15 cm above water (N> 10); in some eggs were attached to a root just below water surface (N= 2) or in the water (N= 2). Eggs that were covered with water did not develop. Frogs were observed sitting on the lower side of leaves just above the clutches, but it is uncertain whether this constitutes parental care. Egg numbers ranged from 30–144 eggs (x= 73.8 ± 39.3 sd; N= 8). The mean germ size of the black and white eggs was 1.53 mm (± 0.08 mm sd; N= 9). Mean size of the eggs with jelly was 4.69 mm (± 1.00 mm sd; N= 9; Rödel et al., 2009).

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Calling peaked in the field between 20:00 and 21:00 hours. After 01:00 hours in the morning, calls are
uttered only very rarely. On very hot and humid days, males also called during daytime. The advertisement call was a tonal note typically repeated 2–3 times (Fig. 7). Calls were short in duration (83 ± 7 ms, range 76–90 ms, N= 3). Intervals between calls within a call group averaged 174 ± 8 ms (range = 122–236 ms, N= 3). Dominant frequency of calls was 2.40 ± 0.02 kHz (range = 2.38–2.41 kHz, N= 3; Rödel et al., 2009).

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Fertilization is internal, and the females retain the larvae internally in the oviduct until the toadlets are born (Channing et al., 20006). During amplexus, the male clasps the female under the armpits and places his feet on top of her thighs so that he does not touch the rock surface. Eggs are 2.4 mm in diameter (Poynton et al., 1998). Channing et al. report that the clutches range form 10-16 with an average of 11; Harper et al. (2010) and Lee et al. (2006) report slightly larger sized clutches with 16-18 young and 24-28 young, respectively.

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Two calls are known – an advertisement call and an aggression call. Calls can be heard during the day as well as at night. The advertisement call is described by Channing and Howell as “a single note with 1–4” pulses and the aggression call is “a series of advertisement calls.”

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Fertilization is internal. Females retain eggs and give live birth (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Fertilization is internal and females give birth to 20–31 young (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Reproduction is assumed to be similar to that of other species in the genus with internal fertilization and live birth (Harper et al., 2010).

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Reproduction is assumed to be similar to that of other species in the genus, with internal fertilization and live birth (Harper et al., 2010). The two dissected females had eight (BMNH 2000.235) and 10 (MTSN 5076) large yolky eggs, supporting this hypothesis (Menegon et al., 2004).

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Described by Menegon et al. (2004) as “a group of trains of 6 to 8 pulses.” See TanzaniaHerps.org for additional information.

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Males call on rainy nights while perched on vegetation approximately 1 m off the ground (Harper et al., 2010). It is presumably a live-bearing species, like other members of its genus. The presence of a small number of large developing eggs (about 20) in the dissected female also suggests that the species is ovoviviparous (Menegon and Loader, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/885 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0ebfe054-9a1f-4fc1-b9e2-376e892413ef#reproduction 5114252b-5513-4abe-a3c7-33e712cd8b7d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The call consists of 3 – 5 pulses (Harper et al., 2010). See TanzaniaHerps.org for additional information on the advertisement call.

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It is presumably a live-bearing species, like other members of its genus (Mengon and Loader, 2008).

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Described by Channing et al. (2005) as “a whistle followed by a short chirp, although later in the year only the chirp is produced.”

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The details of its breeding biology are unknown, but it is assumed to be ovoviviparous, like other member of its genus, with internal fertilisation before giving birth to tiny toadlets (Menegon and Loader, 2004).

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Reproduction is assumed to be similar to that of other species in the genus with internal fertilization and live birth (ovoviviparity; Harper et al., 2010).

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Breeding behavior has not been observed (Harper et al., 2010).

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Eggs are presumably laid in subterranean nests in which the tadpoles hatch, and from where they subsequently move into water to develop. Larval development has been confirmed in a small, semi-permanent pool, and has been suspected in a small river (Largen, 2004).

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Breeding takes place in temporary pools that lack vegetation. Males call from the water’s edge. Single eggs are scattered by the female during amplexus, typically during the beginning of the rainy season (Harper et al., 2010). It is an explosive breeder, and is known to breed in large temporary waters and small mud holes with and without vegetation (Rödel et al., 2004).

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The advertisement call is a short "hoot" (Harper et al., 2010). Amiet (1974) describes the advertisement call as a very low sonorous "hôn" which is uttered slowly and at very regular intervals over a long period. Each call lasts about 0.2 to 0.3 sec. Passmore & Carruthers (1995) report on a long nasal "quack" lasting 0.4 sec at a frequency of 0.4–0.6 kHz. According to Lambiris (1989), the low frequent call, "quack", lasts 0.5 sec, being repeated every two seconds.

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They are assumed to lay eggs in mud nests on land near water. Males call near streams and pools (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “a single clack with a peculiar tonal quality.”

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The mode of reproduction is unknown, but it is assumed that eggs are laid in mud cavities near water (Harper et al., 2010). It is known that males call from approximately one meter above the ground but near water (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “a brief, rather unremarkable clack.” Males produce a short clack of three or more pulses with an emphasized frequency of 1.3 kHz and a duration or 0.04 s (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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Eggs are laid in burrows, sometimes as far as 10 m from a stream. Tadpoles move to water upon hatching (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Males call from vegetation overhanging streams (Text from Harper et al., 2010). Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “a brief buzzing.”

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Males call while perched on trees or grass, often away from water. Eggs are buried in mud and larvae enter water after hatching (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Breeding takes place in a wide range of temporary and permanent bodies of water. Egg masses are attached to submerged vegetation (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Males call while floating in the water, often propped on aquatic vegetation. The call is a single rising note repeated at irregular intervals (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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It breeds in streams, and the males call from rocky areas (under rocks or in cracks) close to small streams (Amiet, 2004).

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Clutches of unpigmented eggs are attached to vegetation over water. Females often return to egg masses on subsequent nights to deposit additional water, preventing the eggs from drying out. Tadpoles hatch and drop into the water after five days (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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According to Harper et al (2010), the call of H. spinigularis has not been recorded in the field; however captive individuals emit a quiet, high-pitched rasping call. It is unclear whether this is a territorial or mating call.

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Males call while perched on emergent vegetation in permanent and temporary pools. Females attach masses of pigmented eggs to vegetation above water. Clutch size has not been recorded, and the tadpoles have not been described (Harper et al., 2010).

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The call is a series of short high-pitched clicks (Harper et al., 2010).

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This species breeds in forest swamps. It's eggs are unpigmented (Harper et al., 2010).

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It breeds in streams and permanent and temporary pools. Females lay groups of 60–90 eggs on vegetation above water (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “alternating slow and fast unmelodic creaks, uttered with rather long intervals.”

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This species breed in permanent and temporary marshes, pools and ponds. Males call while perched on emergent and floating vegetation (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “a fast series of very loud, harsh clicks in a somewhat accelerating rhythm, about 10 per second and decelerating towards the end.”

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Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “a series of brief screams.”

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About 75 eggs, pigmented, with a black animal pole, were present in each oviduct of the holotype and paratype specimens (Channing and Stanley, 2002). Although its breeding is unknown, the presence of large numbers of pigmented eggs in the only known specimens suggests that it is neither a live-bearer, nor a direct developer (Howell and Channing, 2004).

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The call is unknown as males have never been observed or collected (Harper et al., 2010).

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Breeding occurs in streams and small rivers. Sabater-Pi (1985) observed a female laying eggs amongst the rocks in a pool amongst the rapids of the Mbia river, known as Nkombia. This individual (1,200 kg) was later captured and continued laying eggs at a rate of 50 eggs/h for 2 h. Dissected females with a weight of 0.600 kg were found to be sexually mature. A clutch of ten eggs included a mean diameter of 3.47 mm with a jelly mass covering each egg that was on average 4 mm thickness; eggs weighed 0,028 g.

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Locals confirm that this animal does not emit any sound (Sabater-Pi; 1985).

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Tadpole development is rapid, with metamorphosis occuring in six weeks, and full adult size requiring only about one year of development (Baha el Din, 2006).

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The call is a single note that sounds like a dog's bark (Baha el Din, 2006).

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Males call from muddy areas near water. The call is an extended buzzing lasting several seconds and repeated frequently (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Breeding takes place in water-filled tree holes or bamboo cups. A small number of unpigmented eggs are laid on the vertical surface above the water (Harper et al., 2010).

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Eggs are laid in water-filled tree holes, leaf axils, banana leaves or bamboo (Harper et al., 2010). Breeding takes place in late September through October. Clutches are approximately 28 eggs; eggs are 2.5-3.0 mm in diameter within 4.0-4.5 mm capsules. The female may guard the eggs. After hatching from the eggs, the tadpoles fall into the water trapped within the plant (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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It breeds in lakes and ponds and is seldom found far from permanent water. Females lay multiple clutches of over a thousand eggs. The eggs float on the surface of the water in a single layer (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Males call from vegetation in the water or while floating. The call is described as “a nasal bleat” (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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The call is a series of quiet clicks (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Breeding takes place in nearly any type of aquatic habitat that has emergent vegetation including lakes, ponds, streams and swamps (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Schiøtz (1982) described the call as “a fast series of clicks.”

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Breeding takes place in rivers, lakes and swamps with emergent vegetation. Eggs are laid directly in the water in clutches of around 200 eggs (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Call is variable within the complex (Harper et al., 2010).

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Clutches of 36–110 unpigmented eggs are attached to vegetation in marshes above the water’s surface. The tadpoles are unknown (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Males call from concealed positions on vegetation over streams or ponds and call without elevating the head (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “a high-pitched trill” approximately 1.5 seconds in duration.

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It breeds in a wide variety of aquatic habitats, ranging from very small to very large ponds, usually using temporary, but often also in permanent, waterbodies. The eggs are deposited directly into the water (Schiøtz et al., 2004). Males call from exposed sites on vegetation near water. Clutches of around 330 small black and white eggs are deposited in open water. Tadpoles hatch after about six days (Harper et al., 2010).

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Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “a fast series of high-pitched clicks.”

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Breeds in temporary pools in grasslands (Harper et al., 2010).

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Described by Schiøtz (1999) as “a fast series of quiet, unmelodic clicks.”

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Clutches of 50–100 eggs are laid on vegetation over water. Tadpoles hatch after five or six days (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Males call from vegetation over streams or ponds (Harper et al., 2010). Schiøtz (1999) describes the call as “an irregular series of screams.”

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Fertilization is internal, and eggs are retained in the oviducts where they complete development (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Males call while perched on leaves in the forest, usually about 0.5 – 1.0 meters above the ground. The call consists of one, two or three high-pitched clicks (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Reproduction is assumed to be similar to that of other species in the genus with internal fertilization and live birth. One female was found containing 18 embryos (Menegon et al., 2004)

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Fertilization is internal. Females retain eggs and give birth to live toadlets (Harper et al., 2010). Tornier (1905) reported that an especially large female of the type series carried 67 larvae, 37 in the right oviduct and 30 in the left oviduct.

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Described by Channing and Howell (2006) as “A series of slow creaks…with 35 pulses at a rate of 52/s.”

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This species lacks a tympanum and associated hearing apparatus and is assumed to have no advertisement call (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Amiet (1989, 1991) assumed that tadpoles of this species were terrestrial because he discovered an egg clutch on a large leaf in the forest, some centimetres above the ground, and a male was sitting close to the clutch during daytime.

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The call is very characteristic and can be heard from far away (du Bocage 1903).

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Eggs are laid on wet rocks near streams or seepage areas. Tadpoles have wide mouths that allow them to cling to and graze on the surface of rocks. Metamorphs are around 12 mm in length. Outside of the breeding season adults are found on the forest floor in holes and among rocks (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Males call from rocky crevices near running water. The call is a loud, deep single note (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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It breeds in fast-flowing streams. The eggs are laid on land, and the larvae attach themselves by means of suckers to rocks in waterfalls and rapids (Rödel, 2004).

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The eggs are laid, and the larvae develop on rocks in the splash zones of streams and small waterfalls (Amiet and Burger, 2004).

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The breeding season is said to take place in the rainy season (Parker 1936, referred to as P. johnstoni). The species has been found on wet, mossy rocks in the forest; the large rocks were crossed by runlets (Barej et al., 2010). According to Sanderson (1936, referred to as P. johnstoni) , adults aggregate in the breeding season on humid rocky surfaces in rough areas with torrent water, while they live in the forest on leaves outside the breeding season.

Narins et al. (2001) describe a part of the courtship behaviour, including the female striking the male’s head with her foreleg during amplexus. These authors speculate that this behaviour is connected with secretion of glands in the male tympanal papilla. The small eggs are deposited at the beginning of the rainy season on surfaces of stones within the splash zone. Metamorphosis in P. parkeri is finished before the end of the rains or at the beginning of the dry season (Parker, 1936).

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The advertisement call of P. parkeri has been published by Narins et al. (2001).

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Males seem to guard the eggs at night (Amiet, 1991). Amiet (1983, 1989) reported on a clutch of some ten eggs, which was deposited on the moist surfaces on rocks.

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Amiet (1973) described the call of P. vulpiae as a gentle “douc-douc.” Males call from their hiding places within rock cavities. The species shows a vocal annual activity cycle type II sensu Amiet (2006); a continuous cycle with one less intensive period at the end of the big rainy season and beginning of the following dry season (Barej et al., 2010).

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Breeding peaks during the short rains in November. Eggs are laid on wet rocks near streams or seepage areas. Tadpoles have wide mouths that allow them to cling to and graze on the surface of rocks. Outside of the breeding season adults are found on the forest floor in holes and among rocks near streams (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Channing and Howell (2006) describe the call as “a series of short ‘wauks’ repeated at long intervals of up to 25 seconds.”

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This species is forest dependent but uses open areas for breeding. Males call from emergent vegetation around pools and ponds (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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Channing and Howell (2006) describe the call as sounding like “wotwot… pulsed….with a duration of 0.15 seconds…There are 8 pulses in a typical call.”

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This species breeds in temporary stagnant pools (Rödel and Amiet, 2004). Rödel (2000) reported that females lay 75–220 eggs (152 ± 60) wih dark gray and white poles and diameters of less than 1 mm. Tadpoles hatched within three days. At Lamto, females are reported to produce two clutches per year with 290 ± 144 eggs, each. The egg diameter was 0.8 mm (N = 69; Barbault & Pilorge 1980, Barbault 1984). In captivity three females from Tai National Park produced six clutches within two months. Although only one male was present, spawning of two to three females was synchronized. Only one clutch was fertilized at a spawning event. Time between two events was 4–5 weeks.

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According to Schiøtz (1964c), the buzzing sound that this species elicits is the advertisement call, lasting 2 sec, consisting of approx. 200 pulses, and reaching its maximum frequency intensity at 5.5 kHz. Rödel (2000) is unsure whether the whistling call, which lasts 0.26 sec at a frequency of 3.1–5.4 kHz, or the long buzzing tones mentioned by Schiøtz (not recorded by Rödel) is the advertisement call.

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Females lay large clutches of small (0.8 mm in diameter) dark brown eggs within vegetation at the surface of water (Pickersgill, 2007). Eggs resemble those of P. natalensis.

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Males call from aquatic vegetation, remaining concealed. When disturbed or attemping to evade capture, they release air that often is audible, hence their specific name which means "bubbling" (Crutsinger et al., 2004; Pickersgill, 2007). They then submerge and move to another location. This differs from P. natalensis which calls from the edges of small waterbodies and jumps into the water when disturbed, quickly returning to the vegetation at the bank for cover.

The call, a long series of notes produced over 22 seconds, begins softly and gradually increases in volume. After 16 seconds the call stops and is followed by irregular notes produced at a rate of 3.5/second. A typical note consists of 20 pulses at a pulse rate of 125/second. The emphasized frequency is 2.91 kHz (Crutsinger et al., 2004).

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The advertisement call was characterized by a single, short and hoarse croak, followed by a few dull clicks. This call is quite atypical for puddle frogs, who most often illicit high-pitched buzz-like calls, terminating with ticks (Pickersgill, 2007).

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It presumably breeds in swamps. Large ovules (1.3 mm. in the holotype) were found in adult females (Barbour and Loveridge, 1929).

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It breeds in small pools (Amiet et al., 2004).

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Schiøtz (1964) describes the advertisement call as "a long series of identical motifs in measured rhythm, the acoustic impression being in coarse croaks." One recorded call included 33 motifs and lasted 12 seconds. Each motif has a durations of 0.1 seconds, and a 0.2 second interval are between them.

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This species breeds in small pools (Amiet et al., 2004).

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Márquez (2000) reported on the call of populations from Equatorial Guinea. Males called from the ground or rocks located at the edges of ponds or calm streams and sometimes from the water. Often larges choruses were formed. They generally called at night but could be heard during the day, especially in the morning. The call itself is composed of a sequence of 15-20 pulses emitted at regular intervals with 58-62 pulses/second. A racous trill is formed with a mean dominant frequency of 1622 Hz.

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Its breeding and reproductive biology are unknown, although most records have come from drier parts of the forest suggesting that offspring are not dependent on water (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

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The males call from cavities and holes near streams, and it breeds in still water pools along streams (Amiet et al, 2004). Márquez et al. (2000) reported that males call continuously during the day, throughout the year, from the banks of streams and rivers in the forest.

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Márquez et al. (2000) described the call as a short trill (346-384 ms.) that is rather irregular (T/P is highly variable). The mean dominant frequency is at 2614 Hz, but the emphasized frequency range is wide. The call has a fast raise time and a longer fall time.

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It presumably breeds in forest streams where is has been collected (Pickersgill and Drewes, 2004).

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De Witte (1941) reported that the advertisement call is varied, at times sounding like a cat meowing, other times croaking like Rana esculenta, and sometimes illiciting a repeated “ri ki ki " cry.

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This species breeds in both temporary and permanent, waterbodies, including puddles, pools, swamps, vleis, roadside ditches, and flooded grassy depressions; eggs are generally laid in clumps within aquatic vegetation below the surface of the water (Pickersgill, 2008; Harper et al., 2010). Eggs are small, dark and 0.8 mm in diameter (Channing, 2001).

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Pickersgill (2008) described the call as "a coase, rasping croak." Harper et al. (2010) describes the call as a continual harsh creaking snore or “cricket-like”. Antiphonal chorusing occurs in this species with a distinctive twp-tone "five-four, five-four" sound. Males were recorded with frequencies ranging between 1.1-3.6, with dominating frequencies between approximately 1.1-2.9 kHz. Calls lasted 0.37-0.48 seconds for two recorded males with 23-30 pulses per call and 53-66 pps. (Pickersgill, 2008). Intervals between calls last approximately 0.34-0.36 seconds with calls of different males overlapping by approximately 0.04-0.08 seconds. Channing (2001) also reported that the call is a "harsh creak" with males calling from vegetation in shallow waters; calls lasted 0.9 second with a dominant frequency of 2 kHz and 50 pps.

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It breeds in still pools along mountain streams (Amiet and Gartshore, 2004).

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The call of this species has not been described, but examples are present in the British Library's collection of archived sound recordings:

http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=022M-WAMPHX0210XX-0100V0.xml

http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=022M-WAMPHX0210XX-0200V0.xml

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It lays its eggs off of the ground, usually in tree holes, often above streams, and the parents guard the eggs (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

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This species breeds in most types of water but does not favor drainage ditches.

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Call published by Schiøtz (1964).

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The eggs are larvae laid in water, generally in swampy situations, where the larvae develop (Drewes et al., 2004).

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Loveridge (1936) states that males were heard calling constantly during the day and evening. Channing and Howell (2006) describe the call as "tink-tink" or clicking.

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This species deposits its few large eggs above water in small water-filled tree holes empty fruit capsules, or snail shells, making this species independent of waterbodies. They attach small numbers of single eggs above the water surface to the walls of the holes, where they develop. After approximately four days, the tadpoles drop into the water and continue their development until they leave the holes after less than a month as small froglets. The tadpole-densities in these holes are up to ten times higher than known from other species (Rödel, 1988).

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Most puddle frogs deposit hundreds to thousands of eggs in ponds, streams, or pools, but a small number of species deposit small clutches of eggs in stagnant water found in tree holes, in empty fruit capsules, within snail shells, or terrestrially (Rödel, 1998; Rödel and Ernst, 2002; Zimkus et al., 2012). Species exhibiting these alternative reproductive modes include P. dendrobates, P. guineensis, P. krefftii, P. phyllophilus, P. sandersoni, and P. tokba, although all have free-living tadpoles (Amiet, 1981; Rödel, 1998; Rödel and Ernst, 2002).

Zimkus et al. (2012) found that most Phrynobatrachus species breed in small bodies of water and have aquatic eggs with free-living, feeding tadpoles. However, reproductive modes that provide autonomy from permanent water bodies evolved independently at least seven times.

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Clutches of this species have not yet been identified with certainty (Rödel, 2000). However, they most likely resemble those of P. latifrons. Small egg films, composed of lighter eggs are likely to be those of P. gutturosus. One of these films comprised 115 eggs (average diameter including jelly: 2.5–3.3 mm; egg: 0.86–0.90 mm). At Lamto, females contained 512 ± 144 eggs (N = 22; egg: 0.8 mm; Barbault, 1984).

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This species has a buzz-like call that begins with very rapid pulses which are separated by subsequently longer pauses after 2.5 sec (Rödel, 2000). They finally form groups comprising 4–7 pulses, separated by intervals of 0.02–0.08 sec. The total length of the call is lasts 3.6–4.0 sec and the frequency ranges from 1.30–2.18 kHz. The calls published by Schiøtz (1964c) show an identical structure, but their maximal intensity is much higher at 4 kHz. With a call duration of only 0.3 sec, they are also much shorter than the Comoé calls recorded by Rödel (2000).

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It most likely reproduces in the streams where males have been found calling, but this requires confirmation (Drewes et al., 2004).

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The advertisement call has been recorded from a chorus of many males, but no single voice was close enough for sonographic analysis (Drewes and Perret, 2000). The call was only emitted during the day was rather loud. The call was described by R. Keith (in her field notes, AMNH Archives) as "raugh-araugh-aaaaraugh-arararaugh-raraugh."

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The advertisement call was recorded at the type locality from a non-collected specimen (Schick et al., 2010). The call consists of two notes, the first being a ‘buzz’ followed by a single ‘click.’ Individuals were observed calling while sitting in swampy areas on flooded vegetation. Syntopic P scheffleri were not heard calling. Phrynobatrachus kakamikro advertisement calls differ from those of P. scheffleri by having two notes (versus one), lower pulse rate and higher dominant frequency. Phrynobatrachus mababiensis has a higher and P. parvulus a lower pulse rate than this species.

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Breeding occurs in shallow standing waters, and the small eggs float in a single surface layer (Razzetti and Msuya, 2002).

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Males call during the day from the vegetation within the slow-moving waterbodies. The call is characterized as a series of clicks that resembles a coin dropping (Razzetti and Msuya, 2002).

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This species begins to breed with the long rains in November (Channing and Howell, 2006). Breeding takes place in small streams, marshes and pools, egg masses being attached to rocks or vegetation above the water (Loader et al., 2004). Egg masses, containing around 15 – 30 darkly pigmented eggs, are attached to rocks or vegetation above the water (Harper and Vonesh, 2003).

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Males call from the edge of shallow water or while under vegetation within the water. Calls consist of low-pitched notes that are produced rapidly at the beginning and becoming progressively slower. A typical call consists of 13 notes with a duration of 2.7 sec at an initial rate of approximately 8 notes/ sec. The emphasized frequency is 2.3 kHz (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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During the day, single males will call from concealed calling sites on the floor, between tufts of grass or from floating aquatic plants. At night, they are also met on the plain ground or on grass leaves, up to 30 cm above the soil. Amplectant pairs perform a headstand underwater while spawning. The female clings to aquatic plants during egg laying. In this position, a single egg layer is spread over the water surface (Linsenmair, pers. comm.). As a consequence of this behavior, the film is almost always attached to grass. Clutches are also found even when it does not rain at all for a longer period. However, the frogs usually spawn after rainfall. The intensity of precipitation apparently plays a minor part, and it does not always trigger reproduction. Many pairs spawn simultaneously. The egg films are often concentrated in a few areas of the pond. Shallow shady sites bearing a rich vegetation are preferred spawning sites. Females normally lay two clutches consisting of 267 ± 130 eggs with a mean egg diameter of 0.9 mm (N = 93; Barbault and Trefaut Rodriguez, 1979, Barbault 1984). At Lamto, population sizes have proved to vary considerably during a given year, which may be a result of the succession of two generations within the same year, or the humidity dependent migrations (Rödel, 2000).

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The creaking advertisement call starts as a sequence of rapid pulses whose frequency ranges from 2.45–4.82 kHz. This phase lasts about 0.4 sec. After a short pause (0.2 sec), several notes comprising 3–7 pulses are uttered (frequency range: 1.88–5.14 kHz). The duration of a single note ranges from 0.33-0.44 sec, and that of the pauses separating the single pulses is 0.01–0.20 sec; those between the notes last 0.14–0.16 sec. 4–5 click sounds lasting 0.01 sec may precede the call. They are uttered at intervals of 0.23-0.43 sec. Their frequency ranges from 3.11–5.13 kHz. The duration of the longest call recorded was 17.55 sec. However, the call sometimes ends much earlier or even breaks off after the first phase. This happens quite frequently when the frogs call from their refuges during the day in the dry season. To the human ear, the call of P. accraensis sounds quite similar. Schiøtz (1964) has published a sonagram that he refers to this species. 3–5 notes, each comprising 1–3 pulses form units that are uttered at short intervals. These calls last up to 7 sec, with up to 35 pulses per second. The frequency intensity maximum lies between 2–4 kHz. Except for its duration, this call shows a structure that resembles, to a large extent, that of the P. latifrons I recorded. Schiøtz (1964) recorded these calls in a savanna in Sierra Leone. The call of P. gutturosus is quite similar, but it begins with a long buzzing sound, whereas a few clicks are uttered towards the end. Females lay 300 to 1300 eggs are laid as a single surface layer, most frequently attached to vegetation in shallow water zones.

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This species breeds in most types of water but does not favor drainage ditches (Drewes, 2008).

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Schiøtz (1964) reported that males call from the floor of the dense forest. The voice consists of a series of croaks uttered every 3 seconds. Each motif lasts 0.15 sec, consisting of a large number of figures (approximately 400/sec).

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Phrynobatrachus maculiventris seems to breed in larger, possibly permanent, stagnant waters towards the end of the rainy season (Guibé and Lamotte, 1958; Rödel et al., 2009). In Diécké, Guinea, adults were only captured at night in the surroundings of the pond in September-October. The comparatively large tadpoles were collected at the end of November and early December, while visits to the Diécké pond earlier in the rainy season revealed neither adults nor tadpoles. It is therefore believed that adults only occasionally live close to their breeding ponds. The tadpoles were collected from shallow water, laying completely exposed on leaf litter under overhanging shrubs. They were easily visible from outside the water and they were not hiding even when water disturbances occurred.

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It presumably breeds in the Cater Lake on Mt Manengouba (Amiet, 2004).

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It breeds in lake edges, rivers, streams and pools (Largen et al., 2004).

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Males can be heard calling during the day as well as at night. Channing and Howell (2006) describe the call as “a slow quiet snore.”

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It breeds in pools, marshes, puddles and roadside ditches in and near tropical evergreen lowland forest (Pickersgill and Howell, 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1549 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e3058549-b5c3-48cf-9ae9-7486e02d0420#reproduction 94d01c51-c6d0-4e03-951b-4be281ae40bc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The advertisement call of P. pakenhami is much coarser than that of P. acridoides. Antiphonal chorusing occurs in this species. Males were recorded with frequencies ranging between 1.05-2.5, with dominating frequencies between approximately 1.05-1.45 kHz and 1.63-2.1 kHz. Calls lasted 0.74-0.77 seconds for two recorded males with 26-28 pulses per call and 33-36 pps. (Pickersgill, 2007).

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It breeds aquatically, and tadpoles tentatively assigned to this species were collected from a well-vegetated puddle (Pickersgill, 2007).

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Advertisement calls were recorded by Pickersgill (2007). The voice is a prolonged buzz of variable length, ending in one or more metallic-sounding ticks. Pulse rates of males from Tanga were constant at 26-28 pps and between 3.3-5.2 kHz. Call ends in one or more metallic-sounding ticks, 0.07-0.43 seconds after the buzz.

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It breeds in grassy pools, puddles and marshes (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

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According the Channing and Howell (2006), males call at night ofrom flooded grasslands; the call was referred to as a "metallic ticking." Pickersgill (2007) describes the call as "a very coarse rasping croak."

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It deposits its eggs terrestrially close to water, and the larvae develop in extremely small puddles (Rödel, 2004). Calling males conceal themselves beneath leaves in close vicinity to minute puddles on the forest floor. None of these breeding sites exceeded a surface area of 1 m2. Water depth rarely exceeded a few centimeters. Normally one male initiated calling and other males immediately joined the chorus. Clutches of eggs rich in yolk have include 24-41 eggs, 1.2 mm in diameter with a thin jelly layer (Rödel and Ernst, 2002).

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The advertisement call of P. phyllophilus comprises a series of different brief clicks with a metallic quality. It begins with groups of 1–3 short and one longer note. The short notes last 0.04 sec and comprise 6–7 pulses. The longer note lasts 0.21– 0.32 sec and comprises 21–31 pulses (N = 4 males). This group (0.44–0.75 sec) of notes is repeated for up to 8 sec. This is followed by a long lasting (8–10 sec) sequence of equally built up notes with a mean duration of 0.05 sec (± 0.01, 0.04–0.06, N = 4) each. These notes comprise 5–10 pulses (7.9 ± 1.6, N = 4) and are separated by pauses of 0.10–0.13 sec (0.11 ± 0.01, N = 4). The final part lasts approximately 0.17 sec, comprising about 20 pulses. Frequency range of the whole call was between 3500 and 6083 Hz. Maximum frequency intensity was between 4500 and 5000 Hz. Schiøtz (1964c) described calls with a lower frequency than Rödel and Ernst (2002) from rain forests in Sierra Leone, assigning these calls to P. guineensis. However, Rödel and Ernst (2002) identified these as P. phyllophilus. The call of P. guineensis sounds similar to the human ear but is structurally different, shorter and much less conspicuous in the forest.

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It breeds in temporary puddles and small ponds (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004).

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It is particularly associated with grassy pools, puddles and marshes where it presumably breeds (Pickersgill et al., 2004).

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Eggs are incubated by the female on the leaves of bushes at night (Amiet, 1981). In the evening the female climbs onto a low plant or a small shrub and waits on the perch for the males. A clutch normally includes 12 to 17 eggs of 2.5 millimeters in diameter. During the period of development, which is at least twelve days, the female returns each evening to the clutch and guards them. When the female feels that the clutch is threatened, she may place her body over it. After leaving, she rests in the vicinity, on the leaf being used as support. Amiet (2004) believes that is unlikely that this parental care actually protects the clutch against the predators or parasites. The eggs are not protected during the day when very effective predators, such as sparrows and ants, are active.

After hatching, the non-feeding tadpole, which is dependent on its yolk, falls to the ground and develops on land, never entering water. This process is referred to as semi-direct development. (Amiet, 2004).

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Males call from concealed positions close to breeding sites with a series of short buzzes, ‘bzzz bzzz bzzz’ (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

Advertisement calls were recorded outside Nairobi, Kenya, and at Luisenga dam, Mufindi highlands, Tanzania by Schick et al. (2010). At the former site, calling and non-calling frogs were sitting on floating vegetation and at the edge of ponds or freely floating in small water bodies. Advertisement calls from both sites largely coincide and can be described as a long ‘trill’ consisting of a single note. Pickersgill (2007) described and illustrated an advertisement call for P. scheffleri from Bermi, Tanzania (1900 m above sea level), which appears to belong to a population conspecific to the Nairobi and Luisenga dam populations. Phrynobatrachus mababiensis, P. parvulus and P. kakamikro produce advertisement calls of more than one note and have lower pulse rate and higher dominant frequency.

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It breeds by direct development with eggs being deposited terrestrially and embryos develops from oogenic energy sources, most commonly vitellogenic yolk. In captivity it deposited large eggs rich in yolk (Rödel and Ernst, 2002). Developmental mode is independent from rainfall and open water, and it is currently not known whether parental care occurs

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Males call while hidden in the base of grasses near pools and other small bodies of water. This species breeds in the summer, although males do call during most months of the year. Egss are black in color and small (0.9 mm in diameter within 1.1 mm capsules). They are laid in a single layer, approximately 50 mm across, that floats on the surface of the water (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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The call is made up of a number of long buzzes (pulse rate of 80/s and an emphasized frequency of 4.1 kHz) that are interspersed with clicks (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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Advertisement calls were reported by Pickersgill (2007) from a single specimen recorded from Jozani Forest. The voice is a typical, high-pitched call associated with miniaturized puddle frogs with a buzz terminated by ticks. Frequency range of the single male ranged from 3.9-4.9 kHz and calls were of variable length, with 50 pps. Call ends in one or more metallic-sounding ticks, 0.17 seconds after the buzz.

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The eggs are laid, and the larvae develop, in swamps and rivulets within montane forests (Drewes and Pickersgill, 2004).

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It deposits eggs on dried-up puddles just before the rains, and the larvae develop in very small puddles (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004). It is known that even though the females small, they are mature because they contain eggs of 0.5 and 0.7 mm in diameter (Guibé, 1959).

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Ptychadena cooperi breeds in permanent pools, temporary rain-fed pools and flooded fields (Largen, 2004).

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Eggs are laid in burrows in the leaf litter and hatch directly into small frogs (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

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This species breeds during the small rains in November. Eggs are deposited in the burrow; there is no tadpole stage, eggs develop directly into juveniles (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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Males call from burrows or while underneath vegetation after rains. The call is a low-pitched "chirp" at 1.9 kHz, which consists of 12-14 notes in 0.3 sec with a repetition rate of 38 notes/sec (Mkonyi et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1216 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 8e36cb55-d8c6-483a-a1cc-38ebd0baa659#reproduction 62adf9d2-bcd5-4bf3-9530-740b398552a0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Schiøtz (1964) recorded the advertisement call, consisting of motifs with 12-20 figures in acceleration, each lasting 0.8 seconds. The frequency-intensity maximum is approximately 200 cps.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1590 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 17ade2da-14ef-4bab-8d96-0ca1a5167b98#reproduction f2485b4d-0ed1-4fce-a51f-910ceb181a59 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (2001) describes the call as a “slow rising ‘wauk’.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1667 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 0956b6b0-79be-4213-95ed-3810c205702a#reproduction 13ec6613-454f-47f4-8495-617af76e002d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Cameroon, P. stenocephala reproduces throughout the rainy season (May-October; Rödel, 200). The males call towards the end of the night (5–8 h a.m.) and almost to the afternoon during periods of heavy rainfall. However, single males reported to call at full moon in the early hours of the night do not match the above-mentioned observations (Amiet, 1974). In an earlier paper, Amiet (1973) writes that these frogs are diurnal, calling from dawn till noon. The males are said to sit under vegetation near the water. Breeding habitats are temporary ponds (Amiet, 1974).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 23feaa2f-4ac8-4cd6-9e72-e47ed969a59c#reproduction 13ec6613-454f-47f4-8495-617af76e002d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The call has been described by Amiet (1974) under the name P. tournieri with 10–12 calls per second. Perret (1979) describes the call as a nasal "kik" or "djitt."

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1672 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 dcc8b59f-0df0-4f52-9bd6-b6d1c6e84cb3#reproduction 70a1f901-7421-4c22-aabe-f495f27edc14 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The advertisement call was described by Channing (2001) as sounding like “the barking of a small dog."

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1705 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b7b61159-3d47-4c20-b3e3-7d910c75b625#reproduction 1c825b4b-2ec8-41ef-8d19-c593154428d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Females become obviously swollen when gravid, giving birth to live young (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1712 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 ddd538e4-5e35-4479-ae68-d42a6d7e1b81#reproduction cccdbd87-aa74-46db-b5e8-7a2cc67847aa http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is ssumed to give live birth to live young, which are probably nurtured by the mother (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1709 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 fefbee1f-da53-40c1-b446-843ec2d01f90#reproduction 0180c2aa-a67c-4d0e-bfdd-0643a86705c4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Females give live birth to young, which are probably nutured as others in this genus. Males of this genus are the only known caecilians to have calcified spines on their phallodea (penis; Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1708 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 75a5e7d3-863a-42e2-b85a-d6032b2fa28e#reproduction 883b8fed-3808-4cce-b2f0-2dc58617867e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is considered viviparous based on morphology of embryos, which have a beard of foetal teeth. The shape of the mouth suggests that young feed on maternal skin after birth (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1710 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 c6b05df0-3799-4f81-95a5-cfabe49d52ac#reproduction 31966cf5-acd6-48e8-9368-f4aa3ef431fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It's breeding habits are unknown, but it is assumed to lay eggs that hatch directly into small frogs (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1220 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e571e8e4-354b-49fc-9f29-010d7795f4e9#reproduction 90fa7dad-8a5d-4757-957d-412f5fa95729 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place in grassland streams. Eggs are laid under dense vegetation at the edges of streams and tadpoles hatch and develop in the water (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1688 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 aa5ddf65-2ac1-42e7-85ae-fd501751ccdf#reproduction 90fa7dad-8a5d-4757-957d-412f5fa95729 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Pickersgill (2007) describes the call as “a breathy whistle, repeated singly or in sets of two or rarely three.”

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1688 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c9a48b-c603-4cac-811f-94c3a6760a82#reproduction 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Kükenthal (1912) concluded that the dermal "appendages" appear in males during the mating seaason and should be considered secondary sexual organs that are charged with sensory functions. The dermal papillae have also been hypothesized to increase the effective surface for respiration; Noble (1925) proposed that T. robustus males needed an enlarged respiratory surface due to possessing small lungs and a robust body. 

The times of breeding of hairy frogs correspond to the seasons of heaviest precipitation, although they can breed at other times of the year. Sabater Pi (1966) reported 200 eggs produced by a female in November. Jones (1971) reported a total of 721 eggs produced by a female in 4 consecutive days in May, and two females additional females that expelled 720 and 150 eggs, respectively. Clusters and single eggs were expelled; of the 720 eggs expelled by one animal, 77.5% were in clusters of 2-23 eggs, and of the 150 eggs produced by another female, 64.7% were in clusters of 2-23 eggs.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 593b4575-01e3-4a3c-bca8-b94114b7b72f#reproduction 78b73904-0081-4fee-98a6-131e29bbecd7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding activity starts with the onset of heavy rains. Males call from within the water (although the calls can be heard sometimes quite loudly but muffled from outside), and appear to be very territorial getting into wrestling matches with other males. Males clasp females in inguinal amplexus, swimming underwater and depositing eggs singly onto vegetation. Tadpoles are suspension feeders which swim in schools hanging in mid-water with just a flicker at the ends of their tails. They resemble catfish with long tentacles projecting from the corners of their wide mouths (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1624 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 e832ac01-2758-401e-bd1e-229f29b985b9#reproduction 78b73904-0081-4fee-98a6-131e29bbecd7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males call with a series of trills and clicks. Females probably also vocalize in this species (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1624 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 d756c5ba-68de-404c-bc06-0487cc1839cc#reproduction e30bc8c5-17cd-48f1-afbd-cb272d67f56c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place in muddy pools. The breeding behavior of this species is not well known. It is likely similar to that of other species in the genus in which eggs are attached to submerged rocks or vegetation. The eggs are small and darkly pigmented. Tadpoles are large with long tentacles that are at least ¼ the total length. Tadpoles lack keratinized mouthparts and form schools, feeding on unicellular algae in the water column. All Xenopus spp. lack tongues, and feed by sucking in aquatic prey, sometimes with the aid of their long fingers (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1627 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 5ce4fcbe-5c37-467d-b7f0-0116e63165b3#reproduction e30bc8c5-17cd-48f1-afbd-cb272d67f56c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males call while under water, and lack a visible vocal sac. The call is a series of clicks emitted at a rate of two per second (Text from Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1627 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 1adc4698-bbec-4955-9b5d-364fb8800fdb#reproduction 01104f83-1718-44f4-bc6c-37db9ad1b1ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It breeds in moderately deep rivers, pans and dams that are surrounded by dense reed beds and other emergent vegetation (Lambiris 1989a; Alexander 1990; Channing 2001). The breeding season extends through spring and summer, starting after the first substantial spring rains. Wager (1986) found that about 200 eggs are laid in clusters of 30, loosely attached to vegetation just below the surface of the water (Text modified from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1438 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Alexander http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 17764dbe-e459-4b5b-b491-e4b0903d0845 0809d362-eae7-461b-8448-49d7c41eaab8#reproduction 01104f83-1718-44f4-bc6c-37db9ad1b1ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males call during December and January from reeds over water, or from floating vegetation (Alexander 1987). The water bodies are usually infested with Water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1438 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Alexander http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 17764dbe-e459-4b5b-b491-e4b0903d0845 d6abfce7-29ba-4613-b97d-73eabc188107#reproduction e22be30e-1a0c-4fed-b68c-f6e43d69722b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding occurs in winter, May–September, after heavy rains have saturated the soil and created pools that last for many weeks. On nights after such rains large numbers of V. angusticeps may emerge from their refuges and move to breeding sites. Numerous individuals may be encountered on roads at this time, and may move considerable distances to reach breeding sites. Calling males are often sparsely distributed on exposed sites near the water's edge.

Blair (1972) noted that species in the Angusticeps Division have exceptionally large testes. These characteristics suggest strong competition among males, and that V. angusticeps uses other modes of communication to locate and choose mates (Text modified from M. Cunningham in Minter et al. 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1277 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Andres Avila http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 69b1584c-05b9-4ac9-946b-8f6b562a641a 5ae20a6e-bdbd-4e39-8251-bb5b50182b65#reproduction 2c976048-9c44-4ec4-ac0e-9ddd0a2bfb6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding occurs from mid-September to February (Lambiris 1988b). Males usually call while almost completely submerged, with only the head protruding from the water, but occasionally they call from exposed rocks (Channing 1979). The eggs are attached to submerged vegetation in shallow, gently-flowing streams or associated pools with sandy or stony substrates (Lambiris 1988b, 1989a). Van Dijk (1996) observed eggs in shallow, slow-flowing water in September and late November in central Lesotho (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/780 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 27db3800-7349-4d38-b83d-4ddc9a3ab278#reproduction 839bfb09-5c00-4d08-af35-4f588109d3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. fenoulheti breeds in temporary pools, such as those on flat rocky outcrops or shallow rain ponds, sometimes in barren areas. Breeding occurs after heavy rains from October to February (H. Braack pers. obs.). After breeding strings of eggs are laid. One clutch consisted of only 245 eggs. The eggs hatch after about 24 hours (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1271 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 69c45714-fdae-451a-8f11-908e80599c08#reproduction 839bfb09-5c00-4d08-af35-4f588109d3b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

During the breeding season, males have bright yellow throats and call from exposed positions near the edges of rain pools or while partly submerged near the edge (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1271 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e d0c12303-ea07-42fc-883e-d396745b6479#reproduction b8820aef-e547-491e-a133-b827e4997e6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place in clear, cold, fast-flowing streams and their pools Channing (1979) noted that S. wageri breeds January–May, but mainly in autumn when water levels have stabilized (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1681 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e 60751f07-5408-498f-959d-141915a8a2ec#reproduction b8820aef-e547-491e-a133-b827e4997e6b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The advertisement call is a short cackle c.500 ms in duration, repeated at irregular intervals. A call consists of a variable number of short notes, each about 50 ms in duration (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1681 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e a32a7ba5-2604-4eaa-8319-924be5b3664a#reproduction 320d2999-9c01-4402-922d-2f6f045851f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (1998) states that V. gariepensis is an opportunistic breeder and is found breeding in many different water souces, including seepages and spongy bogs, as well as hoof prints of cattle and even small pools found under leaking taps. Most breeding takes place during the winter however if enough water is present summer breeding has been recorded (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1276 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e f401fae8-d483-4b43-88ca-a5d8aad3fe6d#reproduction 320d2999-9c01-4402-922d-2f6f045851f5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males may call during daylight hours in overcast or rainy weather, as well as at night (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1276 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M.F. Bates http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bcb78b67-6fea-4cc1-8c03-99c4e3bc7e6e fc562a56-527b-4806-9c5c-354a5e955ca0#reproduction 2c8ab9f7-5b90-45eb-acf0-f1c3abe9f892 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The male advertisement call of X. itombwensis differs from the male advertisement calls of X. wittei and X. vestitus in that the call of the new species is much shorter (~600 milliseconds), and consists of two distinct components including a “fast trill” and a “slow trill” (Evans et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1620 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 478c7a2b-95a7-4e06-859d-487da11af17e#reproduction 51b33ead-4018-4cc2-a2f0-f8dcb03e1742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The call of X. lenduensis is a brief, rapid trill with short intervals between calls, and the intervals between clicks is short (Evans et al., 2011).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1628 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Travis Bergmann http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und fdefd393-bfa1-4b5f-bb52-59e0fd918037 28eeff2c-e7c3-4aa6-b6e6-06a437054b3e#reproduction 5354d848-787d-4d04-b9ab-fd88bc569080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Eleven to 14 unpigmented eggs are laid on damp soil or vegetation at the bases of grass tussocks (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/790 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 abe2a79a-55cd-40ca-aa12-d3dcee2419ab#reproduction 5354d848-787d-4d04-b9ab-fd88bc569080 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In misty weather, males call throughout the day and night, but only during the night in less humid conditions. During the day males call from well concealed positions at the bases of grass tussocks, while at night they climb to calling positions about 20 cm below the tips of the grass stems and are easily seen. Males do not possess a vocal sac and produce a quiet call (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

Males produce a soft, trilled, cricket-like call, repeated three or four times with an interval of about one second between calls. The call consists of 8–10 pulses with a duration of 55 ms, and the frequency at the midpoint is 4.5 kHz (Bishop and Passmore 1993; Passmore and Carruthers 1995). Males call in bouts of up to seven calls, often alternating with an adjacent male (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/790 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 2767e4eb-eed6-4e3a-bf67-bd0e10d22cbd#reproduction 57f07e11-60b0-49b7-aa66-eb4dc2d8f2e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. acuticeps breeding takes place in the wet season, in shallow coastal pans, vleis and inundated grassland with dense, emergent and or littoral vegetation (Poynton 1964; Lambiris 1989; Passmore and Carruthers 1995; pers.obs.). Females deposit 60–292 eggs, in groups of 2–20, on submerged leaves or roots (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1385 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 3d7fccb5-fc7c-4451-a036-7e2cf9f26bbd#reproduction 57f07e11-60b0-49b7-aa66-eb4dc2d8f2e3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males call from elevated positions, near the tops of sedges and reeds, and frequently engage in territorial disputes (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1385 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 4eccaa4a-a5b3-4f97-bcc7-e98cfec80827#reproduction 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Although males will call after rain at any time of the year, breeding normally takes place October–February. H. marmoratus utilizes a wide variety of breeding sites, ranging from temporary ponds, pans and vleis, to permanent bodies of water such as dams, marshes, reedbeds, sluggish rivers and streams. Once paired H. marmoratus spends several hours in axillary amplexus, after which the eggs are laid in water. Females have been observed to lay more than one clutch of eggs per season with a month-long interval between layings (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 22518bc5-cfeb-415f-a577-a5a4ed96de6c#reproduction 1fd16d3f-e681-4083-91ee-4719fe55431f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has a loud, distinctive call and forms large choruses that are active for an extended period during the breeding season. When calling at low altitudes male inhibit temperatures <16°C, while at higher altitudes breeding has been observed at temperatures <10°C (pers. obs.). Males will call from trees, grasses, bushes, floating vegetation or even bare soil at the water’s edge (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1453 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 d674b475-2cdd-414d-ad53-2f2c37622e83#reproduction 4832a5e9-d683-459c-9fe6-528b064a3d6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. pickersgilli breeds in marshy areas containing dense stands of Saw Grass Cyperus immensus. The water at breeding sites is stagnant and rarely exceeds 50 cm in depth. After breeding is complete a gelatinous mass of about 50 eggs is attached to vegetation (Raw 1982). About one week later, tadpoles drop out of the egg mass into the water (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1471 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 18c93e96-b0a4-4027-a2c3-8e64584110a3#reproduction 4832a5e9-d683-459c-9fe6-528b064a3d6d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Calling takes place August–March. Male H. pickersgilli produce unusually soft, cricket like calls at irregular intervals (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1471 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 6dc452a9-e00d-4962-8f62-acc1807aab5f#reproduction 1abc8823-1db1-48f4-84de-cfb182ecf756 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The breeding season usually begins in early November and continues until the end of February, depending on weather conditions (Bishop 1994).The breeding habitat consists of well vegetated pans, vleis, marshes and dams. Once breeding has taken place eggs are laid singly or in lines of four or five, attached to submerged vegetation (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1483 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 41c12935-bc28-4c5f-84eb-6f0268a31b63#reproduction 1abc8823-1db1-48f4-84de-cfb182ecf756 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

These frogs can be easily identified by their characteristic call that carries a considerable distance. Bishop (1994) found that the males appear to have two distinct calling periods, one in the early evening (16:30–20:00) and another in the early morning peaking between 02:00 and 03:00 (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1483 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 327359db-b4cc-4a02-8190-390966e08adb#reproduction 0aea4d97-d8c1-4663-ade0-0ef321127453 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Most breeding activity takes place in summer once the rainy season is well underway. Once paired the amplexing pairs move down to the ground where the female excavates a shallow burrow near the water’s edge in which 200 light-yellow eggs are laid (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1189 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 a39d75b1-b121-470a-b294-06c625fcade4#reproduction 0aea4d97-d8c1-4663-ade0-0ef321127453 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species has a loud and unmistakable advertisement call (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1189 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ P.J. Bishop http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 80eec244-8521-4103-8688-da7bfc285127 cc4837a1-7512-438f-8cdf-651d3f826970#reproduction 052fc6db-e7ce-47c0-83f7-29b8755b2f19 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males usually call from hidden sites beneath clusters of boulders in stream beds, under the roots of large trees growing in streams, amongst boulders that have created a cascade of rushing water, in rock cracks and crevices in waterfalls, and on cliff faces and rocks located close to waterfalls and cascades (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1281 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce ae80e0b1-70dc-49fb-b638-46e2e4a29080#reproduction 052fc6db-e7ce-47c0-83f7-29b8755b2f19 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding usually takes place in late summer (March– May) when stream flow is reduced, and before winter temperatures become severe (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1281 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce d57f864e-7ecc-41b6-8751-ad7210f6d332#reproduction 448ff954-ab4c-4bd1-aca4-9e7674e8512a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. orientalis breeds in early summer when river and stream flow is reduced. Recorded breeding from the fourth week of October to the end of November, and regarded this species as having the shortest breeding period of all Helophryne species (Visser, 1990). Unlike most of the other Heleophryne species, the males of H. orientalis appear to form breeding aggregations (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1283 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 3753c901-95d9-47dd-89dd-40af21d3a4f4#reproduction 448ff954-ab4c-4bd1-aca4-9e7674e8512a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Calling takes place during the day and at night, even up to 02:00. Males call from beneath stones alongside and in streams, from exposed positions such as lichen-covered boulders near waterfalls and cascades, and in caves (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1283 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 033c0a58-5543-47b3-858d-7294f5c6f204#reproduction 43e3607b-c011-4c9f-aba7-8c1dece09151 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. purcelli breeds in early to mid-summer (October– January) when stream flow is reduced. The eggs of H. purcelli are large-yolked and yellow with a stiff jelly capsule. Clutches of 50–208 eggs are laid singly and may be scattered over a large surface area (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1284 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 26a8d023-b31c-4dbd-957f-d50721d53798#reproduction 43e3607b-c011-4c9f-aba7-8c1dece09151 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. purcelli calls during the day (Channing 2001; A. Turner pers. comm.). Males call mostly from rock cracks and crevices adjacent to waterfalls and cascades, but also from rocks on the riverbank or protruding from the stream, usually near small cascades and rapids (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1284 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 1ec31121-9ec7-4412-8e49-9e8a410c8de1#reproduction 083af917-0509-4e40-aadb-51c633ed4741 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. regis exhibits peak breeding in mid-summer (December–January) when river and stream flow is reduced.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1286 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce 3c8eaee5-323e-44ca-9f03-614e2ef7be4e#reproduction 083af917-0509-4e40-aadb-51c633ed4741 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adult males call from positions close to waterfalls and cascades, but also from beneath rocks in slower flowing sections of streams (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1286 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce da36af10-f123-427a-9f5b-986655fa9dc7#reproduction 9ece6da5-5fe9-45c7-9880-1b4020309daf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place mainly in winter, and seems to be associated with a drop in temperature (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1683 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce d10c6414-a695-4b30-b912-e1e5f7790567#reproduction 9ece6da5-5fe9-45c7-9880-1b4020309daf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The first calls are usually heard in mid- to late February, but there are records of calling as early as January. In Swaziland, peak calling occurs in March, April and May, and calling activity ceases in November. Outside the winter months, sporadic calling may be triggered by a cold front moving through the subcontinent (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1683 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce e86be902-d32d-4f4a-a686-cfcfb8e503a1#reproduction 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place in shallow pools, and seeps on mountain slopes; between October to December. Eggs are deposited in shallow water as single strings. Several hundred eggs are contained in a single clutch; the eggs are hidden well as they are blended in with the vegetation or muddy substrates (Channing 2001; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce f2b1b71b-be67-46f7-a202-8b2c5bf2c317#reproduction 8315b432-aeab-412f-9502-cb5daf1f3a0c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

After heavy rains, the males congregate in large numbers at breeding sites, where they call from concealed positions under grass. The advertisement call is a brief nasal squawk, with long intervals between calls (Passmore and Carruthers 1995; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1275 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ R.C. Boycott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f065f8bc-1f74-4841-8ee9-54dd1a3472ce f252a8b6-fbc4-42f5-bea4-5ef5ab3d0699#reproduction 851a8e65-74be-4757-9784-2dd8f067c3c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Calling takes place mainly in winter and spring, during and following good rain. Sporadic calling has also been noted in early summer and autumn in the western Richtersveld and during periods of heavy mist following recent rain. Channing (2002) noted that males call from concealed positions beneath vegetation, in scrub-covered sandy areas. Advertisement calls of B. namaquensis, had an emphasized frequency of 1600 Hz rising to 2000 Hz. The calls were 160–165 ms in duration and were repeated at a rate of about one call per second. The calls of this species are higher pitched and much shorter than the calls of B. macrops (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1202 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a 0a78df3d-3b9b-4066-82ad-3d0de655b599#reproduction dd183bd4-a591-41cc-82c0-4d33dc354751 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding habitat includes large or small pans, dams, vleis and even slow-flowing, quiet streams where there is sufficient emergent vegetation such as sedges, bulrushes and reeds. Although H. horstockii occurs mostly in a winter rainfall region breeding takes place during spring and summer (September–January). After breeding clutches of 10–30 eggs are attached to the roots and stems of plants below water level. The eggs have jelly capsules, and are a whitish-cream colour with a brown hemisphere (Text modified from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1359 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a 1dc442a3-7bc7-4547-bc22-7aa465548131#reproduction dd183bd4-a591-41cc-82c0-4d33dc354751 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males usually call from elevated positions above water, generally on sedges, reeds, shrubs and grasses, but may also call from water lily pads at water level. Calling usually begins soon after dark, but sporadic calling may sometimes be heard in the late afternoon on overcast, rainy days (Text modified from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1359 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ H.H. Braack http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 5ee421d8-dc5a-4aca-86c3-2e56c5dfe14a d8800187-1524-4a13-a270-192c731e2b41#reproduction f624b0a5-84db-482c-95b6-1e5e09328021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. pardalis is a late-winter or spring breeder (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1236 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 a5ee882f-b2f5-4ebc-b378-59833f2d298a#reproduction f624b0a5-84db-482c-95b6-1e5e09328021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. pardalis choruses are typically heard from August to September, but calling is also recorded from November through to January (Burger 1997). The toad calls while floating in the water grasping emergent vegetation with one hand (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1236 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 d00052a9-5d6f-44fb-9679-fa31c5d1d058#reproduction 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Once paired, A. rattrayi breeds in moist leaf litter on the forest floor, often near streams and waterfalls. Adults are found in wet situations (e.g. near waterfalls), but the eggs are laid in areas where waterlogging is unlikely to occur. Eggs are laid in small holes excavated in the clay soil beneath leaf litter on the forest floor. Wager (1986) recorded a spherical egg chamber, 21 mm in diameter, with a smooth shiny wall and a 9-mm entrance hole in the 3-mm thick roof. The chamber is, apparently, excavated by males. Additional information on nest building and other aspects of reproductive biology is needed. The pearly white eggs are large, nearly 2.6 mm in diameter, and encased in a 6-mm gelatine capsule. Clutches of 11–20 eggs are laid in a single layer on the floor of the nest and adhere to each other (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 f3c73c9d-35ce-4b0d-a4d3-a13b7e405ad7#reproduction 41658155-4931-4494-bd5b-46fc35966d29 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The advertisement call has been described as a melodious “ping, ping, ping”, repeated rapidly or slowly in bouts of 7–15 notes, or sometimes emitted as single notes (Wager 1986). The notes are 0.05 s in duration with an emphasized frequency of 3500 Hz (Channing 2001). Passmore and Carruthers (1995) recorded a call rate of 4 notes per second, emitted at an emphasized frequency of 3000 Hz. Wager (1986) and Channing (2001) reported that under favourable conditions, that is, mist or rainy weather, hundreds of males may be heard calling throughout the night and sometimes during the day. Calling has been recorded in summer, October–February (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/781 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 824dc7e2-1253-4ea1-b735-3308308fd183#reproduction 139776c3-bfe7-4240-b5ca-04b1b4a534be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adhesive amplexus occurs (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1203 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 9a0c487d-b93b-4de1-9850-c5c12b72e091#reproduction 139776c3-bfe7-4240-b5ca-04b1b4a534be http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is a summer breeder that starts to call in September forming large choruses that may continue for several days in rainy weather. Males may call from vegetation up to 1 m above the surface and sometimes from within their shallow burrows (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1203 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 9709f330-7089-4607-9e3e-d8f837ad7f6f#reproduction 9b25d1d1-8b33-45e6-891d-8efa0859d4b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

L. xenodactylus breeds in grassy wetlands and marshes (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1156 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 32f49392-473d-4df8-bb9a-652b0d0e04b8#reproduction 9b25d1d1-8b33-45e6-891d-8efa0859d4b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Passmore and Carruthers (1995) reported that calling has been recorded in December and January. The advertisement call consists of one or two short, pulsed croaks uttered at long intervals and is sometimes preceded by a soft buzzing (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1156 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Burger http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und f0474f3e-518c-49e0-a977-605ce834ba86 668ccfcb-a382-4309-b6f3-605327e12ff3#reproduction 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place in shallow water along the edges of pools, dams, streams and slow-flowing rivers. These frogs breed in both standing water in flat areas and running water traversing slopes of more than 14 degrees (Channing 1979). Amietia angolensis is active throughout the year and breeding has been recorded in all months of the year (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 8b42d427-9136-4886-8309-a72895aaa97a#reproduction 927af821-f7a6-4336-80cc-c16a298f889b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males typically call from floating vegetation or from shallow water at the edge. Clutches of 400–500 eggs are laid in shallow, standing water (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/771 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Alan Channing http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 2423857d-4dfb-41a9-a9c9-196151273b93 ce5b92bc-27b5-4a37-b9bf-bc7fb4134e71#reproduction 03a0670d-fd3b-4f47-aa26-4779d5a8cb50 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place in shallow streams and along the edges of rivers with well-vegetated banks. These habitats are typically rocky with rounded basaltic stones forming the riverbed. The species uses the same habitat throughout the year, including the breeding season. Breeding takes place in summer from October to February (Channing 1978, 1979). Males call at or near the water’s edge (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Breeding takes place throughout the year, with a peak in the rainy season. Males often call from the surface of deep water, and can be heard calling during the day and night (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Breeding habitat includes pools on the sides of streams, and deeper, slow-flowing water. Breeding takes place October–December, after good rain. Little is known of the species’ breeding biology (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Channing (2001) recorded the call as biphasic, consisting of a series of 10–15 clicks uttered within 0.8 s, followed by a harsh, pulsed croak about 0.25 s in duration (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Breeding takes place during spring and summer (October–January). The female deposits 14–40 eggs in a shallow depression in soft, wet mud under a rock, fern, moss or leaf litter (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Males call from concealed positions under vegetation (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Breeding commences during the winter rains, and continues until the seeps dry up in midsummer. Clutches of 8–10 eggs are laid in moss or similar vegetation in seepages (Channing 2001). Males may guard the eggs as they call from oviposition sites. The eggs develop directly into 4-mm froglets (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Channing et al. (1994) and Channing (2001) found that the advertisement call in A. drewesii has a duration of at least 0.6 s and consists of at least six pulses, with noticeable changes in intensity as the call progresses, whereas in A. villiersi the call is much shorter (0.07–0.11 s), comprising only 4–5 pulses (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

Males call from moss-covered slopes, concealed beneath vegetation or stones. Large choruses develop during the rainy season, and calling continues throughout the day and night, from June through September (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Breeding takes place between September and February (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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This species may be identified by its advertisement call that consists of a relatively long series of strident clicks, unlike the very short, chirping call of the sympatric A. villiersi (Dawood and Channing 2000). Males call from concealed positions in moss and beneath dense vegetation near water along streams (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Clutches of 5–12 eggs are laid on damp soil under vegetation or in more exposed positions, and are often found near waterfalls (Channing, 2001; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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The advertisement call is a short chirp consisting of three pulses. The call is 0.1 s long and has an emphasized frequency of 3.1–3.4 kHz (Channing el al., 1994; Channing, 2001; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

Choruses develop during the daytime and at night, between April and December, coinciding with the rainy season. Males call from concealed sites and are frequently found under moss in the vicinity of egg masses (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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This species breeds in dense vegetation on wet slopes. Channing (2001) found that eggs are laid at the base of a wet, moss covered rock. Other nests have been found lightly concealed beneath overhanging grass on wet slopes and at the sides of road cuttings (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Males call from concealed positions under moss or other vegetation, in damp areas (Channing 2001). Calling has been recorded during most months of the year except the driest summer months (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Wager (1965) reported that this species has an extended breeding season that begins after the first spring rains. Males call from the water’s edge, well concealed by vegetation. It breeds in shallow stagnant water amongst emergent vegetation on the edges of grassy pans, vleis, marshes, small dams and ponds, and in the backwaters of slow-flowing streams. Eggs are laid in a single flat layer c.5 cm in diameter, that floats on the waterAggression between males occurs frequently (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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The call may at times be confused with that of Hemisus marmoratus, which has a similar pulse rate and emphasized frequency. However, the latter lacks the sporadic clicks that are interspersed in the trill of P. mababiensis. Choruses are usually strongest at dusk, diminishing after nightfall. In overcast or rainy weather, calling continues throughout the day and night (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Channing (1976, 2001) Breeding takes place immediately after the first rains of spring or summer. Males call from the edges of small pools formed by the runoff from sheets of rock, or in the deeper rock pools remaining in drainages after the rains. Females lay 80–100 eggs in groups of 2–8 and attach them to submerged rock surfaces or vegetation (Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Once sufficient rain has fallen to produce shallow flooded areas, the males start to call. Calling may occur at any time of year in suitable weather conditions, but usually takes place from late summer to late winter. Males call from the edge of shallow water and from beneath vegetation in seepage areas (Channing and Boycott 1989). The advertisement call is a harsh chirp, unlike the high-pitched calls of Arthroleptella (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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This is one of the few frog species that breeds in the winter in the winter-rainfall region and in summer in the summer-rainfall region (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Males call throughout the day and night in the rainy season. The call site is often well concealed by vegetation or leaf litter at the water’s edge and the males are cryptic and difficult to locate (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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At the start of the winter rains, males begin calling from well-concealed call sites, usually some distance from water. The advertisement call of S. springbokensis consists of a series of 2–7 notes with a total duration of 1.17 s. The call is easily distinguishable from the short clicking call of S. grayii. Aggression and male release calls are also produced (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Breeding begins after the first spring rains and choruses may be heard throughout the rainy season after showers. Breeding takes place in shallow, standing water at the edges of dams, pans, and even small bodies of water such as roadside puddles. Individuals burrow into sandy soils or dry river beds during the dry season and, in the breeding season, may retreat into termite mounds during the day (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Channing (1988) found that the species breeds in pans, vleis and dams, as well as small watercourses in flat, sandy areas. This species breeds in winter in the winter-rainfall region, and in summer throughout the rest of its range (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Breeding takes place in streams, rivers or other places where water flows slowly, but also in standing water. Breeding begins after the first rains, continuing into midsummer. Males call from exposed positions near the water’s edge, on bare sand, mud or rock. The eggs are usually laid singly or in small groups, in running water (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Breeding takes place during spring and summer, with calling commencing immediately after rain (Channing 2001). In wet weather, males may be heard calling throughout the day and night from concealed positions in leaf litter. Clutches of 11–30 eggs are laid in damp leaf litter and develop directly into froglets which hatch and leave the nest after approximately four weeks (Wager 1986; text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Cherry (1989) noted that this species has an easily recognizable call. Males usually call from exposed sites on floating vegetation, in shallow water near banks, or among reed beds. Calls take place in September, and breeding choruses continue through to January (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1258 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ M. Cunningham http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 9a537bdb-8b9e-4a70-8f07-3ee21eec79e0 7e34b68b-2a4f-46f0-a550-596e6767a85e#reproduction 1935ba6e-54eb-436b-ad5c-d685d34899c7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species generally breeds in permanent water bodies but also in seasonal wetlands that retain their water well into the summer months. Breeding habitat includes coastal lakes, vleis, pans, dams, ponds and sluggish, meandering rivers that have stretches of relatively deep, still water. Typical breeding sites have standing open water >50 cm deep, with scattered patches of aquatic plants and beds of emergent vegetation such as bulrushes Typha capensis (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

B. pantherinus is an explosive breeder with a short, defined breeding season (Cherry 1992). Breeding usually takes place during August but has also been recorded at the end of July and in September. At the commencement of the breeding season, large numbers of adults appear and converge on selected breeding sites, hence the old popular name, “August frog”. For example,
after dark on 23 July 1978, 66 adults were counted within c.20 min on a 3-km stretch of road near Noordhoek on the Cape Peninsula. At prime breeding sites, advertisement calls of males can be heard in choruses of up to c.30 individuals, but in urban environments far fewer individuals are usually heard. Calling is most intense at night but is sometimes heard during the day. Males call from stands of emergent vegetation (e.g. bulrushes), but at night, areas of open water are also utilized. The males have a habit of calling from a floating position with limbs outstretched. Amplexing pairs tend to utilize areas of open water for spawning (Cherry 1992). The females deposit thousands of eggs in gelatinous strings. On one occasion a pair was reported to have produced 24 476 eggs (Rose 1929; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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The advertisement call, a deep, pulsed snore that continues for about a second and is repeated every three to four seconds, easily distinguishes B. pantherinus from all other sympatric toad species. While the advertisement call of B. pardalis (in the Eastern Cape) has been described (Passmore 1977b), an adequate comparison of the calls of B. pardalis and B. pantherinus has not been published (Poynton and Lambiris 1998). Thus the taxonomic status of the two populations has not been fully resolved (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Breeding occurs after the first spring rains in September, through to January. Unlike other members of this genus, A. umbraculata lays its eggs in the water. Clutches of 200–500 eggs are attached to rock in flowing water or deposited in shallow, stagnant pools at the sides of streams (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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C. capense is a winter breeder, with the commencement and duration of the breeding season being determined by the rainfall pattern. Breeding usually starts after the second heavy rains of winter, and continues in response to heavy bouts of rain. C. capense has been found to breed mostly in June–August. It breeds in shallow, temporary, rain-filled pools and pans that form during the winter months. 90% of its recorded breeding sites occur in modified habitat, particularly agricultural lands. These are mainly wheat fields, but also include lands cultivated for other crops (e.g. lupins and oats), vineyards, orchards, fallow lands and pastures. Owing to the large-scale destruction of natural vegetation, there are relatively few breeding sites in undisturbed habitat (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

Spawning was briefly described by Rose (1926). The eggs are laid in jelly clusters with each egg enclosed in a capsule. Egg clusters are attached to submerged vegetation such as grass stalks, and the number of eggs per cluster can vary considerably (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/792 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 6f731c96-5f78-4434-8eeb-ead309bb4240#reproduction d3318857-5abe-4b77-975a-cd7f6952b0b5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The advertisement call is a harsh “creak”, about 0.2 s in duration, uttered repeatedly at a rate of about two per second (Passmore and Carruthers 1995). Males call occasionally during the day but mostly at night. At a prime breeding site under ideal conditions, more than 70 calling males were heard, but breeding aggregations are usually considerably smaller. Calling males are usually scattered and seldom form dense choruses. Males remain partially submerged in the water while calling and duck below the surface at the slightest disturbance (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/792 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 149513d9-2d58-4928-802c-d9c85cfa4f39#reproduction f3efada9-26d4-4406-a931-02570f5fe17e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The commencement of breeding is dependent on rainfall and the formation of small, shallow pools of water during the winter rainy season. The species is not known to breed in pools of moving water associated with mountain streams (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1265 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 193c245c-08bb-4789-86cf-a9551b51c6aa#reproduction f3efada9-26d4-4406-a931-02570f5fe17e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

C. rosei lacks an advertisement call (Poynton 1964; Wager 1965). This species might be the only southern African amphibian that lacks a voice (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1265 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 47edb759-ae01-4e4d-bbc1-aa8cc0ef60a7#reproduction ee2daf70-7c9e-4d9b-be0e-1a47abc73509 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place in spring and summer, once the winter rains have ended and there is a reduction in stream flow (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1287 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 e59d534c-c023-47d1-9a6e-f580bcacb98b#reproduction ee2daf70-7c9e-4d9b-be0e-1a47abc73509 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The call is a short, percussive, ringing note of 30 ms duration, repeated at a rate of c.2/s, with an emphasized frequency of 1.8 kHz (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1287 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 b1ad9a73-16f4-4046-bad5-6c0cdefeb7a1#reproduction 2b2ffdfc-6ac6-4e9c-bfe0-3f321b58c118 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

M. capensis is a winter breeder and commences breeding once the rains have filled its seasonal wetland habitat. Breeding activity has been recorded as early as May (Visser 1979) and as late as October, but the prime breeding season is July–September (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/803 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 d74a92b4-43e9-432e-b3ca-f5cc5ee2cc00#reproduction 2b2ffdfc-6ac6-4e9c-bfe0-3f321b58c118 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The call is a series of lowpitched scratches emitted at a rate of about one per second (Passmore and Carruthers 1995). It is a relatively vocal species and is known to call in high densities. The calls can be heard both day and night, but calling activity is generally more intense at night. At prime breeding sites under ideal conditions, choruses of hundreds of individuals can be heard. Males call from emergent vegetation (e.g., restios) at water level, and from floating vegetation (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/803 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 5d9372ad-6388-40f5-b297-36792dd304f5#reproduction 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Channing (2001) found that breeding commences during the wet winter months (July), and continues until late October (Rau 1978). Three to four hundred dark brown eggs are laid over a period of a day, each surrounded by a jelly capsule 1.3 mm in diameter (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 a129464b-7335-485e-ba0f-0bedf297a7b3#reproduction 5ad41c0f-68ad-462f-ab88-93ab9abbcd22 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The advertisement call consists of a series of short, rapidly pulsed, metallic buzzes emitted under water at a rate of about two per second (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1617 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ A.L. de Villiers http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 95a94050-2ac0-45fe-ab94-134db9117551 214c8a15-5a44-4bca-874f-710750d49f65#reproduction b58de8b2-f445-4fa6-b667-484f4e0721ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It spawns in water, producing approximately 60 eggs at a time (with 3-4 clutches a year), which are then carried around outside the water by the male, who releases the larvae back into water at the point of hatching (Donaire-Barroso et al., 2008).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/927 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 280daeba-c8db-4df6-835b-090e73b17bff#reproduction 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding in this species occurs between November and March but has not been studied in detail. Like the other members of the family Arthroleptidae, Arthroleptis lameerei undergoes direct development (Channing, 2001; Drewes and Channing, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 0086d6c9-6b79-4aaf-98ad-80f54c85c41f#reproduction 6d6245c6-d7cd-4cb0-8042-399bcb66327a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The call of Arthroleptis lameerei has not been formally documented. However, other frogs in the family Arthroleptidae are called “squeakers” because of their high-pitched calls (Channing, 2001), and it is not unlikely that the call of this species is a high-pitched squeak or screech.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1073 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 82399152-f35f-4424-b536-2a17f6c44fff#reproduction b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Since these frogs are nocturnal and burrow during the day, they are difficult to observe, but the eggs are numerous and laid in strings (Knoepffler 1976, Channing 2001). There is evidence that males might guard their tadpoles in the water but this has yet to be properly documented (Ohler and Kazadi 1990).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 2ed3d240-d083-473f-9424-d4163a81c76d#reproduction b5f6bd5f-611f-495a-9a60-ebdc5dbd46e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

“The call consists of a series of about 14 short, low-pitched whoops that start softly and get louder before fading away. The whoops are produced at a rate of 14/10 s. Each whoop has a duration of about 0.3 s, with pulses at a rate of 90/s. The emphasized harmonics are at 200 and 300 Hz” (Amiet unpublished results, cited in Channing 2001).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/830 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 1989e6a1-a379-45f2-b564-199b6f19e65c#reproduction f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Since these frogs are nocturnal and burrow during the day, they are difficult to observe, but the eggs are numerous, laid in strings, and of the Bufo type (Knoepffler 1976). There is evidence that males might guard their tadpoles in the water but this has yet to be properly documented (Ohler and Kazadi 1990).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe d129f12c-b81d-44e2-82f6-665056a00a20#reproduction f37e3e01-6ad2-41a0-8404-0d1d588b952d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males sing in swamps, floating on the surface of relatively deep regions. Their call is “a muffled cry like the sound of a timpani” (Perret 1966, translated by Dietterich 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/831 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 88cf589c-e664-4e9d-b8db-c0b06a452a24#reproduction b1e5ff85-dab2-4822-a69f-2d6428488a1b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Male Hylarana lemairei have several secondary sexual characteristics that are likely involved in courtship or mating. These include paired subgular vocal sacs that open relatively far posteriorly in the throat and a large, flat oval gland on the upper arm. The first finger has a grayish, velvety nuptial pad extending to the end of the metacarpal dorsally but reaching or surpassing the end of the basal phalanx on the medial side of the finger. Mating likely occurs primarily between April and June although it may extend as late as August; this time frame coincides with the end of the wet season and the beginning of the dry season (Schmidt and Inger, 1959).

In males of this species, the vocal sac develops before the humeral glands, which in turn develop before the nuptial pads. The nuptial pads may become less developed outside of mating season (Schmidt and Inger, 1959).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/842 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe f01ed2e3-d4d3-4571-a012-d7e87e1de8ea#reproduction 576cae8f-0dbf-4b9e-9d7b-66e959953ca3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Reproduction has not been documented for Hyperolius nasicus in particular, but frogs in the genus Hyperolius generally lay their eggs in water and develop indirectly (Schiøtz, 2006b).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1444 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#reproduction f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding occurs in the rainy season once heavy rainfall has replenished large ponds. Males call while migrating toward the ponds (Rödel 2000), although it is uncertain whether they prefer to call from open ground or from in or near vegetation such as bushes or grassy mounds (Schiøtz 1999, Rödel 2000, Amiet 2007). Both Schiøtz (1967) and Rödel (2000) also report hearing K. cassinoides calling from several meters above the ground in wooded habitats. This observation might help explain the presence of disks at the end of this species’ digits; such disks are typically associated with climbing and are unusual in ground-dwelling species (Amiet 2007).

Reproduction in K. cassinoides is oviparous. In one account, a captive female laid 170 very firm eggs (2.33-2.85 mm in diameter including jelly or 1.96-2.40 mm in diameter excluding jelly) and submerged them by attaching them to underwater rocks and plants. The tadpoles hatched three days later (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 9d7897c4-e2a3-49df-983d-4d3de9fcefa0#reproduction f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The advertisement calls of the frogs in the genus Kassina are relatively distinctive among frog calls. To human ears, they sound like short rising glissandos with a clear whistle-like tone. Although the calls of Kassina species generally resemble each other, Schiøtz (1999) reports that they vary sufficiently between species for a trained listener to distinguish and identify them by ear. In particular, the call of K. cassinoides is “deeper and more sonorous” than the calls of other Kassina species, presumably owing to K. cassinoides’ larger body size. Sonogram analyses by Schiøtz (1967) and Tandy and Drewes (1985) reveal that the call of this species is a simple pulse train (although it may contain two figures) that ascends from approximately 600 Hz to 1000-1170 Hz in 0.20-0.24 seconds. Rödel (2000) describes the call as a “long frequency modulated whistle” consisting of a short (0.09 sec) rise in pitch followed by a period of stable pitch, with the call lasting 0.28-0.29 seconds in total.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 805c5295-8289-4ac5-91f3-0995eb2b2af1#reproduction 7d8799f5-92d4-40f6-91a7-c604e59d93ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It breeds in small, stagnant temporary pools (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1661 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe af525338-031a-4bce-9d8f-d3205ddec0ee#reproduction 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species appears to spawn in temporary pools on the rainforest floor. The regular existence or precise timing of a mating season have not yet been conclusively determined, and mating may occur at different times in different localities within the range of this species (Noble, 1924).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 4b898669-ebc5-498f-9af2-69eb717ce850#reproduction 18c26ebf-3f2e-49aa-ada8-fac17f2cfcb4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The advertisement call of Ptychadena christyi consists of "two sharp notes in rapid succession," made in persistent choruses (Noble, 1924).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1659 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe ea81f25e-2f78-426d-afe3-4746ce1c96f9#reproduction cea0ab91-8d10-49bc-8b4e-8266b6b2a6b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It breeds in shallow ponds and ditches, both permanent and temporary (Rödel et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1648 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe c2a256de-a5e7-418d-a5a7-b3445f30767d#reproduction 1852a73d-46b7-498f-8f79-b5eb55136c1f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place October–May, along shallow streams with overhanging vegetation. Males select perches c.1–2 m above the water, from which they utter their faint advertisement calls. Amplexus is axillary with the fingers of the male placed below or sometimes above the base of the female’s arms. Transparent masses of 75–95 eggs are attached to leaves, twigs, tree trunks, or rock surfaces overhanging pools. Egg clutches are vulnerable to desiccation; in dry conditions the female moistens the clutch with liquid from her cloaca (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/804 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be f2065449-641b-4e03-93f7-4c72305dee38#reproduction 8a2284ea-a095-4fcd-9cb9-9cd0d3fbc0ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males call from the water’s edge. Once paired the frogs enter amplexus away from the water, and then move to the oviposition sites where females lays 100-500 eggs in shallow water. The eggs are attached to vegetation under the water (Wager 1965; Channing 2001). Breeding begins with the first good spring rains and extends into February. Wager (1986) reported that breeding habitats included pans, ponds, dams, and marshes in open grassland (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1499 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be 267038bf-eddd-4736-a948-81bd511965c8#reproduction 8a2284ea-a095-4fcd-9cb9-9cd0d3fbc0ae http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males often call from concealed positions in or under grass tufts where they sit upright to allow full movement of the large, inflated vocal sac. On dark, warm, still evenings, they tend to be less shy and males have been observed calling 300 mm above the ground, clinging to grass stems or bulrushes (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1499 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.H. du Preez http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 2aaf0224-f310-426c-af71-3fdcd7f110be d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#reproduction 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The call of Heleophryne depressa consists of two to four soft bell-like pings (du Preez and Carruthers, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1285 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Daniel Gale Rosen http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und c8fee3a0-a443-4d81-94f4-46ee0571652f 83b31854-1dc3-4380-9f24-8161ea6faf7b#reproduction ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It breeds in streams, and the tadpoles are usually found in the slow-flowing or nearly stagnant sections of streams (Rödel and Schiøtz, 2004). However, Schiøtz (1964; A preliminary list of amphibians collected in Ghana) reports finding both larval and adult specimens in fast-flowing rainforest streams.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 ed82d478-5297-4ea1-be80-0a17db9ce294#reproduction ab3d8489-c396-4a6a-95c4-f91c04acd7d1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Schiøtz (1964) made the only known recording of this species' call, and reports a soft, clear whistle produced singly with long intervals. The frequency of the call rises initially and then remains constant at 2300 Hz before fading out. No harmonics were observed.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1509 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 361e1652-f00d-4f92-b30f-f848a8b4ece3#reproduction 71841756-02ea-45c6-9480-0d557c810c7a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Spanò (1971) recorded the collection of some clusters of Conraua beccarii eggs in late August at the end of the rainy season. The eggs measured 6-7 mm in diameter, or 3.2-3.4 mm less the jelly coat, and the embryos appeared to be in the first stages of development (Spanò 1971). Otherwise, the breeding behavior and larval biology of this species remain unknown (Largen and Spawls 2010), although the lifestyle and habitat of adults of this species suggests that the larvae are likely aquatic.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1510 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Willy Goldsmith http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und ae3bd16f-09da-43de-b9fc-d1191e9e16e4 b160ebeb-6968-4012-82a1-daafafcffe26#reproduction 666ca8a0-115e-4b7c-8c8d-4b3d5eada0b1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Calling occurs both at night and during the day, usually during and after rain showers in winter and spring (June–November), but dense mist may be sufficient to stimulate calling. In Grootvadersbosch forest, males have been observed calling from above the ground, on top of logs. In fynbos, the species has been found calling above ground in dense vegetation, and from short burrows situated below low, covering vegetation. Adhesive amplexus is employed during mating.

An amplexed pair, with a freshly laid egg mass comprising 24 eggs, was unearthed in Mountain Fynbos in the Boosmansbos Wilderness Area, on 22 October 1986 (D. McDonald pers. comm.). The pair was found in a chamber at the lower end of a network of tunnels covering an area of about one square meter. Some branches of the tunnels ended blindly while others formed loops off the main tunnel leading to the egg chamber. The nest site was located on a cool, moist slope in sandy loam soil, covered by prostrate Cliffortia ferruginea. The eggs measured 6.5–7.8 mm (mean = 7) in diameter (L.R. Minter unpubl. data; text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1205 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 d3eb8707-b1be-47d8-88ef-6642ece903eb#reproduction 932d1ffd-244f-416d-a684-55e83b50d6e9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Calling occurs both at night and during the day, usually during and after rain showers in winter and spring (June–November), but dense mist may be sufficient to stimulate calling. Visser (1979) found males have been reported calling from vegetation above ground level (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1204 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 c7ba03dd-b399-4ee4-b2a6-bf6ba933474e#reproduction dcac2756-77c5-4ed6-bc66-907bc45a19ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adhesive amplexus lasts for four or five days and the male assists the female in burrowing into the sand with movements of his feet (Channing 2001). Other details of breeding are not known (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1196 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 6faf96bc-eb3b-4aa1-bc36-6efbd0a4c229#reproduction dcac2756-77c5-4ed6-bc66-907bc45a19ea http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Calling occurs both at night and during the day, mainly during and after rain showers in winter and spring (June–November). Dense mist may be sufficient to trigger calling. Males have been observed to call from elevated positions in bushes and sedges, up to a meter above the ground (FitzSimons 1946; Channing 2001.). When disturbed, these individuals will sometimes drop to the ground and lie still (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1196 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ J.A. Harrison http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 6125e4a6-adaa-4a55-ad36-a5e393a98e34 02a71423-1eb5-4bfe-a025-4743ed593673#reproduction 49052df3-f4b5-40e9-ac50-eb25c2b2ce4d http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A. wittei breeds in cold streams and lentic pools at the high altitudes of the East African montane moorlands. Tadpoles generally are found among submerged plants by day, or sometimes basking upon mud or sand substrates in shallow water (Wasonga and Channing, 2007).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/768 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a0c28f8d-f303-490f-9ef3-ce34d3983e4b#reproduction ed07be22-fa7e-4086-adf6-271b82229577 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Based upon the most common bufonid breeding behavior, A. fuliginatus is thought to engage in axillary amplexus and the female to deposit strings of eggs, which hatch into free swimming tadpoles (Vitt & Caldwell, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1232 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 9a15338c-366a-467c-8add-8c5085d81cab#reproduction faccb92b-26ed-4707-b6dc-64e908cf512f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding does not necessarliy take place every year throughout the range; for example, in drought years in the pre-Sahara, breeding may not occur. In Morocco, the chief breeding season commences around January, with a secondary peak about April. Sometimes breeding may occur as late as early summer, in the Atlas and Rif Mountain parts of the range (Salvador, 1996).

Ovideposition takes place at night, with 5000 to 10,000 eggs being laid down in four strings. Individual ova are 1.4 to 1.7 millimetres in diameter (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1246 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a5adf8b8-da93-4b5a-bc19-190408f11dc6#reproduction 5679b2d2-71b7-4e98-ba19-ea227f99adf7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Frogs of this genus generally deposit eggs directly in surface waters, and adults provide no noticeable care of the young. This lack of adult parental care separates the genus Disglossus from sister genus Alytes; in particular, species within genus Alytes demonstrate female deposition of eggs that become attached to hindlegs of the adult males, who subsequently carry them prior to depositing the eggs in water (Salvador, 1996).

The age of sexual maturity varies greatly among species within the genus, with rapid maturity of one year for D.. scovazzi to as much as five years for D. galganoi males. Copulation detail has been documented only for some of the species, but is thought that it is generally by terrestrial amplexus. Mating system is polyandrous, with a female mating with a number of males, even within a single breeding season.

Each female can produce up to 4000 to 6000 eggs per season, typically in multiple clutches, with a clutch size of 300 to 1500 eggs. The eggs are laid singularly or in small clumps either (a) on aquatic vegetation or (b) in the benthic zone of the water column (sometimes eventually floating on the water surface). An individual egg is typically about 1.5 to 2.0 millimeters in diameter, within a gelatinous envelope around four times the diameter of the egg itself. In many instances the gelatinous envelopes cling together in a loose mass.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/972 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 a62e27a9-29e7-47eb-94f5-06ea16f1ae39#reproduction 2ca67d46-e3fa-4857-adc3-9554988e1ed3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In breeding season, the males are the first individuals to congregate near surface water bodies. Mating occurs nocturnally. Based upon Algerian observations, ova-deposition commences in February and may endure through May, depending on elevation and water occurrences (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/914 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 3cbe395e-5e8d-4e28-b532-d625227909a4#reproduction 11713aea-6b0c-4290-bdef-be81759156c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Mercurio et al. (2009) have classified H. darlingi as a “generalist” breeder, meaning that breeding can be carried out in natural or perturbed environments. H. darlingi is categorized by Mercurio et al. (2009) as a category 1 breeding species, following the breeding classifications of Haddad & Prado (2005); category 1 breeders are characterized by the tadpoles being an intermediary organism. The adult female deposits eggs in lentic or lotic waters, breeding in stagnant waters with off channel or in channel still pools, where the mainstem itself is characterized by low velocity flow. The tadpole stage is a benthic organism.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/837 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 77ada9bf-a582-43f5-b54d-84ed5fc2c9ed#reproduction cc2bd34c-335e-4784-9e27-6659cb810faf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

For H. benguellensis, the call comprises a short duration rattle, consisting of indistinct figures in the frequency range of 4000 to 4200 Hertz, a range entirely within the audible spectrum for humans (Schiøtz, 1999).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1377 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 92ee92f0-91fa-44d1-85f5-ff4355ca8cd0#reproduction 6fdd23c2-b179-4ae8-9aed-b1299708eafc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

An adult female lays down 500 to 600 eggs in a deposition event; each egg manifests a black and a white polar end, and the egg cluster is attached to submerged rocks or aquatic plants. (Schiøtz. 1999)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1479 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 ef2802bd-f8bf-46ed-a583-51aeae66f83a#reproduction 6fdd23c2-b179-4ae8-9aed-b1299708eafc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

At the type locality, males were heard calling from drier, higher ground in proximity to large flooded meadows. The voice is a typical Kassina call, but clearly more atonal that that of either K. senegalensis and K. cassinoides. Correspondingly, the sonogram evinces a more indistinct frequency-intensity maximum than that from the other two sympatric species. (Schiøtz. 1999)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1479 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#reproduction f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Amplexus takes place in the surface breeding waters, with ova-deposition into the waters requiring only five to ten minutes, and eggs being laid in a string 1.0 to 1.5 meters in length. The species typically breeds in temporary ponds or puddles. The eggs themselves are dark grey in color, and each egg measuring 1.15 to 2.00 millimeters in diameter. Larvae hatch within a week after laying. The tadpoles feed on plankton and detritus (Salvador, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1505 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 efbf001c-82c0-4145-a5a8-ae63a662d3c1#reproduction 3d7d9b20-d6fd-42d9-9971-924a8e74c219 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The amplitude modulated advertisement call of P. microps endures for 1.1 to 2.5 seconds. Each Pulse lasts 0.02–0.03 seconds. The frequency range of calls span the acoustical spectrum from 0.68 to 6.41 kiloHertz. Three to four distinct harmonies are distinguishable, with a dominant frequency centred around 1.26 kHz. The low melodic trill figured by Schiøtz is structurally similar. The calls of P. microps and P. bifasciatus, which were formerly considered synonymous are somewhat distinct (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1501 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 effc8efe-6221-4c13-bd5a-ea254a795297#reproduction af585d2c-13fb-42a2-8564-319aea0daebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Little is known regarding the species breeding behavior, though reproduction is thought to occur in emphemeral pools formed subsequent to intermittent heavy rains (Tandy et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1269 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 67ba8a1e-6a41-446d-956f-f9c1f044ee6f#reproduction af585d2c-13fb-42a2-8564-319aea0daebe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The advertisement call is a high frequency insect-like buzz (Du Preez et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1269 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 60ff1673-d3ae-4abd-9051-eafe57a4cccc#reproduction cfc24548-6d16-48f1-83fa-e8c4204b4de2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding may occur in a variety of surface water bodies: temporary shallow pans including hypersaline pans, freshwater pools or depressions containing rainwater, quarries, and rock pools along rivers.

Poyntonophrynus kavangensis provides an example within this genus of breeding in hypersaline pans, notably the Etosha Pan in Namibia. P. vertebralis presents an example of a less specialised breeder, utilising ephemeral pools or abandoned quarries (Minter et al. 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/989 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 7f824499-0eb7-4370-9b48-118a9380aa98#reproduction c07405fc-6de4-437b-8377-0c265f5b989a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. schillukorum has a call that endures approximately 0.36 to 0.40 seconds, with a dominant frequency of three to four kilohertz. The call consists of six or seven notes consisting of five or six pulses (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1650 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 fc6788bd-eadb-4bf0-8ad7-2bfd6d2f181b#reproduction 8a55c275-c931-4693-beb2-d6ce3fdb5b9e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A single deposited egg layer floats at the water surface. The spawn is usually laid down in shallow water near the shoreline or pond edge. The brownish embryo is enveloped by a viscous cloudy to sand-coloured yellow jelly. Including the enveloping jelly, egg diameter ranges from 2.7 to 3.2 millimetres (mm), the egg itself measuring one mm in diameter. Each female can produce 500 to 1000 eggs in a mating season, deposited in batches of 50 to 100 eggs. It is thought that the spawn may be spatially segregated as a method of risk minimization from a catastrophic event occurring to a single floating clutch. In any case, the larvae then hatch within one day of spawn (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1675 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 1c29c0cc-9fae-4462-925d-719bc1f04952#reproduction 8a55c275-c931-4693-beb2-d6ce3fdb5b9e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The croaking advertisement call consists of two harmonies within two frequency bands from 1.55–2.61 and 3.34–4.9 kilohertz, respectively. A single note endures for 0.05 to 0.08 seconds, being comprised of two to four pulses, each lasting for 0.01 to 0.02 seconds, and separated by pauses of the same length. The interval between the notes lasts approximately 0.05 to 0.11 seconds (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1675 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 4ae8b2fe-c8ba-455a-8320-b7fd57c49cd5#reproduction c3499a0c-fdf9-4672-9121-b58e81590306 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

When savanna ponds are partially filled after the first rains, P. trinodis appears immediately, and the clutches are usually deposited within the first night after rainfall. Amiet observed in northern Cameroon that the breeding period lasts one single week; however, at Comoé National Park, active individuals are found throughout the rainy season. Calling males typically sit in shallow water or in bankside vegetation, with their choruses setting in at long intervals.

The female deposits a single floating film composed of rather large eggs with black and white poles. Including the jelly the eggs measure 8.5 to 8.7 millimetres (mm) across. The undeveloped egg measures approximately four mm. The tadpoles typically within a twenty four hour interval (Rödel, 2004)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1664 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 2d9052d8-a5a8-46b7-ace0-d2ce9bff41eb#reproduction 0531d12f-d4a5-4459-a679-34387c906787 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Individuals emerge from burrows at the start of the rainy season to mate. Eggs are laid in pools formed by rainfall in which the tadpoles will develop until metamorphosis (Dawood and Channing, 2002).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1696 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 ba9c72b0-7116-44b7-9530-673ac56d33f5#reproduction ad07e6ca-65ca-46b7-b192-9adfca5dbda7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Individuals emerge from burrows at the start of the rainy season to mate. Approximately 5,000 eggs are laid at a time in temporary pools of rainwater. Eggs measure 1.2 mm in diameter, and each is individually enclosed in a jelly envelope 3 mm in diameter. The jelly capsule is spherical and fairly flaccid (Passmore and Caruthers, 1975).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1703 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 0ebc18e5-b92a-4294-869b-da2d674fe7b6#reproduction ad07e6ca-65ca-46b7-b192-9adfca5dbda7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A full description and illustration of a typical advertisement call of Tomopterna krugerensis can be found in Passmore and Caruthers, 1975.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1703 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 bec5c4cf-3de2-4c5a-b7ff-c6320f80d401#reproduction 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Individuals emerge from burrows at the start of the rainy season to mate. Eggs are laid in pools formed by rainfall in which the tadpoles will develop until metamorphosis (Channing et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 c1896b62-df11-4a54-93b1-85f4e260c900#reproduction 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A full description and illustration of a typical advertisement call of Tomopterna luganga can be found in Channing et al. (2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 c4cc29c0-e47d-4ff2-99b2-033dc383c33d#reproduction a057293a-229b-4a37-ab14-28ab15233048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Individuals emerge from burrows at the start of the rainy season to mate. Eggs are laid in pools formed by rainfall in which the tadpoles will develop until metamorphosis (Channing and Bogart, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1700 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 cb183f22-6fe9-4acf-bb94-d30a9c3580f5#reproduction 2b777e36-1e29-4a60-9d9d-20f61d9600ac http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no advertisement call data available from the type locality or surrounding areas. Due to the highly cryptic nature of Tomopterna species and unclear distributions, call data from other localities can not be reliably attributed T. tuberculosa without molecular confirmation.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1698 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 4b8e2f21-639a-4445-a842-1393662c8308#reproduction ce78969f-3b3e-4672-bc10-b6eee3f0dfd5 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is no direct evidence regarding its reproductive mode, but it is assumed to be direct developer as other members of the Brevicipitidae family.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1191 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#reproduction 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Not known but presumed to be a direct developer.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 5e7a7ebf-5e5b-4dd6-a465-eb60ac32e75c#reproduction 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

A detailed temporal analysis of 1.5 minutes of calling from a single male recorded on 15 September 2008 in Wundanyi forest. This period comprised 10 calls, each call being made up of a mean of 7 "chirps" (range 5 to 9; std dev 1.15) with a mean duration of 0.06 seconds (range 0.05 to 0.07; std dev 0.007), and a mean interval of 0.17 seconds between chirps (range 0.14 to 0.28; std dev 0.03), three such chirps are shown in Fig. 6 in original description. The interval between calls had a mean of 7.21 seconds (range 0.75 to 15.11, std dev 4.82). Peak dominant frequency of Callulina dawida is at 1.6 KHz, with a notable harmonic at 3.2
KHz. The call and harmonic fall below 3.5 KHz (Figure 6 in original description), whereas C. kisiwamsitu is always below 2 KHz,
and peak dominant frequency in C. kreffti is always above 2 KHz but below 3 KHz (de Sá et al, 2004). The
call can best be described as a fast repeated "brrr brrr brrr...".

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 27cc10e2-2fda-4e6d-adf2-2826d5d183b3#reproduction ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Repductive mode is not known, but this species is assumed to be a direct developer (de Sá et al., 2004).

As the rainy season starts, males climb into low bushes and other vegetation where they call. It was often observed that calling males were positioned vertically on small trunks, from 0.5–2 m off the ground, and initially were mistaken as notches in the trunks. Sometimes they were also found calling at the junction of branches (de Sá et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f a3b5be05-ac40-492a-bf5d-91eff8c0749e#reproduction ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Calls of C. kisiwamsitu were recorded between 12 and 16 March 2000, at Mazumbai Reserve, Tanzania, by RdS and AC, between 2000 and 2300 h, with air temperatures ranging from 17–208C. Call rate was determined for a three-minute recording period of individual USNM 556136 recorded on 15 March 2000, 2300 h, air temperature 208C. Other call characteristics are based on analyses of 59 calls (six individuals). The call is a long trill (Fig. 7 in the original description), with average 13.3 notes per call (range 8–18), average call duration is 126 msec. There is an average of 5.44 pulses per note. The intensity of the dominant frequency averages 1.84 KHz; sometimes a second and third harmonic are present at about 3 and 5.5 KHz (de Sá et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b822d27a-4ae9-4971-8d38-757966e33ea2#reproduction 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males were heard calling only during the night, from low bushes and branches of small trees. The call is a quite fast series of c. 10-14 trills, produced at a rate of approximately 5/second with maximum energy at 1550 Hz. Each trill consists of a group of 6-7 high-energy pulses, with a pulse-group duration of about 6 ms and intergroup duration of about 125 ms. Compared with other Callulina species, call activity was less constant and less frequent, with few calls heard during our fieldwork (Loader et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 97fd2775-117f-45c4-9b64-5e9756d5d441#reproduction dd3c7a91-807e-411c-bb27-824f9cca9489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

No call was heard or recorded by Loader et al. (2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1212 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f e5a55413-7d56-4059-bab3-06497ff94906#reproduction 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The lower parts of both oviducts are enlarged; internal walls smooth without diaphragms or protrusions where eggs or larvae could lie or adhere, at the lowest ends both oviducts fuse to one large cavity. In both oviducts a large number of mature frog-larvae lay loosely and independently from each other. In an especially large female the right oviduct had 37, the left oviduct 30, a total of 67 larvae. Accordingly a younger specimen carried less. The young have no “amnion” and apparently are far developed; i.e. they have the head and mouth shapes of adult animals, the eyes are large and fully developed, and the deep black iris distinctly contrasts from the only sparsely pigmented and hence still colourless individual. The vertebrae sit on the bulbously bloated body like a just closed medulla on a cleavage egg. The abdominal cavity is filled with a huge amount of unused yolk. The vertebrae end with a long, round tail. Both hind and front extremities are already visible as buds. The posterior buds seem to be a bit further developed. The vent is positioned between the hind legs and originates a bit further dorsally than them. The facts that these larvae do not have fins on the tail, that the extremities are well developed, the vent is positioned above the hind legs, and head and mouth already have the definite shape, makes it certain that this frog species is not only viviparous but gives birth to even young frogs that are fully metamorphosed.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 82a6a3c8-9490-487b-a5ad-d740cdeb0a20#reproduction 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

No details of breeding are known, but brevicipitines are considered to be direct developers (McDarmid and Altig, 1999).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 3c54b137-9d04-49f3-8213-8fc5491bc2f9#reproduction 9f2326f8-8651-45d7-9764-0a257db014d9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males call actively during the day, with some residual calling at night. Calling takes place from within leaf litter or while the animals are concealed under logs or other forest debris. Choruses form rapidly after an individual starts calling. Males were recorded in the field at the Mamiwa-Kisara Forest Reserve. The call is a slow series of clicks, produced at a rate of approximately 32/minute. Each click consists of a single high-energy pulse with a duration of 6 ms. No real harmonics are present, although significant energy is present at 1.2, 1.6, 2.6, 4.3 and 5.4 kHz.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1219 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f dcfbdd61-e55a-4c68-8e2f-74ee1cc303b7#reproduction 31966cf5-acd6-48e8-9368-f4aa3ef431fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Its breeding requirements are unknown, though it is presumed to be by direct development.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1220 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 8c637f28-66a8-4d27-a3ca-abdb723d6d25#reproduction 71501b3e-3a1a-49e1-a9c9-16f512837342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

After heavy rains, X. laevis sometimes leave water bodies en masse, and single individuals are also encountered on the surface in damp weather. These appearances may be associated with movement to and from breeding sites (Du Plessis 1966). Breeding begins at the onset of the rains, thus at different times in the summer and winter rainfall areas (Berk 1938; Kalk 1960). Hey (1949) reported that there are prolonged breeding period throughout the rainy season, and both females and males are able to breed more than once per season (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

McCoid (1985) found that spawning takes place during the night when couples, in inguinal amplexus, swim around the pond depositing single eggs on any hard substrate (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1625 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ G.J. Measey http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 3487e7cf-bbef-4291-bed6-64d99ad20aaa 2553aec0-0197-4993-bb18-9fdd4c3d4308#reproduction 8e59472f-87b1-431f-aa1d-6389544bc875 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In spring or early summer, following heavy rain, males emerge from the soil and establish call sites 5– 200 cm from their winter retreats. The call site usually consists of a well-concealed shallow depression, about the depth of the frog’s body, at the base of a grass tuft or small herbaceous plant. In overcast, damp conditions, calling may continue unchecked for several days and nights. Males are prompted to call by the calls of their immediate neighbours, and this results in bouts of calling which spread through the population in waves. When hot, dry weather returns, or when disturbed, males retreat to their underground burrows. Males were observed to use the same call site for up to five consecutive nights (Minter 1995, 1998; text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

Amplexus is facilitated by a sticky skin secretion which ensures that the male remains attached to the female during nest construction. A mass of about 45 eggs, covered by a smaller mass of fluid-filled jelly capsules lacking yolk, is deposited in a chamber about 30 cm below the surface. The female remains nearby until the froglets are ready to leave the nest (approximately six weeks). The reason for her presence has not been established (Minter 1995, 1998; text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1199 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 052114be-6aa9-4db0-bceb-5266b3631ad2#reproduction 8bf8d12e-7003-4fc3-a21c-7abe0790e97f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place in spring and early summer. Males call from the surface or from shallow depressions concealed beneath vegetation. In wet weather, calling continues throughout the day and males will continue to call from well-concealed sites in full sunlight at ambient temperatures as high as 28°C. Amplexus and oviposition have not been observed (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1198 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 1da56db1-02fc-4154-a7ff-9ca445ff77d6#reproduction 8bf8d12e-7003-4fc3-a21c-7abe0790e97f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The call is a sharp, highpitched trill of moderate length (emphasized frequency 2540–3042 Hz; duration 103–388 ms; N = 15). Each bout of calling consists of 7–19 closely spaced calls (Minter 2003; text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1198 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 737042da-ef06-41ea-80c1-d0951ac5250c#reproduction d9275a58-df60-448c-b94a-9863bfd38758 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place between early October and early January. Amplexus and oviposition have not been observed (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1201 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 8e551348-9e02-4d29-9b94-18d6a1225e6a#reproduction d9275a58-df60-448c-b94a-9863bfd38758 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The unusual call may easily be mistaken for that of an insect or bird, particularly when heard during the day. Choruses develop at any time of day, during light to heavy rain, but unless this is followed by drizzle or heavy mist, cease immediately afterward. Minter (1998, 2003) found that calling males often take up elevated positions on fallen branches or small plants, or call from the soil surface (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

Minter (2003) report that morphologically, the species is difficult to separate from B. mossambicus and B. bagginsi, but can be easily distinguished from all Breviceps species by it’s advertisement call, a series of long, unpulsed, high-pitched whistles. Each calls varies from 0.6–1.98 s in duration and from 2755–3468 Hz in frequency (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1201 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 5d7f9e4f-11a0-4b47-ad9c-c06cf50783eb#reproduction bfee30ab-90ec-4311-81ff-2de6fbfd02ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Most breeding takes place after rain in early spring, that is, September–October, but continues into early December (Minter 1998). In wet, misty weather, large choruses develop and continue, unchecked, for several consecutive days and nights. Once paired amplexus is adhesive and nests are constructed below the surface, at the base of a rock, log, or amongst tree roots. Thompson (in Wager 1965) recorded a mass of 56 eggs covered by a layer of infertile eggs; the female remained in a tunnel adjoining the egg chamber until the young were fully developed, and removed soil that fell onto the egg-mass. Jacobsen (1989) found a female with an egg-mass in November (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1197 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 0fe3c3f2-d3bd-4d60-ac74-7e5f82bfc19e#reproduction bfee30ab-90ec-4311-81ff-2de6fbfd02ab http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Minter (1998) describes the advertisement calls of B. sylvestris and B. verrucosus consisting of a series of long, evenly spaced, pulsed whistles, averaging 0.36 and 0.61 s in duration respectively. At night, during rain or heavy mist, males call while moving about on the surface, sometimes climbing to an elevated position on a grass tuft or herbaceous plant. During the day, in wet weather, they call from wellconcealed, shallow depressions beneath leaf litter (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

In the breeding season, males call from closed-canopy forest, the forest fringe and adjacent open grassland in mountainous terrain. Calling males have also been encountered in disturbed habitats such as wooded parks and gardens, and in pine plantations on the fringe of indigenous forest. In winter, specimens have been found under rocks and logs in indigenous forest (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

The advertisement calls of B. sylvestris and B. verrucosus are very similar, differing only in duration and call rate: 69 and 22 calls per minute, respectively (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1197 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df f51521d6-d054-4692-9491-f559e4707328#reproduction 7f6fe033-eb82-49be-9c0d-e666ed2a68fc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The breeding period is relatively short, commencing with the first spring rains in late August to early September and seldom extending beyond mid-November. Choruses develop rapidly in rain, drizzle or heavy mist and continue unabated, day and night, as long as the wet weather lasts. Males are prompted to vocalize by the calls of their immediate neighbours, and in this way bouts of calling spread through the population in waves. Calling is inhibited by wind and low temperatures (Minter 1998). The call site is usually a well-concealed, shallow depression under dense, matted grass or leaf litter, but males may call at the surface, or from elevated positions on grass tussocks, up to 40 cm from the ground (Poynton and Pritchard 1976; Minter 1998). Amplexus, oviposition and development have not been recorded (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1195 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df ca995e8a-ef5d-4ad9-88ef-6bc51c856551#reproduction 2e726e98-053f-42c3-800d-1c7b6071a362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

H. guttatus breeds on the edges of pans or swampy areas, and along rivers, especially where the gradient is slight and alluvial deposits are present (Alexander 1990; Passmore and Carruthers 1995). Amplexus appears to be initiated on the surface and the female then burrows down to form the brood chamber. After the eggs are laid and have hatched the female remains with the eggs during their development. Wager (1986) reported that females lay c.2000 eggs (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1290 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df 1e42f894-3848-46ce-8877-e85ebdaa4cfc#reproduction 2e726e98-053f-42c3-800d-1c7b6071a362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The advertisement call is a cricket-like trill, approximately 2 s in duration, with an emphasized frequency of just over 2 kHz (Passmore and Carruthers 1995; L.R. Minter pers. comm). Males call October–December during rain or light drizzle (Alexander 1987). Calling males are notoriously difficult to find. Calling may initially take place underground, with males emerging onto the surface as the chorus intensity increases (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1290 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df d285a673-4269-439d-8373-93b050da12b7#reproduction 4cc94c0b-69b9-4428-b38f-cdc806f2ff64 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species appears to have an extended breeding season. During the rainy season, males usually start calling in the late afternoon and call incessantly after dark, continuing until around midnight. Large choruses are common.

Call bouts are usually initiated by the same individual in the group (Channing 2001). Males normally call from concealed positions under vegetation or other cover, at water level, but have also been observed calling from totally exposed positions. A short territorial call is sometimes uttered by individual males prior to their regular advertisement call (Text from Minter et al. 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/794 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 d58e0a5d-715a-4993-b12c-f05fae3ea488#reproduction 7c0a0aa0-855a-4caf-bd83-83823e27e5c3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding usually takes place in shallow pools in the rocky beds of small, temporary streams and has also been recorded in a small man-made dam along a stream. Boycott et al. (2002) describes C. karooicum is an opportunistic breeder, taking advantage of rainfall of sufficient magnitude, regardless of the season in which it occurs. In dry years, little or no breeding may take place. Amplexus occurs in deeper water on the downstream side of rocks or overhanging vegetation, and the eggs are attached to submerged vegetation (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/791 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 6540dc8e-29fa-4f53-ba39-17b305dc8ad5#reproduction 7c0a0aa0-855a-4caf-bd83-83823e27e5c3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The advertisement call of C. karooicum is a prolonged, coarse rattle, 0.5–1.48 s in duration, containing 22–59 pulses per call. The pulse rate is 42–44 pulses/s, and the emphasized frequency is 2–2.5 kHz (Boycott et al. 2002). The territorial call is a short, loud croak, 0.56–0.76 s in duration, emitted at an emphasized frequency of 2.5– 3.2 kHz. This call is produced in separate groups of 6– 8 notes and is not interspersed between the advertisement calls as is the case in C. namaquense (Boycott et al. 2002). Both advertisement and territorial calls of C. karooicum are longer in duration than those of C. namaquense (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

Calling usually takes place at night, although on wet, overcast days, males may also call from well-concealed sites. Call sites are sometimes exposed, but more often are located in clumps of vegetation or beneath stones at the water’s edge. Males call while partially submerged, with the head, vocal sac and forelimbs projecting above the water. Boycott et al. (2002) found that calling males maintain a distance of approximately one meter from one another and produce territorial calls when approached by other males (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/791 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 cea4c383-4d44-4a09-b4a4-d27f576d9c2f#reproduction 4a2fcc57-e898-4cf1-9361-82b75fcbb517 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding takes place in temporary pools formed in eroded “tanks” in granitic bedrock, rocky streambeds, permanent pools and seeps, but the species has also adapted well to breeding in man-made dams, quarries and borrow-pits. Breeding is opportunistic and correlated with sparse rainfall events (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/795 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 7bf36a2b-52a7-4857-b2ab-ab85afdc22ee#reproduction 4a2fcc57-e898-4cf1-9361-82b75fcbb517 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Calling has been recorded after rains in July, August, September, October, November, March and April. Little is known of the breeding biology of this species. Males call from beneath vegetation or from exposed positions at or near the water’s edge. The advertisement call is a repeated, nasal bleat, frequently followed by a clicking territorial call. Calling is antiphonal, producing an almost continuous chorus (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/795 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 40127b6d-a16c-4ab8-9bad-9c4881bed37b#reproduction 9f616a72-a78b-4031-ad26-aae34f8c2d4c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Breeding sites include small ponds, dams, vleis, streams, rain pools alongside roads, inundated grass and pasture (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/799 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 390d8ac1-a9b9-44f2-9ca7-b24a7498d84b#reproduction 9f616a72-a78b-4031-ad26-aae34f8c2d4c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males call mainly from sheltered sites in deeper water. Calling males are distinctly territorial, loudly warning encroaching males by means of a territorial call that differs from their typical advertisement call. On warm, drizzly days or after rain, they may begin calling in the mid-morning, although they usually commence in the late afternoon and continue well into the evening (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/799 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#reproduction und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 fe982a8e-2468-4ccb-bdb9-462f439b8844#reproduction 6f3d04c1-a0fa-4721-8272-f6934a474f93 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

It breeds in ponds, marshes and streams, and inundated grassland (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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The advertisement calls of C. nanum and C. parvum are sufficiently different to allow recognition in the field and were used to identify populations (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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FitzSimons (1947) and Lambiris (1989a) found that the breeding habitat appear to be in inundated wetlands, or adjacent to slow-flowing sidewaters of highland streams (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Call bouts usually begin with several “chirps” (e.g., single, then double, then triple) and culminate in a series of creaks repeated up to a dozen times, but probably more in strong choruses. The chirps have a duration of 26–111 ms. Calling starts during the late afternoon and continues through the night. As is the case in C. boettgeri, the males call from well-concealed sites in dense grass tussocks at or just above the water-level (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Birth of 16 larvae were reported in May in Algeria. A female caught in December in Morocco had 15 larvae of 27 mm in total length. Towards the end of February larvae in the water in the Rif mountains, and recently metamorphosed individuals under stones were observed (Text from Salvador, 1996, © Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service).

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Males are 50 -60 mm, and females are 59 - 80 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males and females are up to 53 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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The species reaches total lengths to 176 mm (Salvador, 1996).

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Females are larger than males; snout-vent lengths of males range from 158 – 311 mm and 146 – 330 mm in females (Harper et al., 2010). Holotype measures 215 mm and 9 mm at mid-body (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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The syntype measures 57 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1900).

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Males are 163 – 312 mm and females 288 – 463 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Females are larger than males; snout-vent lengths in males range from 226 – 252 mm and 159 – 352 mm in females. Eyes are connected to tentacles and can be protracted out of the skull (Harper et al., 2010). Barbour and Loveridge (1928) report that specimens range from 140 to 300 mm with mid-body diameters from 5 to 9 mm.

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Phrynobatrachus irangi is the largest East African puddle frog species with females exceeding 50 mm (Channing and Howell, 2006). Snout-vent lengths vary from 36-46 mm (n = 14) in males and 45-51 mm (n=4) in females (Drewes and Perret, 2000).

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Adult males range in size from 14–16 mm, weighing 0.31–0.41 g, and females measure 17–19 mm and weigh 0.51–0.72 g (Rödel, 2000). Rödel and Ernst (2002) reported that the upper limits for specimens from Tai National Park in Côte d'Ivoire were slightly larger with males range from 6.0–20.0 mm (mean 18.5 mm; N=7) and females range from 18.0–23.0 mm (mean 19.8 mm; N=5).

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Males reach 23 mm and females 25 mm long (Channing and Howell, 2006). The holotype measures 22 mm (Nieden, 1911). Loveridge (1936, Bull. MCZ) notes that the largest male (MCZ A-20440) measured 22 mm and the largest female (MCZ A-20442) 28 mm, and Loveridge (1936, Field Museum of Natural History- Zoological Series) reports that males are much smaller than females.

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According to de Witte (1924), the holotype measured 27 mm. Zimkus (unpublished) found two specimens labeled as holotypes in the RMCA, a male measuring 25.6 mm and a female measuring 27.9 mm.

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Snout-vent length up to 19 mm in males and 25 mm in females (N= 153; Guibé and Lamotte, 1963). Rödel and Ernst (2002) reported that males ranged from 17.1-19.0 mm (N=4), while a single female measured 25 mm.

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The snout-vent length of the holotype, an adult female, measures 30 mm (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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Adult snout-vent lengths (SVL) vary greatly, from as little as 12 mm in some miniaturized species to greater than 50 mm in the largest species (Zimkus et al., 2012).

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The single specimen known is a male that measures 15.2 mm in snout-vent length.

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Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus is a miniature (snout–vent length < 17 mm) puddle frog species. Snout-vent length varies from 13-16 mm in males, and 15-17 mm in females (Largen, 2001).

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Currently P. intermedius is only known from three specimens, two female adults and one juvenile. The SVLs of the two females are 22.81 mm and 27.76 mm. Males of this species are so far unknown (Rödel et al., 2009).

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The type specimen was 54 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1906).

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Adult males range in size from 11–19 mm, weighing 0.1–0.63 g, and females measure 16–23 mm and weigh 0.55–1.15 g (Rödel, 2000). Perret (1988) reports SVLs ranging from 14–20 mm (mean 16.18 mm) in males and 20–25 mm (mean 22.7 mm) in females. Zimkus (2009) also reports maximum SVL of 25 mm.

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Males are up to 73 mm and females up to 68 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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This species is 39–43 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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According to Perret (1966), the difference in size between the two sexes is unlike many species of this genus as males can reach similar snout-vent lengths as females; males ranging from 25-29 mm, while females are 27-29 mm. Boulenger (1906) stated that the holotype measured 31 mm. Zimkus (unpublished) examined specimens ranging from 22.6-31.0 mm (N=6).

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According to de Witte (1933), the holotype measured 30 mm in snout-vent length; Zimkus (unpublished) found this specimen to be 26.6 mm.

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The holotype measured approximately 25.4 mm (1 inch; Hallowell, 1858). Boulenger (1900) notes that Phrynobatrachus latirostris and Arthroleptis africanus, both later synonymized with P. africanus, measured 30 mm. Zimkus (unpublished) examined specimens that measured from 17.8-30.4 mm in SVL (N=5).

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The holotype measured 27.56 mm (13 lines; Cope, 1867). According to Pickersgill (2007) males measure 18.5-27 mm, while females measure 21-25 mm; Channing (2001) and Harper and Vonesh (2003) report that the species is slightly larger with males reaching 28 mm and females 30 mm in length.

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All specimens within the type series had snout–vent lengths less than 20 mm; females were significantly larger than males (t-test: P = 0.0089; Zimkus, 2009).

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Boulenger (1906) reports that the snout-vent length of the holotype is 20 mm. Perret (1988) reports SVLs ranging from 14–16 mm in males and 18–20 mm in females.

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Phrynobatrachus kakamikro is a miniature (snout–vent length < 19 mm) puddle frog species. Snout-vent lengths vary from 17.45-18.98 mm ( n = 3) in females; only a single preserved male with SVL of 16.2 mm was collected (Schick et al., 2010).

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The holotype measured 30 mm (Nieden, 1910). Perret (1966) examined two males, each 27 mm, and one female that measured 33.5 mm. Zimkus (unpublished) examined specimens that ranged from 15.1 to 36.6 mm in snout-vent length.

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De Witte (1933) reported that the type specimen measured 18 mm in snout-vent legth; Zimkus (unpublished) found that specimen measured 16.7 mm.

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Phrynobatrachus scheffleri is a miniature (snout–vent length < 20 mm) puddle frog species. Snout-vent length varies from 10-16.36 mm (n = 49) in males, and 13.0-19.11 mm ( n = 18) in females (Schick et al., 2010).

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Adults measure 21-26 mm (Perret, 1966). The holotype measures 22 mm (Parker, 1935).

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The snout-vent length of the holotype, a male, measured 14 mm (MHNG 1469.81; Perret, 1988). It is assumed that the female of this species would be slightly greater.

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The lectotype designated by Rödel et al. (2005) had the following measurements: snout-urostyle-length 14.0; head width (measured just behind eyes) 4.5; head length 4.0; femur length 7.5, tibia length 8.0.

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Males measure up to 48 mm and females up to 60 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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The type specimen measured 50 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1900).

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The holotype, a female, measured 40 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1905).

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Phrynobatrachus stewartae is a small (snout–vent length < 23 mm) puddle frog species. Males grow up to 21 mm long and females up to 23 mm (Channing and Howell, 2006). According to Poynton and Broadley (1985), male SVLs do not exceed 20 mm.

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Phrynobatrachus krefftii is only one of two large East African puddle frog species with males reaching 36 mm and females reaching 41 mm (Channing and Howell, 2006). Snout-vent lengths vary from 36-46 mm (n = 14) in males and 45-51 mm (n=4) in females (Drewes and Perret, 2000).

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Phrynobatrachus maculiventris is a small to medium sized species (SVL < 26 mm) . Snout-vent length varies from 17.5-18.5 mm in males, and 20.6-25.2 mm in females (Rödel et al., 2004).

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Channing and Howell (2006) report that males are up to 25 mm and females up to 29 mm in length. The holotype specimen (sex not noted) is 22 mm in length (Boulenger, 1898).

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SVL in adults ranges from 12–17 mm in males and 15–23 mm in females; females are significantly larger than males (Rödel and Ernst, 2002).

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The holotype measured 16 mm (Nieden, 1913). Channing and Howell (2006) report that the males and females reach 23 mm in length.

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The female holotype measures 47 mm (Laurent, 1951).

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The male holotype, the only known specimen, measured 24.8 mm in snout-vent length (Menegon et al., 2004).

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Males have snout-vent lengths up to 35 mm and females up to 45 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 44 – 49 mm in snout-vent length, and females are up to 45 mm (Harper et al., 2010). According to Boulenger (1907), the type specimen of Rana ruddi was 48 mm.

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Males measure 39 – 50 mm and females 61 – 85 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010). The holotype measures 34 mm (Boulenger, 1909).

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The females are usually much larger than males (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Males measure 28 – 38 mm and females 46 – 48 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010). According to Barbour and Loveridge (1928), the holotype specimen was the largest male collected, measuring 42 mm.

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Males are 25–33 mm and females are 30–40 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are approximately 55 mm and females are 65 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 33 – 40 mm in snout-vent length, and females are 33 – 40 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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The largest recorded specimen is a female with a snout-vent length of 59 mm (Baha el Din, 2006). The male holotye measured 53 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1895).

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The specimen examined by Boulenger (1906) in the description Atelophryne minuta was 20 mm from snout to vent.

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The female holotype measured 23.9 mm in snout-vent length; paratypes measured from 13.8 to 20.7 mm (Channing et al., 2005).

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Males range from 150 to 370 mm and females 140 to 320 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males range from 130 to 221 mm and females 133 to 195 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

The holotype measures 272 mm in total length and is the largest specimen in the type series; the diameter at mid-body is 5 mm. The smallest paratype measures 130 mm, with a diameter of 3.5 mm. The average length of the whole series is 202 mm (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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The type specimen measured 37 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1900).

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Males are 37 – 44 mm and females 50 – 53 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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The type (BMNH) measured 42 mm long (Günther 1869, "1868").

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Males measure up to 23 mm and females 34 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Dimensions of holotype from Poynton (1991): body length from tip of snout to tip of urostyle 37.8 mm, body length from snout to vent 41.8 mm (specimen well hydrated), width of head 14.3 mm, length of tibia (folded) 14.9 mm, length of foot (including metatarsal tubercle) 13.9 mm. BM paratype 1969.1494 has a snout- urostyle length of 38.4 mm, head width of 13.6 mm; the remaining BM paratypes have a snout-urostyle length ranging from 26.9 mm to 31.2 mm. The MCZ paratype from Kilwa has a snout-urostyle length of 32.2 mm, head width of 12.6 mm.

Snout- urostyle lengths of additional material examined as part of the original description by Poynton (1991): Liwale 24.1- 29.5 mm, Hondo Plateau 30.4 mm, Kiwengoma Forest Heserve 34.3-35.0 mm. Males measure up to 35 mm and females 38 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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This species is up to 24 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Holotype measured 24 mm (Menegon et al., 2004).

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Snout-urostyle (SUL) length ranges from 15.1 to 23.7 mm (Menegon et al., 2007).

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The male holotype measured 18.3 mm in snout-vent length (Menegon et al., 2004).

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Holotype, a female, measured 24 mm from snout to urostyle. Females are larger in size (Menegon et al., 2004).

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Males are up to 18 mm and females up to 22 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Phrynobatrachus bullans is a medium sized (snout–vent length < 28 mm) puddle frog species. Snout-vent length varies from 20.0-24.2 mm in males, and 22.0-27.2 mm in females (Crutsinger et al., 2004).

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Females are slightly larger than males (SUL in males: 33.4–43.4 mm, females: 21.9–46.5 mm; Barej et al., 2010).

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Males are distinctly larger than females; SUL in males range from 38.0 to 74.3 mm, and in females the range from 34.1 to 61.3 mm (Barej et al., 2010).

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Males are approximately 74 mm in snout-vent length; females are 50-67 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Holotype from measured 55 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1905).

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Holotype measured 53 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1905). According to Barej et al. (2010), females are slightly larger than males (SUL in males: 40.3–57.8 mm, in females: 37.5–54.7 mm).

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Males are 23–27 mm in snout-vent length, while females are 25–32 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males range from 12–17 mm in snout-vent length, while females are larger, measuring 18–24 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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This species is the largest frog in the world, and a specimen collected by Sabateri-Pi (1985) in Nkombia on 23 August 1960, weighed 3.3 kg. This is assumed to be the maximum known weight for this species. A sample of 15 individuals in this study weighed between 600 and 3250 grams, and measured between 17 and 32 cm in snout-vent length. The holotype specimen measured 250 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1906).

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The female holotype and paratype both measured 53.3 mm in snout-vent length up to 53 mm in snout-vent length (Channing and Stanley, 2002).

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The holotype measures 59.3 mm in snout-vent length, while the paratypes range from 59.8-63.8 mm.

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Males are approximately 78 mm and females are approximately 86 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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The largest male of the type series measured 42 mm, from snout to vent, and the largest female measured 46 mm (Boulenger, 1906).

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Both sexes are 27-34 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 30 – 33 mm in snout-vent length, and females are 30 – 33 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are approximately 22 mm and females are 26 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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The holotype measured 28 mm, female paratypes were 23-28 mm and male paratypes were 20-26 mm in length (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). According to Harper et al. (2010), males and females are up to 25 mm in snout-vent length.

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A female from the type series measured 73 mm (Boulenger, 1900).

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Male snout-vent lengths range from 65 -70 mm and females 80 - 110 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males measure 63-72 mm and females 55-74 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Females are up to 90 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Females are 57-87 mm in snout-vent length, and males are smaller (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 41 – 81 mm in snout-vent length, and females are 50 - 90 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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The snout-vent length ranges from 21 to 23 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Snout-vent lengths of males are up to 25 mm and females are up to 27 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Snout-vent lengths range from 30-40 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Male snout-vent lengths range in size from 15 – 21 mm and females from 17 – 27 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Snout-vent lengths of males range from 21 – 25 mm, while females are 24 – 28 mm (Harper et al., 2010). The largest specimen of the type series (MCZ A-13314) is a female of 32 mm; next four paratypes, after type, 29 mm. each. The half-dozen smallest frogs are 24-25 mm. and apparently males (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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The largest specimen within the type series measured 39 mm (Boulenger, 1887).

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Males reach 15 mm in length (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Snout-vent lengths of males are approximately 42 mm, and females are between 37 and 55 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males range from 13 to 17 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

Holotype measures 17 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1909).

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The type specimen measures 70 mm (Boulenger, 1900).

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Males range from 142 to 242 mm in snout-vent length, while females are slightly larger, ranging from 150 to 229 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 180 – 225 mm and females 193 – 216 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males range from 16 – 20 mm in snout-vent length, while females range from 19 – 23 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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The type specimen of Arthroleptis inguinalis measures 30 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1900).

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The holotype measured 19 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1905).

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Males range from 28 – 35 mm in snout-vent length, while females are 28 – 40 mm (Text from Harper et al, 2010).

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Male snout-vent lengths reach 52 mm, and females are up to 58mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Females are 54-56 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males range from 21 – 27 mm in snout-vent length, while females are 21 – 31 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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This species is 18 – 19 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 160 – 280 mm and females 150 – 275 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are approximately 35 mm and females 43 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Females reach up to 50 mm in length (Channing, 2001). The holotype measure 48 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1907).

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Females reach up to 52 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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FitzSimons (1989) describes C. striatum is a small species that does not exceed 21 mm in snout–vent length.

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The holotype is an adult female, measuring 19.7 from snout to urostyle; the six paratypes, all adult males, range from 16.4 to 19.2 (Channing et al., 2005).

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Males reach 28 mm and females reach 39 mm in length (Channing 2001).

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Holotype measured 16 mm (Boulenger, 1910). Females reach 22 mm in length (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Males range from 64 – 90mm and females 62 - 120 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are up to 64 mm and females up to 80 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males measure up to 57 mm and females up to 63 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males measure 57 - 97 mm and females 59 - 82 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 33 – 45 mm in snout-vent length, and females are 35 – 40 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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The holotype measured 13.5 mm, and the paratype measured 14.2 mm (Blackburn, 2009). Both specimens were female.

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A. kidogo is one of the smallest Arthroleptis species with SVL < 15 mm (Harper et al., 2010). The holotype measured 14.1 mm, and the paratype measured 13.9 mm; both specimens were gravid females (Blackburn, 2009).

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Snout-vent lengths of males range from 25 to 31 mm, and females are 32 to 35 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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The holotype measured 15 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1910).

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Both sexes may reach a maximum SUL of 34–35 mm. However, adult males were significantly smaller than adult females (Rödel et al., 2009).

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This is a small- to medium-sized frog, females reaching 37 mm and males 25 mm in length (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Males are 15-17 mm and females 18–20 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males reach 19 mm and females 22 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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The holotype, a male, measured 25.0 mm, and the single paratype, a female, measured 29 mm from snout to urostyle (Menegon et al., 2004).

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Males range from 32 – 39 mm in snout-vent length, and females measure 38 – 58 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males measure approximately 45 mm and females 52 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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The holotype is 25 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1905).

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This is a very large species of Hyperolius with males measuring 29–32 mm, and females up to 40 mm (Schiøtz, 1999).

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Males are up to 24 mm and females are up to 28 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 21–29 mm and females are 30–37 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 20–23 mm and females are 29–34 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Raw (1982) found H. pickersgilli is a small- to medium-sized Hyperolius species that reaches a snout–vent length of 22.3 mm in males and 28.5 mm in females.

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Males and females are 23–31 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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The type specimen measures 29 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1900).

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Males are 32-35 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males and females are up to 25 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 24–30 mm and females are 28–32 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males measure 43-75 mm and females 60-90 mm in snout-vent length (Schiøtz, 1999).

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Males range in size from 25 to 35 mm; females are larger, ranging from 29 to 55 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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The holotype measured 55 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1912).

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The holotype, a male, measured 24 mm, and the three male paratypes measured 24, 25 and 25 mm (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). Males and females are 23-28 mm in length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are up to 25 mm and females are up to 21 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010). The male holotype measured 25 mm, the two largest paratype males measured the same and the other 35 males ranging from 17 to 25 mm. The largest female measured 21 mm, and the 7 female paratypes ranged from 19 to 21 mm (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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Males are 16 - 19 mm in snout-vent length, and females are 23 - 26 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males and females are 19–26 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Male and females are 21–28 mm; males are larger than females (Harper et al., 2010).

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Snout-vent lengths range from 21-30 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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According to Channing and Howell (2006), females reach 23 mm in length; Harper et al. (2010) report that males also reach 23 mm (Harper et al., 2010). The female holotype measured 23 mm (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

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Males are generally larger than females (SUL in males: 44.3–62.0 mm, in females: 38.6–57.3 mm; Barej et al., 2010). This is the second largest species of the genus.

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Snout-urostyle length is 28.5–45.6 mm in males and 28.1–47.8 mm in females; sexes are approximately the same size (Barej, 2010). The holotype, a female, measred 31 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1887).

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The holotype, a male, measures 17.5 mm and is the only specimen.

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The holotype measured 22 mm, and paratypes ranged from 12 to 25 mm with the largest in the series being females (Boulenger, 1929). Zimkus (unpublished) measured specimens from 17.1-22.2 mm in snout-vent length (N=7).

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Lamotte and Xavier (1966) report that males (27 to 29 mm) are much smaller than females (32 to 35 mm). Males of eastern populations of this species, formerly P. discodactylus are slightly smaller, measuring below 25 mm. The SVL reported in the type description is 37 mm (Boulenger, 1900).

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The male holotype measures 55 mm (Laurent, 1951).

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The snout-vent length of the male holotype, MHNG 961.81, measured 21 mm, and the female paratype, MHNG 961.82, measured 26 mm (Perret, 1966). The snout-vent lengths of those specimens examined by Perret (1988) ranged from 20-21 mm in males and 22-25 mm in females. Rödel and Ernst (2002) reported that the SVLs of specimens from Taï National Park, Ivory Coast, measured 20.5 mm (male), 24.0 mm (males) and 24.4 mm (female).

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The female holotype measures 46 mm (Nieden, 1913). Males of SVL 37-46 mm (N=49), and a single females measuring 51 mm were reported by de Witte (1941). A male measuring 37.0 mm (MCZ A-26503), a female measuring 39.8 mm (MCZ A-26502), and a cleared-and-stained specimen measuring 40.0 mm (CAS-SUA 13011) were examined by B. Zimkus.

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According to Perret (1959, 1966), the SVL of males range from 20-23 mm, while females range from 30-32 mm (N=54). The male holotype measures 23.5 mm (Perret, 1957).

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The type series includes males that exhibit snout-vent lengths of 36.1-37.1 mm (N=2) and females that range from 32.8-36.8 mm (N=3; Laurent, 1952).

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This is a medium sized species with male snout-vent lengths measuring 19.6-21.8 mm (Blackburn, 2010).

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De Witte (1941) records snout-vent lengths of males that are between 27-35 mm (N=9) and females between 31-37 (N=7). The male type specimen measures 32 mm (Boulenger, 1919).

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Specimens measured by Uyeda et al. (2007) range in size from 13.5-18.1 mm (15.6 ± 1.3 mm), while females range from 17.8-24.7 mm (22.2 ± 1.9 mm).

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The holotype measured 15 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1912).

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The holotype measured 24 mm from snout to vent (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). In Arusha National Park individuals ranged from 14.6 to 26 mm (N=29; Razzetti and Msuya, 2002). Channing and Howell (2006) reported that males reach 21 mm and females reach 26 mm.

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Adult males range in size from 14–20 mm (SVL) and weigh 0.3–0.8 g, with most 17–18 mm in length and weighing 0.5–0.7 g. Adult females measure 16–23 mm and weigh 0.4–1.2 g, with most measuring 19–21 mm and 1.0–1.1 g (Rödel, 2000).

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All specimens within the type series had snout–vent lengths less than 22 mm with females larger than males (Uyeda, Drewes, and Zimkus, 2007). Males range in size from 13.0-18.1 mm (15.8 ± 1.2 mm), while females range from 18.1-21.4 mm (19.6 ± 1.0 mm).

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Rödel and Ernst (2002) reported that males ranged from 19.0- 33.0 mm (N=69), while females ranged from 21.0- 35.5 mm (N=65). Guibé and Lamotte (1963) reported snout-vent lengths up to 25 mm in males (N=4) and 35 mm in females (N= 28). The female holotype measures 33 mm (MCZ A-11993; Barbour and Loveridge, 1927).

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According to Angel (1940), the male holotype measures 16 mm; Zimkus (unpublished) found this specimen (MNHNP 1939.113) to be smaller at 13.9 mm. Zimkus also recorded snout-vent lengths for males from 141- 17.8 mm (N=3) and for females from 15.6-19.0 mm (N=5).

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Phrynobatrachus minutus is a small (snout–vent length < 23 mm) puddle frog species. Snout-vent length varies from 15-20 mm in males, and 18-23 mm in females (Largen, 2001). The male holotype measured 16 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1895).

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The type specimen is 20 mm (Boulenger, 1906).

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Loveridge (1941) reported that males are between 33-35 mm, and females are 33-36 mm in length; the female holotype measured 36 mm, and the male measured 35 mm. Pickersgill (2007) found males to be 25-30 mm, and females measured 31-36 mm.

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Phrynobatrachus pallidus is a miniature (snout–vent length < 17.5 mm) puddle frog species. Snout-vent lengths of type material include one male of 15 mm and one female of 17.5 (Pickersgill, 2007). An additional specimen from Kenya (MVZ 234153) measures 17.0 mm (Zimkus, unpublished).

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De Witte (1933) reported that the type material measured 22 mm in snout-vent legth; Zimkus (unpublished) found that the male syntype measured 20.30 mm and female (eggs present) 21.42 mm.

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Holotype specimen measured 13 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1905).

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The SVL of the holotype measures 38 mm (Ahl, 1924). Zimkus (unpublished) examined specimens from 26.4 to 40.0 mm.

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The holotype, a sub-adult, measures 10.19 mm and is the only specimen.

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Rödel and Ernst (2002) reported snout-vent lengths for males between 20.5-41.5 mm (N=59) and for females between 27.0-38.0 mm (N=13).

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The holotype measured 24 mm from snout to vent (Loveridge, 1932). Poynton and Broadley (1985) reported that males do not exceed 23 mm. According to Pickersgill (2007), males measure 17-18 mm (N=3), while females are 21-24 mm (N=3).

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The holotype, a female, measured 18 mm (Loveridge, 1932). Channing and Howell (2006) report that males reach 19 mm and females are only slightly larger, reaching up to 21 mm.

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Phrynobatrachus ungujae is a miniature (snout–vent length < 16 mm) puddle frog species. Type material includes males that range in SVL from 12-13 mm, while females are larger at 13-16 mm (Pickersgill, 2007).

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Within the type series, snout-vent lengths varied from 16.2-20.7 mm (n = 6) in males and 20.8-25 mm (n = 4) in females (Grandison and Howell, 1983). The holotype (female; BM 1982.553) measures 22.3 mm.

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De Witte (1941) reports snout-vent lengths ranging from 27-40 mm or males (N=50) and 32-41 for females (N=50). Loveridge (1942) finds lengths of 25-28 mm for males and 25-34 mm for females, with an average of 29.7 mm for both sexes (N=52).

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According to Guibé (1959), the type material includes a male measuring 12 mm, and a female measuring 14.5 mm. The snout-vent lengths of those specimens examined by Perret (1988) ranged from 12-13 mm for males and 14-14.5 mm forfemales. Rödel and Ernst (2002) reported that the SVLs of specimens from Taï National Park, Ivory Coast measured 9.0–14.5 (N=174 ) for males and 10.0–16.0 (N=111) for females.

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The holotype measures 35 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1907).

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The female holotype of Breviceps usambaricus measured 65 mm from snout to vent, and the twenty-four paratypes ranged in size from 29 to 60 mm (Barbour and Loveridge, 1928). Males reach 40 mm and large females up to 65 mm in length (Channing and Howell, 2006).

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Perret (1966) found both sexes of this species to be 19-23 mm (N= 24 males; N= 2 females). According to Nieden (1910), the holotype specimen measured 21 mm; Zimkus (unpublished) found this specimen (ZMK 20432) to be smaller, measuring 17.7 mm. Zimkus also examined one female that measured 16.0 mm in SVL (MVZ 234835).

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Males are up to 53 mm and females up to 65 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are up to 252 mm and females are up to 242 mm in total length (Salvador, 1996).

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Female P. paludicola reach 30 mm in body length (Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Males are up to 44 mm and females up to 50 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are smaller than females and can be recognised by the characteristic slits on either side of the head where the vocal sacs are stored (Text from Measey et al. 2009, © SANBI).

Males are 38 – 48 mm, and females are 48 – 66 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 29 – 35 mm, and females are 33 – 44 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are 42 - 62 mm, and females are 58 - 85 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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The snout-vent length of the holotype is 46 mm (Boulenger, 1901). According to Channing and Howell (2006), females are known to be up to 47 mm long, while males are much smaller, at 37 mm.

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Males are up to 35 mm and females up to 40 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are up to 42 mm and females 48 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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P. adspersus is the largest amphibian found in southern Africa. Males reach a snout-vent length of 245 mm and a mass of 1.4 kg at its largest. In contrast to most other frogs, males are larger than females. In addition, territorial males are larger than non-territorial males (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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Males do not exceed 120 mm in snout–vent length (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

Males are up to 100 mm and females up to 145 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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It is up to 226 mm in total length (Salvador, 1996).

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Frogs are approximately 80 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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This species ranges from 160 to 330 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Males are up to 40 mm in snout-vent length, while females are up to 53 mm (Harper et al., 2010).

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The holotype measured 31 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1907).

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Snout-vent lengths of specimens examined by Zimkus and Larson (2011) are as follows: males, 38.3–40.5 mm (mean 39.4 mm, n=5); females, 39.9–44.4 mm (mean 42.2 mm, n=2).

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Snout-vent lengths of specimens examined by Zimkus and Larson (2011) are as follows: males, 33.7–42.6 mm (mean 38.9 mm, n=10); females, 35.9–54.1 mm (mean 48.0 mm, n=7).

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Type specimen measures 18 mm (Angel, 1922).

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Snout-vent-length of holotype (ZMH A04402; male or subadult female) is 41.2 mm.

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According to the original description, the type material measured 110 mm in snout-vent length (Boulenger, 1900). Perret (1966) examined five males, ranging from 98.0-130.0 mm SVL, and two females, measuring 80.0 90.0 mm SVL. Means and ranges of the snout-vent length of 5 males and 7 females examined by Jones (1971) were 114.7 mm (100.4-124.9 mm) and 99.7 mm (88.5-112.7 mm), respectively. Males were 13% larger than females, and forelegs of males (22.8 mm; 17.1-26.0 mm) averaged 64% greater in diameter than the forelegs of females (12.3 mm; 11.3-14.0 mm).

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Females are larger than males; the average size of females 35.7 mm (N=2) and the average size of males, excluding the holotype that measured 31.8, was 30.2 (N=14; Evans et al. 2008).

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Snout–vent lengths of males and females average 40 and 48 mm, respectively, with the latter being significantly larger (Evans et al., 2011).

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Males are up to 50 mm and females up to 90 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

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Poynton (1964) as well as Passmore and Carruthers (1995) found that S. wageri reaches 50 mm in body length.

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V. amatolicus is a small toad, with females reaching a maximum snout–vent length of 37 mm (Boycott 1988d; Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

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This species ranges from 22–25.2 mm in length (Minter et al., 2004).

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B. pantherinus attains a length of about 140 mm (Text from ).

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Adult frogs have snout-vent lengths up to approximately 55 mm (Noellert and Noellert 1992), although females may tend to be larger than males (Bosch and Marquez 1996). The holotype is a female measuring 32 mm long (Pasteur and Bons 1962). Tadpoles can reach and exceed 40 mm in length, with the body significantly larger than the tail (Pasteur and Bons 1962).

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The snout-vent length of the specimens examined by Chabanaud (1919) is 12-13 mm, but it is unclear whether adult individuals may achieve larger body sizes.

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The snout-vent length of this species is 14 mm (de Witte, 1921). Channing (2001) reports that males and females can reach snout-vent lengths of up to 23 mm.

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Adult males can achieve snout-vent lengths of 62.5-79.2 mm (Ohler and Kazadi 1990), although Channing (2001) reports that males can reach 81 mm and females can reach 90 mm in snout-vent length. Two specimens at Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology measured 71 mm and 75 mm (Dietterich unpublished results).

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This species is generally large. Adult males range in snout-vent length from 65.1-87.6 mm, and adult females are larger with snout-vent lengths of 76.0-95.0 mm (Ohler and Kazadi 1990). Two specimens at Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology have snout-vent lengths of 82 mm and 66 mm (Dietterich, unpublished results).

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The snout-vent length of the holotype of this species is 50 mm. The head is as long (18 mm) as it is wide. The snout is 7 mm long. The diameter of the eye (5 mm) is equal to the interorbital distance and the diameter of the tympanum. The forelimb is 31 mm long. The first finger is 8 mm long, the second finger is 7 mm long, the third finger is 10 mm long, and the fourth finger is 7 mm long. The hindlimb is 85 mm long, with the tibia comprising 29 mm. The foot is 24 mm long. The third toe is 14 mm long, the fourth toe is 21 mm long, and the fifth toe is 16 mm long (de Witte, 1921).

In general, adult female Hylarana lemairei range in snout-vent length from 50.8-75.5 mm with a mean of 63.7 mm (n = 87). Males are shorter, ranging from 38.2-66.3 mm with a mean of 53.2 mm (n = 119). The foot, measured from the base of the inner metatarsal tubercle to the tip of the fourth toe, ranges from 47-49% of the snout-vent length (Schmidt and Inger 1959).

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The average adult snout-vent length is approximately 23 mm, and adult males and females are approximately the same size. The holotype, an adult male, has a snout-vent length (SVL) of 23.4 mm, and the largest female, a paratype, has an SVL of 22.5 mm (Laurent, 1943; Schiøtz, 2006b).

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The snout-vent length of the holotype, a female, is 46 mm (Boulenger, 1903). Schiøtz (1967, 1999) reports that snout-vent lengths in this species range between 42-46 mm. Females are generally larger than males, but some of the largest specimens are males (Perret, 1966).

A sample of ten males and one female measured by Amiet (2007) had snout-vent lengths (SVLs) of 41.7-50.0 mm (mean = 45.3 mm, SD = 2.54 mm). In this sample, the width of the head was 31.6-39.8% of the SVL (mean = 35.4%, SD = 2.6%), the length of the forearm (measured from the elbow to the base of the thumb) was 20.4-24.2% of the SVL (mean = 22.7%, SD = 1.3%), the length of the leg (measured as the sum of the length from the vent to the knee and the length from the knee to the heel) was 56.5-73.8% of the SVL (mean = 69.2%, SD = 5.2%), and the length of the foot (measured from the heel to the end of toe 4) was 45.9-57.0% of the SVL (mean = 52.8%, SD = 3.6%).

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Males are up to 51 mm in snout-vent length, and females are up to 62 mm (Harper et al., 2010). A male from the type series had a snout-vent length of 48 mm, with the forelimb 28 mm long and the hindlimb 86 mm (Bocage, 1868).

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The head of the holotype is 15.9 mm long (7.5 lines; Hallowell 1845) and 14.8 mm wide (7 lines; Hallowell 1845). Its snout-vent length is 33.9 mm (1 inch 4 lines; Hallowell 1845). The forelimbs are 27.5 mm long (1 inch 1 line; Hallowell 1845), and the hindlimbs are 86.8 mm long (3 inches 5 lines; Hallowell 1845).

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Of the three males and one female described by Boulenger (1919), the largest male had a snout-vent length of 53 mm and the female had a snout-vent length of 57 mm.

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The male and female type specimens have snout-vent lengths of 27 mm and 31 mm, respectively (Boulenger 1920).

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Snout to vent length of male holotype is 45 mm; forelimb measures 25 mm and hind limb 80 mm.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1666 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Harith Farooq http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und 82a46d6b-9cb6-485e-b7b1-fb7b132dd1cf d8598b93-d7eb-45c6-99fb-8f5938d84630#size 1bb8942f-a95a-4c16-b54b-bad99fab5055 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The dimensions of a typical male are 43.8 millimeters from the snout to the vent, with a maximum size of 44.5 mm. Females are slightly larger than males (du Preez and Carruthers, 2009). The head is 4.7 mm in depth and 17.6 mm in breadth. The forelimbs are 28.7 cm long, the hindlimbs 43.8 cm long, and the foot is 32.6 cm long from the heel-fold to the tip of the fourth toe. The tibia is 23.2 cm long, and the breadth of the disk on the third finger is 3.3 mm (Fitzsimons, 1946).

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Females of this species can reach up to 50.3 mm in length, and males 47 mm (Boycott, 1988).

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The holotype specimen measured 28 mm snout-vent length (SVL), but the specimen was later determined to be a juvenile (Barbour and Loveridge, 1930). Goldsmith (2010, unpubl.) examined two specimens measuring 32 mm and 43 mm SVL. A sexually mature adult male examined by Loveridge (1941) measured 65 mm SVL.

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According to Largen and Spawls (2010), the largest recorded specimen of Conraua beccarii measured 155 mm. The snout-vent length (SVL) of the holotype is 103 mm (Boulenger 1911).

Scortecci (1931) examined three adults of either sex. The males measured 140-153 mm in SVL, with the head 80-88 mm wide, the length from the snout to the tip of the fourth toe 320-340 mm, the forelimb 94-100 mm long, the hindlimb 195-214 mm long, the nostril slightly closer to the orbit (9-10 mm) than to the tip of the snout (10-11 mm), the upper eyelid 10-11 mm wide, and the interorbital space 13-15 mm wide. The females measured 110-124 mm in SVL, with the head 54-59 mm wide, the length from the snout to the tip of the fourth toe 235-280 mm, the forelimb 63-78 mm long, the hindlimb 135-166 mm long, the nostril slightly closer to the orbit (6-7 mm) than to the tip of the snout (7-8 mm), the upper eyelid 7-9 mm wide, and the interorbital space 8.5-9.0 mm wide (Scortecci 1931).

Spanò (1971) made a similar series of measurements on three additional male specimens. These specimens measured 135-162 mm in SVL, with the head 76.0-90.5 mm wide, the length from the snout to the tip of the fourth toe 305.0-346.5 mm, the forelimb 87.5-99.0 mm long, the hindlimb 184-211 mm long, the nostril slightly closer to the orbit (9.0-9.2 mm) than to the tip of the snout (10.0-11.2 mm), the upper eyelid 10.3-11.1 mm wide, and the interorbital space 13.2-15.7 mm wide. Both Scortecci (1931) and Spanò (1971) both found the SVL to be 1.6-1.8 times the maximum width of the head in this species.

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Adult males of this species reach 76-84 mm in snout-vent length (SVL), and adult females reach 74-82 mm in SVL (Hulselmans 1972).

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A. dorsalis adult males are typically in the range of 25 to 28 millimetres (snout-vent length); adult females correspondingly achieve a snout-vent length of 26 to 29 millimetres (Schiøtz, 1999).

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This species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with mature adult females attaining a snout vent length of 150 millimeters, and mature males attaining a snout vent length of about 132 millimeters. At the time of metamorphosis individuals measure approximately ten to twelve millimeters (Salvador, 1996).

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D. pictus adult males have a characteristic length of 70 millimeters, measured as snout to vent; correspondingly, adult females typically achieve a snout to vent length of 68 millimeters (Salvador, 1996).

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Perret suggests sexual dimorphism, with females being larger. The Perret data (Perret. 1966) illustrate a male snout to vent length range of 68 to 110 millimetres and a female length range of 110 to 135 millimetres. One outlier female specimen at a separate location measured 160 millimetres.

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Hyperolius benguellensis is a diminutive and elongated anuran typically measuring 19 to 24 millimetres in snout to vent length. With regard to size, there is no overt sexual dimorphism in this slender taxon (Schiøtz, 1999).

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H. cinnamomeoventris is considered a small to medium-sized member of its genus, with a snout to vent length for males of 19 to 28 millimetres, and for females 19 to 27 mm. (Schiøtz 1999).

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H. cystocandicans exhibits pronounced sexual dismorphism, with adult males achieving a snout to vent length of 23 to 28 millimetres, and adult females a corresponding 30 to 36 millimetres (Schiøtz, 1999).

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The snout to vent length of the adult male holotype of H. vilhenai was 21 millimeters (Laurent, 1964).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1468 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 92ee92f0-91fa-44d1-85f5-ff4355ca8cd0#size 6fdd23c2-b179-4ae8-9aed-b1299708eafc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

K. fusca is a diminutive anuran with typical adult snout to vent length of about 29 to 33 millimetres. (Schiøtz. 1999)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1479 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5b3ee1a4-43fa-491a-96aa-37734e842e35#size f21e00b0-16c6-4c3e-81c5-7dfc1703882b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html The adult snout-vent length may achieve 65 millimeters (mm) in the male and 70 mm in the female.(Salvador. 1996) http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1505 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 06bb952e-6087-4dad-8b21-1db791ad4d6e#size 0d1f5a92-ce79-47d2-969e-f72a796fe6bf http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Snout-vents of the type material ranged from 14 to 19 mm(Angel, 1924). Channing and Howell (2006) report that males reach up to 19 mm, while females are up to 24 mm in length.

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There is a sexual dimorphism with regard to size, with females being larger than males. Several observers report slightly differing values for the absolute length and mass of the individuals. In one study a 44 millimetre (snout to vent length) female exhibited a body mass of 3.6 grams, whilst a second female manifested a length of 56 mm and body mass of 16.7 grams. Corresponding males of this population showed snout to vent lengths varying from 38 to 44 mm, with body masses ranging from 3.5 to 6.3 grams. In another set of observations by Zug, the size of one year old frogs ranged from 25 to 32 mm, with body masses ranging from 1.4 to 3.5 grams; in that study a gravid female measured 57 mm in body length. Barbault gives average sizes of 45 and 44 mm. According to Hermann, male adults attain an overall length of 45 mm, and females 60 mm (Rödel, 2000).

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Snout to vent length is approximately 1.25 inches. (Smith. 1848)

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P. brongersmai adult males can achieve a snout to vent length of 51 millimeters, while adult females have a characteristic length of around 48 millimeters (Salvador, 1996).

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Based upon a very limited sample size, the snout vent length of P. mapacha can be estimated at 28 to 30 millimetres. The eye-snout distance measured from four to six millimetres (Channing, 1993).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1679 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 7f824499-0eb7-4370-9b48-118a9380aa98#size c07405fc-6de4-437b-8377-0c265f5b989a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. schillukorum is a medium-sized, compact ranid with comparatively short and massive hind legs. The snout to vent length of males is approximately 43 to 48 millimetres (mm), with females attaining a corresponding measurement of 43 to 49 mm (Rödel, 2000).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1650 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 5cd95f4b-7434-4b86-86fe-ed92ec936c04#size 58c8d9bb-64c7-4684-a0d4-257fa0fe832e http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adult snout to vent lengths are typically in the range of 25 to 53 millimetres. Some of the species are documented to have a pronounced sexual dimorphism, with female lengths exceeding male lengths by approximately thirty percent, e.g. S. fuelleborni (Harper et al. 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1039 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ C. Michael Hogan http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und bb84c189-62d4-428a-a8b9-cf05f206f875 2d9052d8-a5a8-46b7-ace0-d2ce9bff41eb#size 0531d12f-d4a5-4459-a679-34387c906787 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The male holotype measured 40.4 mm in snout-vent length. The four adult male paratypes varied between 37.7 and 40.8 mm (Dawood and Channing, 2002).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1696 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 ba9c72b0-7116-44b7-9530-673ac56d33f5#size ad07e6ca-65ca-46b7-b192-9adfca5dbda7 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males snout-vent lengths range from 38 to 45 mm, and females range from 41 to 46 mm (Passmore and Caruthers, 1975).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1703 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 bec5c4cf-3de2-4c5a-b7ff-c6320f80d401#size 567ca89c-1c2b-4a33-b562-2708f13ed8a4 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Adult male snout-vent lengths range from 35 mm to 45 mm; adult females are up to 50 mm. The holotype is an adult female measured 52.4 mm from snout to vent (Channing et al, 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1691 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 c4cc29c0-e47d-4ff2-99b2-033dc383c33d#size a057293a-229b-4a37-ab14-28ab15233048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The male holotype measured 38 mm in snout-vent length (Channing and Bogart, 1996).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1700 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Joanna Larson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und 4354f4ef-5b9e-427b-80b2-d738758ee132 1c9f6838-617e-4a54-ab5b-bfded8663391#size 3c3c2fab-2029-40b9-becc-771847422e2a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Accounts vary, but Tanzanian populations are recorded to range from 16-22 mm in males and 19-23 in females. In Malawi males range from 18-24 and females from 24-31.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1426 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lucinda Lawson http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und b4178447-99c1-4644-b52d-b23ed2b34ca5 b025f607-6053-4252-b36e-2ea222d2cb33#size 23cabdb8-4fd0-4ed8-bb8a-d9974b23bbd9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

There is some size morphological difference between the sexes, mean SVL males = 27.1 (n = 9: 21.2—31.3) whereas mean SVL females = 29.1) (n = 9: 24.1—38.3). Three specimens were immature and not sexed or analysed. Females are larger than males, though not significantly (t-test, p = 0.5962). The position and size of the tympanum between male and females differ. Males have a significantly larger tympanum, e.g. tympanum-snout urostyle (t-test = > 0.001); and the position of the eye to the tympanum (t-test = > 0.001) is also greater in males. Besides these differences, no other significant differences in body proportions were observed. Males often appear lighter or more brightly coloured than females.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1210 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 27cc10e2-2fda-4e6d-adf2-2826d5d183b3#size ca9d4f30-ea67-487c-a441-40a136342701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Females are larger than males (de Sá et al., 2004).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1211 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 475d062b-cfe9-481e-9e27-0dd32cc02a9b#size 789f1210-c898-4ee5-b0b8-942ec7a4f736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The length in the biggest examined specimen is 41 mm from the tip of the snout to the anus. Except from this specimen, a female whose ovaries contain conspicuously large eggs of a diameter up to 3 mm, several smaller specimens between 20-26 mm long, are from Dr. Kreffts collection.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1213 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f b822d27a-4ae9-4971-8d38-757966e33ea2#size 0b3cb3f2-deaa-43b7-833a-cb0d08df436c http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Females (33.5-45.4 mm) are larger than males (22.8-29.0 mm) otherwise no clear sexual differences noted externally (Loader et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1209 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f e5a55413-7d56-4059-bab3-06497ff94906#size 67034618-6e36-450c-a5fe-985a7ff8e442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Loader et al. (2009) notes that the material from Berlin comprises a range of embryos and adult specimens (SUL: 10.8-32.9). The addition of SHCP material includes adult specimens (SUL: 32.0-40.0). The larger size reported by Channing & Howell (2006) for N. viviparus is based on 166 specimens collected by A. Loveridge from the Ulugurus (e.g. males reach max SUL 56, and females c. 60; Barbour & Loveridge 1928; Channing & Howell 2006). It is unclear whether there are significant geographical differences in SUL between populations. This will require examination of specimens across all the assumed distribution range of the species (e.g. Ulugurus, Udzungwa and Rubeho; Channing & Howell 2006). They present morphometric data and SUL ratios for key measures for the specimens of N. viviparus from the Southern Highlands.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/891 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Simon Loader http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und b8ec7696-5ff8-436b-bde3-4369d980fb6f 052114be-6aa9-4db0-bceb-5266b3631ad2#size 8bf8d12e-7003-4fc3-a21c-7abe0790e97f http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

B. bagginsi is a relatively small species: males are 20–25.9 mm (N = 19) in body length, and the single paratype female measured 28.7 mm (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1198 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ L.R. Minter http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und cdaa4568-752c-407d-8f04-6f8feef054df d58e0a5d-715a-4993-b12c-f05fae3ea488#size 7c0a0aa0-855a-4caf-bd83-83823e27e5c3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The maximum snout–vent length recorded for this species is 26.3 mm in males and 30.8 mm in females (Boycott et al. 2002).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/791 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ E. Scott http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und 25810da8-81f1-4a84-b5be-f31829385781 f56e3a9e-4835-44fb-aa83-57b6423d8533#size d5b7bf17-2ec8-41c8-a310-d410e5b64cb9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males measure 34 – 43 mm in SVL, while females are approximately 56 mm (Harper et al., 2010). The holotype, a female, measures 45 mm (MCZ A-13597; Barbour and Loveridge, 1928).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 b8368c22-9174-439f-a8e2-da2e432ac4dd#size 8bd5f05d-8979-45a8-b6f1-00b5f4ff29c0 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The female type specimen measured 63 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1906).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1160 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 512086d2-7fe5-43d1-9f40-2aeb744e6de1#size 9a7c5f3e-80e5-4851-a563-e1eb779abdc6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The holotype measured 53 mm from snout to vent (Boulenger, 1912).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1187 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2e17dee9-47dc-4c76-8beb-034ec692cac8#size af4652df-db1e-473d-8c0e-d9a19cb44026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males range from 31 – 38 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1147 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 2ee8d132-4376-463d-93b2-910532f83a8d#size b0a50bef-cd58-4b6b-bdfa-82ca3680b7a3 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Males measure 44 – 50 mm and 60 – 70 mm in snout-vent length (Harper et al., 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1163 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#size und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 366bf196-b1e5-4cce-9d5b-3da3ed301635#uses 8f12a24f-df5f-4923-8147-a968dcdcb167 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This species is considered a delicacy by local people.

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1507 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 64c9a48b-c603-4cac-811f-94c3a6760a82#uses 916f174f-cb0c-4769-b6c6-f72f3957dc37 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

This large species is used as a food source and for cultural reasons (Gonwouo and Rödel, 2008; Mohneke et al, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1139 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Breda Zimkus http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 641d1452-a305-4bc2-936e-d25029115d25 25621c0f-564b-45f0-8e7e-913294d2368e#uses a21cf51d-8fe3-414b-ac57-40fc3c81036b http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Conraua derooi is hunted for human consumption where it occurs in both Ghana and Togo (Hillers et al. 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1508 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe e81c4ca7-3b7f-4e5e-9afb-b8cfb0b1d62b#uses f089e657-0dbd-4088-be7c-35716b685085 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

Frogs of the genus Kassina are occasionally traded as pets, although their nocturnal lifestyle makes them less popular than they might be otherwise. Additionally, medical researchers have recently begun to investigate the tachykinin neuropeptide kassinin, isolated from K. senegalensis, for its effects on gut muscle contraction and body fluid homeostasis (Perfumi et al., 1988; Grace et al., 2001).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1490 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Lee Dietterich http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 1a4ab435-4f62-4581-b55b-11caa342f1fe 16697c01-67e2-4c70-80a6-545275a3fea5#uses 9eaab2ad-0a43-4227-8b41-b0e884734493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso and Nigeria, A. maculatus is one of many amphibian species that are traded or consumed as a source of protein. Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare the toads, and because they are an "important international trading item" frogs and toads are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. (Mohneke, 2010)

In order to be harvested, then traded, they are first "beheaded, skinned, [and] disembowelled", commonly done by the women in the villages. They are then "washed and cut into pieces before being dried." (Mohneke, 2009)

Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available. (Mohneke, 2010)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1249 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf c29337de-46c7-4c80-bac7-b3ac1510f018#uses 0f95bef6-0f29-41a5-8ac4-eaadc49ef308 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso and Nigeria, A. regularis is one of many amphibian species that are traded or consumed as a source of protein. Frogs and toads are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare the toads and they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010).

In order to be harvested, the frogs are first "beheaded, skinned, [and] disembowelled," commonly done by the women in the villages. They are then "washed and cut into pieces before being dried" (Mohneke, 2009).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1239 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 4f2870ed-43a9-448c-83c8-0b4259bea39d#uses 8b5a6376-45d3-4da2-987a-67f5d55093fe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso, A. xeros is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item" frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1223 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf a95048cd-4ee3-439e-ba02-ec9c4c2d92b8#uses 9859e72f-17a0-4d81-a658-9f3a2b5561ba http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso, H. marmoratus is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item" frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1289 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 06d5b7d2-49ed-4abe-96db-a9d3c0a84e55#uses 5c0c371f-0c6f-4997-858d-0f26aed1c6c1 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso, H. ornata is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item" frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available. (Mohneke, 2010)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/714 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 0dd4773b-d9aa-45a3-9fbd-d7c893c3364b#uses 7c125c80-c3a6-4ef2-90f2-f404ab691d06 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

The African Tiger Frog is the species most commonly caught, for both consumption and trade, in Burkino Faso, Benin, and especially in Nigeria, where it was mentioned by every trader interviewed by Mohneke (2010). Villagers interviewed in Burkino Faso observed that Hoplobatrachus occipitalis had the second highest decline rate. This increased rate of overexploitation could affect the entire frog population and even potentially lead to local extinction of the species. In Nigeria, however, most collectors did not percieve a decline in H. occipitalis (Mohneke, 2010).

Though the preferred species varied across the regions studied, the majority of customers and collectors favoured larger specie. Hoplobatrachus occipitalis is a large frog and therefore is often a main species used for food (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1280 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 60206f1d-ffd9-4276-a88c-a6b9b641e739#uses 098b492c-c12b-48ef-895c-e25f5dcf6ec9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso and Nigeria, H. galamensis is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/841 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf c3d4dd57-01f7-435b-99cc-8799a3632af6#uses d114d1f1-92f8-4b75-bc97-ddc9868bc3a6 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso and Nigeria, H. nitidulus is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1446 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 66206ce2-eb93-444c-864d-cbb15e561d8d#uses 6fdd23c2-b179-4ae8-9aed-b1299708eafc http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso, K. fusca i is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, frogs and, more commonly, toads may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available. Since K. fusca is similar in appearance to toads, it is one of the species most commonly used in specific medical treatments (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1479 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 7cde57d9-93e9-4d5c-bc06-3f7591d539bf#uses ff757775-8e0a-4122-bfc7-f29b489cccbe http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso, L. bufonides is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, frogs and, more commonly, toads may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available. Since L. bufonides is similar in appearance to toads, it is one of the species most commonly used in specific medical treatments (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1161 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 476e4e7b-a2da-4b82-8041-c8e113ffad92#uses de630209-c337-48f0-84d0-d8803388e633 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso, L. viridis is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item" frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. Aside from their value as an essential food source, frogs and, more commonly, toads may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available. (Mohneke, 2010)

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In Burkino Faso, P. francisci is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item" frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. Aside from their value as an essential food source, frogs and, more commonly, toads may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010)

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In Burkino Faso, P. natalensis is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, frogs and, more commonly, toads may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1553 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 9728bdbd-ee04-4b5f-b284-13c359438efd#uses 7d8799f5-92d4-40f6-91a7-c604e59d93ad http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso and Nigeria, K. fusca is one of many frog species that are traded; in Burkino Faso it is among the top five most consumed frog species, as a source of animal protein. Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item" frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. Aside from their value as an essential food source, frogs and, more commonly, toads may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available. (Mohneke, 2010)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1661 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 10455840-e529-4ca9-8958-2adb045acb44#uses 41f6b4db-ffb6-4253-b108-57a4edfcf3b2 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso and Nigeria, P. mascareniensis is one of many frog species that are traded. According to the interviewees, it is the second most consumed frog species in Nigeria, as a source of animal protein. Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item" frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. Aside from their value as an essential food source, frogs and, more commonly, toads may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available. (Mohneke, 2010)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1642 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 063c041f-60f1-4cd1-9e32-c755aeab64cc#uses d117fd82-c02d-4b81-b3a6-20f760d4b657 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

P. oxyrhynchus is one of many frog species that are traded in Burkino Faso and Nigeria. It is the third most consumed frog species in Nigeria, as a source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations because villagers are employed to catch and prepare them, and they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, frogs and toads may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010).

Due to overexploitation by humans, P. oxyrhynchus is among the top three species of which the villagers of Burkina Faso noticed the highest rate of decline (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1647 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 1ebf7f38-d265-4d03-bdc6-b103caa929e5#uses cea0ab91-8d10-49bc-8b4e-8266b6b2a6b9 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso and Nigeria, P. pumilio is one of many frog species that are traded. In Nigeria, it is among the frog species that are most consumed for animal protein. Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item", frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available. (Mohneke, 2010)

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1648 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 3d258413-cca1-4244-bd2a-10433be08b48#uses c07405fc-6de4-437b-8377-0c265f5b989a http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso and Nigeria, P. schillukorum is is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010).

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In Burkino Faso, P. tellinii i is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1675 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf ae131b3b-3b58-4870-b1c5-439ac42b00c4#uses fc1ae724-3856-48a2-a781-52a502eb5f41 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso and Nigeria, P. tournieri is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1631 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf daa6a32e-b29d-4bba-aeaa-1317fef73faa#uses c3499a0c-fdf9-4672-9121-b58e81590306 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso, P. trinodis is one of many frog species that are traded, and it is among the top five frog species consumed as a source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1664 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf 7d8a1602-258c-440d-8ecc-d184bcd48766#uses 70a1f901-7421-4c22-aabe-f495f27edc14 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html

In Burkino Faso, P. edulis is one of many frog species that are traded and it is the second most consumed frog species. In Malanville, Benin, it is the third most commonly "caught and traded frog." Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item", frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. Aside from their value as an essential food source, they may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available. The overexploitation of frogs has lead to villagers observing high decline rates in several species of frog, P. edulis having the highest reported rate among them. (Mohneke, 2010)

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In Burkino Faso, T. cryptotis is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item" frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. Aside from their value as an essential food source, frogs and, more commonly, toads may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available.(Mohneke, 2010)

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X. muelleri is the second most traded frog species in Nigeria. In Burkina Faso, however, they seem to be avoided, so while they appear in the area, they are not a major source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations. Villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs because they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, frogs and, more commonly, toads may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available. Though they are among the most traded frog species in Nigeria, only a few people interviewed "perceived a decline" (Mohneke, 2010).

http://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1627 http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0/ Jasmine Manalel http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#uses und 5cef36bd-f2c7-4e21-84cf-774d0d9653bf